diff --git "a/C015/Y01482.json" "b/C015/Y01482.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/C015/Y01482.json" @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +[ +{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1482, "culture": " French\n", "content": "Produced by Laurent Vogel and the Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by the\nBiblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at\nLe Chevalier Deliber\u00e9.\n[Illustration]\nCy commence le chevalier deliber\u00e9 compregnant la mort du duc de\nborgoigne qui trespassa devant nansy en lorraine.\n Ainsi que a l'arriere saison\n Tant de mes jours que de l'annee\n Je partis hors de ma maison\n Par une soubdaine achoison\n Seul a par moy plain de pensee\n Qui m'acompaigna la journee\n Et me vint en remembrance\n Le premier temps de mon enfance\n Celle qui moult estoit m'amye\n Print ung propos de verit\u00e9\n Et me dit celuy qui s'oublye\n Fuit honneur & cy l'ame nuye\n Je le tiens pour desherit\u00e9\n Soit d'avoir ou de la sant\u00e9\n Du despoir de grace divine\n Que chacun n'est pas d'avoir digne\n Tu vois pour la saison passee\n Arbres terre & tout herbage\n L'un tout vert l'autre sans ramee\n Fleur & odeur toute est cassee\n Plus n'est fueille ne fruit n'ombrage\n Tout tend a froideur & a neige\n Tout est nect sans nulle vigueur\n Et n'est plus seye ne chaleur\n Ainsi est de toy clerement\n Qui le prin temps de ton enfance\n As despendu entierement\n Et jeunesse pareillement\n Mis tes euvres en deffaillance\n Et si n'a pas telle esperance\n Que ont les arbres pour reverdir\n Car jamais ne peux revenir\n Dois je oublyer ou que soye\n Ce traict\u00e9 qui tant point & mort\n Que fist ayme de montgesoye\n Plus riche que d'or ne de soye\n Au merveilleux pas de la mort\n S\u00e7avoir fault qui est le plus fort\n De toy/ accidant ou debile\n Chacun d'eulx en a tu\u00e9 mille\n Ces deux chevaliers trescrueux\n En la grant forest attroppos\n Tiennent le pas trop perilleux\n Treshorrible tresmerveilleux\n Sans avoir jour ne nuyt repos\n Et continuant leur propos\n De tant combatre & de ferir\n Qu'ilz feront tout homme mourir\n Messire accidant le terrible\n Fournit les jeunes & les fors\n Et debile le treshorrible\n Met a fin par coups invisibles\n Ceulx dont la vigueur en est hors\n Ilz font du cueur tous effors\n Leurs meurtres sont si a doubter\n Que nul ne les peut eschapper\n Scez tu pas bien que le herault\n T'a pie\u00e7a nonc\u00e9 leurs chapitres\n Tu scez que poyse & que vault\n Accidant t'a livr\u00e9 l'assault\n Tu as ouy de ses epistres\n Il est temps que tu te chapitres\n Car tu as touch\u00e9 a l'emprise\n Depuis ta primiere chemise\n Es tu plus fort que n'est sanson\n Ou a craindre que hercul\u00e9s\n Plus saige que n'est salomon\n Plus beau que le grant absalon\n Plus subtil que dyomed\u00e9s\n N'as tu paour quant tu penses des\n Que ceulx n'ont peu les coups rabatre\n De ceulx qui te convient combatre\n Plus vis & plus le temps approche\n Qui te convient en champ entrer\n Tu sens desja ung fert qui losche\n Maladie sonne la closche\n En lieu de trompette sonner\n Qui te semond de toy armer\n Et de deffendre ta querelle\n Contre la bataille mortelle\n Ainsi pensif si m'en hortoit\n De ce que me fut necessaire\n Dont la merciay bien estroit\n Et luy dis puis qu'il fault qu'i soit\n Je feray ce que je dois faire\n Lors je prins mon harnois de guerre\n Et comme ung chevalier vaillant\n M'armay & montay tout errant\n Mon cheval s'appelloit vouloir\n Et mon harnois je fis tremper\n D'eaue qu'on appelle pouoir\n Mon escu fut de bon espoir\n Au moins pour longuement durer\n Mon glaive fut de avanturer\n Fait par ung merveilleux ouvraige\n Et mon espee de couraige\n Ainsi j'entreprins la conqueste\n De mes adversaires doubtez\n Et me mis tout seulet en queste\n En suyvant la matiere honneste\n Des bons chevaliers trespassez\n Et chevauchay deux jours passez\n Avant que trouvasse advanture\n Digne de mettre en escripture\n Il n'est besoing que je racompte\n Mes sejours & mes reposees\n Mais raison est que je vous compte\n Les adventures de ce compte\n Telles que je les ay trouvees\n Droit a la fin des deux journees\n Je m'esbatoye en ung plaine\n Qu'on nommoit plaisance mondaine\n Je prins en ce lieu tel plaisir\n Et m'a greoit tant la contree\n Que je n'en pouoye partir\n Mais ains que peusse despartir\n J'ay adventure rencontree\n Qui venoit du long d'une pree\n Qui m'escria de me garder\n Et qui me convenoit jouster\n[Illustration]\n Je luy respondis amy cher\n Du moins a ma premiere jouste\n Dictes moy se estes chevalier\n Vostre nom & de quel quartier\n Vous estes dit or escoute\n A qui qu'il poise ne qui couste\n J'ay nom hutin qui tout brise\n Le propre filz de gourmandise\n Comme dis si n'estes vous pas\n Debile ou messire accidant\n Qui tiennent d'attroppos le pas\n Quant je vous vis venir le pas\n Je le cuiday appartement\n Il dit que non certainement\n Mais qu'il estoit de leur mesgnie\n Premier percecuteur de vie\n Lors baissa sa lance ferree\n D'un fert qu'on nomme peu de sens\n Et fiert en ma targe doree\n Tel cop & de telle boutee\n Que encore certes m'en sens\n Et moy acoup a luy j'entens\n Couchay ma lance cy a point\n Que nulz de nous ne faillit point\n La furent noz lances brisees\n Mais nous gardasmes les arsons\n Et mismes les mains aux espees\n Toutes de folies trampeez\n Et donnasmes grans horions\n La frappasmes sur chapperons\n D'estoc de traver & de taille\n Comme chevaliers en bataille\n Mais hutin faisoit vaillamment\n Et me livroit forte bataille\n De cops d'estocz d'eschauffemens\n Courir sallir refroidissemens\n Par son espee qui bien taille\n Et me fut advenu sans faille\n Quant la vint une damoiselle\n La journee m'estoit mortelle\n La damoiselle qui survint\n Ce fut reliques de jeunesse\n Qui resceut des cops plus de vingt\n Sur ung grant tergon qu'elle tint\n Par sa bont\u00e9 & gentillesse\n Tant exploicta que fut maistresse\n au tournay que je vous veulx dire\n Ou je congnuz avoir du pire\n Jeunesse pour nous despartir\n Dit sire hutin souffrez tant\n Adventurer me fait venir\n Ce chevalier errant querir\n Pour veoir du monde plaisant\n Hutin respond je suis content\n Plus loing portera son escu\n Plus tost se trouvera vaincu\n Mais pour memoire de sa paine\n Je luy donne de ma livree\n Une barrette de mygraine\n Car de telle vertu est plaine\n Qu'elle sera ronouvellee\n Chacune lune de l'annee\n Ce present hutin me laissa\n Et picque cheval & s'en va\n Ainsi je portay cest assault\n Par ce qu'il me fit demourer\n De jeunesse qui beaucop vault\n Mais je la perdis en sursault\n Dont je me trouvay desol\u00e9\n Si me partis tout asseull\u00e9\n Et prins une petite voye\n Sans s\u00e7avoir en quel lieu j'aloye\n Quant hutin se fut desparty\n Et jeunesse s'en fut allee\n Je me trouvay en tel party\n Qu'a peine pouoye partir\n Du champ ne de celle valee\n Ne s\u00e7ay ou jeunesse est allee\n Mais je me trouvay le matin\n En ung couvent d'un jacopin\n Je cheminay le plain chemin\n Ayant pensee et souvenir\n Qu'il me fist d'armes pelerin\n Sans vouloir partir au butin\n Des peines qu'i me fault souffir\n Et droit au point du jour faillir\n J'aperceuz de loing ung hermite\n A l'huys de sa maison petite\n[Illustration]\n Si me tiray droit celle part\n Et luy dis se dieu vous dont joye\n Pource qu'il est meshuy bien tard\n Me ferez vous de voz biens part\n Ainsi que pour vous je feroye\n Il me dit que bien venu soye\n Et traicta moy & mon cheval\n Comme ung amy especial\n Luy mesmes cy me desarma\n Et me logea en son hostel\n Et d'un grant mantel m'affeubla\n Que pourveance luy donna\n Qui fut de soye riche & bel\n Oncques mais je n'euz hoste tel\n Car chere me fist de hait\n Que je fuz logi\u00e9 a souhait\n Sy fit a toute diligence\n De l'eaue necte apporter\n Par ung jeune filz d'apparence\n Que on appelloit bonne enfance\n Ainsi le ouys je nommer\n Puis me voult mon hoste mener\n En une petite chappelle\n Moult devote plaisant & belle\n La je fis ma devocion\n Devant l'autel qui fut par\u00e9\n D'un drap de satisfaction\n Armoy\u00e9 de contriction\n Penitence l'avoit ouvr\u00e9\n L'ermite ma cecy monstr\u00e9\n Par ung gracieulx exemplaire\n Car sans ce je ne puis bien faire\n Il me pria que j'abregeasse\n Mais oraysons pour celle foys\n Puis me mena en une place\n Ou il luy pleut que je soupasse\n Avecques luy comme courtois\n Il y avoit du lard & des poys\n Et d'autres biens cy largement\n Que je devoye estre content\n Souvent mes yeulx en regettoye\n Vers mon hoste pour veoir la geste\n Et certes plus le regardoye\n Tant plus voulentiers le veoye\n Car son maintien estoit honneste\n Blanche fut sa barbe & sa teste\n Homme de bel & grant corsaige\n Et ressembloit bien estre saige\n Je ne me peuz oncques tenir\n Que son nom ne luy demandasse\n Luy priant par son bon plaisir\n Mais qu'il n'en eust point desplaisir\n Que son nom de luy emportasse\n Il le m'accorda de sa grace\n Disant je vous congnois assez\n Et veulx bien que me congnoissez\n J'ay travaill\u00e9 moult longuement\n Chevalier errant par le monde\n Et suis nomm\u00e9 entendement\n Mon nom est congneu plainement\n Des meilleurs de la table ronde\n Mais veant que ce n'est que une unde\n De mer de la vie incertaine\n J'ay fait de ce lieu mon demaine\n Mon pain est moulu de sobresse\n Mon vin tramp\u00e9 de bonne vie\n Mon repas se fait en liesse\n Suffisance est ma maistresse\n J'ay repos sans melencolie\n Ceans ne peut entrer envie\n Et s'appelle ceste maison\n La demourance de raison\n Droit cy veulx je vivre & morir\n Droit cy veulx je mes jours passer\n Querir dieu le monde fuyr\n Servir l'ame & le corps suyr\n Qui m'a fait trop plaisir aymer\n Riens ne m'est que pech\u00e9 amer\n Sy prie la vierge d'excellence\n Qu'elle me donne pascience\n La chevalerie ne desprise\n Ton nom ton cas & ton emprinse\n Riens ne voult que l'on se desguise\n Je voy & s\u00e7ay tout que je y vise\n J'ay par memoire lotz en marche\n Ou que l'on tire ne ou que l'on marche\n Ou fortune douleur & raige\n Ont entreprins de faire raige\n Or t'ay de ton nom devis\u00e9\n ce que en veult maintenant dire\n Et s\u00e7ay que tu as propos\u00e9\n Com hardy vaillant & os\u00e9\n De livrer ton corps a martire\n Devant ceulx que nulz de nature\n Ne peult en nulz aages passez\n Mais ont tous murtris & cassez\n Accidant est tousjours surbout\n Tout prest a cheval & arm\u00e9\n Pour tuer & affoler tout\n Et debile tient l'autre bout\n Cruel sans mercy ne piti\u00e9\n Mais pour ung qui aura pass\u00e9\n La ou debile prent sa rente\n Accidant en a tu\u00e9 trente\n Je t'ay declair\u00e9 ton affaire\n Ton nom ton vouloir & ton cas\n Riens ny vault fouyr ne retraire\n Il te fault ton emprinse faire\n Va te presenter a ce pas\n Assez d'honneur tu conquerras\n Et feras oultrageusement\n Se tu vainq messire accidant\n Et affin que soyes plus digne\n De soustenir ceste adventure\n Toy donner ung dun je m'encline\n D'un glaive frere de regime\n En lieu de la lance rompue\n De ce pousse fier frappe & rue\n Car par ce tu rebouteras\n Accidant la ou tu vouldras\n Pource dois a ton reveillier\n Toy signer de la bonne main\n Priant a dieu vouloir veiller\n A ton bon ange travailler\n Pour toy en ce voyage humain\n Dont je prie le roy souverain\n Et luy rens grace de bon cueur\n Des biens dont il nous est donneur\n [Ainsi nous levasmes de table]\n Apr\u00e9s graces a grant loysir\n Et trouvay mon hoste notable\n A son propos tant agreable\n Que g'y prenoye grant plaisir\n Il me dit vous yr\u00e9s dormir\n Et demain je vous monstreray\n Toutes les reliques que j'ay\n Lors me mena pour moy loger\n En ung lieu par\u00e9 a propos\n Sy gentement que a souhayter\n Il me fil couvrir & coucher\n Sur ung materat de repos\n Oncques mais si bon logis n'os\n Ne lieu de plus plaisant sesjour\n Sy m'en dormis jusques au jour\n Grant heure fut quant m'esveillay\n Et ouys sonner la clochette\n Pour quoy a haste me levay\n Me vestis & mes mains lavay\n Honteux par negligence faicte\n La messe trouvay toute preste\n Q'un cordelier de l'observance\n Chanta qu'on nomme obedience\n L'aube dont il eut revesture\n Estoit de bonne voulent\u00e9\n L'amyt fut tissu par mesure\n Le saint fut de chastet\u00e9 pure\n L'estolle fut de charit\u00e9\n Le manipule de loyault\u00e9\n Et le chasuble par maistrie\n Fut pourtraict\u00e9 de preudommie\n L'autel fut de bonne & vraye foy\n Et le calice de creance\n Les chauetes de bonne foy\n Et la lumiere quant a soy\n Fut de grace signifiance\n Le benoistier fut attrempance\n La cloche fut entendement\n Toute de bon enhortement\n Toutes les nappes des autelz\n Se monstroient par grant richesse\n Oncques n'en avoys veuz de telz\n De verit\u00e9 sont ouvragez\n Le messel estoit de prouesse\n Oncquesmais ne vis tel noblesse\n Ne lieu ou dieu fust mieulx servy\n Je le louay quant je le vy\n La paix fut faicte d'union\n Les chandeliers tous de concorde\n Le marbre de perfection\n Aussi de bonne intention\n Les verrieres quant le recorde\n Si furent de misericorde\n Par tout tresrichement paree\n La saincte chappelle sacree\n Apres la messe celebree\n Mon hoste qui eut ador\u00e9\n Devotement la matinee\n Me donna la bonne journee\n Et me enquist doulx & priv\u00e9\n Comme j'auoye repos\u00e9\n Je luy dis bien & me louoye\n Du logis que par luy j'avoye\n Lors me dit il fault que je tienne\n Promesse d'ouvrir mon tresor\n Il m'est force que je tienne\n Et que des pieces me souvienne\n Qui ne sont ne d'argent ne d'or\n L'huys ouvryt qui fut de remort\n La clef fut desir de s\u00e7avoir\n Et la sarrure d'un miroir\n Ce lieu fut ung cloistre longuet\n Par\u00e9 d'estranges pourtraictures\n Or pensez se je fis bon guet\n Pour s\u00e7avoir de ce lieu que c'est\n Et mieulx congnoistre les figures\n Entendement fist ces droictures\n Et me dist entens et appliques\n Et tu congnoistras mes reliques\nComment l'hermite entendement monstre ses reliques a l'acteur. Et luy\ndevise des oeuvres de messire accidant & de son pouoir.\n[Illustration]\n Voyez sy le soc d'une charue\n Dont accidant abel occist\n Par cayn tout de sa main nue\n Et par une envie advenue\n Celluy premier la terre ouvrit\n Dont il fist mal & si meffist\n Car il meurdrit chacun le juge\n L'un des bons avant le deluge\n Ce pillier d'extre grosseur\n Est celluy que sanson ploya\n Dont il abatist par virgueur\n Le grant palays & sa haulteur\n Pour sa femme qu'on maria\n Il s'occist et moult en tua\n Ce fut accidant le terrible\n prouv\u00e9 au teste de la bible\n Voyez cy chemise enfumee\n Dont dyamus si n'en peult mais\n Cuydant aymer & estre aymee\n Occist & brusla en la pree\n Le preux & vaillant hercules\n Accidant fist ses entremetz\n Lyre le pourrez en mains lieux\n En la nativit\u00e9 des dieux\n En cest estuy trouverez mys\n Les greffez de quoy fut tu\u00e9\n Cesar par esper\u00e9s amys\n Qui l'ont en leur senat occis:\n Par marveilleuse cruault\u00e9\n Accidant a ce coup heurt\u00e9\n Ces choses si nous sont certaines\n Selon les hystoires rommaines\n Ceste bouette te veulx monstrer\n Sans y advenir ou toucher\n Antipater la fist ouvrer\n A tenir poisons & porter\n Pour alixandre despeschier\n Accidant ouvra du mestier\n Et fut mort et empoisonn\u00e9\n Du monde le plus ronomm\u00e9\n Ce grant fust affin qu'on le voye\n C'est la lance dont archill\u00e9s\n Tua le preux hector de troye\n Le plus a craindre dont on oye\n Le plus vaillant qui fut jamais\n Telz sont d'accidant les droitz metz\n De ce fait plaine mencion\n De troye la destruction\n De cest arc & traict bien aguz\n Fut occis & mys a la mort\n Achilles par ung grant mesuz\n Au devot temple de venus\n Par paris qui fist cest effort\n Accidant y besongna fort\n Et fist finer par sa rudesse\n Le plus vaillant qui fust de grece\n Celle espee qui la fait giste\n C'est celle dont mourut pompee\n Par le desloyal roy d'egypte\n Qui l'occist en lieu de merite\n Et luy a la teste couppee\n Accidant fut a celle armee\n Qui desfist le pillier & l'homme\n Soustenant du pillier de romme\n Voyez la l'aneau envenim\u00e9\n Ou print hanibal de cartaige\n Le fort venim dessaisonn\u00e9\n Dont mesmes c'est emprisonn\u00e9\n Avant qu'il eust tiers ne quart aage\n Accidant mesla ce bruvaige\n Dont mourut l'un des vaillans princes\n Qui oncques gouvernast provinces\n Voyes apr\u00e9s le glaive tresfort\n Dont le roy marc de cornouaille\n Navra lachement a la mort\n Tristan dont il eut villain tort\n Et fut deshonneste bataille\n Accidant ne fist pas la faille\n D'occire l'ystoire le fonde\n L'un des bons chevalliers du monde\n De cest espieu trenchant & bon\n Fist occire comme traistresse\n Jadis le roy agamenon\n La femme du mauvais renon\n De son paillart par subtillesse\n Ce roy conduisoit hors de grece\n Et sa femme traistreusement\n Le fist mourir par accident\n De ce branc desir inhumain\n Occist mordrech remply de mal\n Le roy artus son souverain\n Et aussy messire gauvain\n Nompas comme ung hardy vassal\n Mais par ung aguet desloyal\n Dont accident fut conducteur\n Sur deux princes de grant valeur\n De badelere la bont\u00e9\n Fut ja oloferne le grant\n Par judich a la mort bout\u00e9\n Dont elle sauva la cit\u00e9\n Et de l'arme & du tyrant\n Accident heurta bien avant\n Quant par la main d'une pucelle\n Mist amours en euvre mortelle\n De ce clou & de ce martel\n Occist jabel la femme honneste\n zizaran le tyrant cruel\n Ce coup fut divin & moult bel\n Quant ce clou luy mist en la teste\n Le peuple de dieu en fist feste\n Accident faisoit telz deluges\n Prouvez par livre des juges\n De ces deux glaves par exc\u00e9s\n Ce sont deux freres entre occis\n Pour ce que ja ethiocl\u00e9s\n Ne voulut rendre a polmic\u00e9s\n Le regne qui luy eut promys\n Accident s'est au debat mys\n Les escriptures en sont plaines\n Es fais de thebes & d'athenes\n De cest aultre espieu remondin\n Tua son bon oncle fremont\n Cuidant ferir par le serin\n Ung sanglier qui livroit hutin\n En l'esp\u00e9s du boys & parfont\n Cest accident regreta moult\n Lyre le peulx je le t'assigne\n En l'advenement melusine\n Ce sanglier mist a la mort seure\n Le bel adous en sa jeunesse\n Qui de chasser print si grant cure\n Qu'il mist son corps a l'adventure\n Contre le conseil de la deesse\n La fist accident grant rudesse\n Car il deffit les amourettes\n Des dames selon les poetes\n De celle grant dague affilee\n Navra jacob & par embas\n Amazin en une accollee\n Dont il a la vie finee\n Ce fust bien le baiser judas\n La fist ung ort et villain cas\n Accident faisoit telz desroys\n Comme on lyt au livre des roys\n Ce cailleau celle fronde a latz\n Sont ceulx dont david par couraige\n Occist le geant goleas\n Qui de mal faire ne fut las\n Ne a luy ne a son lignaige\n Accident acheva ce gaige\n Qui se fiert par divers moyens\n Sur catholicques & payens\n De ce chevestre fut pendu\n Aman tant riche tant puissant\n Pour ce qu'il avoit pretendu\n A faire destruit & perdu\n Le peuple juif paravant\n Dont hester qui vertu eut tant\n Le fist d'accidant estrangler\n Et mardocheus honnorer\n Je n'eu pas vesit\u00e9 le quart\n De celluy qui fist a noter\n Que l'on nous dist qu'il estoit tart\n Si feismes de ce lieu depart\n Et me voult mon hoste emmener\n Entendement me fist muser\n Es reliques qu'il me monstra\n Ou ung tresmerveilleux monstre a\n Ainsi nous partismes tous deux\n Hors du cloistre de souvenance\n Ou je prins plaisir douloureus\n Ung appre soulas angoisseux\n Et ung delit en desplaisance\n C'est ung doubter en asseurance\n C'est une seurt\u00e9 incertaine\n Dont je ne fuz pas sans grant peine\n Touteffois moult marry je fuz\n Et beaucoup je le regretoye\n Que je ne veiz tout le surplus\n Et oultre je m'esbahys plus\n De ce que riens veu je n'avoye\n En ce cloistre dont je venoye\n Des fais de debile le fier\n Ce cas me faisoit merveillier\n Mais entendement me saoulla\n Me disant si a moy reviens\n Le surplus te demonstrera\n Et de debile on te dira\n Dont il fiert ne de quelz engins\n Ses bastons ne sont terriens\n Mais fait de foiblesse massue\n Dont mesmes le porteur se tue\n Ainsy ce propos nous laissasmes\n Sy prins mes armes & m'armay\n Des biens de leans desjunasmes\n Dismes a dieu nous embrassasmes\n Sa grant bont\u00e9 luy merciay\n Promettre me fist & fait l'ay\n Que par la refferoy passaige\n Se je reschappe du voyage\n Lors j'ay ma lance demandee\n Apr\u00e9s que je fus a cheval\n Que le preudomme m'eut donnee\n De regime bien ordonn\u00e9\n Contre la force de tout mal\n Sy prins mon chemin par ung val\n Qui se tiroit en une lande\n Qui me sembloit estre bien grande\n Ceste lande que j'ay nommee\n Rappelloit en vulgal le temps\n Combien qu'elle fust grande & lee\n Si est elle tantost passee\n Quant plaisir y est sur les rens\n On y court comme font les vens\n La j'aperceu pour abregier\n Que temps se passe de legier\n Mon cheval qu'on nomme vouloir\n Tiroit en ce lieu tant au frain\n Que je n'euz de tenir pouoir\n Que subit ne fusse pour voir\n Droit au milieu de beau plain\n La subit je voys tout plain\n Ung chevallier qui m'attendoit\n Et que combatre me failloit\n Il estoit armer de travail\n Et son cheval s'appelloit peine\n Son escu paroit au ciel\n Paint de veiller & de sommeil\n Si caduc qu'on le veit a peine\n Sa cotte fut de souffrir peine\n Et sembloit a le voir sans faille\n Qu'il venist d'une grant bataille\n J'eusse voulentiers regard\u00e9\n La contance de partie\n Mais possible ne m'a est\u00e9\n Semblant que fusse destinee\n D'esprouver sa chevallerie\n Je couchay il ne faillyt mye\n Et telz heurtasme noz escuz\n Que tous deux fusmes abatuz\n Et luy qui fut bon chevallier\n Saillyt sus sans faire demeure\n Si feiz je de l'autre quartier\n Il empoigne son branc d'assier\n Pour moy fierement courrir seure\n Ma lance que je congneuz seure\n De regime qu'on me fist prendre\n Mis en mes mains pour me deffendre\n Apr\u00e9s son escu prent & joint\n Pour moy assommer & confondre\n Je le reboute par tel point\n Deux ou trois foys sy bien appoint\n Qu'il trouva bien a qui respondre\n Vaillamment me savoit respondre\n Et de ma part me defendoye\n Le mieulx que faire lo pouoye\n Mais il me rassailloit tousjours\n Et me donnoit de son espee\n Qui fut faicte de trop de jours\n De si grans coups & de si lours\n Que j'en eu la teste estonnee\n Ma lance si fut tron\u00e7onnee\n Par la force de moy deffendre\n Et convint mon espee prendre\n Tant fut cest assault combatu\n Que nul de nous n'eust la pel seine\n Froissasmes haubert & escu\n Se l'un fiert l'autre l'a randu\n Chascun a vaincre met sa peine\n Dont pour reprendre nostre halaine\n Nous retirasmes d'un accord\n Et le vouloit bien le plus fort\n Quant j'euz mon halaine reprinse\n Je regarday mon adversaire\n Que je crains beaucoup & le prise\n Sy me mys ung peu en devise\n Disant vassal de grant affaire\n Je vous prie que vueill\u00e9s tant faire\n Pour moy de vostre nom me dire\n Et je vous emprie beau sire\n Sy me dist d'asseuree voix\n Doulcement & de bon visaige\n Noble & suis yssu des roys\n Avant perceval le galloys\n Congneu par mon grant vasselage\n Sachez que nomm\u00e9 suis aage\n De renconter prest & commun\n Au milieu du tamps de chacun\n Nul ne peult le temps trespasser\n Qu'il ne passe par mes destroitz\n Tel ne scet l'aage nommer\n Qu'il ne me vouldroit pas trouver.\n Mais il abuse ses explois\n Par moy fault passer une foys\n Tel est le chemin des euurex\n Ou mourir jeune douleureux\n Et puis que tu es en mes mains\n Savoir te fault que je s\u00e7ay faire\n Prisonnier te rendras du moins\n Je te deffye & ne te crains\n Deffens toy il t'est necessaire\n Il saulx avant sans moy retraire\n Et recommen\u00e7a nostre estour\n Le plus felon de tout le jour\nCy se combat l'acteur a l'encontre de aage Et quant l'acteur se rendit\nprisonnier.\n[Illustration]\n Mainteffois le glayve qu'il eut\n Me porta ce jour mains contraire\n Et puis regime rompu fut\n Qui mortellement me deceut\n Et me greva en cest affaire\n Car pour moy oultrer & deffaire\n Espour dont fut fait mon escu\n Me fut lors des poings abatu\n Quant aage me eut desarm\u00e9\n De mon bon escu d'esperance\n Il s'est du tout abandonn\u00e9\n Pour ce qu'il me sentoit foul\u00e9\n Et affoibly en ma puissance\n Et ne voys autre recouvrance\n Pour eschapper de ce dangier\n Que de me rendre prisonnier\n Lors me rendiz rescoux ou non\n A aage par son grant vouloir\n Et luy promys foy & prison\n Asseurant de payer ran\u00e7on\n De son desir a mon pouoir\n Doulcement me voult recevoir\n En prenant mon gantellet dextre\n Comme mon vaincueur & mon maistre\n Puis me dist qu'il me traicteroit\n En prison moult courtoisement\n Mais tenir foy me convenoit\n Et faire ce qu'il me diroit\n Sur peine de parjurement\n En commandant estroictement\n Plusieurs choses dont il me charge\n Qui ne m'est pas petite charge\n Premier en la terre amoureuse\n Ne te mesle point somme toute\n La est plaisance doloreuse\n Doulce savveur trop venimeuse\n Et n'a pas sens qui n'y fait doubte\n On m'y hait je n'y ayme goute\n Aage n'est plus en amour chier\n Pour ce te deffens ce quartier\n Et puis au val de mariage\n Ne vueille point que tu traverse\n C'est ung tresperilleux passaige\n Mal y sont venus gens de aage\n C'est terre pour toy trop diverse\n aussy ne veult que tu converse\n Plus es dances ny es carolles\n Dont tient oysance les escolles\n Aussy je te deffens les cours\n Des princes et des grant seigneurs\n La sont perilz & mains faulx tours\n Jeunes gens ilz quierent le cours\n Pour querir proffitz & honneurs\n Mais il en revient plusieurs\n Par la sente de mal vueillance\n Povres d'amys & de chevance\n En la forest de temps perdu\n Ne va plus mettre tes desduys\n Tu as trop longuement vescu\n Pour plus chasser a l'espardu\n En partes de jour & de nuyt\n Le lieu me desplaist & je y nuys\n a mettre a proffit ton temps veille\n En ce point aage te conseille\n Joustes/ tournoys/ jeu de traveil\n Te sont d'eux mesmes deffendus\n Tous les matins a ton resveil\n Penses & fais ton appareil\n affin que soient combatus\n Ceulx qui tant d'autre ont vaincus\n Ton corps pour avanturer en ce lieu\n Et garde l'ame pour ton dieu\n Or t'ay ordonn\u00e9 les limites\n Que je ne veulx point que tu passes\n A me croire beacoup proffites\n Du rebours tu te desherites\n Et pers de vertu la grace\n Si dis ne doubte que je face\n Riens contre ce que j'ay jur\u00e9\n Mais tiendray foy & verit\u00e9\n Puis me dit qui m'eslargissoit\n Affin de tenir ma promesse\n Et me conseilla et vouloit\n Que je prinse ma voye droite\n Parmy le desert de vieillesse\n C'est le chemin la seure adresse\n Selon la raison de nature\n Pour attandre mon adventure\n Chevaulx & armes me rendit\n De sa liberalle franchise\n Et en prenant congi\u00e9 me dit\n Je te donne pour ton proffit\n Ce gorgerin fait de tel guise\n Qui est mesl\u00e9 de barbe grise\n Faicte de nature si franche\n Que plus vivras plus sera blanche\n Doncques aage me donna\n Le present de barbe meslee\n Je partis & il demoura\n A garder ce don charge a\n C'est le temps en celle contree\n Ainsi j'ay la face tournee\n Vers viellesse qu'on veult fuyr\n Et si la devroit on querir\n Ainsi la montaigne montay\n Que l'on peult le my temps comprendre\n Mais certes la je desvallay\n Beacoup plus tost que je ne l'ay\n Plus poise monter que descendre\n Et me fallut tirer & tendre\n Contre vieillesse le desert\n Que chacun destruit & desert\n Mais je n'euz gaires chemin\u00e9\n Que droit a ung chemin croys\u00e9\n Me suis ainsi que oubli\u00e9\n Hors de la voye destourn\u00e9\n [Que aage m'avoit enseign\u00e9]\n Le santier que l'on nomme abus\n Si prins comme mal conseill\u00e9\n Ou plusieurs se tiennent abus\n Le chemin me sembla tout vert\n Et si estoit saison faillie\n Le pays bel & descouvert\n Fueilles & fleurs tout y appert\n Abus est restaurant de vie\n La je rentray en fantasie\n Des haulx plaisirs de mon jouvent\n Et oubliay le demourant\n Lors me ressaillit souvenance\n De tout mon jeune temps perdu\n Vieiliesse fut en oubliance\n Prison serment obligence\n Plus n'en fut en riens souvenu\n Il fut tout nouvel revenu\n Du temps certes que je cuidoye\n Avoir ce que je souhaitoye\n Armes/ armures/ chiens/ oyseaulx\n Tout fut submis a mon plaisir\n La fis en espaigne chasteaulx\n Et de chardons souvent chappeaulx\n Tout conquis sans riens retenir\n Abus me faisoit reverdir\n Et croire de moy l'impossible\n Par sa devoyance nuysible\n Je ne tins puis bride ne frain\n Mon cheval s'en alloit sa voye\n Plus ne vis montaigne ne plain\n Je fut du cuyder si tresplain\n Que je ne me recongnoissoye\n Ou je alloye je ne savoye\n Abus me macha celle oublye\n Ainsi chemine qui s'oublye\n Tant ay chemin\u00e9 & arr\u00e9\n Par la sente peu de prouffit\n Sans congnoistre que j'ay arr\u00e9\n Que subit me suis embarr\u00e9\n Ou plus bel lieu qu'oncques dieu fit\n La ung palais eut fait & fit\n Le plus bel qu'on pourroit choisir\n Et sembloit lieu pour non morir\n Les carneaux estoint d'or fin\n Flambans contre le soleil\n Les murs sont d'argent metallin\n Les fenestres de cristallin\n Et le comble dont m'esmerveil\n Fut couvert d'un ambre vermeil\n Qui rendoit clart\u00e9 & lueur\n Si grant qu'on ne soit la valeur\n Les fenestres furent parees\n De dames et damoyselles\n Si tresrichement aornees\n Qu'oncquesmais ne furent trouvees\n En banquet ne festes plus belles\n Et pour entretenir icelles\n Mains gorgias & bien en point\n En ce lieu ne failloient point\n Trompettes menestriers sonnoient\n Sy hault que tout redondissoit\n L'un chantoit les autres dansoient\n En plusieurs lieux se deduisoient\n chascun du mieulx qui peut faisoit\n abus en ce lieu me tenoit\n Qui me sembloit se estre pouoye\n Que bonne adventure y auroye\n Si m'adressay vers le portier\n Que l'on nommoit abusion\n Et luy diz tresdoulx amy chier\n De palays si grant & si chier\n Qui n'a point de comparaison\n Vueillez moy nommer la maison\n Si me respondit a motz cours\n Que c'estoit le palays d'amours\nComment l'acteur c'est forvoy\u00e9 et est venu devant le palays d'amours/ ou\ndesir vouloit qu'il entrast. Mais souvenir l'en destourna. Et de ses\nadventures.\n[Illustration]\n Lors me retire ung peu arriere\n Car d'amour je fus rebout\u00e9\n Mais desir vint a la barriere\n Qui me faisoit perdre maniere\n Et moy d'aller moult fort tempt\u00e9\n Souvenir si m'a deschanter\n Qui m'escria que je faisoye\n Et si parjurer me vouloye\n Et me bouta devant mes yeulx\n Le mirouer des choses passees\n Ou je veiz aage le vieulx\n Qui me poursuyvoit en tous lieux\n Par la foy que luy eu juree\n Et si veiz toute figuree\n Ma barbe paincte de meslure\n Qui m'esbahyt a desmesure\n Desir si me print par la bride\n Me voult en amours remettre\n Mais souvenir si me dist ridez\n Fuiz ce lieu vieillart plain de ridez\n Il te fault une aultre commettre\n Jamais n'estudie tel lettre\n Cul & con te fault renoncier\n Car plus ne vaulx pour le mestier\n Quant j'euz bien pens\u00e9 a mon cas\n Combien que me temptast desir\n Pour le mieux je ne le creu pas\n Mais luy dis tu m'excuseras\n Et me feras ung grant plaisir\n Si l'on me vouloit poursuyvir\n Pour estre d'amours retenu\n Si diz que tu ne m'as pas veu\n Et combien que desir mist peine\n De me rebouter en la nasse\n D'amours souvenir bien a peine\n Me revint en voye plus saine\n En m'eslongnant de celle place\n Abuz je laissay & sa trasse\n Et prins la sante bon advis\n Qui tost m'a en mon chemin mis\n Si diz a dieu amours & celle\n A qui mon service donnay\n Qui vouldra que je la decelle\n Des belles du monde est la belle\n Tant de vertuz ailleurs veu n'ay\n Elle valoit & je l'aymay\n Dieu scet a quelle fin tendoye\n Le celler point ne le pourroye\n En ce point je tournay le dos\n A amours & a sa sequelle\n Rentrant a mon premier propos\n Pour ce qu'en tout tenir luy volz\n Ma foy & sonner ma sequelle\n Et fut mon aventure telle\n Qu'en viellesse je me trouvay\n Trop plus tost que je ne cuiday\n Le chemin y estoit tremblant\n Et plain de parfondes ruelles\n L'eau fut bruyneuse & suyvant\n Rendant flair infect & puant\n La ne croist fruit que de misere\n La terre ne prouffitte guere\n Les rentes par toutes valeur\n Ne se payent que de langueurs\n Les arbres y sont tous steriles\n Et ne portent ne fleurs ne fruyt\n Les fueilles sont seiches & viles\n Les arbres y sont inutiles\n En ce que medicine instrir\n Brief c'est ung pays si destruyt\n Qu'il n'est vivre qu'on y congnoisse\n Fors seullement poires d'angoisse\n La sont fontaines d'amertumes\n Et ruisseaulx courans de souffrettes\n La ne rend point clart\u00e9 la lune\n Le soleil n'y luyst ne alume\n La sont les tenebres apertes\n Regretz de biens & dures pertes\n Sont les piteux plains & les chants\n Qu'on y oyt par bois & et par champs\n Vieillesse est travaillant demaine\n Plus y siet on/ mains on repose\n En vieillesse n'a heure saine\n Maladie l'a en son regne\n Sant\u00e9 en est du tout forclose\n Lyesse la ne vient ne ose\n Par la dure melancolie\n Qui regne sur celle partie\n Pres de la en voye petite\n Si est une isle d'enfermet\u00e9\n Que l'en dit le lieu decrepite\n C'est une demeure mauldicte\n Plaine de grant adversit\u00e9\n Je n'y ay pas encor est\u00e9\n Mais bien pres me voy de sentir\n L'air du lieu qui me fait fermir\n On ne va pas en decrepite\n Faire seulement demurance\n Car elle vient & si habite\n Dont le corps jusques en est quitte\n De l'ame qui vit en souffrance\n Vieillesse revient en enfance\n Par la douleur de ce martir\n Qu'on ne peult nombrer ne escripre\n J'entens bien que moult est a craindre\n De decrepite la demure\n Mais qu'il peult a ce attaindre\n Le grant purgatoire ce est maindre\n Se paciance la demeure\n Je prie a dieu ains que je meure\n Que la je face penitance\n Qui me soit a l'ame allegance\n Quand je me veiz en celle nasse\n De vieillesse la ou j'estoye\n Je ne choisy trou ne place\n Pour m'eslongner de celle trace\n S'en decrepite je n'entroy\n En ce point je m'entretenoye\n Le moins mal qui me fut possible\n En vieillesse tres terrible\n La congneuz des gens une mer\n Faire diverses mommeries\n L'un veult ses ans dissimuler\n Par soy de mistions laver\n Et raire ses barbes fleuries\n Autres faisoient par tromperies\n Taindre leurs cheveulx & parrucques\n Par aage blanches & caduques\n Mais vieillesse ne peult mentir\n Ne mesconter a son pouoir\n Nature ne peult reverdir\n Tel meshain ne se peult guerir\n La ne vault charme ne savoir\n Et si n'est riens plus lait a veoir\n Que l'yssue de telz mysteres\n A remplir tous les cymiteres\n Or nous tairons de ce propos\n C'est langaige melancolique\n Je ne trouve sentiers ne trotz\n A mon yssir car je ne potz\n La me faillyt ma rethorique\n Je leuz en la le\u00e7ons antique\n Vieillesse m'a print a souffrir\n Douleur qui ne pourroit guerir\n Si fais comme l'oysel qui chante\n Enclos en sa petite caige\n Combien que le cueur se lamente\n Pour la prison qui le tourmente\n Dont il quiert yssue & passaige\n Toutesfois il se ressouaige\n Et chante par le souvenir\n Qu'il a de son pass\u00e9 plaisir\n Aussy je me resjouyssoye\n En ma vieillesse ou je me vey\n Et en mes faitz passez pensoye\n L'un me fist dueil & l'autre joye\n Le temps ne fut pas tout uny\n A corps recreu & cueur failly\n Je visite celle contree\n Ou j'ay grant merveille trouvee\n Car en telle place sterile\n J'ay trouv\u00e9 ung quartier de terre\n Le plus riche le plus fertile\n Le meillieur & le plus utile\n Qui soit d'icy en angleterre\n Plus plaisant lieu nul n'eust sceu querre\n La eut ung manoir en closture\n Qu'on appelloit bonne aventure\n Et peut a plusieurs gens sembler\n Qu'en vieillesse n'a point de joye\n Si a je le veulx bien monstrer\n Mais il fault en l'estude entrer\n Et apprendre par toute voye\n Comme se mourir ne devoye\n Et telle vie maintenir\n Que l'en veult selon dieu mourir\n Telle est la le\u00e7on de sagesse\n Tel est l'effect des vertueux\n Ce sont les moyens que viellesse\n Demande pour puor lyesse\n Ce sert aux jeunes & aux vieulx\n Rien n'est tant melancolieux\n Que faiz de pech\u00e9 & de blasme\n A cil qu'il approuche la lame\n Les murs de ce manoir petit\n Dont moult m'agreoit l'apparence\n Furent massonnes par delit\n Et qui moult ce lieu embellit\n Le portal fut plain de plaisance\n Les fossez pour plus d'asseurance\n Furent taillez parfondement\n De la main de bon pancement\n Le comble fut d'estudier\n Le fenestraige d'acquerir\n Et le pont fut de labourer\n La porte fut de souvenir\n Au dessus pour mieulx resplandir\n Et grans banieres de plaisir\n Qui faisoient a chacun entendre\n Que ce lieu fut fait pour aprandre\n Oyseuse si en fut bannye\n Labeur si ce nommoit portier\n La ne peut entrer villennye\n Mais on y veult bien jalousie\n Pour mieulx le temps emploier\n Le passe temps pour abreger\n De ce lieu se le veulx s\u00e7avoir\n N'est que d'aprendre & s\u00e7avoir\n Se euz desir de la entrer\n Et de congnoistre le demeure\n Il ne le fault pas demander\n Je laissay cheval pasturer\n Et vins au portier sans demeure\n Disant amy en la bonne heure\n Donnez moy ceans entree\n Pour congnoistre ceste contree\n Le portier me fut ung peu rude\n Et me dit ay\u00e9s pascience\n Ce n'est pas icy une begude\n C'est le lieu qui s'appelle estude\n Le droit ennemy d'ignorance\n Sy est le tresor de science\n C'est la richesse de la terre\n Autre avoir ne deveroit on querre\n Ce lieu garde une princesse\n La plus belle que on peut veoir\n Dieu la fit par telle noblesse\n Que jamais ne perdra jeunesse\n Sans amaindrir ne main ne soir\n Mouvoir ne peut ne n'a point hoir\n Son nom est a chacun notoire\n Et appelle on franche memoire\n C'est tout le plaisir & soulas\n Qu'en vieillesse trouver se peut\n D'elle on ne peut estre las\n Qui ne la quiert il en dit las\n Et m'esmerveille se on la veult\n Celle la vouldra qu'elle ne veult\n Memoire c'est par adventure\n L'un des secretz de creature\n Vray est que nature le coffre\n Donne ou memoire se trouve\n Par l'ame qui vie acoffre\n Par porcion & se encoffre\n Pour quoy memoire naist & euvre\n C'est doncques l'ame qui requeuvre\n Qui dit fy ou nature cesse\n doncques dieu a fait ma maistresse\n Puisque ma maistresse est faicte\n De dieu le maistre des ouvraiges\n Sy digne chose cy parfaicte\n Doit estre acquise & atraie\n Et honoree par les saiges\n Et doit toucher en ces langaiges\n Homme qu'en vieillesse se treuve\n Quant de memoire y la requevre\n Et quoy qu'elle se tient muree\n C'est moy labeur qui l'ay trouvee\n Par l'estude que j'ay hantee\n J'en ay les clefz je l'ay gardee\n Nul sans vertu ne la verra\n Qui memoire veoir vouldra\n Apprendre fault & retenir\n Et ruminer le souvenir\n Mais affin que tu te conforte\n En la viellesse ou je te voy\n Qui est demeure dure & forte\n Ouvrir je te veulx ceste porte\n Va a ma dame je l'ottroy\n Labeur qui a piti\u00e9 de moy\n M'a mis en ce noble chastel\n Qui valloit ung riche chastel\n Fresche memoire promptement\n M'a bont\u00e9 & doulceur monstree\n Car elle me vint au devant\n Et me receut benignement\n Par bonne fa\u00e7on asseuree\n Elle c'estoit ce jour paree\n D'un drap figur\u00e9 a penser\n Moult merveilleux a regarder\n Je vis au drap qui fut bien beau\n Entrelass\u00e9 d'or & de soye\n Du vieulx testament & nouveau\n Et sur son chef eut ung chappeau\n Qui me plaisoit quant le veoye\n Une odeur que je sentoye\n Qu'il appelloit ramentevoir\n La se tient l'oyr & s\u00e7avoir\n Je luy priay par courtoysie\n Veoir ces livres de valeur\n Mais pourtant ne le fist il mye\n Et me dit que qui estudie\n Leans il soit duyt & asseur\n D'apprendre sa le\u00e7on par cueur\n Car memoire n'a autre livre\n Que tel qui souvent luy livre\n Peu proffite l'estudier\n A ceulx qui en vieillesse sont\n Mais se doyvent enseigner\n Penser et rememorer\n Ce qu'ilz ont aprins & veu ont\n Ces choses au cueur joye font\n Pource dis moy qu'il te plaira\n Et memoire te servira\n Quant j'ouyz la dame parler\n Si doulcement & par tel guise\n Je me prins a reconforter\n Disant je vous dois honnorer\n Quant par vous puis avoir aprise\n Pour parvenir a mon emprise\n Savoir ne veulx aultre science\n Car ou le grief gist le cueur pense\n Je cours je vois je m'achemine\n Contre la forest d'atropos\n Ce souvenir me print & myne\n Car il me fault ains que je fine\n Combatre pour abregier motz\n Contre deux chevaliers de l'ostz\n L'un d'eulx est messire accident\n L'autre debile le tirant\n Je demanday si par hystoires\n Par legendes ou par croniques\n Par escriptures ou memoires\n Ou par souvenirs transitoires\n Par subtilit\u00e9 ou practiques\n Est il rien mys en faitz antiques\n Des deux chevalliers si dessus\n S'ilz ont jamais est\u00e9 vaincus\n Doncques nul ny prent avantaige\n Tant fust il de grant renommee\n J'ay en moy desir & couraige\n Que je feray mon personnaige\n Si bien a icelle meslee\n Que j'auray part a la journee\n Et que l'honneur m'en demourra\n Ou la charonne y demourra\n Quant fresche memoire entendit\n A quel fin tendre je vouloye\n Moult doulcement me respondit\n J'ay ouy ce que tu m'as dit\n Ou voulentiers conseil donroye\n De parler je t'abuseroye\n Mais a l'oeul je te monstreray\n Ce que j'entens & que j'en s\u00e7ay\nCy monstre fresche memoire a l'acteur les sepultures des anciens\ntrespassez. Et par les escriptures voit ceulx qui ont est\u00e9 desconfitz\npar debile ou par accident. Et commence la tierce partie de ce livre.\n[Illustration]\n Lors ouvre ung huys & va devant\n Et nous mist en une champaigne\n Qui fut a sa maison tenant\n Le plus plain pays & le plus grant\n Qui soit de paris en espaigne\n La n'avoit roche ne montaigne\n Chascun y peult choisir a l'ueil\n Du toutes pars & a son vueil\n Ce plain qui fut chose infinie\n Estoit par\u00e9 de sepultures\n Chascune faicte & en tablie\n Diversement & par mestrie\n Tant d'ymages que d'escriptures\n Pour congnoistre les creatures\n Qu'accident avoit desconfiz\n Et par debile les occiz\n Lors me dist voy quelz drapperies\n Et note le pas de atropos\n Cy sont les charongnes pourries\n Des grans honnorez en leurs vies\n Consumez par chair & par os\n S\u00e7avoir le nombre je ne potz\n Par art par sens ou retentive\n Car c'est chose trop excessive\n Au cimetere de memoire\n Trouveras & ne l'oublie mie\n Enfouyz par le territoire\n Ceulx dont la bible fait hystoire\n Exceptez enoc & helye\n Qui de la puissance infinie\n Et pour fournir ce qu'il doit estre\n Sont mys en paradis terrestre\n Les gens de quoy escript omere\n Sont posez en ce cymitere\n Tous ceulx dont recite valere\n Et de qui tulles rend mistere\n Et dont oroze fait matere\n Tous sont pourriz les corps en biere\n Tous en la terre transgloutiz\n Et prins comme a elle lotiz\n Accident fiert debile assomme\n Atropos leur livre la place\n Ilz n'espargnent femme ne homme\n Tous mettent affin c'est la somme\n La mort tousjours prent & enlace\n Et qui par nature se passe\n Et luy dessire son habit\n Dont elle a douleur & despit\n Ceulx qui firent ja les grans faitz\n En babilonne la cit\u00e9\n Les clercs d'athenes tant parfaitz\n Les troyans dont on fait les laitz\n Et dont on a tant recit\u00e9\n Chascun d'eulx a la mort cit\u00e9\n Et les amazones armees\n Sont toutes a la mort livrrees\n Et tout l'ancien testament\n Peulx cy savoir voy cy le livre\n Mais pour goutter plus fermement\n Veez cy ou ceulx du temps present\n Sont mys pour les premiers ensuyvre\n Lys & retiens & si te mire\n Cy sont ceulx que mort oppressa\n Depuis l'an trentecinq en \u00e7a\n Lors me mist ainsi qu'a costiere\n Et veiz bien par les sepulcres\n Qui furent de neufve matiere\n D'aultre fa\u00e7on d'aultre mistere\n Les armoyries les figures\n Par les habitz & escriptures\n Que les mors ou je me trouvoye\n Furent du temps que je vivoye\n La eut epitaphes sans nombre\n Dont oncques n'en congneuz les corps\n Si m'en tais pour fuyr encombre\n Puis l'ame assista & fist umbre\n Et me monstra de plusieurs mors\n Les tumbes dont j'ay par recors\n Fresche memoire plus que assez\n De ceulx de mon temps mors & trespassez\n Ainsi entray en celle forge\n Dont atropos menoit l'ouvraige\n La veiz ung seigneur de saint george\n Que debile print par la gorge\n Et vinquit par son vaisselage\n Il fut tenu & grant & saige\n Entre tous ceulx de son quartier\n Mais il est mort pour abregier\n Je mys l'ueil sur ung empereur\n Filz de puissant roy de bahaigne\n Sigismond prince de valeur\n Hardy & vaillant deffenseur\n Du grant empire d'alemaigne\n Debile qui maint en meshaine\n La mort a batu & mat\u00e9\n Maulgr\u00e9 empere & royault\u00e9\n La je veiz de ligny le conte\n Que de luxembourg se nommoit\n Des vaillans fut dont on racompte\n D'accident oncques ne tint compte\n Et tousjours a luy combatoit\n Mais debile qui l'ettendoit\n Au pas pour en prendre vengence\n L'occist a petite deffence\n La gisoit ung portinglois\n Duc de conymbre filz de roy\n De grans vertuz en tous endroitz\n Prince vaillant saige & courtoys\n Plus renomm\u00e9 de luy ne voy\n Mais au milieu de son arroy\n Accident par mortelle envie\n L'occist & luy osta la vie\n Tout subit si gettay mon oeil\n Sur ung cercueil de pierre dure\n Ou gisoit mort loys du bueil\n Qui bien valoit qu'on en fist dueil\n Et qu'il fust plainst oultre mesure\n Accident par malle aventure\n Faisant armes le fist mourir\n Ou plus bel de son adventure\n Deux papes dessoubz ung tombel\n Je veiz la felix & eugene\n Ceulx firent ung cisme nouvel\n Chascun pour faire son plus bel\n Voult estre pape & avoir regne\n L'eglise en douleur & peine\n Mais debile les mist en terre\n Et fist la fin de telle guerre\n La veiz deux anglois capitaines\n Estre pourriz & consumez\n En france ont eu bruyt & grant regnes\n En guerre firent de grans peine\n Et furent doubtez & aymez\n Thaleboth & scalles oultrez\n Furent par accident tous deux\n Et furent ilz cent foys plus preux\n La fut que je regretay fort\n Par ces epitaphes escriptz\n Mis gilles de bre[taigne mort]\n Par accident qui luy fist tort\n Et pres de luy haultement veiz\n Par debile mort & occis\n Le duc arthus plain de vaillance\n Qui fut connestable de france\n La fut ung jacques de bourbon\n Roy de naples moult a priser\n Le monde ne luy sembla bon\n Si voua la religion\n Et fut observant cordelier\n Mais debile pour le monstrer\n Pour par royalle dignit\u00e9\n Ne l'a de la mort respit\u00e9\n Soubz une tombe de laton\n Trouvay ensevelliz deux corps\n Dont fut honneste l'edicion\n Cevely furent hyre & pothon\n Des bons guerroyers du temps lors\n Des mains de debile sont mors\n Maulgr\u00e9 leur bonne renommee\n Qui leur est aumoins demouree\n Ung sepulchre assez noble & riche\n Je trouvay sur ung allemant\n Ce fut le duc aubert d'ostriche\n Celluy ne fut aver ne chiche\n Mais prince treslarge & vaillant\n Accident luy vint au devant\n Qui l'occist par son vaisselage\n Se que l'en tint a grant dommaige\n En ce lieu cy ne failloit mye\n D'estre bien meng\u00e9 de vermine\n Le roy lancelot de hongrie\n L'un des grans de la germanie\n D'estre ung empereur bon & digne\n Accident le print en haine\n Et l'occist par piteux exploitz\n Au grant diffame des pergois\n J'aperceuz ung chevallier bon\n Qui ja fut oultr\u00e9 par debile\n C'est le seigneur de varembon\n Et pres ung homme de renom\n Qu'accident meurdrist entre mille\n Ce fut le seigneur d'esmavile\n Devot vertueux & vaillant\n Son nom fut jacques de chaillant\n La gisoit soubz sepulchre hault\n Ung chevallier mort en ce plain\n Natif du pais de henault\n Dont le los retint qui moult vault\n C'est messire jacques de lalain\n Vingt & deux fois tout de sa main\n Arme ains trente ans acompliz\n Et l'a accident a mort mys\n Accident qui de vaincre soigne\n Avoit fait pourrir en ce pr\u00e9\n Ung que je dois mettre en besoigne\n Cornille bastart de bourgoigne\n Chevallier preux & asseur\u00e9\n A son escu qui fut barr\u00e9\n Parmy lyons & fleurs de lys\n Congneuz le chevallier de pris\n Boexe seigneur de la varenne\n Grant seneschal de normendie\n Gisoit mort en celle garenne\n Plat ou sablon & en l'arenne\n Comme la commune mesgnie\n La fut sa vaillance affoiblie\n Son sans & son plaisant parler\n Car accident le fist finer\n Je congneuz deux ducz de millan\n L'un fut philippes maria\n Mort & infect a son grant dam\n L'escripvain n'y eut pas mys l'an\n Et pres couchoit & reposa\n Celluy duc qui millan gaigna\n Le duc franusque duc d'escosse\n Debile les occist par force\n La veiz thibault de neuf chastel\n Ja de bourgoigne mareschal\n Son nom & tiltre furent bel\n Pie\u00e7a n'eurent bourgoignons tel\n Car il estoit hardy vassal\n Chevallier fut preux & loyal\n Debile en fist la place nette\n Par la mort qui emporte sa debte\n De faulbourg le conte la gut\n Et trois freres de tholongon\n Chascun d'eulx homme vaillant fut\n Mais debile si les deceut\n Et les desconfist sans ran\u00e7on\n Ceruant le chevallier de non\n En sens & proesse acomply\n Gisoit la mort ensevely\n Je rencontray en mon chemin\n Ung cercueil de grant artifice\n Ou fut le chancellier Rolin\n Son tiltre qui fut en latin\n Le monstroit parfait en justice\n Sumptueulx fut en edifice\n Hospitaulx & moustiers fonda\n Et puis par debile fina\n Ung grant prince devenu riens\n La gisant si non cendres & pouldres\n C'est le duc charles d'orliens\n Ou tant eut de bont\u00e9 & de biens\n Qu'on ne le peut nombrer ne souldre\n Et apr\u00e9s que dieu vueille absouldre\n Fut de dunoys le bon seigneur\n Des deux fut debile occiseur\n Croy conte de poursuan\n Mort ou les aultres ne trouvay\n Du bon duc fut du chamblan\n Son frere l'alloit poursuyvant\n Jehan jadis conte de chauvay\n Vertueux furent je le s\u00e7ay\n Et chevaliers renommez\n Mais debile les a tuez\n Ung corps qui fut grant de haultesse\n Je congneuz la soudainement\n Le roy Alphons plain de proesse\n De grant estat & de largesse\n Et vault le ramantement\n Maulgr\u00e9 son ost & sa grant gent\n Debile prinst sur luy sa reste\n Ou plus fort de sa grant conqueste\n Je trouvay sautez charny\n Et mains de l'ordre de thoison\n Habourdin la vire crequi\n Molembaix bruneau & aussi\n De la lain messire symon\n Roys ducz contes a foison\n Tous mors sont en champ & en ville\n Par accident ou par debile\n La furent en la terre mys\n Deux hommes de grant apparence\n L'ung fut cosme de menicis\n Et jaques cueur ceulx ont acquis\n Et mys ensemble grant finance\n Mais n'y vault ne or ne chevance\n Debile qui tout vainc & tue\n Les assomma de sa massue\n Je mys l'ueul sur deux connestables\n Sainct pol & alvre de la lune\n Puissans furent & redoubtables\n Chevalleureux & honnorables\n Chascun eut part de sa fortune\n Accident leur monstra rancune\n Et les fit mourir et finer\n Au plus hault point de leur regner\n Valerain seigneur de morueil\n Gisoit par les lames piteuses\n Mort estandu en son cercueil\n Et aupr\u00e9s que oublier je ne vueil\n Touchoit le seigneur de saveuses\n Pour leurs oeuvres chevalleureuses\n Debile le tresgrant ouvrier\n Ne les voulut de mort espargnier\n Varonic qui tant eut de puissance\n Ja congneuz a la rouge croix\n Se feiz je le duc de clarence\n Accident les mist en oultrance\n Et occist deux nobles anglois\n Plus bas gisoit ung escossois\n Contre de glatz en pourriture\n Despeschi\u00e9 par telle adventure\n Vergy couches & brederodes\n Veiz gisans dessoubz les sentiers\n La congneuz a l'abit & modes\n Des grans du prince de rodes\n Mains bons & vaillans chevaliers\n De caleraues & de templiers\n Mont trouvay mors par accident\n Et par debile qui tout fent\n La gent des marches de turquie\n Ung bon chevallier de grant fait\n C'est le blanc de la volaquie\n Sur les turcs fist mainte saillye\n Moult de proesses y a fait\n Debile l'a du tout desfait\n Et abatu sans relever\n Celluy qu'on doit bien honnorer\n Charles duc de bourbon je veiz\n Par debile mort & mat\u00e9\n Et pres de luy deux de ses filz\n Furent d'accident mors & pris\n Dont dommaige fut & piti\u00e9\n L'un fut de beau Jeu herit\u00e9\n L'autre jacques qui fut puisn\u00e9\n Chevallier de moult grant beault\u00e9\n La veiz le prince d'antioche\n Qui eut des chippres l'eritiere\n Contre accident il ne tint coche\n Mais l'enfouyt tout d'une approche\n Au milieu de telle maniere\n Debile par aultre maniere\n Eut la mort de mortelle prince\n Loys qui fut d'orenge prince\n La gisoit mort sur ung pesac\n Ung grant prince ou j'allay le cours\n Si fut le conte d'armegnac\n Grant mal me fist a l'estomac\n Et me fist rendre plains & plours\n Aussi le bon duc de nemours\n Trouvay par accident fin\u00e9\n Et en ce cymitere enterr\u00e9\n La fut de sicile le roy\n D'onneur le droit fruyt & vray arbre\n Debile l'occist par derroy\n Et si veiz mort en ce terroy\n Gisans soubz ung tumbeau de marbre\n Deux de ses filz ducz de calabre\n Moult vertueux & renommez\n Par accident mors & tuez\n La gisoit ung roy d'angleterre\n Henry qui fut plain de simplesse\n Son escript monstroit a l'enquerre\n Qu'il ne fut pas homme de guerre\n Ne prince de grant hardiesse\n Il fut de tresroyal haultesse\n Mais accident qui tout desrune\n Luy donna trop malle fortune\n Je trouvay soubz grant apparence\n Gisant mort la noble personne\n De charles le grant roy de france\n Septiesme du nom d'excellence\n Qui moult esleva sa couronne\n Sa fin fut vertueuse & bonne\n Debile en fut le droit meurdrier\n Comme d'un simple chevallier\n Le duc de guyenne choisy\n Gisant tout mort en my la voye\n Par accident qui l'eut saisy\n Et de telle mort ou quasi\n Son nepveu le duc de savoye\n Le duc jehan que je regrettoye\n De cleves veiz la mort gesir\n Que debile avoit fait finer\n Tout hors du terroyr crestien\n Veiz qui tous aultres passa\n En tous triumphes sans moyen\n C'est ce turc & puissant payen\n Qui douze regnes subjuga\n Et deux empires conquesta\n Grant fut ce mahommet banny\n Mais debille l'a esbahy\n Se mathussalle devoye\n Qui vesquist plus de neuf cens ans\n Et plus que tousjours j'escripvoye\n Les mors qu'en ce lieu je trouvoye\n Si me seroit petit le temps\n Si prendront en gr\u00e9 les lisans\n Chascun en peult assez penser\n Et n'est besoing de leur nommer\n La veiz gesir dessoubz les lames\n Par nombre non a estimer\n En derrieres roynes & dames\n Duchesses contesses & femmes\n Tant qu'on ne les s\u00e7avoit nombrer\n Je me passe de les nommer\n Mais beault\u00e9 haulteur ne vertu\n Ne a contre la mort rien valu\n Les evesques & bonnommeaulx\n Les papes & simples convers\n Les mendians les cardinaulx\n Patriarches & peres chaulx\n Tous sont la gisant a l'enveres\n La mort les fait menger aux vers\n Et sont leurs os sy tressemblables\n Qu'ilz ne sont point recongnoissables\n Les empereurs & les coquins\n Les mecaniques & les roys\n Contes & ducs & gallopins\n Les bedeaulx & les eschevins\n Povres riches faulz & adroitz\n La mort a tout prins a la roys\n Et n'en lerra par ses cautelles\n Ung seul pour dire les nouvelles\n Les converses & les prieuses\n Les abbesses & les novisses\n Damoiselles devocieuses\n Mondaines & religieuses\n Possessans & sans benefices\n La mort en a fait sacrifices\n Toutes a prins toutes prendra\n Tout est pourry tout pourrira\n Et me dist pour tout reconfort\n Fresche memoire pour conclurre\n Tu voys les euvres de la mort\n Riens ny vault puissance ne fort\n Il te fault a cella reduire\n Le meilleur ou l'en te peult duyre\n C'est de memoire despescher\n Du scinderesse de pech\u00e9\n C'est qu'elle dist c'estoit raison\n Combien que ce fut fort a faire\n Si rentrasmes en sa maison\n Ou il eut des biens a foison\n Pour nous desjuner & refaire\n La dame qui fut de bonnaire\n M'a sceust si bien arraisonner\n Qui valloit mieulx que le disner\n Les choses qu'elle me monstra\n Me firent penser a loisir\n Tout conclud ce mont s'en alla\n Ma dame quant est a cella\n Plus ne fault mon penser couvrir\n Adviengne qui peult advenir\n L'adventure veult approuver\n Qu'onques homs ne peult eschever\n Lors me dist & je le t'otroye\n Et si te menray celle voye\n Si demanda son palefroy\n Je le meneray & elle & moy\n Heureux fuz quant tel guyde avoye\n Plustost que dire ne savoye\n Tous d'eulx nous trouvasmes sans faille\n Ou devoit estre la bataille\n A l'approucher j'ouyz l'effroy\n Grant tourbe de gens & murmure\n Coups ferir comme a ung tournay\n Voulentiers fusse retournay\n Pour eviter telle adventure\n Ung perron devant la closture\n Trouvay a grans lettres dorees\n Ou j'ay telz parolles trouvees\n Cy fine le chemin mondain\n Cy fine la sante de vie\n Cy se fiert le plus inhumain\n Dont atropos juge soudain.\n A le pouoir & seigneurie\n Nul n'y entre qui ne desvie\n Deux champions a si tresfors\n Qu'ilz ont tous les ansestres mors\n Accident combat le premier\n Peu en attainct qui luy eschappe\n S'il fault/ lors vient le grant murdrier\n Debile prince d'encombrier\n Qui tost occist & tost attrappe\n Riens ne vault cuyrasse ne chappe\n Veez cy la mortelle adventure\n Ou prent fin toute creature\n Au perron ne feis demeuree\n Ains tiray vers les lices closes\n Pour ce que je y veiz assemblee\n Regardans debat ou meslee\n Ou aulcunes estranges choses\n La ne fuz minutes ne poses\n Que je veiz en son eschauffault\n Atropos seoir au plus hault\n Atropos d'un habit divers\n Fut par\u00e9 d'estrange maniere\n Bend\u00e9 de couleurs en travers\n Dentell\u00e9 de terre & de vers\n Et seant en pompeuse chayere\n Contenance monstroit tresfiere\n Tenant ung dar de deffiance\n Contre tel qui guiere ny pense\nCy devise de la bataille faicte entre debile & le duc philippe de\nbourgoigne. Et commence la quatriesme partie de ce livre.\n[Illustration]\n Son mareschal fut cruault\u00e9\n Qui me tint des lices l'ordonnance\n Son herault estoit voulent\u00e9\n Portant ung baston tout drapp\u00e9\n De couleurs de mescongnoissance\n Son cheval estoit de doubtance\n Portant le sceau d'une soucye\n En telz armes nul ne s'y fie\n Les lices furent de douleurs\n Des mains de tristesse charpentees\n Le pavillon fut de clameurs\n Les bannieres furent de pleurs\n Au coust\u00e9 l'appellant plantees\n Et les gardes de deux entrees\n Furent je ne l'oubliay mye\n Fielle despit & villainie\n Le pavillon du deffendeur\n Estoit tresrichement bord\u00e9\n De toute bont\u00e9 & doulceur\n Les bannieres furent d'honneur\n Qui moult bien paroyent en ceste\n Le herault eut nom bien aym\u00e9\n Qui portoit blason de proesse\n Couronne d'entiere noblesse\n Voulent\u00e9 en place sault\n Et fist crier parmy la lice\n Que nulz par signes bas ne hault\n N'avantaigeast en cest assault\n Sur peine que l'on le punisse\n Puis affin que l'on se fournisse\n Il cria laissez les aller\n Chascun pense de se monstrer\n Lors saillit de son pavillon\n Debile portant deux gisarmes\n L'une fut persecution\n Et l'autre consummation\n Pour le dernier coup & fait d'armes\n De sable sur sa cotte d'armes\n Qui fut pourtraict & figur\u00e9\n Ung homme mort & descharn\u00e9\n Et pour fournir ceste besoigne\n Le deffendant sault d'aultre part\n Vestu de armes de bourgoigne\n Honneur le conduist & enseigne\n Et ne le laisse tost ne tart\n Ce fut celluy ou dieu a part\n Philippe duc qu'on ayma tant\n Le plus grant des ducz & vaillant\n Il tenoit en sa dextre main\n Une lance de bon advis\n En l'autre je veiz tout aplain\n Ung tergon tout par\u00e9 & plain\n De loz de pouoir & d'amis\n Et pour le tout estre au vray mys\n Sa hache fut de fermet\u00e9\n Contre l'assault d'adversit\u00e9\n Debile sembloit moult a craindre\n Et branloit ung dard de grevance\n Monstrant qu'il ne se veult pas faindre\n Et s'il peult sa partie attaindre\n Il est mort ou mys en oultrance\n Le bon duc demenoit sa lance\n Et sembloit bien ung chevalier\n Qui ne daigneroit desmarchier\n Ainsy marcherent fermement\n L'un sur l'autre les dessusditz\n Debile tout premierement\n Gettant son dard griefvement\n Et cuida avoir tout conquis\n Mais le duc qui estoit apris\n Comme ung asseur\u00e9 champion\n Receut le coup a son tergon\n De ce coup le duc se deffit\n Monstrant chevalleureux devoir\n Son gect met avant & partist\n Si bien que peu qu'il ne deffist\n Debile qui monstroit pouoir\n Lors chascun se fist bien valoir\n Chascun vouloit estre vaincueur\n De la bataille & de l'honneur\n Le duc print son bec de faulcon\n Qui fut de fermet\u00e9 clou\u00e9\n Et debile le tresfelon\n Frappa de persecution\n Grans coups tous plains d'enfermet\u00e9\n Chascun eut fiere voulent\u00e9\n L'un fiert l'autre rabat & maille\n En celle cruelle bataille\n Memoire monstroit esperance\n Que le duc vaincroit la journee\n Pour sa tresapre resistance\n Dont plusieurs foys fist apparence\n Contre accident en la meslee\n Mais debile par destinee\n Doubtoit pource qu'il fiert & blesse\n Des coups qui viennent de foiblesse\n Pour savoir d'armes le mestier\n S'apprendre on peult a ceste escolle\n Si l'assaillant est dur & fier\n Le deffendeur est a priser\n Se l'un meshaigne l'autre affolle\n Hardiment parmy le champ volle\n Pour rebaudir les champions\n Qui vault d'or trente millions\n Tant ont feru & tant maill\u00e9\n Chascun d'eux sans faire reprinse\n Que le plus sain fut meshaign\u00e9\n Foull\u00e9/ grev\u00e9/ & travaill\u00e9\n Et affoibly en mainte guyse\n Mais debile monstra maistrise\n Car d'un coup soudain d'un quaterre\n Mist mort le noble duc par terre\n Aussy fut le noble duc abatu\n Dont atropos la forcennee\n Pour ce noble prince vaincu\n Ne tint non plus que d'un festu\n Et ne luy fut q'une rosee\n Monstrant qu'elle est acoustumee\n Et prent son singulier plaisir\n A veoir gens finer & mourir\n Lors heraulx comme bien apris\n Prindrent ung drap texu de gloire\n Et l'ont sur le noble corps mys\n Et port\u00e9 en terre & assiz\n Au saint lieu de digne memoire\n Ou l'on le trouvera encore\n Tant que le monde definera\n Ne jamais n'en departira.\nComment le duc charles de bourgoigne combatit messire accident.\n[Illustration]\n A peine fut lev\u00e9 le corps\n Ou du moins au sepuschre mys\n Que j'ouys le bruyt par dehors\n De deux ostz trespuissans & fors\n Chascun par\u00e9 de ses amys\n Accident le premier je veiz\n Qui sur le ranc se vint esbatre\n Mont\u00e9 & arm\u00e9 pour combatre\n Cheval & bride d'arrogance\n Son harnois tremp\u00e9 de courroux\n Maleur avoit ferr\u00e9 sa lance\n L'espee fut d'oultre cuidance\n Dont moins fut batu & escoux\n Et pour donner les rudes coups\n A son ar\u00e7on pent une masse\n De fortune qui tout amasse\n D'aultre part sault ung bourgoignon\n Charles qui fut prince doubt\u00e9\n Et ressembloit bien compaignon\n Qui vouloit avoir sa raison\n Au plus pres de sa voulent\u00e9\n Son cheval s'appelloit fiert\u00e9\n Et fut arm\u00e9 entierement\n D'un harnois fait par hardement\n Sa lance fut de haulte emprinse\n Grant cueur luy donna son espee\n Le forgeur s'appelloit maistrise\n Sa dague se nommoit franchise\n Pour estre vaincueur de l'armee\n Quant j'euz sa fa\u00e7on regardee\n Vice je n'y peuz parcevoir\n Fors seullement de trop vouloir\n La n'eut tente ne pavillon\n Ou ses armes furent pendues\n Ce fut en l'ombre d'un buisson\n Sans bruit ne fut pas ne sans son\n L'assembler de ses deux venues\n Les lances qui furent agues\n Coucherent tous deux d'un desir\n Pour trop mieulx attindre & ferir\n Accident hurta par despit\n Sur le duc a toute puissance\n Trois fois son cheval abatit\n Dont pourtant ne fut desconfit\n Mais eut cueur de sa recouvrance\n Ainsi passa le cours de lances\n Qui ne fut pas a l'avantaige\n De ce duc ne de son bernaige\n Les espees furent saisies\n Pour mieulx assommer ce debat\n La monstra chascun ses envyes\n Le jeu ne touchoit que leurs vies\n En telz perilz est qui combat\n Ayde estremye ne rabat\n Ne peult a ce besoing servir\n En fin fault ou vaincre ou mourrir\n Le duc qui fut vaillant & fier\n Mist son corps a toute deffense\n Mais accident pour le dernier\n Empoigna son baston murdrier\n C'est la masse de mal vueillance\n Que fortune par excellence\n Luy donna pour ceulx desmonter\n Qui se veullent hault eslever\n Le duc accident rebouta\n Jusques fortune vint en place\n Dont accident tel coup donna\n Que mort a terre tresbucha\n Le duc a qui dieu pardon face\n De ce maleur je me soulasse\n Qu'il mourut pour non faire faille\n Dedans le champ de la bataille\n Se la guerre fust a louer\n Par ung honnorable exercite\n Gensdarmes bien devez plorer\n Plaindre gemir & lamenter\n Le duc charles dont je m'aquitte\n Et m'est confort que je recite\n Que mon maistre ne fust vaincu\n Par nul homme qui l'ait valu\n Mais fortune tient en ses mains\n Par la tresdivine puissance\n Tous les affaires des humains\n Tant des mauvais comme des sains\n A son plaisir on fiert & lance\n Car du ciel ne de l'influance\n De quoy parle aristobolez\n Nous n'en savons que par les faitz\n Quant on a des bien a plant\u00e9\n Et que le tout vient a plaisir\n On se dit de bonne heure n\u00e9\n Et que l'homme est bien destin\u00e9\n Car il a tout a son desir\n Mais s'il est povre au definer\n Ou diffam\u00e9 aucunement\n On en juge tout aultrement\n Dont qui veult son mal destourner\n Selon la divine doctrine\n Il nous fault noz cueurs retourner\n Vers celluy qui tout fait tourner\n Qui la lune croist & decline\n C'est cil comme dit le proline\n Qui au secret de ses ydees\n Se joue de noz destinees\n Ainsy eut accident victoire\n Sur ce prince fier & puissant\n Il vivra en noble memoire\n Et sera nomm\u00e9 en hystoire\n Le duc charles le tresvaillant\n De luy nous cesserons a tant\n Et reviendrons par pons & pas\n A ce qui advint en ce pas\n Accident se voulut arrester\n Pour attaindre nouvelle proye\n Et se fist de nouvel armer\n D'un harnoys fait de deseper\n Affin que de loing on le voye\n Apr\u00e9s se tint en my la voye\n A tout ung glayve de mesure\n Que l'on nommoit malaventure\n Ung poingnart met a son cost\u00e9\n Fait de soudaine maladie\n Mains en a occis & tu\u00e9\n Et pour avoir le champ oultr\u00e9\n Et plus tost vaincre sa partie\n De secrete melancolie\n Avoit une dague affillee\n Qui mainte personne a tuee\n La estoient menestrelz clerons\n Harpes tabourins & vielles\n Orgues & manicordions\n Faisans aubades & grans sons\n Tout triumphoit au som d'icelles\n Chascun couroit a ces nouvelles\n Chascun demandoit que c'estoit\n Car la matiere le valloit\n La veiz venir une lictiere\n De deux licornes soustenue\n Dont l'une fut bont\u00e9 entiere\n Et l'autre fut doulce maniere\n La plus qui fut oncques congneue\n Toute d'or se monstroit a veue\n La lictiere & le parement\n Qui cousta merveilleusement\n Les deux licornes par le frain\n Quattre grans princes demonstroient\n Fleur de jours fut le premerain\n Au bon renom qui n'est pas vain\n Ces deux la premiere memoire\n Les aultres deux qui suyvoient\n L'un fut noble cueur sans envie\n Et desdain contre villainie\n Apres suyvoit grant baronnie\n De dames a grant quantit\u00e9\n Chascun triumphoit a l'envie\n Moult fut belle la compaignie\n Et de richesse & de beault\u00e9\n Or est temps d'avoir racont\u00e9\n De la lictiere le droit veoir\n Qui vault bien le rementevoir\nComment accident combatit la duchesse d'ostriche/ et elle vaincue\nl'acteur se voulut presenter pour faire son devoir Et comment atropos\nl'envoya contremander par respit son herault\n[Illustration]\n La seoit en magnificence\n Une princesse toute armee\n Qui venoit pour prendre vengence\n Du grief & de la desplaisance\n Que ce pas luy avoit donn\u00e9\n Celle sembloit panthasillee\n Qui vint la mort de hector vengier\n Mais elle le compara chier\n Son harnoys fut fat de plaisir\n Et luy donna bonne pensee\n Son bassinet pour garentir\n Tout ce qui pouvoit survenir\n A l'assault de celle meslee\n Elle eut une trenchant espee\n Nommee desir de bien faire\n Pour mieulx grever son adversaire\n Ung gavelot eut pour getter\n Qui se nommoit plaisant racueil\n Et le tergon pour soy garder\n S'appelloit loyaument aymer\n Sans changer ne de cueur ne dueil\n Et puis que oublier je ne vueil\n Sa cotte d'armes j'apperceuz\n Plaine de cent mille vertus\n La dame de son bon gr\u00e9 sault\n Preste d'accident rencontrer\n Et fist publier au plus hault\n Par loyault\u00e9 son bon herault\n Veez cy qui se vient presenter\n Au jour qu'on luy fist assigner\n C'est d'ostriche la vraye duchesse\n Qui veult tenir foy & promesse\n Quant accident veit sa partie\n En telle beault\u00e9 & valeur\n S'il eut peur je n'en doubte mye\n Doubtant son emprinse faillye\n Et qu'il n'en saillist a honneur\n Je veit grant pouoir & hault cueur\n En vingtz & quattre ans seullement\n Cela l'esbahit durement\n Mais forcen\u00e9 son conseillier\n Luy dist te fauldra le couraige\n Jeune arbre peult on bien ployer\n Jeunesse se peult esmayer\n Par fermet\u00e9 & par usaige\n Et si trouveras par usaige\n Que qui l'assault de maladie\n Morte est tost qui n'y remedie\n Accident honteux sault avant\n Comme cil que despit argue\n La dame luy vint au devant\n Lors la navra soudainement\n D'un gect de fievres continue\n De coup l'avons nous perdue\n Helas de bourgoigne marie\n Qui laissa mainte ame marrie\n Accident cruel & felon\n Par ce meurdre desordonn\u00e9\n a robb\u00e9 le palladion\n Le fort la benediction\n Soubz qui la bourgoigne a regn\u00e9\n Ce nom est failly & fin\u00e9\n Au trespas de la bonne dame\n Je prie a dieu qu'il en ait l'ame\n C'estoit pour nous le troyllus\n Dont troye fut reconfortee\n Qui les troyans a soustenuz\n En couraige & en grans vertus\n Plus hector en longue duree\n Car celle nous fust demouree\n En nous estoit de soustenir\n Ce qui nous pouoit advenir\n O vous qui ce livre lisez\n Pensez bien a ceste adventure\n En ce beau mirouer vous mirez\n Car ce trespas vous passerez\n Beault\u00e9 deviendra pourriture\n La mort guerroye de nature\n A charger & mener affin\n Son ennemy & son affin\n Et peult chascun lisant entendre\n Que ce m'est desplaisance dure\n De veoir mors & en terre estendre\n Iceulx trois a qui je dois rendre\n Amour foy hommaige & droicture\n Car soubz eulx j'ay prins nourriture\n Ilz m'ont nourry & eslev\u00e9\n Qui ne doit pas estre oubli\u00e9\n Quant je veiz la bataille oultr\u00e9\n De ceulx a qui subget je fuz\n J'ay toute crainte despitee\n Sy ay ma visiere baissee\n Com cil qui ne veult vivre plus\n Sans craindre qui me coure sus\n A chascun en donnay le chois\n Qu'a tous deux a une foys\n Fresche memoire me disoit\n Qu'a dieu je me recommandasse\n Chascun ne fait pas ce qu'il doit\n Car qui sent le cueur en destroit\n La reigle de raison tout passe\n Sy me mys en renc & en place\n Pour l'assault d'accident souffrir\n Ou debile s'il veult venir\n Mais il vint ung herault petit\n Qui portoit ung blason d'attente\n Son nom fut en arme respit\n Doulcement me parla & dist\n Amys donn\u00e9s a moy entente\n Atropos qui droit cy regente\n Vous mende que vous departez\n Jusques a ce que mand\u00e9 soyez\n Respit qui n'est pas des plus grans\n Me fist departir & retraire\n Car atropos en celluy temps\n Avoit assez de combatans\n Et me fault sa voulent\u00e9 faire\n Fresche memoire de bonnaire\n Que tant je trouve amoureuse\n Se monstra de ce mot joyeuse\nComment freche memoire ramaine l'acteur en sa maison & luy devise en\nchemin de ses nouvelles.\n[Illustration]\n Et conclud qu'il me meneroit\n Au lieu ou trouv\u00e9 je l'avoye\n Et qu'entendement m'aideroit\n Qui moult bien me conseilleroit\n Pour les armes que aprins avoye\n Ainsy nous maismes a la voye\n Pour aller en sa demourance\n Par le doulx chemin d'allegance\n Memoire qui me veit muser\n M'entretint de beaulx ditz & comptes\n Moult bien luy seoit le parler\n Le chemin me fist oublier\n Et me dist entre ses racomptes\n Je s\u00e7ay roys ducz barons & contes\n Sepulturez nouvellement\n Depuis nostre departement\n Loys filz du duc de bourbon\n Evesque du liege tant digne\n Conte du loz duc de buillon\n Du royal sang prince tant bon\n Qui de parens eut une mine\n Accident qui la vie mine\n L'a n'a gueres mort & tu\u00e9\n Au fort de sa meilleur cit\u00e9\n Le conte de chunay tant saige\n Tant plaisant & tant estim\u00e9\n Tant agreable personnaige\n Tant de vertuz eut en partaige\n Que de chascun fut desir\u00e9\n Accident l'a mort & mat\u00e9\n D'une fievre soudainement\n Avant qu'on sceust savoir comment\n De luxembourg le conte pierre\n Qui six foys conte se nommoit\n Accident luy a fait la guerre\n Et alla debile requerre\n Car jeune matiere vouloit\n Ces deux l'ont mys en tel destroit\n Par maladie decrepite\n Qu'ilz en ont fait le monde [quitte]\n Edouart le bel roy angloys\n Chevallereux & renomm\u00e9\n Qui fut estim\u00e9 des francoys\n En crainte tint les escossois\n En son royaulme redoubt\u00e9\n Accident l'a a mort bout\u00e9\n Subit d'une fievre soudaine\n Comme du traict d'une dardaine\n Phebus jeune roy de navarre\n Qui chascun si fort estimoit\n Accident qui trop voult conquerre\n A rompu comme ung petit voyrre\n Sa vie qui tant florissoit\n L'un deffait & l'autre de\u00e7oit\n Et a le dard si tres a dextre\n Que nul n'en sceut oncques seur estre\n Michiel de berghuez tant vaillant\n En jeunes jours plain de prudence\n De cent ans ne cent devant\n Tel chevallier n'eut en brebant\n Pour garde vertu & vaillance\n Accident a rompu sa chance\n L'an de sa vie vingt & six\n En combatant pour son pays\n Ainsy memoire m'entretient\n De motz saiges & a plant\u00e9\n Et me fist comptes plus de vingt\n Qui valoient qui bien en souvint\n Et que chascun soit bien not\u00e9\n Subit trouvasmes son host\u00e9\n Ou nous fusmes bien recueilliz\n Logez a souhait & serviz\n Memoire promptement manda\n Le bon hermite souverain\n Entendement qui ne tarda\n Mais fist ce qu'elle commanda\n Et vint comme prompt & soudain\n Avant le jour le lendemain\n C'est cil ou l'en peult conseil prendre\n De tout ce que l'en veult comprendre\n Dont me fut donn\u00e9 par conseil\n Entendement que moult j'aymay\n Jamais je ne veiz son pareil\n Pour donner de confort resveil\n Plus prudent nulle part ne s\u00e7ay\n Et au grant affaire que j'ay\n Je croy que dieu si le m'envoye\n Pour le reconfort de ma joye\nComment entendement enseigne l'acteur a se conduire en fait d'armes Et\ncomment il se doit armer & parer\nEt commence la cinquiesme & derniere partie de ce livre.\n[Illustration]\n La s'assist sur une chayere\n Le preudhomme devant mon lyt\n Son parler sa belle maniere\n Je l'eu tant agreable & chiere\n Que je n'euz oncque tel delit\n Entendement commence & lyt\n Le\u00e7on ou l'en peult moult apprendre\n Qui le veult ouyr et entendre\n Amys qui veult en lice entrer\n Qui est bataille perilleuse\n Tout premier il doit bien penser\n S'il a corps pour le fait porter\n Contre sa partie hayneuse\n C'est une esprouve tresdoubteuse\n Tempter dieu/ est deffendu\n Par le saint canon de vertu\n Bien est vray qui est assailly\n Et de son droit fort oppress\u00e9\n L'on tiendroit celluy pour failly\n Lasche recreu & deffailly\n Si le gaige n'estoit lev\u00e9\n S'aultrement il n'estoit prouv\u00e9\n Sur ce moult belle usance tint\n Le saige roy charles le quint\n Mais ton fait c'est ung aultre chose\n C'est une batalle commune\n A la fois fait en lice close\n Ou selon qu'atropos propose\n En plain champ sans closture aucune\n Soit en plain jour ou a la lune\n Riens n'y vault respit ny attente\n Payer fault a la mort sa rente\n Puis que c'est ung faire le fault\n Et que le jour brief tu attens\n Pour doubte qu'il ny ait deffault\n Preparer & armer te fault\n Sans prendre jour ne nuyt ne temps\n D'estre bien arm\u00e9 tu pretens\n Il te fault avoir repentir\n L'armurier de divin desir\n Pieces si souldees te fera\n De tel art & de tel trempeur\n Que vice n'y attachera\n Ne jamais pech\u00e9 n'y prendra\n Pour faire sur ton corps greveure\n Ung harnois te fault de mesure\n Fait d'assier de ferme propos\n D'aymer dieu pour vivre a repos\n De force pren tes brasselletz\n Que l'on dit magnanimit\u00e9\n Et pour estre pompt en telz faitz\n Avoir te convient gantelz\n De charitable voulent\u00e9\n D'un bassinet soyez arm\u00e9\n Fait des mains de dame attrempance\n Qui vault plus que l'homme ne pense\n Cuissotz & braconnier de malla\n Te fault de chastet\u00e9 parfaicte\n Et affin que l'homme mieulx vaille\n Avoir te fault & n'y fay faille\n Grenes de tresbon labeur faite\n Et pour faire chemin & traicte\n Solerez te fault une paire\n De diligence de bien faire\n Tu te doibs couvrir & parer\n De tes armes escartellees\n Qui vallent qu'on les doit porter\n Celles sont a les blasonner\n De foy & de bonnes pensees\n Et si doivent estre drappees\n Pour monstrer seigneurie acquise\n Du saint baptesme de l'eglise\n Or es tu arm\u00e9 & par\u00e9\n Comme a champion apartient\n Mais pour plus estre redoubt\u00e9\n Il te fault estre embastonn\u00e9\n Ainsi te fault & le convient\n Il ne pert pas temps qui retient\n Les bastons te pense bailler\n Dont tu as le plus grant mestier\n Entendre te fault & savoir\n Que qui combat de bon couraige\n Il a facult\u00e9 & pouoir\n D'estre a pi\u00e9 ou cheval avoir\n Chascun selon son avantaige\n Mais pour commun droit & usaige\n Combatre a pi\u00e9 est plus honneste\n Que soy fier en une beste\n Et si peult telz bastons porter\n Chascun comme il a de plaisir\n Gysarmes ou marteaulx de fer\n Haches & lances pour bouter\n Ou de guet lancer ou ferir\n Ainsi te peult a choiz garnir\n Si prens bastons de tel valeur\n Que mieulx en vaille ton honneur\n Celle franchise signifie\n Et se doit en ce point noter\n Que dieu par bont\u00e9 infinie\n Nous a donn\u00e9 avec la vie\n Le franc arbitre de regner\n Et pouons venir & aller\n Par la voye de sauvement\n Ou le sentier de dampnement\n Quant a ce que conseil je donne\n En cheval ne prendre asseurance\n Il s'entend que nulle personne\n Soit d'aulcun bien fait ou aulmosne\n Ne doyt prendre en aultruy fiance\n Chascun pour soy si songe & panse\n Esperant que les heritiers\n L'oublieront assez voulentiers\n Tu peulx demander advou\u00e9\n Pour tenir pour toy lieu place\n C'est le saint baptesme vou\u00e9\n Qui ne soit pas desavou\u00e9\n Pour quelque chose que l'en face\n C'est cil qui esbahit la face\n De l'ennemy entierement\n En faisant vivre seurement\n Et puis pour tes armes fournir\n Tu prendras lances pour getter\n Ferrees de devot desir\n Le fust sera de souvenir\n De la mort que dieu veult porter\n Et si fais une dague ouvrer\n Tel qu'el morde bien & picque\n De la saincte foy catholique\n Or as la lance en la main dextre\n Pour injure a l'ennemy faire\n Targer te fault en la senestre\n Pour plus seur de ta personne estre\n Qui sera de bon exemplaire\n Et fault & est necessaire\n L'espee trenchant de justice\n Celle te sera moult propice\n Or n'a plus qu'attendre a targer\n Au temps pour faire les apprestes\n Repentir sera l'armeurier\n Fais luy diligemment forgier\n Tes pieces pour estre plus prestes\n N'espargne avoir contant ne debtes\n Prens en soing ce n'est pour moy\n Car nul ne combatra pour toy\n En ce point me sollicitoit\n Entendement par la raison\n Et mes apprestres conseilloit\n Comme celluy qui moult doubtoit\n De perdre le temps & saison\n Et me dist par comparaison\n Le surplus a le double entendre\n Car il fault s'armer & deffendre\n Je luy demanday plus avant\n Or sont mes pieces ordonnees\n Mon harnois & mon parement\n Tout se fait ordonnement\n Mes besongnes sont preparees\n A quoy convient temps & journees\n Car tout n'est forg\u00e9 a ung jour\n Que dois je plus faire en ce jour\n Entendement me respondit\n Amys tu fais demande bonne\n Ce n'est pas tout que de l'abit\n Il fault labourer a prouffit\n Pour la sant\u00e9 de ta personne\n Si te conseille & le t'ordonne\n Que tu rendes travail & peine\n D'estre legier & en alaine\n Tu te dois le matin lever\n Et estouper & nez & bouche\n Courir montaiges & ramper\n Pour menger & beaucoup jusner\n Peu dormir sur luy & fut couche\n Estre chaste ce point te touche\n Fouyr venimeuse pensee\n Et avoir la langue attrempee\n Et dois ung haubergon d'assier\n Pesant trente livres porter\n Tes soles de plomb renforcer\n Affin que soyes plus legier\n Au harnois que tu doibs armer\n Et dois ung gros baston plomber\n Pesant maniere & tenir\n Pour plus delivre devenir\n Souvent tu te dois esprouver\n A gens fors subtilz & puissans\n Pour soustenir & rebouter\n Tout ce qui te pourroit grever\n Et pourvoir aux accidens\n Telz assaiz sont asseuremens\n Contre le froit qui pourroit poindre\n Quant on doit son ennemy joingdre\n Telles doctrines & aprises\n Ne sont pas sans raison fondees\n Mais sont par experimens prises\n Et par necessit\u00e9 requises\n Pour les doubtes estre portees\n Et sont figures figurees\n A entendre legierement\n Pour prendre bon gouvernement\n Estouper la bouche & le nez\n S'entent que l'en ne doit sentir\n Ou goutter nulles vanitez\n Mais fouyr les mondanitez\n Qui veult a victoire venir\n Et le pesant haubert vestir\n Nous donne la signifiance\n De porter faiz de penitence\n Et devons courre au confesseur\n Par trescontrite voulent\u00e9\n Pour nous mondifier le cueur\n De tout pech\u00e9 de tout erreur\n Et que riens ne soit oubli\u00e9\n Et ce qui sera ordonn\u00e9\n Pour la penitence estre faicte\n Soit brief par bon espoir parfaicte\n Les assaulx & les appertises\n Qui se font pour toy adresser\n Ce sont les devotes aprises\n Qui sont pour batailles requises\n Contre le souldaier d'enfer\n Doncques dois tu continuer\n A macter la chair perilleuse\n Par mener voye vertueuse\n Tu ne doibs sans bon conseil estre\n C'est adire clercz & docteurs\n Qui sont fondez comme on doit estre\n En foy & en la saincte lettre\n Venans des saintz & des acteurs\n Telz sont les saiges confesseurs\n La peult on apprendre science\n Pour deffendre la conscience\n Se tu peulx ma le\u00e7on comprendre\n Mettre en euvre & l'executer\n Tu digne pour l'art apprendre\n Pour la grant cit\u00e9 de dieu prendre\n Et pour les sains cieulx escheller\n Pour lucifer vaincre & mater\n En gaignant s'ainsy te conduys\n Le hault siege de paradis\n Sire diz je moult grant confort\n Me donnez & qui bien m'agree\n Mais maintenant vient le plus fort\n Et qui moult me point & me mort\n En souvenance redoubtee\n Quant j'auray fait au champ entree\n Comme me dois je gouverner\n Le point vault bien le demander\n Ta question est bien causee\n Et demande par ton advis\n Car sur toy seul tumbe l'armee\n Tu n'auras nulz a ta souldee\n Qui pour toy voulsist estre mys\n La faillent parens & amys\n Confort tu n'auras en tes faiz\n Fors seullement de tes biens faiz\n Avoir te fault ung pavillon\n Qui soit mys en veable lieu\n Ung escu par devocion\n Ou soit la presentacion\n De la vierge mere de dieu\n Ainsy te monstreras en lieu\n Comme champion de haulteur\n Qui combat pour le createur\n Et pour entrer en telz destroiz\n Il te fault une bannerolle\n Qui sera faicte de la croix\n Pour te servir deux fois ou trois\n Contre charme sort ou parolle\n Aprens & retiens mon escolle\n Et je t'asseure par moy croire\n D'avoir ta part de la victoire\n Foy & moy a te faire adresse\n Requerras pour te conseiller\n Nous deux te tiendrons en proesse\n En ferme cueur & en haultesse\n Sur tous nous te pouons aider\n Ung siege pour te soulagier\n Et reposer t'est necessaire\n Qui soit par\u00e9 de satisfaire\n Et present en faisant serment\n Sur le messel & sur le livre\n Jure que volentierement\n Tu as prins le baptisement\n Pour chrestien mourir & vivre\n Et que ton corps presante & livre\n Pour soustenir ceste droicture\n Contre l'ennemy de nature\n Car ta partie jurera\n Et vouldra soustenir en somme\n Qu'adam que premier dieu fourma\n A la mort tous nous obligea\n Par la morsure de la pomme\n Et que le filz de dieu comme homme\n Mesmes en paya le peage\n Pour racheter l'humain lignaige\n Tu orras crier & deffendre\n par les quatre coings du champs clos\n Que nulz sur paine de mesprendre\n Sur doubte de la vie de offendre\n A la voulent\u00e9 de atropos\n Par signes parolles ou motz\n Ne donnent part ne avantaige\n A ceulx qui combatent ce gaige\n Puis qu'il fault que sur ce responde\n Les apostres n'ont ilz presch\u00e9\n Par les quatre pars de ce monde\n Que nul ne s'attende ou se fonde\n D'estre franchement despech\u00e9\n Par aultruy main de son pech\u00e9\n Et que chascun pour son plus beau\n Prendra le faitz de son fardeau\n Garde toy bien & je le vueil\n Quant pour combatre marcheras\n Que tu n'ayes soleil a l'ueil\n De tresgrant destourbier & dueil\n Par ce faire te garderas\n C'est adire que ne mettras\n Le soleil de divine essence\n Contre toy pour luy faire offence\n Le juge tu honnoreras\n En obeissant entierement\n Ce dieu a qui tu te rendras\n Et ses commandemens tiendras\n En croyant en luy fermement\n La est le seur affermement\n Celluy te tiendra en seurt\u00e9\n En contre toute adversit\u00e9\n Et se tu te trouves surprins\n Ou en effroy comme il peult estre\n Pour avoir mieulx ton sang reprins\n Pense que dernierement veiz\n Ton dieu entre les mains du prestre\n C'est le createur c'est le maistre\n C'est cil ou on doit retourner\n Pour tout le saint sens asseurer\n Mais que jesucrist on n'oublie\n L'on ne pourroit estre vaincu\n Car l'escripture certifie\n Loyal perpetuel de vie\n Se l'on a loyaulment vescu\n Ce mot note bien/ l'entens tu\n Il n'est pas mort qui vit & regne\n La ou est le glorieulx regne\n Au partir marche doulcement\n Monstrant voulent\u00e9 asseuree\n Mais aborde robustement\n Deffens fort assaulx vivement\n Ne pers nulz coups a la volee\n Et si l'ame est trop grevee\n Ne t'en esbahis ne soucye\n Car tu n'as pas saine partie\n Il s'entend que d'umble cremeur\n Les sains sacremens recevras\n Lors seras de tout point asseur\n D'estre le champion vaicteur\n De l'ennemy que tu verras\n Pour luy tu ne te changeras\n Mais demourras sans faire change\n Obeissant a ton bon ange\n Et se tes bastons peulx tenir\n Sans estre brisez ne rompus\n Je t'asseure de parvenir\n Au bien parfait de ton desir\n C'est d'avoir l'honneur de lassus\n Retiens je n'en parleray plus\n Par me croire tu es sauv\u00e9\n Ou par contraire condampn\u00e9\n Ainsy entendement faisoit\n Grant devoir de moy bien apprendre\n Mais savoir ung point me failloit\n Qui le fait de mon cas touchoit\n C'est de savoir & de comprendre\n Le temps qu'atropos vouldra prendre\n Ou le jour limite sera\n Que combatre me conviendra\n Lors me dist que des messaigiers\n De par debile me viendront\n Pas a pas en plusieurs quartiers\n Mais accident a les legiers\n Qui peult estre me sur prendront\n Dont mes apostres se perdront\n Me conseillant que je labeure\n D'estre tousjours prest a toute heure\n Premier seront les annunceurs\n Les yeulx qui besicles demandent\n Ce sont des dames espoventeurs\n Car nature n'est plus des leurs\n Par ce qu'en delinant se rendent\n Et bien folz ceulx qui n'entendent\n Que le corps fera brief deffault\n Puis que la lumiere luy fault\n Puis quant les oreilles desirent\n Le coton & estre estouppees\n Sans oyr ainsi qu'ilz oyrent\n Selon que ses deux sens empirent\n Ce sont semonces apportees\n Ainsy sont trompetes sonnees\n A mettre selles sans sejour\n Pour aller comparer au jour\n Les mains & la teste trembler\n Sentiras ce sont seurs messaiges\n Qu'il ne te fault plus retarder\n Et ne le peulx contremander\n Ne replicquer a telz langaiges\n Qui penseroit a telz ouvraige\n L'on mettroit en dieu sa fiance\n Et tout le monde en oublience\n Les jambes que soustenu t'ont\n Le chair si tendrement nourrie\n En leur puissance deffauldront\n Et ung baston demanderont\n Pour les soustenir en partie\n Ce messagier nous brait & crye\n Pensez de l'ame par remors\n Sans trop obeir a vostre corps\n Telz messagiers & telz heraulx\n Sons annonceurs de la journee\n Avecques moult d'aultres assaulx\n Des maladies & des maulx\n Dont mainte personne est grevee\n Ainsi a sa raison finee\n Et me laissa soudainement\n Le bon hermite entendement\n Quant j'euz entendement perdu\n Ou tant de bon conseil trouvay\n Je me trouvay tout esperdu\n Et ce qu'il me fut advenu\n Tout a par moy je recorday\n Diligemment je me levay\n Pour mettre sus par escriptures\n Le droit vray de mes adventures\n Dont de la matiere presente\n J'ay fait par couplet ce traict\u00e9\n Lequel j'envoye & le presente\n A ung chascun de bonne entente\n Non pas pour estre bien dict\u00e9\n Mais par charitable amicti\u00e9\n Pour faire don & departie\n De tresor de mon armoyrie\n En la marche de ma pensee\n Et au pays d'avise toy\n Est ceste queste commencee\n Dieu doint qu'elle soit achevee\n Au prouffit de tous & de moy\n Ce livre je nomme de son\n Pour estre de tiltre par\u00e9\n Le chevallier deliber\u00e9\n Ce traict\u00e9 fut parfait l'an mil\n Quatre cens quatre vingz & trois\n Environ sur la fin d'avril\n Que l'iver est en son exil\n Et que l'est\u00e9 fait ses exploitz\n Au bien soit prins en tous estas\n De ceulx a qui il est offert\n Par celluy qui tant a souffert\nCy finist le livre intitul\u00e9 le chevallier deliber\u00e9. Imprim\u00e9 a Paris par\nJehan Treperel demourant a la grant rue sainct jaques aupr\u00e9s sainct yves\na l'enseigne sainct Laurent. L'an Mil cinq cens. Le xix jour de\nSeptembre.\n[Illustration]\n[Marque d'imprimeur: J. T.\nOTROYE NOUS CHARIT\u00c9 ET CONCORDE EN PROVOCANT TA GRANT MISERICORDE]\nNOTES DU TRANSCRIPTEUR\nL'orthographe et la ponctuation sont conformes \u00e0 l'original (exemplaire\nY 4418 +A de la BNF). Cependant pour faciliter la lecture on a introduit\nles accents et apostrophes, r\u00e9solu les abr\u00e9viations par signes\nconventionnels (par exemple C\u00f5me > Comme), et distingu\u00e9 u/v et i/j selon\nl'usage.\nOn a signal\u00e9 entre [ ] quelques fragments manquants tir\u00e9s de l'\u00e9dition\nde Schiedam:\n [Ainsi nous levasmes de table] (un vers manquant)\n [Que aage m'avoit enseign\u00e9] (un vers manquant)\n Mis gilles de bre[taigne mort] (l'original a \"bretaphes escriptz\",\n doublon partiel du vers pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent)\n Qu'ilz en ont fait le monde [quitte] (un mot manquant)\nOn a \u00e9galement effectu\u00e9 les corrections suivantes:\n Chvalier > Chevalier (\"Chevalier errant par le monde\")\n tyrat > tyrant (\"zizaran le tyrant cruel\")\n Ee > Et (\"Et furent doubtez & aymez\")\n avec > aver (\"Celluy ne fut aver ne chiche\")\n hiens > biens (\"Ou il eut des biens a foison\")\n jour > joue (\"Se joue de noz destinees\")\nainsi que 15 cas de lettres \u00e0 l'envers ou d'interversion entre n et u\n(pnissance > puissance, ...) non signal\u00e9s individuellement.\nEnd of Project Gutenberg's Le chevalier d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9, by Olivier de La Marche", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - Le chevalier d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9\n"}, +{"content": "We are most grateful and obliged to writers of histories, who greatly enrich our mortal life, by showing to readers and hearers through the examples of past events, what is to be desired and what is to be avoided. Our ancestors, through the bitter taste of hardships and the great trials they have undergone, have warned, admonished, and informed us, excluding us from such perils, to know what is profitable to our life and what is unprofitable and to be refused. He is, and has always been esteemed the wisest, who by the experience of adversity has beheld and seen the noble cities, manners, and various conditions of the people of many diverse regions. In him is presupposed the wisdom and prudence, gained through the experience of hardships and perils that have arisen from folly in diverse parties and countries. Yet he is even more fortunate, and may be considered as wise, if he is.\ngyue attendaunce withoute tastynge of the stormes of aduersyte that may by the redyng of historyes conteynyng dyuerse custo\u2223mes Condycyons / lawes & / Actes of sondry nacions come vnto the knowleche of and vnderstandynge of the same wysedom and polycye / In whiche hystoryes so wreton in large and aour\u2223ned volumes / he syttynge in his chambre or studye / maye rede / knowe and vnderstande the polytyke and noble actes of alle the worlde as of one Cyte / And the conflyctes / errours. Troubles / & vexacions done in the sayd vnyuersal worlde / In suche wyse as he had ben and seen them. in the propre places where as they were done / For certayne it is a greete beneurte vnto a man that can be reformed by other and straunge mennes hurtes and sca\u2223thes / And by the same to knowe / what is requysyte and prouf\u2223fytable for his lyf / And eschewe suche errours and Inconueny\u00a6tys / by whiche other men haue ben hurte and lost theyr felycyte / Therfore the cou\u0304seylles of Auncyent and whyte heeryd men / in whome olde age hath\n\"Engendryd wisdom is greatly praised among younger men, and yet histories excel them. The duration or length of time includes more examples of things and laudable acts than the span of one man's life can encompass. Histories should not only be considered profitable for younger men, who learn and understand through reading to become similar and equal to older men. But also for older men, to whom long life has brought experiences of various things. Histories make righteous men worthy of governance and cause them to enter battles courageously for the defense and tutelage of their country and public welfare. Histories also deter cruel tyrants through fear of infamy and shame. The infamous acts of such cruel persons are often recorded in chronicles for their perpetual obloquy and dissemination of their infamy. Truly, many such acts are recorded.\"\n\"Hi and courageous men of great enterprise, desiring their fame to be perpetually conserved by liberal monumentes, which are the permanent records of every virtuous and noble act, have built and endowed royal and noble cities, and for the conservation of the public weal have ministered and established discrete and profitable laws. And thus the principal praise, and cause of delightful and amiable things, in which man's felicity stands and rests, ought and may well be attributed to history, which word history may be described as: History is a perpetual conserverty of those things that have been done before this present time, and also a continual witness of benevolences of malefactors, great acts, and triumphal victories of all manner of people. And if the terrible feigned Fables of Poets have much stirred and moved men to pity and the consideration of Justice, how much more is to be supposed, that History, assertor of truth and mother of all philosophy, \"\nMoving our manners to virtue reforms and reconciles near hand all those men, who through the infirmity of our mortal nature have led the most part of their lives in vice and misspent their time right soon out of remembrance. Of such life and death is equal oblivion.\n\nThe fruits of virtue are Immortal. Specifically wrapped in the benefit of history. Then it must follow that it is most fair to men Mortal to suffer labors and pain, for glory and fame Immortal.\n\nHercules, when he lived, suffered great labors and willingly put himself in many terrible and fearful jeopardies, presented as gods in various regions. The whose famous acts and excellent virtues only his history has preserved from perishing in eternal memory. Other monuments distributed in various changes endure but for a short time or season. But the virtue of history diffused and spread.\n\nFurthermore, eloquence is so precious and noble that almost nothing can be found more.\nThe Greeks were preferred over others for their eloquence and continued to write two books. The first, named \"Legenda Aurea\" or the \"Golden Legend,\" contained many noble histories, including the lives, miracles, passions, and deaths of various holy saints, all by the providence and suffrance of Almighty God. The second book was named \"Polycronicon,\" which included briefly many wonderful histories. It began with a description of the universal world and the reign of King Edward IV, from the year of our Lord MCCLX. After the composition and gathering of Dan Ranulph Monk of Chester, the first author of this book, it was Englishized by one Trevisa of Barkley. At the request of Sir Thomas Lord Barkley, he translated this sacred book, as well as the Bible and Bartholomew de Proprietatibus, from Latin.\nAnd now printed and formed by me, William Caxton, slightly embellished, and added such stories that Ranulph finished his book from the year M.CC.C.LIVJ to the same M.CC.C.LX, a hundred and three years. I have completed this work under the noble protection of my most gracious Edward the Fourth. Humbly requesting his most noble grace to pardon me if anything is said therein of ignorance or otherwise. And I also request all others to amend where there is a defect, and I shall pray for them who do so. I know my ignorance and simplicity. And if there is anything that may please or profit any man, I am glad that I have achieved it. Following this, my prologue, I shall set a table briefly touching on the most part of this book. And where the said author has all his.\nAbraham, duke of Israel, Abdon, duke of Israel, Abbess, duke of Israel, Abbot of Abendon, Abbo of Floryans, Abymalech, duke, Abias, king, Archadenna, town, Achas, king, Achaia, Achylles, knight, Adam, the first man, Adrian, pope IV, Adrian, emperor, Adelings, Agatho, Abbot, Agrimund, king finding seven children, Agelbert, bishop, Ago, Aydan, bishop, Aioth, judge, Aylon, judge, Albany, a province, Albany, Scotland, Albany fell, Albane, saint, St. Albans church, Alcimund, king, Alania, a province, Albuinus, king, Albyn or Alcuin, master of King Charles, Acliut, town, Acliut.\nAldelm, a saint, Bishop Aldred, Albesten, a stone, Alexander the Great, Alurede, king, Item of Alurede, Alaric, king of Goths, Aletto, king, Alexander Pope, Alexander Iamueo, Alchimus Impius, Ambrose, saint, Ambrisburgh monastery, Amazone, Amazons, Amon, king, Antecrist, Anastasius, Emperor, Anastasius, the monk, Anlaf, king of Danes, Anselme, Bishop, Angelo, Anglesey Island, Seynt Andrew's coming into Scotland, What right England has in Scotland, The threefold ring, Of Moses' ring, Antenor of Troy, Anne, the mother of Mary, Antony, emperor, Antiochus Magnus, Antiochus Epiphanes, Antiochus Eupator, Antiochus Cribus, Anacletus, Pope, Antomius Pius, emperor, Of the three apparitions of Christ, Appollinaris, saint, Apostles' bodies stolen, Apulea, a province, Apius Claudius, Aquy, Arthur, king, Arnulph, king of France, Arnulph, Bishop, The Arbres or trees of the sun and moon, Araby, a country, Archadia, a country, Aradya.\nIlonde, Archaic testament, Ark of the covenant or rainbow, Argus, king of Argos, Argonauts, Archadians turned into wolves, Arbaces of Media, Art, Aristotle, philosopher, Archilaus, king, Arsenius, monk, A, Arrius, heretic, Archadius and Honorius, Assyria, Kings of Assyria, Assideris, Asceriscus and Obello, Asclepius, Asia Major, Asia Minor, Ascanes, Eneas' son, Asa, king of Judah, Astyages, king of Media, Athens, Athlant, astronomer, Athila, king of Huns, Athanasius, persecution, Audoin, king of Lombards, Audoin, bishop, Audomar, saint, Augustine sent to England, Augustine, doctor, Augustine's relics, Augustus Caesar, Aurelius, emperor, Orleance, Aurelius Alexander, emperor, Aurelie Ambrose, Apollonius Delphic temple, Aclut and Hagustal church, Adam and Cain and his sister, Aaron died in Egypt, Appollonius born, Appollonius founded physics and played the lyre, Appollonius answered, Achilles to Hector's mind, Amazons women assault, Asia, Appollo's temple spoiled, Appollonius beguiles the pyre, Adder with a woman in.\nHer grave:\nThe apostles departed.\nApollin has leave of Gregory.\nAugustus greater than Caesar.\nAlt sogs on.\nAugustus hoarded himself.\nAll praise said.\nAmazons warned passage.\nAntipope Lawrence.\nAlholoven Church at Rome.\nAgnus dei at mass.\nArme restored by our lady.\nAbbaye of Glastenbury appears.\nAt Asshedoun Danes fight.\nAntipope Benet.\nAlsowen day.\nAlms of evil getting is nothing.\nAlfwold last bishop of Shirburne.\nAntipope Candulus.\nAntipope Clement.\nAbbot and monks of Glastonbury strive and are at debate.\nAbbay of Chester built.\nAnselm stirs with the king.\nAntipopes four.\nAlms dispersed.\nAbbayes searched for money.\nAccord between kings.\nAncerre.\nAnselm's stable master of London dismissed by a letter.\nAssembly of certain lords to destroy rebellions.\nA recapitulation of the acts of King Henry the Fifth.\nAffray between the bishops.\nAffray in Flete Street.\nAffray upon Lombards in London.\nBabylon.\nBabel the tower.\nBabel the.\nBaleares, Islands\nBasile the Great / Baths of Beronice / Bactria, Land / Bauarye, Country / Brabant / Bath, Town\nBathon, Town / Bras of St. George / Bladud, King / Balthazar, King\nBragmans / Bassian, King / Baldwin, Archbishop. / Basingwerk\nBeda, Priest / Batayle Idolo / Batayle of Troy / Batayle Puny, jo. / Batayle Puny, ij / Batayle Puny, iii / Batayle Macedon\nBatayle of Metrodoctus / Batayle Gladiatorum / Batayle of Pirates\nBatayle Social / Batayle Civil\nBatayle Cycle between Pompey and Caesar / Bellyn & Brenius\nBren overcoming the Romans / Benet and his Rule / Benet's Body Translated / that this body might not be taken away / Benedicte, Pope 12 / Benedict, Bishop / Batayle of Barons' Assembly\nBatayll, Bertyn, Abbot / Berengarye / Bernard, Saint\nBrendan of Ireland / Books & Bybles / Brytain, the Lesser / Britain, the More\nMeruelles of Britain / Bryghtwold, Resurrected from Death, Telling Wonders / Bryghtricus, King\nBrystan, Bishop / Bithynia, Land / Byrne.\nBishop Boneface, pope of Boecia, Boecius and Elphe his wife, Botulph the saint, Botulphus fair, Brute king of Britons, Burgoyne a town, Busire the tyrant, Boundless meres and houses have no city, Brydling of horses, Brennyng hill Ethna, Bryddys grow out of trees, Blacks two in one eye, Books written and letters, Boudes and meres ordered, Bole comes out of nyne, Bithinia built, Byrdes spring water, Bruyt greenshield, Building of the temple, Brasse thrown into a brass bole, Boystning of men and of ships, Byllingsgate, Berde burnt with a cole, Both motes came said the woman, Bones set to fore the child, Bridge of ships, Byers blame chaffare, Brother sleeth brother, Battle Cygni against Julius Caesar, Bryddes speak, Book of love, Brytons demand Christendom, Brytons and Romans strive, Bodies of the Apostles stolen, Bones of Andrew and Luke, Byble translated into Latin, Brytons of little Britain, Burying under water, Brytons axe help of Romans, Battle great, Barnabees.\nBody found / Boys make books / Britons chase\nBritons read Cities and Towns / Blasphemers twine two stars\nBridge upon Ron broken\nBallad of Charles and his brothers\nBanner of our lady smock\nBishops seven ordained\nBondswoman made lady\nBirds fight\nBirds bear burning coles in their bills\nBlack monks gathered at Oxford\nBattle of Evesham\nBlackmore the king nearly taken\nBishop of Exeter bid farewell\nBattle in the sea\nBerwick taken and delivered\nBrygitte had many revelations / \nBasil falls down\nBattle of Nazareth in Spain\nBasil Clerk taken\nBasil of Spain slew the king of Spain\nBushel of wheat worth 40 pence\nBishop Spencer takes towns in Flanders\nBlank charters /\nBussh / Bagot & Green\nBridge of Rochester made\nBattle of Agincourt /\nBattle of Vernay in Perche /\nBishop of Winchester made cardinal\nBernardine canonized /\nBlew beard\nBattle of Saint Albans\nBattle of Septegrade against the Turks\nBloreheth a scandal /\nCanutus\nking of Rome, Caldea the land, Canaan the land, Cancasus the hill, Capadocia the land, Carthage the city, Carthage destroyed and rebuilt, Campania the land, Caere the city, Clarygacion, Cantred what it is, Cassius or ships of Rome, Caryatharbe, Caym the cursed, Cadinus, Carmentis the nymph, Captyuary of ten tribes, Captyuary of Jews, Cambyses king, Canullus Furius, Catilina's conspiracy, Cassibelanus king, Crassus president, Caton the elder, Claudius Caesar, Carausius tyrant, Cassius, Cassiodorus, Casanus king, Charterhouse order, Cadwalla or Cedwalla, Cedmon the singer, Clement the saint, Translation of his body, Clement the fourth pope, Clement the fifth, Chester the city, Chester again, Cedar the land, Crete an island, Cresus the king, Cleopatra queen, Cletus pope, Celestinus pope, Cerdicus duke, Cesara baptized, Chedde bishop, Ced brother of Chad, Ceruelenas a monk, Chimera, Circumcision, Cyclades islands, Cyprus an island, Cities of England, Circes the sorceresses, Cyrus king, Cyrus dead, Cinegirus of Athens, Cithero.\nTullius Ciprianus, Coreyso or Daunces, Chore gigantum, Chorus, Closso, Cordella, Council of Lugdnum, Columnae, Corsica an Ilond, Codrus king of Athene, Consuls of Rome, Coyllus king of Britons, Coelus father of Helen, Colerde king of Merces, Corminus Marcus, Conanus armoricus, Clodoenus converted, Columba abbot, Columbanus abbot, Colfryde abbot, Colwulf king, Constantius father of Constantine, Constantine the Great, Constancius his son, Constantinus third, Constantinople, Cunedagius king, Cubyte double, Cluny Abbey, Cumbremere, Cunebert, Cuthbert a saint, Of the same, Of the body of Cuthbert, Cross of crystal taken and brought again, Of the part of the cross sent over sea, Of the sign of the Cross appearing, Children sold at Rome, Chief parties of Britain three, Chest men manners, Conceiving of children, Changing of shapes, Calf of gold bleats, City won by curtosity, Capsy hills closed, Children's wit tested, Consuls and senators slain, Caesar first Emperor, Christ conceived and born, Christ lay forty hours in.\nChild among doctors\nCities ceaseless builders\nChrist preaches and performs miracles\nChrist's passion and death\nChrist's name written\nChurch of Rome has sessions\nCrystem hallowed\nCaesar Augustus and emperors diverse\nClothes of gold\nCardinals XV /\nChrist nailed with four nails\nCross in clothes and in bowels\nErected in one God\nChild with two bodies /\nColour brings Christ /\nChildren seven found\nClerks and lewd men departed\nChildren to sell at Rome /\nChrist helps for consolation /\nChild with four feet\nCups hanged by wells\nCuthbert dead in fraud\nCharles in hell\nCharlemagne shorn monk\nCharles and his deeds\nClynt in cowhide\nCuthbert comforts Alured\nCharles children fail /\nChild's master kills the sewer\nCloud wonderful in England\nChesers of the Emperor\nConqueror born / Robert goes to Jerusalem /\nClerk and monk /\nConqueror crowned\nCaerleon a city\nClarification\nCantredo what it is /\nCassius or ships of Rome\nCaryatharbe\nCain a cursed one\nCadinus\nCarmentis a goddess\nnymph, captive of X tribe, captive of Jews, Cambyses king, Canullus Furius, Catilina's conspiracy, Cassius, Crassus president, Cato the Elder, Claudius Caesar, Caranus tyrant, Cassius, Cassiodorus, Casper, Cacanus king, Charterhouse order, Cadwallon or Cedwalla, Cedmon the singer, Clement the saint, Translation of his body, Clement IV pope, Clement V, Chester the City, Chester again, Cedar a land, Crete an island, Cresus a king, Cleopatra queen, Cletus pope, Celestinus pope, Cerdicus duke, Cesara baptized, Chedde bishop, Ced brother of Chad, Cerulean monk, Chimera, Circumcision, Cyclades islands, Cyprus an island, Cyttaris, Circes the sorceresses, Cirrus king, Cirrus dead, Cinegirus of Athens, Cicero Tullius, Cyprianus, Coreyelles or dancers, Chorus of the giants, Closus, Cordella, Council of Lugdunum, Columns, Corsica an island, Codrus king of Athens, Consuls of Rome, Coelus father of Helen, Colrede king of Mercia, Corminus Marcus, Conanus Armoricanus, Claudianus converted, Columba.\nAbbot Columbanus, Abbot Colfryde, King Colwolf, Constantine the Great, Constantinus his son Constantinus III, Constantinople, King Cunedagius, Cubyte (a double), Cluny Abbey, Cumbremere, Cunebert, Saint Cuthbert, Of the same, Of the body of Cuthbert, Cross of crystal taken and brought again, Part of the cross sent over sea, Sign of the Cross appearing, Children sold at Rome, Chief parties of Britain three, Chester men manners, Conceiving of children, Changing of shapes, Calf of gold bleats, City won by cunning, Hills casped, Children's wit tested, Consuls and senators slain, Caesar first emperor, Christ conceived and born, Christ lay forty hours in earth, Child among doctors, City's eunuchs built, Christ preaches and does miracles, Christ's passion & death, Christ's name written, Church of Rome has possessions, Christ's body hallowed, Caesar Augustus and Emperors diverse, Clothes of gold, Cardinals fifteen, Christ nailed with four nails, Cross in clothes and in.\nBowylls\nErode made one god\nA child with two bodies\nCulver brings crisp (or crism)\nSeven children found\nClerks and lewd men departed\nChildren sold at Rome\nCryst help for fining\nA child with four feet\nCups hung by bowylls\nCuthberd dead in fraud\nCharles in hell\nCharlemagne shorn monk\nCharles and his deeds\nClint in cowbach\nCuthberd comforts Alured\nCharles children fail\nChildren's master slew the sewer\nCloud wonderful in England\nChesers of the Emperor\nConqueror born\nRobert goes to Jerusalem\nClerk and monk\nConqueror crowned\nConspiracy comes out\nChurch of Lincoln built\nCross set in the stone\nChurch doors stopped\nCardinals taken with sophisms\nCity removed with earth shaking\nCamels tall in stead of bridle\nCardinal taken with a strawpet\nChristian men dying at Acon\nCountess flees out of window\nCross in the moon\nChild donned on the Cross at Gloucester\nCatel divided in three at last end\nCathedral churches in Wales\nCouncil in Frauce\nAgainst King Richard\nCastle of Rochcastle taken\nCardinal in the belle house of Oseney /\nCarmelites change their copes\nCorn and Wyn are dear\nClerks put out of protection /\nCalais besieged\nChalkhill a great host.\n\nCourts withdraw from London to York\nCourses of war in Smithfield\nCouncil at Constance /\nConclusion to make war in France\nCanne won\nCharles, king of France, is dead\nCouncil of Arras\nCalais besieged by the Duke of Burgundy\nCalais rescued by the Duke of Gloucester\nChalons did arms in France\nCaptain of Kent Iack Terry\nConstantinople lost\nChildren went to St. Michael's mount\nColumn took a rich ship with prisoners\nCoronation of King Edward the Fourth\nDalmatia a land /\nDenmark a land /\nDauid, king\nDanaus & Amphitryon\nDaniel the prophet\nItem of Daniel\nDarius, son of Hystaspes /\nDarius, son of Artaxerxes /\nDarius overcome /\nDamarachus /\nDarius, son of Arsaces /\nDamasus, pope\nDauid, a saint /\nDauid, king of Scots /\nDanes\nDanes taught English men to drink\nDelian king Deucalion\nRiver of Chestre Dedalus, a subtle man\nDelphia, a prophetess\nConsuls in her place, ten men\nDemocritus, philosopher\nDemosthenes, orator\nDmetrius, another\nDemetrius, son of Demetrius\nDecius Caesar\nDimes were given in the beginning\nHow God is known\nOf Cybele and Bona Dea\nOf the gods of the people\nOf the natural day\nDionysus the Little\nDidymus Alexandrinus\nDioclesian Caesar\nDindymus, king of Bragmans\nDionysus, the tyrant\nDionysius, philosopher\nDyomedes temple\nDecius Caesar\nDyomedes' disappearing\nDionysus alias Liber Pater\nOf the same\nDays of the Egyptians\nDyluuye of no\nDyluuye of Achaea\nDyluuye of Deucalion\nDido queen\nDomitian Caesar\nSeven sleepers\nDorchester, a town\nDunstan, a saint\nOf the miracles of St. Dunstan\nDunwallo Moluncio, king of Britons\nOther sleepers\nDanes brought great drinking into England\nDouble body in one man\nDenys Bachus is Liber Pater\nDaughter rides over her.\nfader, Drink ye of man's blood,\nDionysius sees the thief,\nDeeds of Alexander,\nDreadful wonders,\nSeven deacons,\nDonatus the grammarian,\nDragon slain with spittle,\nDevil in likeness of Moses,\nA drop of a nose is a man's death,\nDragon in Charles' grave,\nDevils and angels strive,\nDanes eat horses,\nPope thrown into Tiber,\nDreadful prophecy,\nDevil held by the nose,\nDanes in all the havens of England,\nDuke Robert's manner and court,\nDeath of Godwyn,\nDuke William prepares for the conquest,\nDeath of King William,\nDunstan counsels Lanfranc,\nDevil speaks with men,\nDrowning of a gentleman,\nDeath of King Henry,\nDiscernment of enemies,\nDeath of lords in England,\nDunstaple, Cryst seen on the Cross,\nDuke of Ostreyche's banner is down,\nDeath of King Richard,\nDeath of King John,\nDecretals and books made,\nDeath and famine in England,\nDavid le Bruys taken,\nDeposition of King Richard,\nvl_,\nDeath of King Richard,\nvl_,\nDuke of Orl\u00e9ans challenges King Henry,\nvl_,\nDuke of Orl\u00e9ans murders at Paris,\nvl_\nDuke\nof Holland came into England /\nDuke of Bedford fought on the sea /\nDuke of Gloucester married the Duchess of Holland\nTaken captive\nEboracus, alias York.\nEboricus king\nEbdome's 80\nEdmund\nEdmund the Martyr /\nOf the same\nEdmund, bishop\nEdwald his brother /\nEdward the Elder /\nEdward the Martyr /\nEdward the Confessor.\nEdward, the one after the Conquest\nEdward II\nEdward III\nEdmund Ironside\nEdmund of Duelyn /\nEdgar the King\nEdwy, the sinful king\nEdred the King\nEdgar the Atheling\nOf the same Edgar\nEdric the Treasurer\nEadbalus king of Canterbury\nEdwin the King\nEdburga, a saint /\nEditha, a saint\nEgbert, a monk\nEgypt, a province /\nEgerton, the departure from Egypt\nEgelnoth, who brought St. Augustine's Armour /\nEgesippus, historian\nEgwin, Bishop, a saint\nEgfride, king of Northumberland\nEgbert of York, who recovered the pall\nEgbert the King\nEgidius, abbot\nEgelred, king\nEllandia, a land\nEllesponte\nElissa, alias Dido\nElfurdus, king\nElfric, consumed with lust\nElphegus, bishop of Winchester\nElphegus of Canterbury /\nElfritha\nEmeryta\nMylicia, Empedocles, Philosopher, Emilius Paulus, Emma, Enos, Enoch, Eneas, knight, Eneas Silvius, Ennius, poet, Eolus, god of wind, Eola, An Iolande, Episcopatus Anglie et Wallie, Epiphany, Eroobertus, King of Cantuare, Erkenwald, Bishop, Ermenylda, Queen, Esdras, Scribe, Estsaxons, Etheldreda, Saint, Ethiopia, land, Ethiopissa, Moses' wife, Ethelbert, King, Ethelbert of Mercia, Ethelnulphus or Athulphus, Ethelyngeseye, Ethelstan, King, Ages septem, of the world, Etas sexta saeculi, Europa, Queen, Europa, woman, Euander, King, Eylmerodac, King, Euphrates, divided, Euariscus, Pope, Eugenia, virgin, Eustachius, Abbot, Endoxia, empress, gate the gifts of St. Peter, Espies xij, Ezechias, King, Ezechiel, prophet, Erthe is divided into three, Eryng and measure of wheat, Englishmen called, Europaeus, Europa, woman, Euander, King, Enemy of mankind, Enleuen thousands of virgins, Empyre departed, Empyre forsaken, Emperor holds Erthe, Emperor made against his will, Erthe.\nThe text appears to be written in Old English, and there are several errors and irregularities. Here's a cleaned version of the text, transliterated into modern English:\n\nShaking, the East Saxons receive faith.\nEarl accused.\nEting of flesh / Edward's daughters spin / Englishmen kill Danes.\nEight kings row the boat.\nEngland divided into four.\nEarl of Normandy comes into England.\nEngland won by Conquest.\nEnglish men bond in Scotland.\nEngland destroyed.\nEarth shaking at Shrewsbury / Earth quaking for forty days.\nEmperor Goth privately away / Eagle painted with four heads.\nEmperor's crown stolen from his head.\nEngland entered.\nEdmund of Abingdon.\nEarl of Arundel taken.\nEdward prince born at Woodstock.\nEarl of Cornwall makes a duchy.\nEarl of Cambridge goes to Portugal.\nEarl of March proclaimed heir apparent / Earl of Arundel judged to death / Exiling of the duke of Hereford and duke of Norfolk / Earl of Derby made king / Ewain of Glindorf of Wales.\nEmperor of Constantinople comes to England.\nEarl of Morley instigates against the Earl of Kent.\nEdmond holds, Earl of Chester, wedded the duke's sister of Malan.\nEarl of Cambridge and Lord Scrope.\nbyhed, Erle of Salisbury slain at Orlebar, Elyanor Cobham, Edward earl of March made king, Franconia, France, French kings, Flanders a land, Item of Flanders, Flemynges, Flemynges came into England, Face of a man, Pharaoh king, Faunus king, Fables found, Fable of Phaeton, Fable of wolves, Fabricius duke, Fames or hunger, Faustina tempted, Fabian pope, Fedus or bargain, Fenicia or phoenicians, Frederyk the first, Frederyk second, Fryxus and Elles, Fredeswyde a saint, Frigia a land, Fryse a land, Fynosomy of man, Fontain of Iobyn, Fontain by Acon, Fontains of Africa, Fontains of Trace, Fontains of Thessaly, Fontains of Boecye, Fontains of Italy, Fontain of less Britain, Fontains of Sardinia, Fontains of Sicil, Fontains of Ireland, Fontain boyling blood, Fossa of king Offa, Foroneus king, Fossa of Severus king, Fortunatus poet, Focas emperor, Formosus pope, Furseus and his vision, Furnus Camyllus, Fish fight, Fosse and other high ways, Fables found in Greece, Felawes trust and true.\nAnd/or: Threescore defiled Fontstone,/\nFalsehood of Danes,/\nFrench men and the forbidding of wives to clerks,/\nFlemings dwell in England,\nFlour mixed with lime,/\nFrench men take Constantinople,\nFrance begins the order of Friars Minor,\nFriars Minor come into England,\nFriars and Armahan struggle,\nFour and twenty ladies led twenty-four knights to Justice,/\nFroissart of London lost,\nFirmingy an uncertain journey,\nFought at Brenkethe, /\nGaul and Galardies in London,\nGactel,\nGagates a stone,\nGallacia a land,\nGalline or hens changing their kind,/\nGaius Caesar,\nGalba Caesar,\nGalyeen,\nGracianus Funorius Gracian emperor,/\nGlastonbury and his relics,\nGladius Athelstan's, /\nGlaston abbot,\nGermany and its nature,\nItem of Germany,\nGetulia a land, /\nGrecia a province, /\nGetro Socrus Moyses,\nGemini,\nGedeon duke,\nGuendolena,\nGerion giant,\nGeorge a saint,\nGregorius Nazianzenus,\nGregorius Magnus, /\nHis head sent to France,\nGregorius the Sixth,\nGregorius the Ninth,\nGregorius the Tenth and his council,\nGermany coming into England.\n/ \nGermayn bisshop of parys\nGengulfus and his wyf fartynge\nGerebert{us} matematicus / \nGuerra baronum\nGuerra lewelini\nGuerra madoci / \nGignosophystis\nGeantes\nGisericus and kynges of the wandales in affryca / \nGisericus kyng\nGilomaurus kyng\nGinderi{us} kynge of brito\u0304s\nGrimbaldus a saynt\nGiraldus bisshop of york\nGothia a prouynce\nGloucetre a toune\nGorgones a strompet\nItem of gloncetre\nGothes slayn in tuscye / \nGloria in excelsis deo\nGodwyn therle\nGrimald kyng of longobardes\nGuthlacus confessour\nGirmund kyng\nGurguncius bartruk\nGuntrumius kyng seynge wonder in his slepe\nGuttrun kyng of danes / \nGold is in offir\nGoddesse mynerua\nGrece bath corne & seed / \nGod Neptunus is wroth\nGorgon the strompette slayne\nGoddesses whiche of them is the fayrest / \nGog and magog beyonde ca\u2223spy hilles\nGrete gaderynge of men and shippis\nGardyn of lykyng\nGoo not oute of the circle\nGleman profereth yeftes\nGlasyer byheded / \nGloucetre caerclon\nGnattes / & flyes in eres / \nGrysly wondres / \nGloria patri\nGrayel and offretory\nGronyng of\nBrytons, Grete moreyn of men of Britain,\nWonders and sicknesses, Galpynge and other sicknesses,\nGregory is dead, God have mercy on souls,\nGreeks forsake latins,\nGryffyn, king of Wales,\nGyglo,\nGregory makes a great council,\nGaneston forswears England,\nGreat strength goes into France,\nGaleys burned Grauysend,\nGreat master of Rhodes,\nGreat fishes take in these,\nHagustaldensis church,\nHannibal's victory,\nHannibal's death,\nHarald har, Harald earl,\nItem of the same,\nHeber and his language,\nHebron,\nHardekuute, king,\nHercules,\nHercules' pillars,\nHector of Troy,\nHelene queen,\nHelias the prophet,\nHelene, mother of Constantine,\nHelene's body translated,\nHerodes Agrippa,\nHeresy of many,\nHeresy Ariana,\nHeresy acephalorum,\nHeretics of Prescillys and Maced,\nHengistus & Horsus,\nHeraclius emperor,\nHeraclonas his son,\nHenry II emperor,\nHenry III emperor,\nHenry IV emperor,\nOf the same Henry,\nHenry the First.\nAfter Henry II's conquest,\nHenry II, King of England,\nHenry III,\nHibena, a land,\nHircania, a land,\nHippo, a tyrant,\nHircanus, Industry,\nHilary of Poitiers,\nHildebrand, pope,\nHilda, abbess,\nHerman, bishop,\nHeribert, bishop,\nHerlewin, abbot,\nHermofridus,\nHonorius, Augustus,\nHomer,\nMonstrous things,\nAlso monstrous,\nOf the transformation of men into beasts,\nOf the same,\nOf the mystery of man,\nOf man and his property,\nHumber, the river,\nHunericus, the king,\nHugh Capet, the king's brother,\nHugo de Sancto Victor,\nHugo, bishop of Chester,\nSaint Hugh of Lincoln,\nHilles of Cassy,\nHalf the night in Til,\nHen becomes a cock,\nHollow bones instead of fish and teeth,\nHarping smiting and weighing found,\nHand written on a wall,\nHeyfor every lamb,\nHog's mouth was pope,\nHarpe in a king's hand,\nHare heart for children's heart,\nHudryd poured out offerings,\nHoly land won,\nHunger tribute and death in England,\nHeaven burns and a well wells blood,\nThe holy church made free,\nHead of brass speaks,\nHogs the king lands,\nHeresy of Admytarum began\n\nHenry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby, landed in the north.\nHarflete besieged and won.\n\nHenry the Sixth was born.\n\nHumphrey, duke of Gloucester, died.\n\nHumphrey Stafford and William Stafford were slain.\n\nIacob the Patriarch / Iamus the less / Iamus the more / Iary duke of Israel / Iason knight\nIdols and idolatry.\nIdra the serpent / Jerusalem the city\nJerusalem subverted\nJerusalem taken by Persians\nPersecution of Jerusalem\nOf the same\nJeroboam king\nJehu king\nJeremiah prophet\nOf his death & prophecy.\nIhus, son of Sirac\nJeconias king\nJeremiah's laws /\nJeremiah's death\nIgnius pope /\nIgnatius bishop\nImperial translation /\nDe Imperio officialibus /\nDe modo coronandi imperatorem\nImperatrix Matilda\nJudea and his mercies\nIlodes of the great sea /\nIlondes fortunate\nIlonde Meroe\nInsula Vecta /\nIlond Anglesey\nIle of Man\nIle of Thanet\nInachus, Isyde & Io\nItem de Isyde & Io\nInsula Vulcani /\nInterpreters of Scripture /\nInnocents\nIngrainary pestilence\nIujo king\nInnocent third pope\nInnocent.\nIoachim king, Ioachim abbot, Joseph sold, Iosue duke, Iupiter the great, Iouith's son of Noah, Joseph's sepulcher, Iosias king of Judah, Iosephus exactor, Jonas Machab, Johan Hyrkanus, John the Baptist, John's death, Ionian emperor, Iohes elemosinarus, John of Damascus, John of Beverley, John of Malmesbury, John who was a woman, Iohes de Temporibus, John king of England, Ipocras the physician, Ismael, Isle of Ieland, Isaac patriarch, Isidore of Seville, Isaiah prophet, India a land, Iubilee the year, Iulo son of Aeneas, Julius Caesar, Julius corrected the calendar, Iuge Flaian, Judas Maccabeus, Julian bishop, Julian the Apostate, Justinus the elder, Justinus II, Justinian I, Justinian's son, Iuva, Item of the same, Images made by craft, Iupiter changed to a bolt, John the Evangelist born, Jesus comes out of Egypt, John preaches and baptizes, Judas scatters, John & Gerald sent into England, Jews have sorrow in England, Jew in a.\nIohan drives away the Jews\nJohn Ballard arises against Edward\nJohn with the Cat at Oxford\nIrlond yields to the first Edward\nJohn, king of France, dies at Sauoye\nIacob straw\nJohn of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, goes to Spain\nIames Stewart, king of Scotland, marries\nJohn with the leaden sword\nJane ways takes the king of Aragon\nCalendes\nCalendar correct\nCarolus Marcellus\nCarolus Magnus\nKenwalcus, king\nKenulphus, king\nKenelm, king\nKymbelyn, king\nKynrycus, king\nKynegylsus, king\nKyng, Latin\nKyngs fail in Athens\nKnights three against three\nKing without eyes\nKing of England yields land\nK [put to letters of Latin]\nKing of Cornwall\nKissing at mass\nKing and bishop preach\nKing monk is slain\nKing's daughter spins\nKingdom of England is God's own\nKing Edward lauds at mass\nKing of Scotland does homage to king of England\nKing William takes tribute\nKing of Jerusalem comes into England\nKing of France taken\nKateryn of Senys\nKing Richard born at Bordeaux\nKing\nEdward the Third, King of England, came to England. King Richard made two dukes, five earls, and one marquess. King Richard married Queen Isabel. King Richard went into Ireland. King Henry the Fourth died. King Henry the Fifth was crowned. King Richard the Second was taken from Pomfret and buried again at Westminster. King Henry Fifth wedded Queen Katherine. He was made heir of France and Regent. King Henry V is dead. King Henry made a knight. King Henry was crowned at London and at Paris. The King of Scots was murdered. King Henry wedded Queen Margaret. King Henry was taken at St. Albans. Lamissio, King of the Lombards. Lacedemonia, a land. Lameth with his wives. Laborintus, son of Dedalus. Latin king. Latin tongue, fourfold. Lausena, wife of Aeneas. Lazarus. Lawrence, a saint. Lawrence, Bishop of Beauvais. Lanfranc, archbishop. Leicester. Legion, a town. Laws of England. Leir, king. Laws of Lygeurg. Laws of Solomon. Authors of laws. Leonyda of Athens. Leon, pope. Leon, pope.\nThe fourth: Leofric, Earl of Exeter, Leon, Emperor, Lestingiary, ordeals ordered, Leodegarius, saint, Lincoln, town, Lygurge of Laconia, Libia approved, Liler Patea, Letters of the Greeks, Lisimachus slaying a lion, Liberius, pope, London, Longobards, Locusts, a multitude, Longobards come into Italy, Loth, King of Britons, Longinus, a knight, Lowys the Meek, Lucrecia the chaste, Lucius Papirius, Lucrecius, poet, Lucanus, poet, Lud, King of Britain, Lucius, King of Britain, Lucius Commodus, Emperor, The kingdom of Lygdus failed, Lamps light with fire that came from heaven, Languages and tongues in Britain, Lamb speaks, Leche betrays his lord, Ludgate, Lent ordained before Easter, Laudamus te, bene|dicimus te, Lent held in Kent, Last King of Britons, Lore for lords, Luyses ete elfryk, London burned, London yields pledges, Longman Pallas, L, Lords gathered at Gloucester, Lowys, King of France, Lords take the cross to the holy land, Lordship of Tartares, Londoners cursed. Lewelyn.\nLady Says: \"Mary, the king quoted, 'Streweth and is deed.' Leonel was made duke of Clarence. Lywith the Maid. London Bridge was filled. Macedonia was a land. Mauritania was a land. Maddan, king of Britons. Manasses, king. Marcus Cursius. Marcia, queen. Marcus Regulus. Mathathyas and his sons. Marius, consul. Marius, king of Britons. Maria, mother of Christ. Of the same. Mary's smoke. Marcus Evangelist. Marcus Antonius. Marcus Aurelius. Marcellinus, pope. Martin, a saint. Miracles of Martin. Macharijs, two. Maximus, a tyrant. Marcianus, Emperor. Mahomet and his law. Mauryce, emperor. Marcianus, a Scot. Of the same. Malcolyn, king of Scots. Maude, his daughter. Maude,emperor. Magic illusions. Myracles, fantastic. Media, a land. Mesopotamia, a land. Meroe, a town. Melchisedech. Mercurius. Mempricius, king. Medicine found. Men of Mercia were baptized. Medhampstede. Minotaurus. Mydas, rich king. Metridate. Mychel revelation. Moruidus, cruel. Moyses and his death. Monastery of Benet. Modwenna, a saint. Mount Sinai. Mount \"\nMount Libanus / \nMount Syon, Mount Olivet, Mount Calvary, Mount Cancas, Mount Ararat, Mount Athlas, Mount Olympus, Mons Parnassus, Mount Ethna, Item Ethna, Mountains of Caspian, Musyk Founded, Marius' Victory, Mare Nymphean (or Mare with a Fox), The Making of Man, Mamet first by Minos, Man becomes a horse, Mametes fallen, Marcia yields laws, Maries, Maria with Elizabeth and Mametes fall, Man resembles an emperor, Mary speaks her child, Mass said eastward, Mares can bray, Manslaughter by Danes, Manual labor, Malmesbury given, Maidens shorn as clerks, Men slain with misery, Metals and measures found, Meteboard of gold, Months of the year, Money, Moliuncius king, Morain at Rome, Mother kills her five sons, Messalina the trumpeter, Monk made emperor, Men sold as beasts, Much in the mountain Gargan, Merlin the prophet, Mermyns seen, Monks have.\nMynstrels put out of country\nMelan destroyed\nMen eat their children\nMen die for heat\nMany Scots slain\nNabugodonosor\nHis body given to vultures\nNabugodonosor's dream\nNabuzardan\nNartisus bishop\nNarsus patrician\nNemproth a giant\nNepthololmus\nNeemia redeemed\nNectanabus exiled\nNero Caesar\nNylus a river\nNynus a king\nNychanorre\nNicholas a dean\nNicholas a saint\nTranslation of him\nNycena synod\nNoe\nNormandy\nNorway a land\nNottingham a town\nNames Imposed\nNouaria a prostitute\nNumidia\nNuma Pompilius\nNails four of Christ\nNo irishman shall abide ante-Christ\nNolles two in one child\nNo man spares woman or child\nNose and tongue cut off\nNails of Christ\nNormans and Danes in France\nNorthumberland\nNormans gather against Norganes\nNorgen keeps the bridge\nNormandy married.\nNone loves other of Henry's sons\nNew earl from an old bishop\nNothing could quench the fire\nNorthern wind breaks houses and trees\nNory fights for his lady.\nNicholas of Tour, a Shippe\nOcean the sea\nOculus ludus (Occulus the game)\nOtho, king of Perses\nOctavianus augustus (Octavianus, the Augustus)\nOctavius, king\nOdo, archbishop\nOdo, bishop of Bayeux\nOffa, king of Mercia\nOlympiades\nOlyuer, monk of Malmesbury\nMeasure of the world\nOreb, a little hill\nOrigenes, doctor\nOrosius, priest\nOrder of Chartrehouse\nOrder of Cistercians\nOrder of premonstratensians\nOrder of Templars\nOrder of preachers\nOswald, king\nTranslation of his bones\nOswald, bishop, a saint\nOswius, king\nOswynus, king\nOsmund, bishop\nOthonel, duke\nOtho, Caesar\nOtho, Emperor\nOtho, myrabilis (Otho, marvelous)\nOtho, legatus (Otho, legate)\nOvidius, poet\nOctobonus, legatus (Octobonus, legate)\nOswald and his purgatory\nOxford schools\nOne man lowly in his birth day\nOliphant's claws in the forehead\nOliphant, you throw\nOrkney islands won\nObedience asked and warned\nOrdinal made\nOne with Christ's wounds\nOccasion of the Barons' war\nOst lies at Stafford\nOrder of Templars\nOne Willes Wynne Irlond, Order of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, Lord Cobham burned,\nOwen that wedded queen Katherine,\nOyer and termine at London,\nOsmund, a saint canonized,\nParadise,\nFlods of paradise,\nPalestyna, a land,\nParthya and Parthys,\nPamphilia,\nPannonia, a land,\nPallantes and Pallas,\nPalumbus, a priest,\nPallas, a giant,\nPlaghys of Egypt,\nPlato, the philosopher,\nPharisees and their sects,\nPaschal time,\nPaschalis pope,\nPatrick of Irlond,\nPatricks two,\nPurgatory of Patrick,\nPaladium,\nPanlinus volanus,\nPaulinus, archbishop,\nPaule, dean of Rome,\nPaule, primus Heremyta,\nPaule, apostle,\nPaulus, church in London,\nPeter, apostle,\nPerseus, king,\nPegasus,\nPelops,\nPerdycus, Dedalus, new,\nPelias, king,\nPentasibea,\nPersius, poet,\nPelagius, heretic,\nPrescianus, grammarian,\nPlegmund, archbishop,\nPetrus Comestor,\nPetrus de Ponte Fracto,\nPeter Ganaston,\nPermendes, philosopher,\nPygmeys, little men,\nPhilista,\nPycardye,\nPyctes.\n\nPrimeval list of names: One Willes Wynne Irlond, Order of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, Lord Cobham, Owen, Katherine, Oyer and termine, London, Osmund, saint, Paradise, Flods of paradise, Palestyna, Parthya, Parthys, Pamphilia, Pannonia, Pallantes, Pallas, Palumbus, priest, Pallas, giant, Plaghys, Egypt, Plato, Pharisees, Paschal time, Paschalis pope, Patrick, Irlond, Patricks two, Purgatory, Patrick, Paladium, Panlinus volanus, Paulinus, archbishop, Paule, dean, Rome, Paule, primus Heremyta, Paule, apostle, Paulus, church, London, Peter, apostle, Perseus, king, Pegasus, Pelops, Perdycus, Dedalus, Pelias, Pentasibea, Persius, poet, Pelagius, heretic, Prescianus, grammarian, Plegmund, archbishop, Petrus Comestor, Petrus de Ponte Fracto, Peter Ganaston, Permendes, philosopher, Pygmeys, Philista, Pycardye, Pyctes.\nPirrus king / Pilates beginning / Pilates death / Philip apostle / Plinius secundus / Philip emperor / Pythagoras philosopher / Philosophers / Poets / Polemius converted / Prometheus astrologer / Proserpina / Porus king of Indes / Pompeius Magnus / Prodigies in Italy / Porcia Caton's daughter / Polcarpus a saint / Putyfar / Prayers founded by Noah / Prophecy of the battle of Troy / Pope outlawed / Processions on Sunday / Peter represents the Bishop / Peter's pens / Pope a lewd man / Popes three at debate / Priests' wives forbidden / Piers of Pontfret / Pope mounted on a wild horse / Piers of Gaveston / Plurality condemned / Plenty of all things except money / Philip king of France breaks bridges / Peter's pens forbidden / Quynchelinus king of Wessex / Question of shipmen / Quick thing may not sink in the sea / Queen of women writes to Alexander the king / Queens.\nQueen of Sheba comes to Solomon\nShe beforehand pours water in chalice\nQueen purifies the king\nQueen purifies herself\nQueen and her son outlawed\nQuestion of Carthage\nQueen Anne married\nRivers of paradise\nRome built\nRivers of England\nRain and Rainbow\nRings diverse\nSea opens up\nRudyard Bras\nRemus and Romulus\nRome built\nRemus leaps over the wall\nRomans named Latins\nRomans besieged\nRome taken\nRenown pecks a man's eyes\nRomans deceived in battle\nRomans slew Gallas\nRode painted by miracle\nRule of monks made\nRome taken\nRome draws a sword\nRain and serpents at Rome\nRinging to the hours\nRome betrayed\nRiver divided a three\nRequiescat in pace\nRichard without fear\nRode speaks out of the wall\nRobert gives gifts\nRode has the crown\nRing on the image finger\nRobert Courthose\nRobert short boats\nRising against the king\nRivers and wells drained\nIn France\nRome.\nRosamund and her bowr: Rosamund and her bower\nRichard king helps the earl: Richard, king, assists the earl\nRese prince of Wales: Reese, prince of Wales\nRichard emperor: Richard, emperor\nRobert Grossette: Robert Grosseteste\nRain and harsh weather: Rain and harsh weather\nRobert Bruys: Robert Bruys\nRain and Moreyn of men: Rain and Moreyn, of the men\nRobauus doctor: Robauus, doctor\nRanulphus Bishop of Durham: Ranulphus, Bishop of Durham\nRandolph Bishop of Canterbury: Randolph, Bishop of Canterbury\nRemygius: Remygius\nRemygius, bishop of Lincoln: Remygius, Bishop of Lincoln\nRoboas king: Roboas, king\nRhodes Ilonde: Rhodes, Ilonde\nRowen's daughter: Rowen's daughter\nRollo duke of Normandy: Rollo, duke of Normandy\nRobert king of France: Robert, king of France\nRobert duke of Normandy: Robert, duke of Normandy\nRobertus bishop of Hereford: Robertus, bishop of Hereford\nRobert bishop of Chester: Robert, bishop of Chester\nRobert Conthecse: Robert Conthecse\nRycold baptized: Rycold, baptized\nRychard duke of Normandy: Rychard, duke of Normandy\nRychard first king of England: Rychard, first king of England\nRychard's death: Rychard's death\nRobert Knollys made knight: Robert Knollys, made knight\nVL: VL\nRain like blood: Rain, like blood\nVL: VL\nRychard made prince of Wales: Rychard, made prince of Wales\nVL: VL\nRobert Hawle slain in Westminster church: Robert Hawle, slain in Westminster church\nVL: VL\nRoan besieged and taken: Roan, besieged and taken\nVL: VL\nRychard which priest burned: Rychard, which priest burned\nVL: VL\nRogger Bolyngbroke Nygromancer: Rogger Bolyngbroke, Nygromancer\nVL: VL\nRobert of Cane took ships: Robert of Cane, took ships\nVL: VL\nRaynold pecok abjured: Raynold Pecok, abjured\nSet of the middle earth: Set, of the middle earth\nSea of Ocean: Sea of Ocean\nSwallows of the sea: Swallows, of the sea\nSeven men sleep: Seven men sleep\nSpataria in Spain: Spataria, in Spain\nSon goes not down: Son, goes not down\nScotland called Ireland: Scotland, called Ireland.\nShires of England: Slinging with sight. Seven children atoned, spreading of men into diverse lands, sowing of words, ship painted with a dragon, Saturn flees Jupiter, Slaughter of 6C, Sixty brethren slain, Sybelles ten, Sampson rules Israel, Salon made laws, Salomon reigns and built the temple, Sardanapalus, Syriacana, Sonne goes back, Sybille the wise, Salon yields new laws, Spyries legislate men, Strife at Rome, Socrates three, Socrates wives, Senators supposed goddesses, Staff by Diogenes, Sword above a man's head, Strumpet in a philosopher's bed, Stone like Alexander, Serpents in stones, Sheld of gold sent to Rome, Six Cyprian battles, Sybille prophesies, Sects three among Jews, Salutem et apostolicam, Simon Magus, Simon Leprosus, Seyt Mary the round, Sanctus at mass, Seven sleepers, See of Rome is void, Story tripartite is written, Strife to le pope, See passes the clues, Sonne ceases, Sulpicius will not speak, Sleepers awake, Saxons come in Britain, Stinking.\nPrison, Stonehenge brought out of Ireland, Seek men eviled, Stations at Rome, Sarasins slain, Sun is dark, Son against the father, Strife for Martin's body, Senators of England, See changes to Derham, Sancti spiritus assist nobis gracia, See does not obey the king, Syward arms himself to die, Sleepers tear them, Shepherd slew the bishop, Stars fall and fight, See of Theodford changes, Secular clerks at Canterbury, Sowdan and King Richard taken trials, Sarasins do majesties, Statutes against the dead, Sixty thousand Scots slain, Spencer, Mortimer and Barkley, Strife between kings of England and of France, Siege of B, Samaria a land, Samaria & Samaritan, Saxony a province, Slavia a province, Sardinia an island, Shrewsbury a town, Seurn a river, Samuel a prophet, Saul king, Salustian historian, Sergius pope, Steven king, Steven of Canterbury, Syria a province, Sidonia a land, Sychem or Sichynnia, Sicily, Scylla and Charybdis, Syrens or mermaids, Siringa Cadmus' wife, Scipio Cornelius, Scipio.\nScipio Africanus, Scipio Nasica, Scipio Minor, Simon Maccabeus, Symon Mountfort, Sylla (Consul), Sixtus (Pope), Sixtus (Pope), Symachus (Pope), Synod of Nicene, Synod of Constantinople, Synod of Constantinople, Synod of Ephesus, Synod of Chalcedon, Stygandus (Archbishop), Symonyaks, Sophocles, Sosicles, Susa king of Egypt, Sua (a king), Sixty pearls valued at 10,000 motons, Sceler slept seven years, Seneschal of Henault did arms, Sigismund emperor chosen, Sigismund emperor came to England, Sigismund emperor died, Syre (Sir) Frances Aragon, Sprus lost by decision, Sandwich dispossessed by Frenchmen, Tracia (a land), Troy has the name of Tros, Trees of the sun and moon, Tabour in battle, Tales of the wise man, Ten languages taken, Temple of Solomon, Tree of the cross, Tales of the wise man, Totres (made), Troy betrayed, Troy taken, Temple of Solomon, Tree of the cross, Transmigration.\nTrybunes at Rome / Trees of the sun and moon spoke to Alexander / Translation of holy write / Temple of Cleopoleos / Tully's tongue kit of / Twelfth day / Titus and Vaspasian / Titus full of promises / Trajan, the best Emperor / Towels of the altar / Thoycanata / Theofilus does homage to the fiend / Treasure under the Cross / Two hundred monks / Trajan's delivery / Tiber increases / Translation and making of books / Two Emperors / Tribute of wolves / Temple covered with prayers / Traitors beheaded / Towns destroyed / Traitor Edric / Tribute released in England / Treasure sought in abbeys / Treasure found / Tribute in England / Trees of Wulstan / Towns drowned / Tokens in England / Templars and their order / Thomas of Canterbury / True words between kings / Dead become hounds and asses / Towns taken and besieged / Things taken to the pope / Taxing of churches / Trailbaston / Thomas of Lancaster / Town of London and Castle of Bristol / Temper of weather beside Paris & treaties of accord.\nTarquin Priscus / Tarquin the Proud\nThalestris, Queen / Thalestris, Queen of the Amazons\nThare father of Abraham / Taras or Tara, father of Abraham\nTaurus Ausonius / Taurus, Ausonian\nTartars / The Tartars\nTransformates / Transformates, a people\nThessalia / Thessaly\nTheseus, Duke\nTheatre of Rome\nTiberius Caesar / Tiberius, Roman Emperor\nTiberius Constantinus / Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor\nTripolis, a land\nTyre, an island\nTitus Livius\nTitus, Emperor\nThotylas, King / Thothoris or Thutmose, King\nThobias\nTholomeus, the twelve\nTholomeus, the mathematician\nTrogus Pompeius / Trogus Pompeius, historian\nThomas Earl of Lancaster / Thomas, Earl of Lancaster\nThurstan Bishop of York\nThurstan Abbot of Glastonbury\nTurgesius, King / Turgesius, King of Ireland\nThuringia, a land\nTubal-Cain\nTower of Babel\nTurnus, Knight\nTullius Hostilius / Tullius Hostilius, Roman King\nThree parties of the earth\nThree strong, which is strongest\nThree masses on Christmas night\nThorney, Westminster / Thorney Abbey, Westminster\nThe thief came to kill the king\nThree fires in the hearth\nThree years fasting\nThree kings yielded to Colins\nThree abbeys built\nThundering and lightning\nThree sons against King Henry\nThree shellings of a plow share\nThunder and grim\nThe third king Henry crowned. Theives burn marchants. The sixth and seventh books of decretals. The third Edward crowned. Things are dear. Two kings met at Calais. Two eagles fought there. The duke of Suffolk arrested. The duke of Suffolk beheaded. The earl of Warwick assaulted at Westminster. The duke forsook the field and went to Ireland. The earls of March, Warwick, and Salisbury went to Calais. The duke of Somerset went to Guisnes. The duke of York slain at Wakefield. The lord Berners and Sir Thomas Kriel beheaded. Towton field by York. Varro Marcus. Valerian emperor. Valentinianus holder. Valentinian the younger. Vecta an island. Venym of Alaisandre. Vaspasian emperor. Vysions of Daniel. Vyrgil Maro. Vitellius Caesar. Vitalian pope. Vlyxes knight. Vortigerus king.\n\nItem, him. Vortimerius his son. Utterndragon. Volumes and books. Venym could not sleep.\nmetridas\nVenym y Shaw in holy church\nVowed rejected /\nUniversity at Oxford /\nVessel of quichinus\nWonders of India\nWell is not in Jerusalem\nWell that changes color four times a year /\nWell that changes / metal into glass\nWith whips chariots are chased\nWomen bound\nWell that makes clear voices\nWell cold by night and hot by day /\nWomen put out of counsel\nWells of mind and of forgetting\nWell that cures eyes\nWell that dries in winter\nWumbles are Lombards /\nA wife shall not be forsaken though she be barren.\nWell that springs against men clothed in red\nWell that makes barren and another with child\nWell that tears\ntree into stone\nWomen become hares /\nWonders of Ireland\nWonders of Wales and its manners\nWonders of Britain\nWomen sell wind\nWonders of blue men /\nWomen become men\nWretches in Egypt\nWhether bears Frixus and others\nWomen with men in battle /\nWitches brought to trial\nWives between sh\nWould you be born again /\nWooers beguiled\nWench buried quickly /\nWriting under\nwax / \nWayes haue fredome\nWolues acorde with sheepherdes\nWyues wode for loue\nWenche sleeth her self\nWondres of Iulius deth\nWondres in Crystes birth\nWoman yeueth good counseylle\nWondres that fyll / \nWenche that tumbled\nWyf wasshe in bloode\nWoman made abbott\nWalle of turues in brytayne\nWall made in brytayne / \nWicked wrenche of a woman\nWonder metynge of a sweuene\nWoman pyght on a pole\nWomans nether. ende syngeth / \nWenche cheseth the kynges sonne\nWoman with two bodyes\nWyght destroyed with danes\nWytche at barkley\nWhan I goo to chirche of child\nWhyrlewynde beteth doune howses\nWalsshe men warre\nWestmynstre halle / \nWalsshmen in cheschyre / \nWomen slytte\nWilliam with the longe berde / \nWardes graunted to kyng henry / \nWolle and felle arestid\nWilliam waleys deed at london\nWynchelse brente\nWalys and his rytes\nWa\nWandalys persecucion / \nWandragesylus abbot / \nWalter bisshop of herford /\nWalter bisshop of duuel /\nWestfalya a lond / \nWerwel a monaster / \nWestmynstre\nwereburga a saint\nTranslacion of her to\nChester, Whitlandia the old, Winchester a city, Wyndham bishop, Whitby an abbey, Wynfrith a saint, Whitburgh a saint, Wulfryd bishop, I.\n\nWilliam the Conqueror, Item of his conquest, Item of him and of his death, William Rufus his son, Item of the same.\n\nWilliam, king Henry's son, drowned. William of Ely bishop, William of Alvernus, Wulfer the king of Mercia, Wulfstan a saint. Whyte Company.\n\nWakefield a bad journey. Xerxes king of Persia, Xenocrates philosopher, Xpus conceptio, Xpus nativitas, Xpus aetas et opera, Xpus passio. Zoroastes finder of witchcraft, Zoroabele the duke, Zoroabele Solatiel's son, Zeno the emperor. York built, Yeres variously accounted, Yate closed against the king, Yef.\n\nYork burned, Yeftes made of Wales. At the time that the great and high tower of Babylon was built and lands that have diverse speeches, if neither of them has learned the other's language, nor do they know what the other means, though they meet and have great need of information and learning.\nOf talking and speech be the need never so great, neither do they understand each other's speech any more than the gibbering of geese. For Iangle, one never so fast in speech that the other is wiser, though he may deceive him in place of good morrow. This is a great confusion. For Folkand knows many diverse speeches. And so between strange men, neither of whom understands the other's speech. Such a man may be learned, used, and known in many nations and lands. And so Latin is learned, known, and used especially in this half of Greece in all the nations and lands of Europe. Therefore, clerks of their goodness and courtesy write and produce their books in Latin. For their writing and books should be understood in diverse nations and lands.\n\nAnd so Ranulphus Monk in his \"Deeds of Marvels & Wonders\" reckons the years to his last days, from the first making of heaven and earth. And so therein is great and noble Information and lore for those who can read and understand it.\n\nTherefore, I would\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in Middle English. No significant OCR errors were detected.)\nThese books of Chronicles have been translated from Latin into English, so that more people may understand and gain information and knowledge from them. The clerk These books are written in Latin, and Latin is widely used and understood throughout the eastern half of Europe in all nations and lands. English, however, is not as widely used or known, and Anglican translations are understood only by Englishmen. Then how should the common people understand the Chronicles if they were translated into English?\n\nEnglish is widely used and known enough in this country that this question and doubt are easily answered. For if these Chronicles were translated from Latin into English, then many more people would be able to understand them since they understand English and not Latin. The clerk You can read and understand Latin. Then there would be no need for such an English translation. I deny this argument. Though I can read and understand Latin, there is much value in having an English translation.\nIn these books of Chronicles that I cannot understand, nor you without studying and looking at other books. Also, even if it were not necessary for me, it is necessary for other men who understand no Latin. The clerks who understand no Latin may learn and understand [paragraph break] The Lord [paragraph break] Not all For some may not for other reasons be bothered, Some for old age, Some for lack of wit, Some for lack of means, and some for other various hindrances and distractions [paragraph break] The Clerk It is not necessary that all such people know the Chronicles [paragraph break] The Lord [paragraph break] Speak not strictly of things that are necessary Speak not strictly of necessary things, Only things that are and cannot fail are necessary, And so it is necessary that God be, for God is and cannot fail, And so it is not necessary for anyone to know the chronicles, For it might be that no one knows them [paragraph break] Otherwise speak of necessary things, Something is necessary to sustain or have other things through them.\nAnd so for speaking, neither mete nor drink is needed for keeping and sustaining life. But in the third manner, speak of things that are profitable, and therefore all men need to know the chronicles. The clerk: Those who do not understand Latin may ask and be informed by those who do. The lord: You speak strangely, for the unlearned man does not know what to ask for, nor of what commonly he should ask, nor do all those who understand Latin have such books to teach the unlearned. Therefore, it is necessary to have an English translation. The clerk: The Latin is good and fair; therefore, it is not necessary to have an English translation. The lord: This reason is worthy to be drowned in a puddle and led in the powder of lewdness and shame. It might well be that you make only in mirth and in play. The clerk: The Latin is good and fair.\nReason must stand, but it must be justified. The lord, a man with bleary eyes, could see the solution to this matter, even if he were blind in intellect. He could grope towards the solution, but if his feelings failed him. If this reason held any worth, such reasoning could prove that the thirty-one interpreters, including Aquila, Symmachus, Theodocion, and Origenes, were corrupt when they translated holy writ from Hebrew into Greek. Similarly, St. Jerome was corrupt when he translated holy writ from Hebrew into Latin. The Hebrew language is both good and fair, and the writings inspired by the holy ghost. For their translations, they are highly praised by all holy church. Therefore, the aforementioned corrupt reason is worthy of being discarded. Latin holy writ is also good and fair. However, to make a sermon of holy writ entirely in Latin for men who can only understand English and not Latin would be a corrupt act, as they are never the wiser.\nFor the Latin, it must be told in English what it means, and it cannot be told in English what the Latin means without translation from Latin to English. Therefore, it is necessary to have an English translation and to keep it in mind so it is not forgotten. It is better for such a translation to be written down than spoken and not written. And so this weak reason should not move us, for these books should not be translated into English.\n\nThe Lord [It is wonderful that you make such feeble arguments and have gone so long to school.] Aristotle's books and other books also of logic and philosophy were translated from Greek into Latin.\n\n[Also, at the request of King Charles I, Denis' books were translated from Greek into Latin, and then from Latin into French. So what has England transgressed that it might not be translated into English?]\n\nAlso, King Alfred, who founded the university of Oxford, translated the best laws into English.\nEnglysshe tonge / And a greet dele of the Sawter out of latyn in to Englysshe / And caused wyrefrith bis\u00a6shop of wyrcetre to tra\u0304slate seynt gregoryes bookes. the dialogues\nout of latyn in to Saxons Also Cedmon of whythy was en\u00a6spyred of the holy goste and made wonder Poysyes in englisshe nyghe of alle the storyes of holy wrytte \u00b6 Also the holy man be\u2223da translated seynt Iohns gospel out of latyn in to Englisshe Also thou wotest where the Apocalips is wryten in the walles and roof of a chappel bothe in latyn and in Frensshe Also the gospel and prophecye and the right feyth of holy chirche must be taught and prechd to Englisshe men that conne no latyn Thenne the gospel & prophecye & the right feyth of holy Chirche must be told hem in englysshe / & that is not don but by Englissh tra\u0304lsaco\u0304n for such englissh prechyng is very tra\u0304slaco\u0304n / & such en\u00a6glisshe prechyng is good & nedefull. the\u0304ne englissh tra\u0304slacion is good and nedefull. The clerke / yf a translacion were made that myght be amended in ony poynt /\nSome men blame the Lord, if men blame one who is not worthy of blame, then they are to blame themselves. Clerks know well that no sinful man does so well that he might do better or make such a good translation that he might be better. Therefore, Origenes made two translations, and Jerome translated them three times. I do not desire the best translation that might be, for that would be a vain desire for any man who is now alive. But I would have a thorough translation that might be known and understood.\n\nClerk: Which is more pleasing to you, a translation of these Carols?\n\nClerk: In prose, for commonly prose is clearer than rhyme, more easy and more plain to know and understand.\n\nClerk: Then may grace be granted us, wisely to begin, wit and wisdom to work. A trustworthy and true translation. Praising the Trinity with three persons and one God in majesty, who was and who shall be, and made heaven and earth and light to shine.\nAnd he called light day and darkness night. And so was made evening and morning, one day, which had no more evening. The second day he made the firmament between the waters. And he gathered waters that were under the firmament and made the earth dry, and named the gathering of waters Seas and dry land. And he made trees and grass. The fourth day he made the sun and moon and set them in the firmament of heaven to shine and be signs and seasons and years, night and day. The fifth day he made birds and fish in the waters, and creatures of the air. The sixth day he made beasts of the earth and man in his image, and put them in the garden of Eden to work and have dominion over them. But man broke God's commandment and filled with sin, and was put out of the garden of Eden into sorrow and misery, worthy to be condemned to the punishment of hell without end. But the Holy Trinity had mercy on man.\nThe fated one sent a son, and the holy ghost a light upon a maid. And the son took flesh and blood of that blessed maid and died on the cross to save mankind. And on the third day, glorious and blessed, he taught his disciples and ascended into heaven when it was time. He shall come at the day of judgment and quickly and fairly judge and condemn. Then all those who are written in the book of life shall go with him into the bliss of heaven. And be there in body and soul, and see and know his godhead and manhood in joy without end.\n\nThus ends the dialogue.\n\nWellth and worship to my worthy and worshipful lord, Sir Thomas, Lord of Barkley. I, John Trevisa, your priest and lector, obey and speak as you spoke and said that you would have an English translation of Ranulphus of Chester's chronicles. Therefore, I will undertake this journey and make an English translation of the same chronicles, as God grants me grace, for the sake of making and pleasing God and in knowing that I know it is:\nFor the purpose of making this translation clear and understandable, I will set word for word and active for active, and passive for passive, keeping the order of words as it stands without changing. However, in some places I must change the order of words and set passive for active and vice versa. In some places I must provide a reason for a word and explain what it means. But for all such changes, the meaning shall remain unaltered. However, some words and names of countries, cities, rivers, mountains, and hills, as well as persons and places, must remain as they are in their own kind, such as Asia, Europa, Affryca, and Syria; Mount Athanasius, Sinai, and Oreb; Marah, Jordan, and Arnon; Bethlehem, Nazareth, Jerusalem, and Damascus; Hanibal, Rasyn, Assuerus, and Cyrus, and many such words and names. If anyone makes a better English translation of these Chronicles and makes it more profitable, may God reward him. And because you make this translation from these Chronicles:\nme do this merciful deed; he who quits all good deeds quite makes his debt in the bliss of heaven, in wealth and joy with all the saints of mankind and the nine orders of angels: Angels, Archangels, Principalities, Powers, Virtues, Dominions, Thrones, Cherubim, and Seraphim, to see God in His blessed face in joy without end. Amen\n\nThus ends his Epistle.\n\nAfter solemn and wise writers of Art and science who had sweetness and joy all their life time to study and labor in knowing and understanding of kindly things and about sobriety and readiness of theirs, they are worthy to be highly praised, as though it were putting and gently gathering profit and sweetness. For they wrote and left to us wonders and marvels. great achievements and deeds of our forefathers, of steadfast, wise, and worthy men of diverse manners who were in old time.\n\nFor in the making of books of stories that are sent and bequeathed to us by great diligence of the writers,\nCronies clearly show the right rule of their ways. Example of living / knowing of goodness. The meeting of the three ways of the virtues of divinity & the meeting of the four ways of the four principal virtues of their Royal clothing\n\nOf these things our little understanding could not take knowledge nor follow the fourth, but the writings of ancients and the old deeds had shaded and stimulated our minds. For short life, dull wit, slow understanding, and idle occupations let us know many things, forgetting the craft of a stepmother is an enemy of the mind.\n\nAlso now in our time, Art, Science, and law were lost. Example of noble deeds were not known. Nobility and fair manner of speaking were all lost. But the mercy of God almighty had ordained letters and writing in remedy of mankind's imperfections.\n\nI pray you, who should know Emperors' wonders of the Philosophers or else follow the apostles? But their noble desires and wonders.\nWorks were not written in history and kept in mind for those who should know Lucillus, but Seneca in his Epistles recorded his deeds. Writing of poets is more worthy of praise for emperors than all the wealth of this world and riches they wielded while they were alive. For story is witness of time, mind of life, messenger of antiquity. Story rules over passing deeds; story renews; deeds that would be lost, deeds that would flee from the mind. Story calls forth; deeds that would die, story keeps for eternity. Therefore, among other noble travelers of the three paths, they are most worthy to be praised, fair flourishers and embellishers of words and of meter. They have gained great price and honor from their journey. We may not and discern all the wide world, but without any fear they shall receive their reward from him who rewards and recompenses all who work well. By the worthiness and example of noble writers that\nI have not boosted about my own deeds nor scorned nor blamed others'. I have cast and ordered as I may to make and to write a treatise that I have gathered from various books concerning the estate of the Isle of Britain, otherwise called England, for the knowledge of those who will come after us. Then, specific lords who knew my intent and had a desire to know great men's deeds, urged me earnestly that I should also write the famous histories and account the years from the beginning of the world to our time. However, I took heed that this matter, as Laboand [illegible] in wonderful ways winding and wrinkling, would not easily be opened and shown. I was ashamed and feared to take on me to grant so fearful a task, for idleness and slowness let great works be done. My wit is very little to unravel the wrappings of such wonderful works. The matter is large; writers therein are many and great. For the fullness thereof, men are all sad.\nAnd take heed and lightly find fault with this simple work. And as enemies sharpen their tongues and bend their brows, of such men speaks Gregory Nazianzenus, who lightly blame defects of others and not follow goodness so lightly. All this was in my mind, and I knew my own power and shame and dreaded the noble speakers who sounded like trumpets to put forth my rude speech and sniveling, as one who offers mulberries and serves luscious men who live in liking with sour grapes. After the labor of Hercules and after the first tournaments and struggles of Olympus, a Pygmy arms himself for battle and readies himself to fight. Who then could leave off laughing? Who would scorn it if I piped with an out-of-tune reed, and unknightly mumbling and whistling after such noble speakers who spoke at their best, and from them fair and renowned speech flowed and streamed all their life time. But I well remember what Booz.\nSeyde to Ruth, who was shamefast, and loose up the ears of your rip men. He said, \"No man shall anger thee.\" And to his rip men he said, \"If she will be with you, rebuke her not, and let her not loose or glean. No man shall hinder.\"\n\nMantuanus Marro Virgilius also says in Book ten, and Oracins, as Hugucio Pisanus says in his Dininiacius, Chapter Peruisus:\n\nWhen Enemies despised Oracius and bore him on hand, mocking him for having taken some of Homer's verses, and meddled among his and called him a plagiarist, saying it was great strength and ash. For though they be dumb and foul themselves, they cleanse other things and make them shine full bright. And many other things that have not in them selves, yet they give to others.\n\nSo says the Poet Satiricus. I fare as a whetstone that makes iron sharp and keen.\n\nItem, in his Pastorale, Gregory says, \"I have painted a fair man, and I myself am a foul and strong one, unconquered by night and untamed, and I answer Reping, which is full of trouble.\"\nAnd waking in cases despised by envious men and proud. And yet I hope it shall be profitable to good students and meek. And follow the Rypmen, if I may, in any way lessen and gather some crumbs that have fallen from Lords' tables, leaving their relief to their children. And also, if I might gather any scraps of the relief of the twelve kipes or lepes, and something put into and increase writing of Authors, as a dwarf sitting on a giant's neck, through which younglings may learn. And greater men to use and apply themselves, may be informed and taught by this short treatise. That have not seen the great volumes and large that are of stories and treatises, all the problems and questions of the wisest men are planted here. Also, many things that are not written in other books, I have gathered together as though it were from a story and written down, scarcely bearing the names of places that we have not in mind. Though feigning and saws of misbehaviors and falsehoods.\nlawless men and wonders and marvels from various countries are collected in this book. Such servants and is good to gold of wit. The children of Israel, in their going to the land of Biheste, spoiled the Egyptians, as related in other books. Here, mirth is put together with sadness, and heathen with Christian people, every one among others, who tell strange stories. They are shortened and lengthened so that the history is whole and true, not changed. Nevertheless, some are held as more certain than others. For Augustine in De Civitate Dei says we should believe and worship the miracle of God, and not dispute them. Wonders are not all to be within reason. For some tell many wonders which you would not believe, and yet they are true. Kindness cannot do against God, lord of kindness. And of many things that seem true, it is necessary to be doubted. Towns, therefore, we shall not blame makers and writers of.\nI here write and rehearse the names of the authors from whom this chronicle is particularly gathered and drawn: Josephus, the Jew.\nThis text appears to be a list of historical works, likely from a medieval manuscript. I will clean the text by removing unnecessary characters and formatting, and translating any ancient English or Latin. I will also correct any apparent OCR errors.\n\nHistoricus in signis (Beda), who begins from the beginning of the world up to the 24th historical book: Beda Venerabilis, De gestis Anglorum (Beda the Venerable, On the Deeds of the English); Beda Venerabilis, De naturis rerum (Beda the Venerable, On the Nature of Things); Historia Francorum (History of the Franks); Beda Venerabilis, De temporibus (Beda the Venerable, On Times); Titus Livius, De gestis Romanorum (Titus Livy, On the Deeds of the Romans); Gildas, De gestis Britonum (Gildas, On the Deeds of the Britons); Marinianus Scotus. William of Malmesbury, De gestis Regum Anglie et pontificum (William of Malmesbury, On the Deeds of the Kings and Bishops of England); and Wulfstan of Worcester, whom I followed most closely in the estimation of years in the first book of this work, as he describes in general and in particular.\n\nAnd because this chronicle contains bearings and deeds of many times, I call it Policronicon, that is, the Chronicle of Many Times. In seven books, it describes: The first book describes places, countries, and all the wide world. The other six books, by the name of the six ages, contain bearings and deeds from the beginning of the world to our time. In the first book of this work, as he [Beda] describes in general and in particular.\n\"Maude is depicted and painted therein, which is the cloth on which the shape of the wide world is painted. In its chief parts, the world is divided. For this story is told faithfully because every province and land is described until we come to Britain last of all. In it are contained fifteen chapters necessary to the knowledge of the Isle of Britain, as though it were an introduction to greater knowledge in other books that follow. Whoever cannot come to full knowledge of the entire story may, by such abbreviation, have a liking to leave shrewdness and sin.\n\nThe second book relates the bringing and deeds with description of the lesser world. And since the ages of the world are not all even and of bringing and of deeds, and every book is even and contains like things, the second book contains the bringing and deeds of the four ages from the making of our first father to the burning of the temple of the Jews. The third book from \"\nThe transmission of the people to the coming of Christ / The fourth from Christ to the coming of the Saxons / The fifth from the Saxons to the Danes / The sixth from the Danes to the Normans / The seventh from the Normans to our time, that is under the reign of King Edward the third after the conquest\n\nFor those who wish to have full knowledge of histories, it is necessary to know descriptions of places, states of things, distinction of times following kingdoms, diversity of living, passing of ages, and manner of doing. The first of these will be remembered in the first book, and the other in the other books will be openly written.\n\nRegarding the second, take heed of two states: one from the beginning of the world to Christ, and that is called the state of misery. The second state from Christ to the end of the world.\nAnd this is named the state of grace and mercy. For the third, take heed of three times: one before the law was written, the second in the time of law being written, and the third under the new law of Christ, under which law is grace and mercy. For the fourth, take heed that there were once four principal kingdoms: that is, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Regarding the course of the world and the process of holy writ, the first kingdom was under our ancestors, from Adam to Moses. The second, from Moses to Saul. The third, under kings from Saul to Zorobabel. The fourth, under bishops from Zorobabel to Christ. For the fifth, take heed of five manners of living: the first was in the first age, under the law of nature, common to all men. The second, in the second age, was the living of misbelievers, when measurement began in Ninus' time, king of Nineveh. The third, in the third age, under the written law, when circusication and law departed from the children of Israel.\nThe fourth living of Christians began under Christ, when belief and grace of the Sacrament were married to each other. The fifth living of Saracens began under Mahomet as it will be said in the fifth book, and after the time of Heraclius they openly showed themselves. Take heed of the six ages: One is from Adam to Noah. The second is from Noah to Abraham. The third is from Abraham to David. The fourth is from David to the transigration that occurred when Israel was brought into the captivity of Babylon. The fifth is from the transigration to Christ. The sixth is from Christ to the end of the world. Note: Ages of the world are not divided by the evenness of years, but by marvels that occurred in their beginnings. The first age began from the beginning of the world. The second from Noah's flood. The third from the Circumcision. The fourth from the beginning of kings. The fifth from the transigration. The sixth from the incarnation of Christ. For the seventh:\n\nThe fourth living of Christians began under Christ, when belief and grace of the Sacrament were married to each other. The fifth living of Saracens began under Mahomet as stated in the fifth book, and after the time of Heraclius they openly showed themselves. Take heed of the six ages: One is from Adam to Noah. Two is from Noah to Abraham. Three is from Abraham to David. Four is from David to the Babylonian captivity of Israel. Five is from the Babylonian captivity to Christ. Six is from Christ to the end of the world. Ages of the world are not divided by the evenness of years, but by remarkable events that occurred at their beginnings. The first age began from the beginning of the world. The second from Noah's flood. The third from Abraham's circumcision. The fourth from the reign of kings. The fifth from the Babylonian captivity. The sixth from the incarnation of Christ.\nSeven types of people are mentioned in stories: a king in his kingdom, a knight in battle, a judge in pleas, a bishop in the clergy, a laurel-crowned man in the church, a husband in a house, and a religious man. From these, seven famous deeds emerge. Building of cities, victory over enemies, making of laws, correction of transgressions, help of the common people, governing of men and household, and acquisition of blessed reward. For the Jews, there are three kinds of years: in treaties and conventions, they have a year that is usual, beginning in January; in devotion and sacred observance, they have a lawful year, beginning in March; and in calculating and chronicles, they have a year beginning in May when they passed out of Egypt. The Greeks, in three ways, also have:\nAn account of Troy. Afterward, they counted her years by Olympiads, the times of their games and contests. But after they ruled, they counted their reigning years in this manner: In the fifth or third year of the reign of the Greeks, as it appears in the Book of Maccabees. When Rome was in her flowering, they counted her years from the building of the city (Rome, founded). But Christian men counted her years from the Incarnation of Christ. However, when I come to that place, one must take heed that the calculating of Dionysius Exiguus and the computus of Jerome, which follows the Gospel, do not agree in counting years. William of Malmesbury's brother, William of Malmesbury, in his book \"De Pontifice,\" says that Marianus Scotus, and the monk imprisoned in Maguncia, a town in Germany around the year A.M. 1365, looked closely in books and counted and found that Dionysius Exiguus does not agree with the Gospel in counting years. For this Scotus Marianus counted all the years from the beginning of the world and added 22 years that were lacking according to Dionysius.\nAccounts. And wrote a great chronicle and an huge one, this book Robert bishop of Hereford deflowered. And that's why the common Chronicles that followed failed daily, for I translated the chronicle of Eusebius saying in Vaspasian's time. And also 12 years lack about Decius Caesar's time, as it is shown in the / vj age / This error occurs because days and months were not recorded accurately. I shall mark as I may how and what years such defects fill in. So that I shall title the margins by the heads of the histories some which double and some with triple rows of years. From Abraham to the city y buyld, I gather the year of the age of the world and of the leader. From the City y buyld to Christ, I gather the year of the city and of the leader. And from Christforward, I write to gather the year of grace / and of the prince that reigned\n\nIVlius Caesar.\nThe Council of the Senators and Aldermen of Rome sought and searched histories and books of his years of doing and deeds. They ordered wise men to measure and describe the entire world. From Julius Caesar's time to Saturnus' time, thirty-four years. Messengers, well-educated in the practice of geometry, were ready to be sent to every land to judges and captains, governors of lands, for they should measure and describe land and water, woods and valleys, plains, mountains, and downs. The sea shore and every place where any man might go or ride, or a ship sail. And write and certify the senators where and what wonders were found. R. This witnesses I Jerome in translating the history of Eusebius, book second, caesar of marvels and wonders, that Christ wrought in the Jewish people. Tiberius Caesar certified.\nSeen but the Senators bypassed, for they had not yet heard of such wondrous works. Presianus and warning of Captains of the lands it was found and known that all the world around had seen of diverse names: XXX Ilands, lxxij. Famous mountains, xl. Provinces, lxxviij. Noble cities, iij.C, lvij. Great Rivers, lvij. Diverse nations, and five and twenty.\n\nThe roundness of the world around is three hundred sixties, and fifty sixties a hundred thousand pasangs. The length of the earth that men dwell in, from the east to the west, that is from India to the pillars of Hercules in the Sea of Gaia, is four score syllables and five syllables. But the way from one end to the other is much less by water than by land. The breadth of the earth from the south to the north, that is from the cliff of Ocean in Ethiopia, the land of black men, to the mouth of the River of Thanis, is nearly half its length. It contains liij.C and.\nThe deepest part of the mid-earth sea is found to be about 21,600 feet deep. Thales of Miletus states that the circumference of a circle is three times its diameter plus the third part of its diameter. Therefore, the Earth's circumference is approximately 24,700 miles. The Earth's thickness throughout is almost 6,500 miles. Half the Earth's thickness inward and downward is 3,250 miles and about 0.5 miles more. If Hell is in the middle of the Earth downward, its distance can be determined.\n\nThe world's division: Take note that the great sea of Ocean encircles all the Earth. The Earth is divided into three major parts: Asia, one part, Europe, another.\nAfrica is the third part, but the three are not equally large. Africa contains half the earth and stretches from the south by the east to the north, enclosed by the sea of Ocean. It ends in the west at the River Nile. (Ysidorus, Book Four, Chapter Ten, Section Four)\n\nThe other part, Europe, stretches downward from the River Nile by the northeast, to the coasts of Spain, and joins the great sea by the east and south. It ends at the Pillars of Hercules. (Ysidorus, Book Five)\n\nAfrica stretches from the west to the south to the coast of Egypt. These two parts, Africa and Europe, are separated by an arm of the Mediterranean Sea (Pliny, Natural History, Book Three, Chapter Six). The mouths of this arm contain fifty-five thousand pas in length and five thousand pas in breadth. The Mediterranean Sea begins at these mouths, and through various arms it spreads and grows inward into the lands.\n\nAfrica is the most extensive.\nEurope is smaller in size and population than Africa, which is the least of the three in both place and people. Some men who knew lands counted only two parties among them: Asia and Europe. They considered Africa as narrow in breadth and inhabited by evil doers, wild beasts, and venomous creatures. Therefore, those who counted Africa as the third party did not do so based on length and width, but on diverse dispositions, better and worse. Africa, in its kind, has less space. Moreover, due to the harshness of heaven, it has more wilderness, although it is small. Despite its size, it has more wilderness and waste land. Due to the extreme heat of the sun, Africa is less habitable than Europe, for all that lives and grows can better endure cold than the intense heat found there.\nBut Measure rules both / In the sixth book more fully / Therefore it is that Europa nourishes and brings forth fair men, larger and greater in body, mightier in strength, harder and bolder of heart, and fairer of shape than Africa. For the sun always abides upon the men of Africa / And draws out their humors, making them short of bodies, black of skin, and crisp of hair / And by drawing out their spirits makes them cowardly of heart / The Conand porus. And holds the heat within. And so makes them fatter, greater and whiter within. And so harder and bolder of heart\n\nThe great sea in the middle of the earth begins in the west at Hercules pillars / There the sea, Ocean of Atlantis, breaks out and makes the sea Gadirian. The length of that sea is 15 M. pas / & the breadth .5 / m. pas / & has Africa on its right side and Europe on its left. And from it spring the Inner Seas / Its ends\n\nThe water there is than yonder on the north side. & Nilus on the south side / Isid, Libo. 14 / The Nile sheds in.\nThe stream splits and turns northward, narrowing and becoming strict as narrow as a distance of about five furlongs, beside Greece, at Bofnor. Here, the king built a bridge of ships to cross into Greece for war. (Plinius, Libro sexto) In this narrow place, it is named Saint George's Arm. It stretches from Constantinople and lies between Europe and Asia. Here is the island of Abydos (Isidorius, Libro nono). The sea then widens to the north and creates the Propontis. It narrows again to the width of 6 miles, and is the Sea of Marmara. Then, the Sea of Pontus, which passes by north, stretches towards the waters and marshes of Maeotis. It receives the river Thanasis there, and then extends eastward, passing through the Lesser Asia and reaching the ends of Iberia and Armenia. This sea\nThe name of this sea is Eusinum, or the Ionian Sea. It is sweeter, shorter, and more misty due to the fresh rivers that run into it and fall therein. In this great mouth and bay there are islands such as Chios, Delos, and others. The Pontic Sea does not turn back but continually runs into the Propontis and the Euxine Sea. The cause of this is the might and strength of the rivers and backwaters that drive the Eusine Sea always in one course, and the strength and flood of the Aegean Sea, which is far from the Occanic Sea, as the earth has diverse names because of diverse places.\n\nThe sea of Oceanus encircles all around like a garland. And by times it comes and goes, ebbing and flowing, and flows into seas and casts them up, and winds blow in it. In the second book, chapter 99, it is more fully written:\n\nThe high flood of Oceanus rises up on the coasts of Britain to a height of four score cubits, and this rising and depth is better known by the tides than in the high sea.\nFor the benefit of veins is better known in the outer parties of the body than in the ward within. Every flood arises more in the ocean than in the great sea that gathers it all. Or, for the whole ocean is great and expansive, working more than any party by itself that is smaller and less. Therefore, lakes, rivers, ponds, and other fresh waters neither have nor flow as much as the ocean does. (Book 2, Chapter 7. The ocean spreads and pours into diverse mouths and costs toward the land. And in many places it is quite near to the inner seas. So near that the mouth and cost called Arabicus, which is the mouth and cost of the Red Sea, is from the Sea of Egypt. But fifty thousand pasas also separate the mouth and sea called Caspian, which is but three hundred and seventy-five miles from the great sea called Eusinus.) Beda on the nature of things. Among all the mouths and seas that come toward the land and out of it:\nThe ocean has three most famous mouths and seas. The second is called Gadiranus and Athlanticus, and it enters out of the northward from the great mouth and sea that is named Eusmus. The third mouth and sea is the Red Sea, which comes out of the northeast and departs from India, separating it from Ethiopia and Egypt. This Red Sea stretches forth in two mouths and seas. One is named Persian Gulf and stretches northward, the other is named Arabian Sea and stretches westward and toward the great sea. This Red Sea is not truly red in nature but appears red due to the clay and stones on its shores, making it seem like a rose. Therefore, vermilion and precious red stones are gathered from the shores and cliffs of the Red Sea - Solomon's Mines. By the sea that is called the Caspian Sea are hills that are called the Thousand Gates. The land is dry without water, and adders and serpents have fallen there. Therefore, only in winter can one travel there.\nA man came therein. Marcianus states that the gates of Caspian are tightly shut against serpents and adders. The master of histories says that at the prayers of King Alexander, the hills of Caspian were closed and joined together. Paulus in Historia Longa, lib. po.\n\nThere are many large wings and whirling waters by the sea. Two brines are in the middle earth's sea between Italy and Sicily. These two large ones are called Scylla and Charybdis, of which Virgil speaks. Scylla is perilous on the right side, and Charybdis on the left side. Other perils of water are in the Ocean. One is in the west, in Gallicia, and it is said that these two swallow the waters in streams and tides twice in the night and day, and cast them up again just as swiftly as an arrow to a man's sight.\n\nFor the knowledge of earthly paradise, three points must be known. Therefore, three questions must be asked. The first question asks:\nIf such a place exists on earth, the second question is where paradise is located. The third question is which country and place paradise is in on earth. For the first four pieces of evidence, we have that paradise is on earth. The first piece of evidence comes from stories that liken Sodom to paradise before it was overturned. The second piece of evidence is from those who claimed they had seen that place. The third piece of evidence is from the four rivers that flow out of paradise. For the headwaters of these rivers have not been found in the sea, in fresh water, nor on land that men dwell. King Josiah in the forty-first chapter of Chronicles says that Jeroboam had a different understanding of the rivers of paradise than authors write. Also, Basil in the forty-fourth book of Exodus and Josephus in the first book say that waters falling from the highest hill of paradise make a great pool, and from that pool, as it were, the four rivers spring. Peter also writes this.\nChapter 14 / Of the four rivers, the first is the Phison, which is significantly increasing in size and flows into India, bringing with it golden silt. Phison is also known as the Ganges, named after a King of India, Gangarius. The Ganges receives the tributaries Gyon and Nilus and flows around Ethiopia and Egypt. The third is the Tigris, also called Diglat or sharp, as Josephus says, since it is swift, like the swift beast Tigris. The Tigris flows towards Assyria, as the most certain author Salustius states. A well comes out from the hills of Armenia, called Cerasus, and springs from the foot of the hill called Cancasus. This well is the source of two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, which at times are separated and at other times merge and sink into the earth, only to resurface again.\nAfter a long time, it has been reported that Mesopotamia is the land, and going down into the reed Sea. Though men read in books that Nile comes out of Paradise, some men affirm and say that Nile springs from the western side of the land of Ethiopia, not famed Athlas, and goes around Ethiopia and downward by Egypt. Seek the property of Nile in the Chapitre Egyptus.\n\nThe fourth witness and proof that such a place is on Earth, called Paradise, is old fame and long enduring. For men will believe old fame that is not refuted. But the fame of Paradise has endured for over six thousand years and more. From the beginning of the world to our days, it has endured. And false fame does not last as long. For it fades from memory or is discredited by the truth.\n\nRegarding the second question, which asks in which part of the world and in what place Paradise should be, short-witted men and little of investigation say that Paradise is far sailing out of the Earth where men dwell.\nIn spite of nature and reason both stating that, if paradise were parted from the earth where men dwell, neither water nor eye could bear such a burden. Moreover, the occupier takes up all the middle space between them and the moon. Therefore, paradise is not there, for nothing could live there. Furthermore, if paradise were so high, it would sometimes take away the light and cause an eclipse of the moon. But we have never heard of such an eclipse. Moreover, if paradise were so high and separated from every land and earth, how could the four rivers that spring from paradise pass through the air and the wide sea and reach the lands where men dwell? And if men say that paradise is so high and continues to the earth in one place where men dwell, then the earth is elongated and not round as wise men describe it. But this may not stand, for it is known by experience and experiment that in every lunar eclipse the earth makes a round shadow. Therefore, the earth with all.\nhis parties must be round and so wise men conclude that paradise is in the uttermost ends of the east. And that it is a great country of the earth no less than India or Egypt / and a large place and capable for all mankind to dwell in. If mankind had not sinned. Of the third that asks what manner of place paradise should be, Ysid says / libro 14 / ca / 30 / that this name paradise, turned from Greek into Latin, is as much to say as an orchard. But paradise in Hebrew is called Eden, that is to say, liking. The two put together make an orchard of liking. R. no wonder, for in that place is all thing that agrees with life. Ysid, libro quarto decimo, states that there is health for the eye, which is tempered neither to hot nor to cold, so that nothing that lives may die therein. This is witnessed by Enoch and Elijah that yet live there. John Damascenus describes that place as having fair weather and mirth / for it was the celestial and place of all fairness. No manner tree loses its leaves there.\nFlowers fade there, for the place is high, around 130 feet according to Petrus. He says that the water of the great flood does not come in paradise. Some men say that paradise is as high as the moon, but that is not true in words and deeds. Speech is saved by a figurative meaning called hyperbole. So those who speak mean that paradise is higher than all other lands. We praise an earthly man, Jordan or John, and say that he was the best man who ever was. Yet he was never as good as Christ. In words, subtle men understand the meaning to be true and good. But alas, as Isidore says in Book Nine, Chapter One, Our way to paradise is fast stopped because of the sin of our first father. It is closed all around with a burning wall, so that the flames reach to heaven. As some men would believe, paradise is closed with that wall to keep out mankind. Angels stand on that wall to keep it well.\nIn India, Sydorus states that Asia is named after a woman who lived there, named Asia. In Asia, there are many provinces and lands that I will describe and enumerate. I will begin with India. India is located in the eastern hemisphere, with the sun rising in the east. To the south is the Ocean. To the west is the Indus River. To the north is the hill called the Himalayas. And thus, India ends. In India, there are people of various colors and hues. In India, there is a bird named phytacus. There are elephants, and a tree called hebanus. There are precious stones such as beryls, chrysolite, carnelians, and adamants. There are also golden hills. It is very difficult to reach these places due to dragons, grypes, and various other men with grotesque and wondrous shapes. Among all the lands of the world, India is greatest and most rich, strongest and most populous, and most filled with wonders and marvels. In India, a crop from a fig tree is so large and wide-spreading that many companies of men can sit and eat comfortably beneath it.\nIn India, there is a cause of the land's goodness, with a temperate climate and abundance of water. (Book six, chapter 19) In India, there are many kings and peoples. Some cultivate the land, some engage in trade and merchandise, some practice knighthood and chivalry. And there are great scholars.\n\nIn India, there are trees with tops as high as a man can shoot an arrow. Also, in India, men make a boat from a reed with two knots between its ends, which can carry three men across deep water. In India, there are men five cubits long who do not grow sick and do not reproduce in the fourth year, and live there. They gather a great host and ride upon weathers and rams to fight with cranes and destroy their nests and eggs. For the cranes, their enemies, should not increase and grow too numerous.\n\nThere are those clothed in wild beasts' skins. And armed with their own teeth and claws, they live by hunting and hawking. Others live by odor and smell and are clothed in [unknown].\nIn India, mosses and heather grow from trees. Other weeds grow younger in the spring and turn black in old age. In some hills of India, there are men with soles of their feet turned over and eight fingers on one hand. Tull de tust (90). In one country of India, every man has many wives. But when the husband is dead, the wives shall go to widows and look which of them was best beloved by the husband, and she shall be buried with him and put in the earth quickly and alive. And in that country, it is the fairest happiness and fortune accounted and also worshipped, that any wife might have. Petrus (19), 6. In India, there are trees called trees of the sun and of the moon. Priests who eat of the apples of those trees live five years. They were called trees of the sun because each of them quivered and shook as soon as the sun touched their top. And the same was of the trees of the moon. By these trees, the great king Alexander was forbidden that he should never come.\nIn Babylon, according to Ysidorus in Book 15, there is an island named Offyr in India, abundant in gold. The passage to this island is via the Red Sea. Ysidorus mentions that Parthia, which was once the kingdom of Media and was commonly known as Caspius, is located between the Indus River and the Tigris River, marking the beginning of the land called Mesopotamia (Trogus, Book 10, chapter 50). The people of Perchia, in the language of the Scythian country, were outlaws. When the kingdom was taken from the Medians to the Persians, the Perchians were forced to seek refuge with the victors and became unknown among the eastern landowners. Later, they served the Macedonians when the Macedonians were victors in the eastern lands. However, they eventually became partners with the Romans and shared lordship with them. The Perchians adopted the customs of the Scythians, which sometimes caused them problems. Therefore, they left.\nArms and weapons are feathered. Swiftly witting. Cunning eyes. Men they account violent and women mild. And ever they are jealous of their own neighbors or of strangers. They are commonly quiet and little of speech. More ready to do than to speak. Therefore they keep private good fortunes and both good and evil fortunes and mischances. They are obedient to their lords for fear and not for shame. They are all disposed to lechery with their own wives. Each of them has many wives. No trespass among them is punished so severely as adultery by their law. Therefore they forbid their wives open sight. feasts and company of other men. They live scarcely and by little food. And eat no flesh but venison. Geraldus .17. Such men, after they left King Sghadred, built castles and cities and strongly walled towns. And at last Arsaces the king joined the kingdom of Hircania to his Empire. And so men of Hircania longed to his empire. Among these kings afterward.\nMetridates came to power after the death of Crassus, consul of Rome. He ruled and held the kingdom for 44 years. During this time, he undertook many journeys and achieved many victories, as recorded in Trogus' book 14, paragraph the men of Parthia are located in the middle between the Scythians of Scythia and the Medes of Media. The Parthians have many slaves among them. For they have never been free. Their free men ride horses, and their slaves walk. In battle, they fight on horseback, and they go to common feasts, but they teach their children to ride and shoot. Each of them, through their wealth and power, finds horsemen to fight for them in battle, as they do not fight in a common manner. Nor do they besiege castles or strongly walled towns, they fight on horseback in full gallop and turn around, and in the strongest and hardiest battles they feign flight and suddenly turn to fight again.\nSlyly, Wynne and Slee engage their enemies in battle, using tabors instead of trumpets. They cannot endure long to fight, as no men should hold them at bay and withstand them if they were as strong and steadfast in enduring as they are angry and eager to fight. Their burial is remarkable, for beasts tear their flesh, eat and carry away all of it, leaving only the bones.\n\nTake heed that Assyria is named after Assur. Semes, the first to dwell there after the deluge, gave this land its name. Assyria is located in the eastern part of India. In the south is Media. In the west is the River Tigris, and in the north is the hill called Caucasus. There are the gates of Caspian. The hills are long and narrow.\n\nTrogus, in his Libri, book 42: Egeus was king of Athens. Medus was Egeus' son and followed the deeds of Iason, his own stepfather, building the city of Media and naming it after his mother, Medea. This land of Media is located in the north, bordered by the sea in the east and India in the north.\nPersida, in the west Caldea, and in the south Persida, is named after Perseus, who conquered that land and made it worthy, once unworthy. Persida is located in the east Inde. In the west lies the Red Sea. In the north is Media, and in the south Carmania. Witchcraft is said to have originated in Persida during the giants' time, when many languages and tongues spread there and taught men of that land to worship El, their god, in her language. Elam, also known as Persipolis, is a part of Caldea. It was first called Assyria, Caldea, and Mesopotamia, the three lands. The chief city of Babylonia was Babylon, the city Nebuchadnezzar built. Semiramis, the queen, later made that city more prominent. The city is called Babylon and the land.\nBabylon, often confused with another place, is called and named Babel, Ocac\u0304, Libro secunde. Babylon was built as a cantonment four times its height. The length was fourscore miles, that is, four and forty miles; the walls were made of burnt tile and cement instead of mortar, so neither water nor fire could shift or damage them. In this city were a hundred gates and a ditch without, which was seen. The River Euphrates ran through the middle of the city. Cyrus, King of Persia, took that city afterward and destroyed it, as it is recorded. The place of Babylon is now wilderness and full of wild beasts. Caldea, as Cassydea, has the name of Cassan's son; Cassan was Abraham's brother. Caldea is a fortified two hundred and seventy-one miles by, and its height is somewhat less to them that be beyond. The tower was five miles and almost two hundred passe high and four miles broad. Arabia is set by the south of Caldea.\nPersida is to the east, and the Reed Sea is to the west. In Arabia, myrrh and cane are stored. A bird called phenyand is also called Saba, after Sabacus' son. This Saba is called an island and has great abundance of grass and lees. However, it is difficult to reach there due to high rocks and scarces. Moses was the first man to lead beasts there. It is also called the mountain of Covenant and fear. God Almighty thereupon made thunder and lightning and gave the law to the people of Israel at its foot. So that no man durst approach it unless he were purified and made clean. Truisa, Phoenix is a wonder bird. Of all its kind, only one lives. / R / In the contrite of Arabia, toward Circius, is the hill that is called Mons-and, leading them to diverse mounds and havens. It is a hill of health and abundance. Cypress, cedar trees, and herbs grow there that drop gum and smell sweet. By the which trees gum and sweetness seek men are led, and venom destroyed. Syria has the latter.\nCyrus lies between the Euphrates in the east and the great sea in the west. To the north is Armenia and Cappadocia, and to the south is the Arabian Sea. It contains many provinces: Comagenes, Palestina, Phoenicia, Canaan, Idumea, and Judea, which is also called Judaea. Damascus was once the chief city of that province. Eleazar, Abraham's servant, built and established that city, Damascus. Rehoboam, king of Damascus, helped the ten tribes of Israel against the kings of Judah. Damascus means \"shedding of blood.\" For it was there that Cain slew Abel and hid him.\n\nIdaea is a kingdom of Syria, a part of Palestine, and has the name of Judas, Jacob's son. It was once called Canana, of Ham, Noah's son, or one of the ten tribes the Jews put out of that land. Peter calls it Iudea in various ways: sometimes for the land of the Jews, and then it has the name of Judas. And so it is taken in this sense.\nThis speech / The great Pompey made Judea tributaries / And sometimes it is taken to mean the Kingdom of Judah. And so it is written in Joseph. That when he heard that Archelaus reigns in Judea, he feared to go there. And sometimes it is taken only for the lot of the tribe of Judas. And so speaks holy write / and says, \"Fear not, Judea and Jerusalem.\" /\n\nGirtaria / In this Judea, the land of which the length is from Dan to Berseba. And Jerome says in his Epistle to Dardanus that it is scarcely one hundred and sixty miles in length. And the breadth is from Ioppe to Bethlehem scarcely six and forty miles of that land. /\n\nBut according to the Book of Numbers, Judea is called thus and has, in the south, the Dead Sea / And then it stretches forth by Sina and Cadiz Berenice unto the stream of Egypt that runs westward into the great Sea. And in the north, the hill named Mount Taurus. And in the east, the hill named Mount Libanus. And the beginning of the Sea of Tiberias and\nThe land of Judaea, springing at the foot of Mount Libanus, is where the Jordan river originates, with Tiberias and Jordan merging. The Jordan then flows into the Dead Sea and separates Judaea from Judea and Arabia. This land was called \"holy\" by our forefathers, not all of whom had possessed it; as Paul says to the Hebrews. They are all dead and have not received the promises. Therefore, there are two lands of earthly and spiritual significance: In one is heavenly Jerusalem, and in the other earthly Jerusalem. The earthly Jerusalem is signified by the latter. This land of Judaea is rich and fruitful, with an abundance of wine and spices, cedars, cypress, olives, pomegranates, palms, figs, milk, and honey. In its midst, as it were in its navel, lies the city Jerusalem. Ysidorus, in his fifth book, chapter one, records that the Jews claim that Melchisedech, the son of Noah, built and established the city Jerusalem after the flood and named it Salem. However, later a different people inhabited it.\nIebusey dwelled there and named it Iebus. From these two names, Iherusalem was formed. Later, Salomon called the city Iherosolyma, and poets referred to it as Solyma in the short form. After Helius Adrian, the Emperor, called the city Helya, enlarged its walls, and enclosed our Lord's Sepulcher, which was previously outside the city, within it.\n\nHowever, Jerome, in his epistle to the presbyter Evangelista, asserts that Salem, which Mechisedech made and dwelt in, was another city than Iherusalem. There, he says, Salem is a town beside Sicolim, which is still called Salem. And the Scripture in Genesis speaks of this, stating that Jacob went into Salem, the city of Shechem, kept his flocks in cisterns, for the city is situated such that it has Mount Syon to the north. The water that falls downward and southward with its dependent flow towards it.\nJerusalem takes no filth but is clean and flows into the City and. Makes no filth but flows into the cisterns, as though it were lakes and well streams. And some of it flows into the brook that is called Torrent Cedron. And makes the brook Torrent Cedron wax and be well the more. In the top of the mount Zion was a Royal tower made for fairness and defense. In the side of mount Zion was the Temple, as it were in the midst between the tower and the City. The City was lower than the tower. And therefore, holy write often calls Jerusalem the daughter of Zion. For as a daughter is maintained and defended by the Mother and subject to the Mother. So the City was lower and subject to the temple and the tower also. The great Constantine are there sometimes the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Mythbusters never defiled that Church. And that is as men suppose. For every year on Easter even, fire comes from heaven and tends and lights the lamps therein, but when that miracle ceases.\nThe city was first enclosed with three walls: the priests and clerks resided within the first wall near Mount Zion; prophets, mighty men, and valiant ones dwelled within the second; and the common people and craftsmen lived within the third. To the north of Jerusalem, beside the temple, is Mount Olive. Saint Augustine referred to it as the hill of anointing and of unction, the hill of light and of nourishment. The fruit of the olive tree is full of light, pleasing, and chaste. It was especially the hill and the mount of light because it was bathed in sunlight all day and in the light of the temple.\nnyght\u00b7 In that hylle Salomon whan he wexr mad and al by shrewd for loue of women he buylde temples and highe places for mau\u00a6metrye so seyth holy wrytte / Romanos / 2o..1o.. capitulo / Oute of that mount ascended Criste in to heuen / And in that mount he shal deme the world atte laste / Atte foote of that mount spryn\u2223geth the brook torrens cedron and renneth in to the valeyr of Io\u00a6saphat bytwene the brynk of torrens cedron. and the mount was the orchard that Criste wente in ofte for to bydde and praye\u00b7 In that Orchard Criste was taken by whiche was a Thorpe that heet Gethsamany / In that mount was the lytil street of prees\u2223tes that heyght bethphage. \u00b6 In the syde ofthe hylle was the towne of lazar Martha and Marie Mawdeleyn\u00b7 that town was named Bethania / Hug \u00b6In the north syde of the mount syon is the mount of Caluarye. there Criste deyde on the Rode / And is called Golgatha in the langage of Siria. Golgatha is as moche to saye as a bare sculle / For whan theuys and mysdo\u2223ers were byheded / the heedes were\n\"The skulls became bare there. Other wonders of the temple are described in Libro Regum, Isidorus, libri XV, cap. 1. In the Kingdom of Judah is the Dead Sea, and from Jerusalem it is two hundred furlongs, or five and twenty miles, which separates Judaea, Palestina, and Arabia. Isidorus in libri IV, cap. 46, states that this lake is one hundred and fifty furlongs in breadth and nearly reaches the borders of Sodom. This lake is called Lacus Salinarum, as salt is produced there. There is much sulphur present, so that it receives neither water birds nor fish. Any living thing that dips into it immediately revives and all dead things it touches turn to stone. If the light is quenched, it dips down and darkens. Josephus, in his first book, tried it and two men in Vaspasian's great prince's time witnessed this.\"\nLondon is mentioned here and were cast within it, but they were soon cast up again. In Ysidorus' ninth book, it is called Pentapolis. There were also five wicked cities found among the clay of that land, as Job testifies in the twenty-fifth chapter. But now there seems some shadow and resemblance of fire in herbs and trees. Apples that grow there are so fair and ripe that whoever sees them wishes to eat them, but those apples turn to ashes as soon as they are handled and touched, as if they were fire. R.\n\nThere is another Pentapolis in Africa.\n\nCanaan is a kingdom of Syria and is named after the children of Canaan, who were the first to dwell in its land after Noah's flood. And the land had its father Eurus, for he scorned his father when he saw his private parts exposed while he lay asleep. R.\n\nPalestina is a province of Syria, and it was once called Philistia. The chief city thereof is called Gaza.\nAnd now named Ascalon. After the city is the province called Palestina or Philistea. Men of that country are called Palestini and Philistei. In the speech of Hebrew, there is no \"p\" but instead they use \"ph.\" Therefore, Philistei and Palestini are one and the same. They are also called Philistines, or strangers and aliens, for they were always strangers and strange to the people of Israel. The province has Egypt in the south, Tyre in the west, Iudea in the north, and Idumaea in the east, all one Jacob's brother. Idumea is a strong, hilly and hot land that stretches to the Red Sea. In this Idumea is Jacob's well. That well changes its place and color four times a year. It is three months pale as ashes, other three months red as blood, the third three months green as grass, the fourth three months clear as water. Palestina was once to contain Samaria. The chief city of that land was once called Samaria. Now it is called and named Sebaste. (Ysidorus Libro Nono.)\nSamaria is named after the hill called Somer, and lies between Judaea and Galilee. The people who lived there were driven out, and Assyrians were brought in. Assyrians observed Moses' law but disagreed with the Jews in some respects. They are also called Samaritans, as they were appointed guardians of the land when its inhabitants were taken captive. Sychem, a small land in Samaria, is named after Sichem, who first dwelt there. There is also a city called Sychem, now called Neapolis. This city Jacob bought once with money and great trouble, and gave it to Joseph his son above his portion, as Jerome writes in Genesis, chapter eighteen, and in Judges, chapter nineteen. This was a city of refuge and support. The land was of the tribe and lineage of Ephraim, and its inhabitants, after they were brought out of Egypt, were keepers of herds and flocks of livestock.\nafter Abraham's son, Jerobabel, destroyed that place, and slowed the men who dwelt there. He seeded it with salt; for the land should bear no more fruit and corn. (Joshua, Chapter 9) And Jacob's well is there where Christ rested when He was weary of journeying. Galilee is a land between Judea and Palestina, and is divided into two parts: the upper Galilee and the lower Galilee. It is joined to Syria and Phoenicia. In either Galilee is good land and great abundance of corn and fruit, great lakes and fertile and healthful. And some lake is so great and so full of fish that men call it a sea; thus, the Lake of Tiberias is called the Sea of Tiberias. And Genesareth that lake is also called so. In the western side of the lower Galilee, towards the great sea, fast by the city Ptolemais that is called Acre, there is a well that gushes out glass with all metals cast therein. Cedar is a land on the northern side of Palestina and bears its name, which dwelt there.\nIn that place, Cedar was Ismael's oldest son. The descendants of Cedar and Ismael were later called Ishmaelites. They were more correctly referred to as Agarenes rather than Saracens. For they descended from Hagar, who was Ismael's mother, and served Sarah. However, they took the name of Sarah wrongfully and called themselves Saracens due to pride. These men have no fixed dwellings but live in the wilderness, in tabernacles and tents, and subsist on prayer and venison. At some point, they will gather together and leave the wilderness to occupy the lands around for about eighty years, that is, eight periods of seven years. They will conquer cities and towns, kill priests and defile clergymen and desecrate holy places, and lead animals to tombs of holy saints that will fall due to the wickedness of evil living among Christian men. This behavior seems to have been fulfilled in the last time of Emperor Heraclius. When the false prophet Muhammad occupied Persia, made Egypt and Africa subject, and wrote and introduced the false law and sect of Saracens.\nFenicia, a land containing the two lands Tyrus and Sidon, is located in the west with Arabia in the east, the Red Sea in the south, and Mount Libanus in the north, and the great sea in the west. Phoenicia is named after the Phoenicians, the sons of Phenix, who first discovered writing. The letter changed and was then called Punycus, meaning red. The capital letters are written in red color as a reminder of this.\n\nEgypt, the name of Egypt being Danay's brother, was once called Aeria and is located in the east with the Red Sea, the River Nile, and black men to the south, the great sea and Syria to the north, and Libya to the west. Egypt is rich in water and moisture only from the River Nile, and is abundant in corn, fruit, and marshlands.\nPetrus chapter 94: Egypt, unlike other lands, is barren of pasture when it has an abundance of corn. Grass grows there afterward. In the eastern desert, there are crocodiles and hippopotamuses, which are water horses. Egypt has a great wilderness on its eastern side with various strange beasts of wonderfully strange shapes. In the west, there is Canopus, an island, which is the end of Egypt and the beginning of Libya. There is the mouth of the Nile. For it is said in books that the Nile, named Gion, springs up from Paradise. Yet it is said that the Nile springs up in the western end of Ethiopia, not far from the hill that is named Mount Athlas. And then the Nile goes astray and overflows Egypt, watering all the land of Egypt. According to Jerome on the prophet Amos, by God's own order, the Nile overflows and waters all the land of Egypt, for heaps of chaff stop its course so that it may not lie still.\nAnd then the water falls into the channel again and runs into the great sea. Nevertheless, Ysid says in book 13 that Nile is driven back and let the water of Nile swell and grow great. But Beda in the book of natural things says that the northern wind blows in May and stops the course of the Nile's water with heaps of gravel. And so the water rises and overflows the land. But when the wind ceases and the gravel sheds and the water falls into the channel and runs down into the great sea.\n\nTake heed of two lands, each named Scythia. The upper one is in Asia, and the lower one is in Europe. The upper Scythia is a great land in the north and has much wilderness due to great cold and chill and stretches. Sometimes it extends eastward to India, northward toward the ocean, and southward to the hill Caucasus. And westward to Germany. But now it is made smaller and ends on the western side in Hircania, in which land are the hills Iberia. great grapes. gold.\nThe people of the emeralds and other precious stones. Trogus, in the second book, describes them as not marking their fields by boundaries nor dwelling near ditches. Their wives and children they led in carts, and they wore nothing but wild beast skins. They used no woolen clothes. They lived by milk and honey. They cared not for gold nor silver. They made nothing they feared to lose. They accounted no trespass greater than robbery. Their men of war and veterans desired nothing but worship. They had never been subject to any man. They overcame the king of Egypt in war and battle. They chased and frightened Darius, the king of Persia, making him flee. They slew Cyrus, the king. They destroyed Zephirona and his riches. Zephirona was the great captain of Alexander. Three times they conquered Asia, and Asia was afterward theirs for a thousand and five hundred years. The men of this people were by themselves, and the women by themselves. They made kingdoms of various lengths.\nThe men were from Perchia and Bactria, and the women were from Amazonian kingdoms, powerful and strong. It is uncertain among them which is more worthy and noble in nature and kind: men or women. In their first journey in Asia, after they had driven and pursued Vasor, the king of Egypt, they remained for fifteen years to make peace in Asia. However, the wives made great complaints and sorrow that their husbands were so long away from home. Therefore, the men were sent back and lived with their wives. In the second journey, the men were betrayed and slain, and the wives took great revenge on their enemies. In the third journey, the men were absent for four years to gather. And the wives married their own servants and bondmen who were left at home for keeping the beasts. But when their lords and husbands had victory and returned home again, the wives and new husbands gathered and arrayed themselves in a great battle to fight against their old lords.\nAnd husbands that were coming homeward, and when they met, Fortune was unstable and unpredictable; some were fortunate on one side, and unfortunate on the other. The lords concluded to fight not with their enemies from foreign lands, but with their own landmen. And they cast away their armor and weapons of knights. Fear struck the cowards and false wives who had broken their wedlock, for some were slain with iron and some were hanged high.\n\nAfter this journey, peace reigned in Scythia until the time of Darius, king of Persia. Darius was overcome by the Scythian men of Scythia. And in his return, he was overcome by the Macedonians, who were men of Macedonia from that land. He waged war against the Athenians, men of Athens.\n\nBactria is a land that the first dwelt in was Noah's son. It stretches from the Caspian Sea to the River Indus. And on its western side is Mount Caucasus, and in the south is Perchia This hill.\ncancasus is lengest of alle the eest hilles and mooste famous / and stretcheth fro the endes of Inde vnto the hille that is named mount Taurus / So that mount Taurus and cancasus is conteyned al one hylle. but somme men saye that the weste syde of cancasus that is toward Armenia / is. and heyte mount Tau\u2223rus / That mount cancasus hath in the north syde the see that is na\u00a6med caspius and hircania that lond. And in the south syde perchi\u2223a and assiria and babilon / That hille by cause it stretcheth to dy\u2223uerse contreys & londes hath many and dyuerse names\u00b7 that hylle is highest on the eest syde / And for whytnes of snowe that lyeth alway theron\u00b7 it is called mons cancasus. that is to saye the why\u2223te hille. \u00b6 Albertus sayth that hille is so highe that men that dwelle therby seen the sonne beme in the weste syde thre houres within nyght And so many houres to fore the day in the eest sy\u2223de of the hille\u00b7 Hircania that lond hath in the eest syde the See caspius. In the south Armenia / In the north Albania / And in the\nIberia, a land to the west that lies beside the mountain range Cantabricus, is named for the forest called Hircania. In this land there are diverse wild beasts and birds. The Tiger and Panther also inhabit this land. This land is wide and large, with approximately 48,000 inhabitants. Some till the land, some live by hunting, and some eat human flesh. There are birds called Hircanes; their feathers glow by night.\n\nIberia, a land lying under Mount Taurus to the west, borders Pontus, and joins Armenia. Albania, a land, lies to its east, stretching downward by the mouths of the North Ocean to the waters named Meotides. The men of this land are born with white hair and yellow eyes; they see better by night than by day. The hounds of this land are so great, so grim, and so strong that they bring down bulls and kill lions. One of these hounds was sent to King Alexander and fought in the arena with a lion and an Elephant.\nWith a wild boar. Gotha is the nether party of Scicia, toward Circiu\u0304. To that length Gotha lies, that Ilonde Goclandia, which has plenty of all manner of merchandise. And has in the north side Dacia, and in the south side Ocean. It is called Gothia, of Gos Iaphets son. The men of that country are readily called Goths than Gypsies. And are right strong men, great and stern. And from them come the Dacians in Europe, Setulus in Africa, Amazons in Asia. Armenia, called also Ararath, has the name of Armenius, Iason's knight. When he had lost Iason, king of Thessalia, he gathered knights that ruled around, and took Armenia, and dwelt therein. That land stretches to Mount Taurus and Cancasus, from the Caspian Sea to Capadocia, and in length is 10,000 pas, and in breadth 7 miles. There is that hill, Mount Ararat. No ship has abode there after the Noe's flood. And there be two Armenias, the greater and the lesser.\nOver and the nether / And so there are two panones (pamphylies) /\nCapadocia that nourishes and feeds many horses. & has in the east side Armenia /\nIn the west Asia the lesser / In the north Amazonia /\nAnd in the south mount Taurus. There by lies Sicilia and Isauria unto the sea Sylicus that stretches toward the island of Cyprus /\nThe lesser Asia joins it in the east side / And is called and closed in the other sides with the great Sea / For it has in the north side that mouth and sea that is called the Hellespont /\nIn the west the mouth and Sea of Propontis. & in the south the sea of Egypt /\nThis lesser Asia contains many provinces and lands / For first, in the north, it contains Bithynia in the beginning upon the sea against Tracia /\nand is named also the more Frigia /\nThe chief city of Bithynia is named Nicomedia.\nThen Galatia and has the name of the men who were Gauls that came at the king of Bithynia's prayer to help him in his wars and dwelt in that land, Galatia.\nThat land was called Gallogracia. The men of that land were called Gallogreci, a mixture of Gauls and Greeks. But now they are called Galatians, and to them Paul wrote his epistle to the Galatians. The third is Lydia, named after Europa, the daughter of Agenor, and also called Dardania, after Dardanius, Jupiter's son, in that land is the city of Troy, also called Ilium. Troy is named after Troas, Erictonius' son, who was also Dardanius, Jupiter's son. That land has Lydia in the east, and the Maeotis and the Sea Euxine in the west. The fourth is Lydia, and it is in the east of the eastern Frigia. In that Lydia, there once reigned the rich king Cresus. But when that land was too small for two brothers who were kings named Lyddus and Tirenus, it happened by lot that Tirenus went out with many men and gained a land on the other side of Galatia, and called his land Tirea. It seems that the Sea Tyrenus has the name of\nThis king Tirenus, whose land is Lydia, is named after his brother Liddus. The chief city of Lydia is called Smyrna, to this city St. John Evangelist wrote in the Apocalypse / The chief river of Lydia is named Pactolus and brings forth golden sand, as poets tell / The province of the lesser Asia is called Pamphilia and Isauria as well. The chief city of that land is named Selencia / Selencus. Anthiochus built and worshipped there. Then is Scyllia, and contains Lycia / and that is called Licaonia, in which there were noble cities Lyristis and Derbe, as it is written in the Acts of the Apostles. By these cities men sailed out of Syria to Italy. But the chief city of all these was Tharsus, located toward the Sea Amasian region. That land is some in Asia and some in Europe. Slow men and women lived there, and remained unmarried for a long time. And afterward, they made them two queens / One ruled the east and maintained the war / The other queen was at home and ruled the land and governed the people.\nAnd these women held under their control a great part of Asia for about a hundred years. And at last, these women wanted children and took husbands from the neighboring countries. At certain times, they allowed their husbands to lie with them, and at other times they abstained. But they killed all the male children and saved the female children. They taught them to shoot and do deeds of arms and chivalry. And because they should not let the girls shoot from a young age of seven years, they burned one breast of every girl. And so they were called Vrimamme, that is, burned breasts. They were named Amazons, that is, without breasts. Hercules was the first to chastise the wicked disposition of these women. Then Achilles, and finally the great Alexander. And although Xenophon says that the great Alexander destroyed the Amazons, the story of Alexander says that when King Alexander asked for tribute, Queen Thalestris of the Amazons wrote to King Alexander.\n\"Alexander, in this manner, wonders that you desire to fight with women. For if fortune favors us and you overcome us, it will be great shame and disgrace when you are overcome by women. And if our gods are angry with us and you overcome us to gain mastery over women, you gain little worship.\n\nKing Alexander was pleased with this and granted them freedom. He said women must be overcome with charm and love, not with force and fear.\n\nTrogus, Book 2,\n\nThis queen Thalestris, after she had been Alexander's lover for forty days, returned to her own land. And in a short time, she came with her own people.\n\nAll historians testify that Africa has the name of Afra, the daughter of Madian, the son of Abraham, who was born in Cethura. Africa extends from the ends of Egypt in the south, by the nether Ethiopia, to the hill of Atlas. It is enclosed on both sides by the great sea, in the east and in the north.\"\nIn the western side, Josephus in Book I, Chapter 8, and Isidorus in Book 9, state that this African region faced Libya. This African region is said to have faced Libya with its eastern side, and overcame its enemies with the help of Hercules. He named both the men and the land after his own name, Africa. Hercules married Deianira, the daughter of King Oeneus, and had a son named Perseus from her.\n\nAfrica consists of many provinces and lands. First, it contains the western part of Ethiopia. Then Libya, Tripolis, Getulia, Numidia, and two Mauritanias. Of these, we will speak of Ethiopia and Libya in order. Ethiopia has three parts. The first is hilly and turbulent, stretching from Mount Atlas to Egypt. The middle party is full of gravel. The third, the eastern party, is almost entirely wilderness. This party lies between the South Ocean and the Nile River. It has the Red Sea in the east and is called Ethiopia because of the color and appearance of its inhabitants, which are black. The heat of the sun is intense for them.\nIn Ethiopia, there are various strangely and gruesomely shaped people. Some are named Goromantes and Troglodytes, who are swifter than hearts. Some curse the sun for its great heat. Some eat serpents and address some as lions and panthers. Some dig caves and dens and dwell underground, making noise with grunting and chirping of teeth more than with voices of the throat. Some go naked and do no work. Some are without heads and have mouth and eyes in the breast. Among some of them are four-footed beasts without ears. And Olifantes also exist. Some have one hound for their king and dwell by mewling and stirring of him. Some live only by honeydew, dreading smoke or the sun. There are also camels, basilisk, unicorns, pardes, and dragons that have many precious stones in their brains and heads. The chameleon is a spotted beast in color like a leopard. And so is the pard and panthera also, but pantera is friendly to all.\nA beast, save the dragon, hates him. For him, Basiliscus is king of serpents, who sleeps beasts and birds. He is mentioned in the thirteenth book of Isidore in Africa among the people called Troglodytes. There is a well named Liband there, which gives those who drink it good voices. It is the wind that blows out of Africa.\n\nLibya is named after Libya, the daughter of Epaphus. Epaphus' daughter Libya ruled that land. The people of that land were called Phutites, the son of Phut. Tripolitana is the region to the east, which has the Antres and winds of the people set between the Troglodytes and the more Syrtes. The Syrtic Sands are fearsome places near the gravelly sea named the \"Mare Arenosum.\"\n\nTripolitana has the Getulians and Garamantes in the south, stretching to the Egyptian Ocean. It has the Bisantium in the west, near the lake called Lacus Salmarum. And in the north, it has the sea.\nMyddel earth and the perilous place called Sirtes Minores, the Lesser Sirtes of Getulia, is the middle land of Africa, named after the Getules, a people from the Gotes. Saint Gregory states that these men have no fishermen.\n\nNVmidia, on the eastern side of Sirtes Minores, has a perilous place in the sea called the Lesser Sirtes. In the south is Ethiopia: In the west Mauritania, and in the north the Sea of Sicily. Ruscida and Cartago, the great city, was built and established in this manner, as authors tell us, in Isidorus, Libro quinto decimo / capitulo tercio decimo. The Phoenicians from Phoenicia, that land, went from the Red Sea and built these cities first in Syria. They built Sidon and Tyre. In Utica, Boecia, and the mouth of the western ocean, Gades, for in olden times the Phoenicians were great merchants who passed to diverse lands with their merchandise and received land and place to build cities and towns. \u00b6 Trogus, Libro octo decimo - Dido, who was\nElissa, also known as Dido, sailed out of Carthage with a large company of young men. They first went to Cyprus, and there Dido took four of them and had their hides tanned and beheaded. They were buried in a new town named Cartada, which later changed its name and was called Carthage. Carthage was built 72 years before the founding of Rome. Papias and histories say the same. Rome was founded in the fourth year of Ahasverus, king of Judea. If we count this, 17 years of Hezekiah, and 11 years of Uzzah, who ruled before Ahasverus, it follows that Carthage was founded around the first year of Uzzah, the king. However, this contradicts Libanius and Marius, who say that Carthage was built about the 34th year of King David. Marianus also says that Carthage was built in the fourth year of Amazias, king of Judea. Therefore, Virgil and Frigidus' history may not be accurate.\nThe battle of Troy reveals that Aeneas saw the woman Dido. Aeneas was over 300 years old when Carthage was founded, or Dido founded it, or Carthage was older. Therefore, Augustine's \"Confessions\" state that wise men deny that Aeneas saw Carthage or Dido, the woman. Orosius, in book I, chapter 24, says that Carthage is about 2,000 miles from Pas and the city is surrounded by the sea almost entirely. Mauritania is the name of two lands. The first is Ceut, which is located on the eastern side of Numidia. In the south is the grave of the Ocean. In the west is the River Moulouya. In the north is the sea Gadirtean. Tingitana is the last province of Africa, and it has the River Moulouya on the east, the sea Gadirtean on the north, and the hill Atlas and the Ocean in the west. Mauritania has the name Mauron, which is black as if the country of black men. In this Africa is the hill Atlas.\nIn the west lies a high hill not far from the ocean, named Athlas. Men believe it reaches towards the moon due to its height. Frequently, by night, one can see fires, Fama and Saturn, which are spirits of the land and trumpets. Augustine writes of this man Athlas and the hill bears his name, also called Athlas. It is so high that men believe it touches the heavens. Be warned: pumpkins and peppers, also called fenices, phoenicians, Africans, and cartaginians. They were men from Phoenicia or Carthage. For the woman Dido, who founded Carthage, was comely and came from Phoenicia. Isidore, in his fourth book, says Europa is named after Europa, the daughter of Agenor, king of Libya, and Jupiter, king of Crete, who abducted Europa. However, this Europa is the third part of this wide world. It begins from the river Tanais and the waters extend downward to the north Ocean, ending at the pillars of Hercules in Spain. It is bordered by the east and the south.\nthe gre\u00a6te see. In Europa ben many prouynces and Ilondes the which now shal be descryued / But first take hede that in the north side of the world / the water meotydes and the Ryuer thanays depar\u00a6te a sonder the more Asia and europa / the ryuer thanays hath the name of thanas the first kynge of Scicia / that Ryuer thana\u2223ys begynneth fro the hylles ripheis and goth doun in to the see of myddelerthe / ysidorus libro quartodecimo. the lower scicia / that londe is ful of cold\u00b7 and begynneth from the Ryuer thanays and stretcheth bytwene the Ryuer danubius and the northe Occean vnto the germania that cou\u0304tre. Alama is a partye of the lower Scicia And stretcheth somdele fro the waters meotydes toward dacian / misia that londe is closed in the northeest with the mouth of danubius and ioyneth in the southeest to Tracia / And in the southe to macedonia / In the weste to histria. and in the southe weste to dalmacia / Misia is a good lond of corne and of whete / therfor the old cereris called it a berne\u00b7 Sclauia is a\nPart of Mysia. There are two lands, each named Scythia. The larger is properly called Scythia Major and contains some of Dalmatia, Sarmatians, and wild men. The smaller Scythia stretches from Vandalia and Bohemia to Saxony, and in it live milder men and people. Pannonia is named after the Pennine Alps, which are called the Alps. These hills separate Pannonia from Italy. There is another Pannonia beyond the Maeotis waters in the region of Scythia. They traveled and passed long by marches and waters, following the trace of hearts, as Herodotus says, and eventually found the smaller Pannonia and turned home again. They took great strength with them and returned to the smaller Pannonia, putting out the men who were there. They called the land Hungary. However, a part of it is named Bulgaria, and in the east it has Mysia, Histria in the southeast. In the west are the Alps, the hills so named.\nWest Galia, that is France, and in the north is the Danube River and Germany. This land, Bulgaria, has varied terrain with hills where men dig for gold, marble, and salt. Auctours tell us that Greece and its provinces are the lady of kingdoms, renowned for knighthood and chivalry. Mother of philosophy, finder and master of Art and science. It is called commonly Ilyricus. The men there are called Greeks, Graeci, Achei, Achim, Argini, Acciti, Ionians, and Hellenes. But when the great Constantine made Constantinople the chief city of the empire of Rome, then the Greeks were called Romanians, as it were, men of new Rome, so says Rabanus. And to this, there were once valiant men, Orpheus, and the best men of arms and subjects to laws. Isydorus, d. Capitulo, 17. In this land was once the studio, and the school of Pallas and Minerva, of great art and science.\nknighthood and chivalry, and the clergy and chivalry held together, ensuring common profit was always good. The ancient Greeks experienced many things through the clergy and deeds of arms. However, virtue declined among those who came after, shifting from the Greeks to the Latins. Whereas there were once wells, there are now lakes or very dry channels without water. They now hold synods feigning luxurious practices, athenean cruelty, and fight with cunning and guile, rather than with armor and weapons. This land is called Greece and contains many provinces: Tracia, Laconia, Macedonia, Achaia, Archadia, Thessalia, and Ellada. Boecia is also part of this land. Tracia is also called Epirus, as the Epirians dwell there and it has the sea Egus to the south. In the west, Macedonia is located. In Macedonia, there once lived various men named Massagetes, Sarinates, Goths, and Issids. In this land is a well that quenches burning brands and tends to bronzes.\nThat is the chief city of this land, Constantinople, located on the eastern side, visible between the two seas, the Bosphorus and the Propontis. It was once the chief city of the east, just as Rome was of the west, and he built and established this city even and there, making it equal to Rome. The emperors should not be the chief, but the apostles were, and he brought many relics of holy saints to help against their enemies. He brought images of false gods and tripods of Delphic Apollo, which were Apollyon's images, to be scorned and ridiculed by those who beheld them. So this Emperor vowed to build the Chief City of the Empire in a good corn-bearing countryside, where there is a good temperature of heaven and weather, besides the land of Mysia, which has great abundance of corn and fruit. That city is seen and shown to all sailors who sail thitherward from what land they come, whether from Asia.\nEurope, which is almost entirely surrounded by the great sea and enclosed on the south by the sea's shores, is fortified with a wall of twenty thousand paces. The land is also fortified with heaps and mounds of stones and gravel cast into the sea beside the city. The Danube River, also called Ister, enters and flows into various parts of the city through underground channels. When the water is to enter the city, men remove a barrier and let the water flow in. They stop the water when they see fit, and the Danube provides enough water for a hundred furlongs. In this city, Constantine erected and built two famous churches. However, Justinian the emperor built a third church in worship of Divine Sophia, which is called Divine Wisdom in English. Men say that the work surpasses all the buildings of the world and is more noble than words can tell.\nThyder brought Saint Helena the Holy Cross that our Lord Christ died on. There rest the apostles Andrew and James, who were called the Brother of the Lord / In English, our Lord's brother / there rest Matthias and the Prophets also, Helias, Samuel, and Daniel. And also Luke the Evangelist and martyrs many / also confessors John with the Golden Mouth, Basilius and Gregory Nasasenus, and virgins Agatha and Lucia. Lacedemonia, which is called Sparta, is a province of Greece next to Macedonia. Men of that province are called Lacedaemonians of Lacedaemon, and are also called Spartans. Trogus, in Book 3, \u00b6 These men once besieged the city of Messena for ten years to join it. And they were weary and agreed with complaints and grumbling of their wives. And they also feared that long staying away from home in war and battle would make them father children at home. And therefore, they ordered that maidens of their land should take younglings each after another. For they hoped to have the sergeant children if every woman bore them.\nAssessed many men, but due to the shameful actions of their mothers, the children born and raised in this manner were called Spartans. When they were thirty years old, they feared both need and danger, for they did not know who their fathers were. Therefore, they chose a leader and a captain, Phalantis Aracius' son, and took no leave of their mother. They eventually arrived in Italy, drove out the men living there, and established the chief city, Artarentum. Macedonia is named after Macedon deucalion, also known as Emathyus the king, who lived in the eastern part of the sea. Philosophers cannot dwell there to learn the course of the stars without sponges held at their noses to thicken the air, which they draw to their hearts. There is also Mount Athos, reaching towards the cloud, whose island, Lemnos, is sixty miles from that hill. Dalmatia, that land, is located to the east of Macedonia, to the west is Histria, to the north is Mysia.\nThe land south of the Adriatic Sea, named Achaia, has the cities Achia and Corinthus. It is nearly an island, enclosed by the seas Tyrrhenian to the east, Cretican to the north, Ionian to the south, and Attica to the west. The chief city of this land is Corinthus, where Alexander the Great gathered his host to conquer the world. Paul wrote his epistle to the Corinthians here, as well as Scioneia, which lies between the Ionian and Aegean seas and is shaped like a plain leaf. Albeston, once Achilles' countryside, is also located here. Laphytus, the men who first tamed horses with bridles and rode them, were supposed to be one body with the horses. Therefore, one hundred horsemen from Thessalia were called Centaurs, a name derived from the two hundred Centum, an hundred.\nIn this province is the hill Pernasus. Poetes account that this hill is noble and famous, and hangs with two copped stones at the top. In the temple of Delphicus Apollo at the hill's midpoint is a pyte. Out of this pyte, philosophers were inspired, and various answers were given. Therefore, if no noise of men or trumpets sounds in a valley, the stones answer each other. And various echoes were heard.\n\nEcho is reverberating from noise. Ysidorus, in his third book Decimo, writes about this province. In this province are two rivers. Sheep that drink from one shall become black, and sheep that drink from the other shall become white. If they drink from both, they shall be speckled with diverse colors. Also in this province are places pleasing to walk, which philosophers and poets call the time of flora - that is, pleasing places.\nThis place was referred to as Floures. Theodulus and Uidius wrote about the third particular flood and filling in Deucalion's time, prince of that land. The prince saved men who fled to him in ships and boats. Therefore, poets feigned that he and his wife Pirra threw stones and created men.\n\nEllada, that land, is also named Ellena. The king who ruled was Deu. Of this Ellena, the Greeks were called Ellenes. This land is named Attica, also of Athys, the grave daughter. It lies between Macedonia and Achaea and joins in the north with Arcadia. This land is very Greek, and it has two parts: Boecia is one, and Peloponnesus is the other. The chief city of this land is called Athens. At that time, there was great study of literature and clergy. Men of all nations and lands came there to learn.\n\nAugustus de Cilius 18\n\nDuring that time, Egypt was submerged, and so Cicero fled from Egypt to Greece. There he built the city.\nThe city called Attenes, later known as Athenes, was located there. Suddenly, a spring and a water break appeared in another place. The citizens of Cytes sought counsel from Apollon Delphicos, a priest in Mount Parnassus. They asked what the signs meant. He replied that the olive tree symbolized the goddess Athena and the water represented Neptune. The citizens then gathered together, as was the custom at the time, for a council where both men and women participated. In this council, men voted for Neptune and women for Minerva, since there were more women than men. Minerva therefore gained control and the city was named after her, as Minerva was called Athena in the Greek language. Neptune grew angry and caused the floodwaters to come into the council. Another issue was that no child was allowed to bear his mother's name afterwards.\nThe name of the sister who fled and was drowned in that mouth is called Elpus. Varro states that there were men who practiced serpent healing near that place. Trogus, in his second book of Athene's history, reports that the men of Athens were the first to use wool, wine, and oil. They taught weaving, sewing, and acorn consumption. They flourished in the learning of clergy and law.\n\nThe first king of that land was named Cytrops. After him came Granus, also known as Granans. Then Athys gave his name to the land and called it Atheniensis. After Athys, Amphicyonids ruled. During his time, a flood occurred in Thessaly. Afterward, the kingdom descended to Erictonius. Egeus ruled next, followed by his son Theseus, the son of Demophon. Theseus helped the Greeks against the Trojans during the Battle of Boeotia.\n\nOx-named land, called Bos.\nCadmus, the son of Agenor, sought his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried off and could not find. He could think of no other solution but to flee, like an outlaw. It happened that he followed the footprints of an ox and found the place where it lay down. He called the place Boecia and built there the city Thebes. In that city, Bellona was banned; Apollo and Hercules, as well as other Theban heroes, were born.\n\nIn that land there is a wonderful and wooded lake. Whoever drinks from it will burn with madness of lechery. There are also two wells in that land. Whoever drinks from the one will be forgetful. And whoever drinks from the other will have a good mind.\n\nPeter, take heed that the men of Thebes in Egypt are called Thebans. And the men of Thebes in Greece are called Thebanians. And the men of Thebes in Judah are called Thebites.\n\nIn the fourteenth book of Sydrus, we read in stories that Greces dwelt in Italy once and called that land the Great.\nGreece, once called Hesperia or Hesperida, the land that led the Greeks when they sailed there and was its goddess, Hespera. Later, it was called Saturnia, named after Saturn who hid there for fear of his son Jupiter. It was then called Latium, Saturn's hideaway. After that, it was called Eusonia, named after Eusonius' son Vulcan. Finally, it was called Italy, named after Italus, king of the Sicilians. It is the noblest province of all Europe. It is bordered on the north by the Tyrrhenian Sea and on the west by the Alps. Three of Europe's noblest rivers originate from these hills: the Danube and the Rhine. In this Italy is Cetheres' well, which heals sore eyes. There is also Lake Clitunus, where one who drinks from it will not suffer from wine. [Book I, Chapter 3, Decimo]\n\nIn this Italy is the well of Cetheres, which heals sore eyes. There is also Lake Clitunus, where one who drinks from it will not be harmed by wine. [Book II, Chapter 2]\n\nThe Alps\nThe Apennines are the well-known Nouacius spring, which flows abundantly in hot summer and dries up in cold winter. The true Apennines are deeply hilled. Hannibal was a great duke and towering in height, and he passed through the Alps to Rome. Therefore, of the two names Alpes and penitus, the shorter one is made appennini. And there are many letters left of the two.\n\nIn Italy, there are many provinces and lands called Calabria, Apulia, Campania, Beneventana, Tuscia, Emilia, liguria, and Lombardia. Calabria and Apulia are part of Italy. Apulia lies to the east on the sea. It is separated from the island Sicilia by an arm of the sea. The Greeks were the first to build there. The chief cities are Brindisi and Taras. In that land are famous cities Nola and Putole. There are virgil's baths that were once in great worship. But there is also a smaller Campania in Gallia Senensis, which is fertile. The chief city of that Campania is called Trecas and Trecensis also.\nIn Italy, there were once various lords, each after the other, who were Greeks: Janus, Saturnus, Italus. After Eneas and his descendants, and later Gallic sensibilities under Duke Brenius. Around the year of Grace 400, the Goths wandered about, with Hunnic invasion at last under the year of Grace 504.\n\nIn the prince's time, Justin Narcus, the Longobard chronicler, prayed for the Longobards to come into Italy from the Alps nearly to Rome and named the region Lombardy.\n\nAccording to Paulus Romanus, the deacon, in the first book of the Longobard history, the Longobards are also called such because of their long beards. They came with two dukes, Ibor and Ayon, and their mother Gambara, who was ready and wise, from Scandinavia, an island in Germany in the north.\n\nScandinavia is called an island not because it is in the sea, but because it is surrounded by mountains.\nalways washes with waves. Out from it went winlessly and wearily in stormy seas, overcoming the Wandales. Then Ibor and Aion died, and they made them a king named Agelmundus, the son of Aion. He reigned over them for 27 years. In his time, a common woman had seven children at one birth, as will be shown more clearly. One of them, named Lauissius, was the second king of the Longobards, and he reigned after Agelmundus.\n\nWhen Agelmundus, the king, was about to trust in himself,\nthe Bulgarians came upon him in the night. They killed him standing. After him, Lethen reigned and was the third king of the Longobards. He reigned for forty years. After him, Hyldecoc reigned.\n\nAfter him, the fifth Goodhoc reigned in Odoacar's time, who was Italycus. He led his men to the land of the Rugorum. After him, the sixth Claffo reigned.\n\nAfter him, the seventh Cato, whose brother's son was Waccho. When Cato was dead, his son Waltarycus became the eighteenth king of Longobardys and reigned for seven years.\nAfter Hym, Audoinus, the first Longobard leader, brought the Longobards into Pannonia. His son Alboin was the next Longobard king. Narses, the patrician, urged King Alboin to take Italy with his men. This was during the reign of Justin. The year was 527 AD, 41 years after the Longobards had lived in Pannonia. About Alboin's conquest and his remarkable end, search in his writings around the year 577 AD.\n\nAuctors write and tell that Rome is built in Tuscia, a part of Italy. They record various deeds, especially Martinus de condicione eius and Magister Gregorius, regarding the wonders of the city. Martinus writes that many kings ruled in the area of Rome. Eustodius states that after the building of the Tower of Babel and men began to speak diverse tongues.\nAnd they established cities. Noe, with certain men, took a ship and sailed into Italy. They built a city of his name there and he ended his life. Then Iaphet's son, Janus, built Ianiculum by the River Tiber. There is now a Church of St. John called St. John's Church at Ianiculum. Around that time, Nemoroth, who was also known as Saturnus, came to Janus' kingdom. He built a city there, which is now the Capitol.\n\nAlso, Italus, the king with Siculis men from Sicily, named it Galleria beneath the Capitol.\n\nAfter that, Tiberius, the king, came out of the east. And Euander, the king from Archaedia, built cities. Virgil agrees with this and says, \"Then the father Euander at Rome was the maker of towers.\"\n\nLater, Romulus came and enclosed within one wall all those cities around it and made one great city of them all. He brought gentlemen and nobles out of Italy with their wives to dwell therein.\nTitus: While Cyte was poor, there was no place more holy or rich in good example. But later, riches accumulated and increased. And since they became covetous and lecherous,\n\nMarcus: Two brothers were born at one burth, Remus and Romulus, who built Rome on the Palatine Hill. It was built on the Ides of May, the first year of the reign of Achaz, king of Judah. Four hundred thirty-one years after the taking of Troy. According to Solinus, it was four hundred and thirty-four years after the taking of Troy. Marcus: This city of Rome was afterward wonderfully named with walls, towers, gates, temples, palaces, and other wonderful works. It had three hundred sixty-one towers on its walls and extended about two and twenty miles without, beyond the Tiber and the City Leonina. However, as men say, it contained about two and forty miles in total and had seventeen principal gates, ten on this side of the Tiber named Porta Capuana and Porta Collina.\nAmong the wonders of Rome, beyond the Tiber at three yards, are three in the city of Leonina, where Gregory sees if it is a great wonder of so many defensible towers and buildings of palaces. It is uncertain whether it was by witchcraft or by man's deed. So, the verses made by Hildebertus, bishop of Cenomani, and those put in William of Malmesbury's book of kings are verified:\n\nRome has nothing there, though almost all is falling;\nYou show your bounds, how great you were when you were sound.\n\nThere were many royal and noble palaces built in Rome, in honor of emperors and other noble men. Among these, the greatest and most magnificent was in the middle of the city, under one principality of the entire world wide. Also, the palaces of peace: Romulus set up his own image of gold there and said, \"It shall never fall until a maid bears a child.\" And that image filled when Christ was born. Diocletian's palaces have pillars as high.\nA stone cast, and so great that a hundred men should annually work to hew one of these pillars. Also, there was a palace of sixty emperors, and part of it still stands. That all of Rome might not destroy it, the Temple of All Gods, or Pantheon, is now a church of All Saints. And because our Lady is after Christ the chief and holiest of all mankind, that church has her name, and is called Santa Maria Rotonda, the round church of our Lady. It has a breadth of 120 feet. Near this temple is a Marble Arch. And that is the Arch of Augustus Caesar's victories and great deeds. In that Arch are all his great acts described. There is also Scipio's Arch, where he overcame Hannibal. At St. Stephan's in the Piscina was the temple Olouitreum, made of crystal and gold. There was Astronomy gravened and painted with stars and signs of heaven. St. Sebastian destroyed that temple. Also, the Capitol was adorned with glass and with.\nIn Rome, gold served as a mirror reflecting the world around it. The consuls and senators governed and ruled as much as they could, and there was Jupiter's temple. In that temple stood Jupiter's image, made of fine gold, seated on a throne. There were only three temples in Rome with flamens, who were priests serving false gods and called high priests or filamens, binding a thread around Her head. When they could not wear their pylions and caps due to the heat on holy days, in Jupiter's temple served the flamen Dialis, the day priest, for Jupiter was called Diespiter, the father of the day. Additionally, in Mars' temple was the flamen Martialis, or Mars priest, and in Romulus' temple was the flamen Quirinalis, or Quirinus priest, for Romulus was also called Quirinus. Concerning houses, in Rome, a house was built nearly all of gold and left behind. In that house, every land and province had an image set up by Nigromancy.\nEvery image bore its own land's name written on its breast. And a collar of silver hung about its neck. So that if any land rebelled or rose against Rome, the image of that land turned its back toward the image of Rome, and the collar about its neck should ring. And the priests who kept that house, each by his course, warned the princes of this doing. There was also a bronze horseman on high on the roof of that house, and he moved also with a spear in his hand, and turned the point of his spear toward that land that would arise. In this house also was a fire that no man could quench. And men asked the craftsman who made it how long it would endure. And he answered and said it would endure forever. And a maid had given birth to a child, and the same night that Christ was born, that house fell down. And the fire was quenched that same night and time. Also, Beanus Apollo, that man, closed it.\nThe process of making brickstone and black salt in a brass vessel. He set it on fire with a candle he had prepared in his manner, and created a bath with heating places that were always hot. There was also in it an iron image named Bellefrontes image, which weighed fifteen M pounds with its horse that it sat on. It hung in the air with no post or pillar beneath, set or held by a chain above, but had adamant stones in the wake and in the Arches around, which drew each one evenly to its side, so that the iron image might not downward, upward, or to either side but hang exactly midway.\n\nThe Artifices. There is a place in Rome, in Eraclea, called theatrum. It is a place to stand or sit In to look well about. There are wonderfully grave cabanas and dens. Diverse outgoings, benches and seats all about, and it is whole and sound all on marble stone. This work is set upon six crabs, one in that place may no man enter.\n\"Privately speak. Not to him himself nor to any other man, but all that he says should be heard around. Near Augustus Caesar's palaces is a wall made of burnt tile, stretching downward from the high hills by the gate Porta Asmaria. This wall is built upon great arches and huge pillars. The wall stretches a day's journey from Rome in a great conduit above that wall. And then it is diverted in various conduits and pipes of brass. Some ran into every palace of Rome. For the water of the Tiber is wholesome and good for horses, but unhealthy and bad for men. Therefore, the ancient Romans made fresh water come out of four parts of the city by cleverly made channels, and men could take all they wanted while the coming of Rome were in her flowers. By that wall is the bath. Bianus made of which bath was spoken before. In Albisterio, a place called Mutatorium Caesaris, were made white stoles for emperors. Also, there was a\"\nA candlestick made of stone that stood at Albeston. When it was once lit and a fire set beneath it, no man could extinguish it with any craft that men could use. In this manner, it might be that the giant Pallas, around the year 1040, was found in Rome with a whole and undamaged body. The width of his body was four and a half feet long. The length of his body surpassed the height of the walls. At his head was found a lantern burning continually, which no man could quench with blasts nor with water nor with other craft. Until the time that a little hole was made under the light, the air could enter. Men say that Turnus slew this giant Pallas when Enias fought for Lavinia, his wife. This is the writing on his epitaph: \"Here lies Pallas, son of Evander. Turnus, the knight, pierced him with his spear in his manner.\"\n\nThere were also statues and signs at Rome.\nOf Jupiter's shape, men beheld bras in the likeness. The bulle seemed lowly and starting. There was also the image of vens, all naked, in the same manner as Venus showed herself to Paris once of Troy. This image was so craftily made that in the mouth and lips, which were as white as any snow, seemed fresh blood and new. Among all pillars, the wonder at Rome is called the Romulus Piller. Pilgrims and palmers who can fast lie there call it St. Peter's corn heap and say that when Nero the emperor had ravished it, it turned into a hill of stone. As great as it was before of corn, Julius Caesar's pillar is most wonderful. It has a height of two hundred and fifty feet. In its copper top, in a round thing of bras, are Julius Caesar's bones and ashes. Of that pillar and arch are verses written. If the stone is one, tell what craft brought it upon. If they are many stones, tell where.\nThey join at once. This arch and pillar is founded and set upon four lions/ pilgrims full of lepers. This arch and pillar is called Saint Peter's needle and lies and says that the man is clean of sin who may creep under that stone. \u00b6 There are also in Rome two great horses of marble stone. For in Tiberius' time, two young philosophers Praxitellus and Fibia came to Rome and went about naked. And when the emperor's men asked him why and for what reason they went so naked, they answered and said, \"For we have forsaken all things. And for all things are to us naked and bare and openly known. You, Sir Emperor, and all that you speak in council and in private, we know best.\" \u00b6 Truth is the first point of this doing and teaching that he who forsakes all things forsakes his clothes. And so it follows that those who are well clothed and go about and beg and gather money and corn and cattle of other men do not forsake all things. The emperor tried and found it all true. And at her own prayer,\nIn my mind, I made two great horses of marble. There is another sign and token before the pope's palaces: an horse of brass and a man sitting upon it. He holds righteousness as if speaking to the people and holds the bridle in his lifted hand. A cucumber is between his horse's ears. A dwarf is under his feet; pilgrims call that man Theodoric. The common folk call him Constantinus. Scholars of the court call him Marcus and Quintus Cursius. This sign once stood before Peter's alter. In the Capitol upon the four pillars of brass, but Saint Gregory threw down horse and man and set him before the pope's palaces. Those who call him Marcus tell this tale: There was a dwarf of Mesenian descent. His craft was necromancy. When he had subdued kings who dwelt near him and made them subjects to him, he went to Rome to wage war with the Romans. With his craft, he usurped the Romans' power and might, besieging them for a long time and ultimately conquering them.\nA dwarf went every day before the sun rose in the field to practice his craft. When the Romans saw this, they approached Marcus, a noble knight, and asked him to rule over the city. They requested that he defend and save the city from the dwarf. Marcus waited until it was longer than usual for the sun to rise before catching the dwarf. When it was time, the cuckoo sang, signaling the day. Marcus raised himself and, unable to hit the dwarf with weapons, caught him with his hands and brought him into the city. For fear that the dwarf might help himself with his craft if he could speak, Marcus threw him under the horse's feet. The horse trampled him, and for this deed, an image was made. Those who call this image and sign Quintus Cursius, remember this story. In the middle of Rome, there was once a large fissure or hole in the earth from which smoke emerged.\nBrymstone and slew many men. Then Quintus Cursius consulted with Phoebus and armed him. He entered the hole. Immediately, a cock flew out of the hole. The earth closed up and the hole was stopped. Another sign is the Colossus image, also called the image of the sun or of Rome. There is great wonder how it could be yoked or carried. The image is so great; its length is 120 feet. This image was once in the Colosseum, five feet higher than the highest place in Rome. This image held a spear in its right hand, shaped like the world, and in its left hand a sword that signified less might in winning and conquering than in keeping and saving what was conquered and won. This image was of brass but it was so royally overlaid that it shone in darkness and gave great beams of light. It moved around with the sun in such a manner that its face was always toward the sun. All the Romans.\nThat image, which was worshiped as a symbol of submission and servitude, was destroyed by Saint Gregory using fire because he couldn't do it with his strength. Only the head and the right hand holding the spear remain, which represent the Roundness and the image of the world. Of all that image that was left unburned, only the head and that hand are now before the pope's palaces on two marble pillars. Wonderfully, by the craft of milting, the brass was made to seem soft to human sight. And the mouth appears as if it were speaking. Polier, in And, when he answered and said, \"The legs shall endure forever and they fell and the image fell down when Christ was born,\" is a stone called Parius. In that stone is a white sow with xxx pigs that give water to those who will wash there. There is also a brass table there that forbids sin. In it are written the chief points of the law. There are also rules in meter written therein.\nEvery night where a cock crows, all men assemble, their songs in a flock, like none by law. When summer is hot, the thrush sings with merry note, as the day departs, the bird is still and leaves his lay. In town as it pleases, the owl twitters merry songs. At night for fear, truly no song does he greet, when flower sprouts on the root, the nightingale in his note twitters merrily with sweet song in the dawning. When Duke, king, consul, or Emperor had done any great voyage and victory and come to Rome, at his coming he should be received with three kinds of worship. All the people should come against him with all the solemnity, mirth, comfort, and joy they could make. All the prisoners should follow his chariot with their hands bound behind their backs. This victory should unite them.\nI. Julius Caesar was on Jupiter's side, seated on a chariot drawn by four white horses towards the capitol. II. Ovidius spoke with four horses all snow-white, thou shalt tell Emperor, yet among all this worship. For he should not forget himself. III. One annoyance he had was a jester in his chariot, who constantly struck him on the neck. IV. For this reason: lest he be too proud of such great worship. V. The other reason was for every man to hope to attain such worship, if he made himself worthy by his deeds. VI. While the jester struck the victor, he should often say to him, in this manner: \"know thyself, as one might say, be not too proud of this worship.\" VII. And on that day, every man had leave to say to the victor whatever he pleased, and no blame should be taken for it. VIII. Therefore, many disparaging words were spoken to Julius Caesar. IX. He took no manner of revenge. X. One man said to Julius at such a time, \"hail, Calvus, the baldhead.\"\nAnd another sayde hayle kyng and quene\u00b7 R. Loke within in Iulius cezar. In vita Iohis Elemosinarij / whan themperours of Rome were crowned sholde come to hym craftes men that make tombes and axe of hem of what maner stone or metal they shuld make theyr tom\u2223bes as who seyth thou shalt deye / Gouerne. myldely the people\n\u00b6Hug capitulo Clarus Whan the Romayns wold warre in ony londe / one sholde goo to thendes of that lond and clerely de\u2223clare and shewe the mater\u00b7 and cause of the warre / and that decla\u00a6racion was called clarigacion / thenne a spere y pyght in the londe warned that the Romayns wold warre \u00b6 Ysidorus libro .19. capitulo / visesimo secundo. whyle consuls rewled Rome\u00b7 the knyghtes of Rome sholde were reed clothes the daye to fore that they sholde fyghte / That was don for they shold not knowe & be abasshed whan they sawe the reed blood renne on her clothes and suche knyghtes were named Rosati / as it were y clothed in Rooses R Take hede what papie seyth Virgyle calleth the Ro\u00a6mayns togati. that ben\nMen wore three types of gowns: pretaxata, palmata, and candidata. Pretaxata was the first type worn by gentlemen's children until they were fourteen years old. Palmata was the second type used by victors for their noble deeds. The third type, candidata, was worn by lords, masters, rulers of the law. The days the Romans well spent were named \"fasti,\" which was a leafy term. It was leafy for them to use these days for various doings and deeds. The days the Romans misspent were called \"nephasty,\" as they did not find these days leafy. And they held these days and did not work, but for no love or devotions, but for fear of evil happenings. The festival of these days is called quinquatria, the five black days for the sorrow and bitterness the Romans experienced when the Frenchmen and Hannibal besieged them all around. For then, no Roman dared to go out of the town. When Romulus had ordained for the common profit, he ordained a month and called it classis.\nThe men called the second clan Mayus. They dedicated a month to them and named it June. Afterward, the Romans divided into four parties. In the first were consuls and doctors. In the second were tribunes and men of lesser dignity. In the third were soldiers, and in the fourth were slaves. Tribune is the one who receives tribute and pays knights, and the leader or captain of a thousand knights is called Tribunus. Hug. calon. The Romans sometimes held a fair every month. The fair began on the first day of the nonas and lasted until the first day of Idus. Idus means \"deling and departing,\" as the fair was departed then. The beginning of the month was often unknown to merchants and traders, so the first day of the month was called kalendae or calas, meaning \"called and cried.\" A cryer should stand on a tower. And as many days as there were from that day to the fair.\n\"Beginning of the fair he would cry out \"Calo.\" Therefore, in some months in the calendar have but four nonas, and some have six. This was done for thieves hidden in woods to not know when the fair should begin. Hogs, ca, Meror. Sometimes knights, after they were sixty years old, were not compelled to do deeds of arms. But men gave them fields or towns, or something else from the common treasure by which they should live. Such a knight was called an emeritus or emeritus militia, as it were a knight set aside from the necessary deeds of chivalry. \u00b6 Therefore, Anatarn, who is beyond the Tiber, is called the Emeritus Hold. He teaches children in Rome so that they would not despise the children and beat them cruelly. Therefore, masters should teach the children in Rome who were not near nor far from their own kin.\"\nIn the time of Hannibal, men were compelled to engage in acts of war. Such men were called proletarians, that is, fathers of children. For a hundred and sixty years after the city was built, no man was divorced from his wife. Carbilius, a bastard, was the first to leave his wife, although she was bearing a child. Yet he was not entirely to blame, as he aroused the desire for children in her, thereby weakening the faith of marriage.\n\nPsychas in Libro 2\n\nA hundred years after the city was built, there was no divorce between a man and his wife. Carbilius, a bastard, was the first to leave his wife, even though she was pregnant. Yet he was not entirely to blame, as he aroused the desire for children in her, thereby weakening the bond of marriage.\n\nIsidore, Libro 6\n\nThough the Greeks wrote first in wax with iron points, the Romans decreed that no man should write with iron points but with bone ones.\n\nPolitics, Book 2\n\nWhoever wishes to read stories among all men since Rome was first founded will find that the Romans were most covetous and proud. He will also find that the power they held in the world was maintained through the oppression of people by deceitful means and cunning.\nThat unusually among her princes lived his life kindly until the end. Therefore, every Roman who overcomes another is overcome by flattery and fair words. And if words fail, he shall give gifts. If gifts fail, he shall worship, making him a prisoner. In Polibius' seventeenth chapter of the eleventh book, while the cities of Italy loved peace and worshipped right wisdom and lived false oaths, they had liking and wealth in their own land. But when they give themselves to falsehood and strife, immediately the pride of the Romans and the madness of dukes or some other calamity falls upon them. Until they amend through penance and contrition, the treachery of that people puts away all principality or makes their prince more mild.\n\nSidonius says that Germany, in the east, has the mouth of the Danube River, in the south the Rhine River, and in the north and the west the sea of Ocean. There are two lands, each called Germany. The other Germany stretches beyond the Alps.\nthat the Adriatic Sea, called Adriaticus, is like a series of lakes in the countries of Austria and Hungary, which are Bohemia, Westphalia/Bavaria, Saxony/Saxonia, Franconia, Lotharingia, Friesland, and Zealand. The north is far from the sun and healthy for men to inhabit, enabling them to produce offspring. Therefore, there is a greater population of men and children in the north than in the south, which is nearly uninhabitable and sickly. From the Rhine river to the west is called Germany. It generates and brings forth more men and children than it can sustain. Therefore, many people from that side of the world go to other lands: some by lottery or against their will, some willingly. The Wandali, Saxons, and Longobards did this. Bohemia is the first province of eastern Germany and has Mysia and Alania to the east. In the south, there is no further text.\nThe Danube River and Pannonia are located in the west in Bavaria and Thuringia, and in the north and northwest in Saxony. It is almost entirely surrounded by hills, woods, and has great abundance of lees and grass that smells very sweet and diverse wild beasts. Among these beasts is one called \"boar\" in the Bohemian language. But it does not harm itself with its horns, but rather has a large bladder like a bag under its chin, in which it gathers water and heats it in its running, scalding hot hide, and throws it upon hunters and hounds that pursue it, scalding them and burning them severely.\n\nThuringia is bordered by Bohemia to the east, Franconia to the west, Westphalia to the north, and Bavaria and the Danube River to the south.\n\nFranconia is the central province of Germany. It is bordered by Thuringia to the east, Swabia to the west, a part of Westphalia to the north, and Bavaria and the Danube River to the south. Bavaria is bordered by the Danube River and Retica to the east, and Westphalia has...\nIn the east Saxonia, in the west Frisia, in the north Oceania. Saxonia, in the east, has Alania; in the west, the Rhine; in the north, a party of Franconia. In the south, Rhetica and Alpes. Saxonia's eastern region has Alania, in the west, Westfalia, in the north, Oceania. Men from this country are stronger and lighter on the sea than other merchants or seafarers and fiercely confront their enemies both by water and land. They are called Saxons, derived from the word Saxum, meaning a stone, as they are hard as stones and difficult to deal with. In the hills of Saxonia, nearly all kinds of metals are found, including tin, saltwells of which are in Germany. From these wells, salt is made as white as any snow. Near the hill where copper is mined, there is a great hill from which the stones smell as sweet as violets. Near the monastery of St. Michael, marble is found, the fairest that can be. Beda, c. 15th century.\nThe Old Saxons have no king but many knights, ruling themselves. In times of battle, they cast lots to determine which knight will be leader and captain. The chosen one serves as chief lord and master during the battle. However, once the battle is over, he returns to his previous status, that is, he and others of equal power and might.\n\nFrisia is a land on the coast of the North Sea. It begins in the south from the Rhine and ends at the North Sea of Denmark.\n\nMen of Frisia are tall and fair. The more noble and gentlemanly, the taller they are shorn. They are handsome, cruel, and bold of heart. They use spears instead of arrows and value freedom above all. Therefore, they allow no knight to be their lord. Nevertheless, they are governed and ruled by judges and domesmen. Every year, they elect their own judges from among themselves. They love chastity and keep their children closely. They do not allow them to marry.\nThey are strong and stalwart by the time they are forty years old. Their children are unyielding. They have no words, so they make them fierce with torches.\n\nSand causes eighteen islands and around every ship, it may sail. It is located in the east Hollandia, in the north Frisia, in the west Ocean, and in the south Flandria. It is surrounded by water and high banks to hold back the rising of the sea and floods. There is good cultivated land and a scarcity of trees, so the roots cannot take hold or depth for the saltness of the earth.\n\nThe men are great of body and mild of heart.\n\nIn the west side of Germania, there is a people called Scribonians. They have snow all summer time and eat raw flesh, and they are clothed in goat hide skins. In their country, when the night is short, men can see all the night the sun beams. And in the winter, when the day is short, though men see the light of the sun, yet the sun is not seen.\n\nAdditionally, there is a people called Scribonians under the cliff of Ocean.\nIn this den, beneath a high stone, seven men once slept and have long been healthy and sound in body and clothing, without any harm. The common people hold them in great worship and reverence. They are believed to be Romans, as indicated by their clothing. Once, a man coveted one of them and tried to strip him, but his arm immediately grew dry. It may be that God keeps them healthy and sound to prevent misled people in the future from being converted and turned to good through them.\n\nIn Rome, heavy men are common. In Greece, light men. In Africa, cunning men. In Galicia, wise and witty men.\n\nTake heed, as Augustine writes in the second book of City of God, chapter five, that in one sense, the priests in the temple of the goddess Cybele were called Galli. This name is not derived from the land Gaul, but from the river Gallus.\nThat is in Frigia. All who drank of that river should become wooden and were all gelded in their minds of the child Atis, whom that goddess Cibeles loved with all her might. / That child became wooden and gelded himself for deceit and trickery he had committed to that goddess Cibeles, according to Ovid in the Fasti. / However, Entropius in book 2 says that galli, who are French and Frankish men, are quick and their bodies exceed the common stature of other men. But it is proven by experience that, as the galli are more hasty than strong in the first encounter or battle, so afterward in fighting they are more feeble than women. For they are like Alps in greatness of body, yet somewhat like the snow that lies upon the Alps, which breaks out in sweetness and melts with the heat of fighting, as snow does with the heat of the sun. (Chapter seventeen fifteenth) / Then the whole gallic army, with its parties, has in the north side Germany. In the east the Rhine. In the south the Alps. In the west the Ocean that is.\nCalled both Britannicus and Gallicus, this is English and French. It separates England and France. In the south, the sea of the middle earth that washes around it. By the province of Narbon. In Julius Caesar's time, Gaul was divided into three. But due to various happenings in that land, the country and land stretching from the Rhine to the Seine, from one river to another, is now called Gallia Belgica, which is very France. And the country stretching from there to the River of Leyre is called Gallia Lugdunensis. The overparty thereof is called Burgundy. And the nether party is called Neustria. And the country stretching from the River of Leyre to the water of Geronde is called Gallia Aquitania, that is Guyana. It stretches out from the east from the River of Rhone to the western Ocean. The overparty thereof is called Celyca, which is heavenly and high because of the high mountains therein. From the Geronde River to the sea of the middle earth and to the mountains.\nThe called Montes Pyrenees, or the great hills of Spain, is named Gallia Narbonenses. Some of it is called Gothia, and some Vasconia, which is Gascony. The whole of Gallia and its western side border the British ocean. In Gallia, there are many quarries and noble stones to dig. Besides Paris, there is great abundance of a stone called gipsus, also known as white plaster. When this stone is burned and tempered with water, it becomes plaster. Men then make images, walls, chambers, paintings, and various other long-lasting works from it. There is a beautiful flower, the city of Paris, renowned among the Thews. Boteler of Letters shines in Europe like Athens did in Greece. Giraldus writes in \"The French,\" the men called Franci and many other men, the strongest in Europe, originate from the Trojans. After Troy was taken, Antenor and his men fled by the waters named Paludes Meotides and the River Danube and settled in Pannonia, where they built.\nThere was a city called Sicambria. The people of this city were later known as Sicambri. After Anthenor's death, they appointed two leaders and captains, Trogotus and Franco. The people were later called Franci after Franco. Turpinus offered four pence to the Church work of St. Denis every year, and they were called Franci sancti Denis, or St. Denis's free men.\n\nGaul was called Francia because of this freedom. Some people say that Valentinian the emperor called them Franci, meaning \"stern and harsh\" in the language of Attica, or Greece. The Sicambri, who were French men, had been tributaries of Rome for a long time before Valentinian's time. But when the Alani, enemies of Rome, demanded their tribute during Valentinian's reign, it was granted to them for ten years to fight against the Alani. After ten years, when the Alani had been defeated, the Romans asked for their tribute again. The Sicambri refused.\nNone paid. Therefore, Valentinian the emperor waged war against them with a great host and obtained the victory. The Sicambri were then very angry and waged war in the lands of Rome and in those subject to Rome. Therefore, the Sicambri were later called Franci, as it were, the \"ferocious\" or \"strong\" ones. From their duke Franco, they were called Franci. Additionally, from the freedom that King Charles gave them, they were named Franci, meaning \"free men.\" The Sicambri were one people, called Sicambri, Gallo-Franci, and French men.\n\nFranci made a king who was called Ferramundus Marconurus, the son of their king, and made all the land subject to Sicambria from the Rhine.\n\nWhen Ferramundus was dead, they made his son king, who had three names and was called Clodion, Clodyus, and Crinicus. From him, the kings of France were called Crinici.\nAfter Clodyus, his son Meroneous became king. Kings of France were subsequently named Meroningians up to Pippin's time. Similarly, sons of English kings were named after their father's names: Edgar's son was called Edgaringus, and Edmund's son was named Edmondingus. Commonly, one from the king's blood is called Adelingus. After Meroneous, his son Childeric ruled, who was christened Remigius. Childeric expelled the people known as Gooths from Gaul when they prayed to the Romans. Upon his death, his son Childbert held the kingdom with his three brothers: Theodericus, Clodomir, and Clotarius. This occurred during the time of the great pope Gregory. After Childbert, his brother Clotarius ruled, and he married Saint Radegund. Subsequently, his son Childebert ruled with his brothers Carbert and Sigisbert. After Childebert, his son Clotarius ruled and gave his daughter Bathildis and son Dagobert in marriage. Under Dagobert, Pippin rose to prominence.\nThe greatest man of the kings' house, during the time of Emperor Heraclius, was Clodovic, the son of Dagobert. In Clodovic's time, the body of St. Benedict was translated from Beneventan province to France. After Clodovic, his son Clotarius ruled. In Clotarius' time, Ebroin, the greatest of the king's household, persecuted St. Leodegar and eventually martyred him. After Theodericus, Clodoneus reigned, followed by his younger brother Childbert, and then Dagobert. The kingship then fell apart.\n\nFor after Dagobert, his brother Daniel, a clerk, ruled. The Franks changed Daniel's name and called him Childeric. After Childeric, Theodoricus, one of his kin, ruled. He was deposed for great injustice and became a clerk, living as a monk in an abbey. The lineage then fell into the hands of men of the House of Ferramund, but it still lasted.\nBatildis, a woman, was married to Ausebert and had a son named Arnold. Arnold's son was named Arnulphus. Arnulphus married Duchess Pippin's daughter. Pippin was the greatest of King Dagobert's sons. King Dagobert was Batildis' brother. He had two other names: Vetulus and Breuis. William de Rubeis wrote in his first book that Pippin gave birth to Charles, who was called Tudidus and Marcellus. Tudidus, also known as Tudare (beaten and subdued), expelled all tyrants and Saracens from France who were warring there. He devastated the land and people. Charles followed in the footsteps of his ancestors and held the kings of France in his custody. He was called an earl and was content with that title. Geraldus passed on the succession to the second Pippin and Charles the Great, who later became a monk. The second Pippin was of royal descent, as he was born to Batildis mentioned earlier.\nHe was made king of France by the assent of all the knights and by the authority of Pope Stephen, who succeeded Zachary. This child, Charles the Great, was made king after his father's death in the year 567 A.D. For his noble deeds, the Romans chose him later to be Saint Peter's advocate. Afterward, Patricius and then the emperor and Augustus. From that time, the Temple of Constantinople turned from the Romans to the French men. They would not help the Church of Rome against the Lombards who were warring against the Romans. This Charles was Louis, who was also emperor. Louis was the Bald Charles, and the Bald Charles was Louis. Louis was Lotharius. Lotharius was Louis. When Lotharius was dead, France took Hugh, duke of Burgundy, and made him king. This Hugh was Robert. Robert was Henry. Henry was Philip. Philip was Louis. Louis reigned during Henry the Navigator's time, the Conqueror's son.\nThe great Charles of Spain, known as Capet, ruled in France during his time. From him came other kings of France, as publicly declared in his place. Kings of his lineage ruled in Italy and Germany up to the year of our Lord 9/12. When Conrad, king of the Duchy, took Metz for himself, R.\n\nLong afterward, as common fame reports, a woman who was queen of France by inheritance married a butcher. Therefore, French men ordained that no woman should inherit the kingdom of France afterward. Giraud.\n\nThe Romans were once conquerors of the whole world. But steadfast men and wise ones who lived in France overcame them in many battles.\n\nHowever, in Julius Caesar's time, Gaul, which is France, was made subject and occupied by the Romans for approximately four hundred years until the last time of Valentinianus III. When diverse men from foreign lands disturbed Gallia, first the Vandals and the Huns.\nAnd Burgundians, who were of Suevia, a land called Almania, which is Almain, then Goths and Sicambri. Next, Norwegians and Danes made themselves cities in Gallia. In Gallia, which is France, there are many provinces and lands: Brabant, Flanders, Picardy, Normandy: The smaller Britain. Peyto, Guyan, Anjou, Burgundy, Salina province, Campania, the smaller Champagne, and also Alverne are in France. Flanders, which is a province of Gallia Belgica, is upon the coast of the Ocean Sea and in the north, Frisia. In the east, Germany. In the south, Picardy. And in the west, the ocean. And in the north, a party of England. Though Flanders is a little land, it is full plentiful of many profitable things: of riches, of pasture, of beasts, of merchandise, of rivers, of harbors of the sea and of good towns. The men of Flanders were fair, strong, and rich, and brought forth many children, and were peaceful to their neighbors and true to strangers, noble, crafty men and great makers of cloth, which is:\nSent about Wales in all of Europe / The land is plain and scarce of wood / therefore in place of wood they burn turves that smell worse than wood and make fouler ashes / Brabant is to the south east of Flanders and is abundant in marshlands and cloth making / For of the wool they have from England, they make cloth of various colors. And send it to other provinces and lands as Flanders does / For though England has wool at its best / it has not such great abundance of good water for various colors and dyes as Flanders and Brabant have / Nevertheless, at London there is one well that helps well to make good scarlet / and so is there a certain place in the brook that passes by the town /\n\nPicardy is a province of Gaul and has that name after the town of Pontus, which is now called Perth, as Erodotus says / Picardy has many noble castles and towns such as Amiens, Belgas or Belnacus, Tournai, and many others. It lies between Flanders to the north and England / There are two Picardies.\nThat one is in France, and either joins the borders of Flanders and Brabant. The men there are boisterous and have greater speech than other men in France.\n\nNormandy, which is also called Neustria and has the name of Norway, is situated on the coast of the Ocean in galleys. It was named Normandy. The chief city thereof is Rouen, on the mouth of the Seine, where the Seine flows into the Ocean.\n\nNormandy has Brittany to the south, the English Channel to the west, and the French Ocean to the southwest. In the northwest, it borders the south side of England. Brittany is named after the Bretons, who twice occupied that land: first by Brenius, who was King Belinus' brother, and later by Bretons who were pursued and harassed by the Saxons during Vortigern's time, as is related in the story of Brutus.\n\nThis province has Andegavia, or Andegoy, to the east. It is bordered by Normandy to the north, Guyenne to the south, and...\nThe Ocean called Acquitania, which is by the side of Guyana. Geraldus in Topics: In Britain, there is a well. If water from this well is taken in a bugle horn and poured on a stone next to it, it will rain immediately. In France, there is a well near the castle of Pesances. The water is good for men but not for women. No one can heat that water of that well with fire or any craft that can deceive Pyctavia, which is Petau.\n\nA province of Gaul: Narbonensis. Englishmen, Scots, and Picts sold and dwelt there, and called the country Pictavia. The chief city is Petau, as Erodotus says. This province stretches far on the Ocean. In the east is Turonia; the River Lir passes through the south; Spain is in the south; the smaller Britain and the sea of Guyana are in the north; and the sea of Ocean is in the west. The men of that land are of the conditions of French men because they mingle.\nwith them and of the countrey that is so neyghe to them\u00b7 So that they be now stronge. of bodye fayr of face hardy of hert / and fel of wytte\nAQuitania that is guyan\u00b7 And hath that name Aquitonia of aquis that ben waters For the water of the ryuer of le\u2223yer goth about a grete dele of that lo\u0304d. many a perticuler prouince is comprehended vnder the name of that lond. Plenius sayth that it\u00b7 hath in the north and eeste gallia lugdunensis\u00b7 In the southe and eeste it stretcheth to the prouynce of Narbon / Audegauia that is angeoy a prouynce of gallia. and as it were in the myddel by\u2223twene gyan and lytil brytayn\u00b7 \u00b6Vasconia that is gascoyn & was somtyme conteyned vnder guyan And hath in the est side the hilles pirenij\u00b7 In the west thAnd in that other called vascones / as it were wacones \u00b6The grete pompeus put hem doun of mou\u0304t pireneus and gadred hem all in to a toun\nwhan spayne was ouercome so sayth Erodotus the wryter of histroyes / The men of that londe ben called nowe basclenses and ben swyft and hardy and vse\nBalles and archers gladly rob and reuve, and they are strong thieves. They are clothed in slight clothes and are located in Burgundy, a part of Gaul that stretches to the Pyrenees Alps. Burgundy is named for the borough towns that the Austrogoti built there when they intended to destroy Italy. This land is very cold towards the Pyrenees Alps. Men who dwell on the Burgundian side have swollen and bagged chins, appearing double-chinned, due to the great cold and melting waters around them.\n\nTrogus states that Trigonia is Spain in its entirety. The Pyrenees hills join Spain in the north with Narbonnes Gaul, and it is surrounded on all sides by the sea of Ocean and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Therefore, Spain is almost an island. For it is bordered closely by the sea on all sides\n\nHowever, there are two Spains: one begins from the plains and valleys of the Pyrenees and ends at Cantabria.\nThis text appears to be a fragment of an old document written in a mix of Latin and English. I will do my best to clean and translate it while preserving the original content.\n\nThe text describes Spain, specifically the region called Cartago, and its history. Here's the cleaned version:\n\n\"This Spain, to the west, borders the sea Gaditanus. Here Hercules placed his pillars beside Mount Athlas. This Spain is a plain land. It was formerly called Hiberia, from the river Hibirus, but later it was named Hispania, from the river Hispalis or Hispanus, whom Hercules appointed governor and king there. In Hispania there are six provinces: Tarraconensis, Lusitania, Galicia, Betica, Tingitana, and Asturia. (Ysidorus, Libro quinto decimo capitulo secundo)\n\nThis Cartago of Spain is called Spartaria. To distinguish it from the great Carthage of Africa, which Scipio, Roman consul, destroyed. The people of Africa built Carthago Spartaria. And at last the Goths destroyed it. The Goths ruled Spain for a long time, especially during the reign of Honorius. But later, the Saracens were overcome by Charles the Great and lost the western lands of Spain, including Galicia and Lusitania, and held only the eastern lands.\"\nCounteries of Spain:\nGades is called Cadiz in modern language, and it is situated on a peninsula and occupied that land, giving it that name in his language. Cadiz means \"enclosed\" or \"fortified\" because it is surrounded entirely by the sea. It is about 100 miles from the mainland and 15 miles offshore. Hercules placed his pillars, which are truly wondrous, at the very end of the world, and these pillars are also called after the name of the land - Cadiz. (Chapter: Cadiz)\n\nFurther west from these pillars and from the land of Cadiz are the Balearic Islands, which are called Majorca and Minorca. To the south is Africa, and to the north is Sicily. This land has neither gold nor poison but produces an herb called apium, which makes men laugh themselves to death. This land has hot springs and healthy waters, which benefit both cattle and men who have sworn oaths.\nHemselves be blind if their eyes touch the water of those wells. The island of Corsica is bordered by many foreign lands extending into the sea. In it is noble lease and pasture for beasts. There is a stone named aconite there. Corsica has the Tyrrhenian Sea to the east. To the south is the island Sardinia, thirty miles thence. To the west are the Balearic Islands. And to the north is the Ligurian Sea and the province of Italy, Liguria, which is eighty miles in length and twenty-five in breadth. It has this name, Corsica, from a woman named Corsa. This Corsa had a bull that often left the company of other beasts and swam to that island and returned in much better condition than it had gone out. Corsa saw this and waited her time and took a boat and followed the bull into that island. And saw that there was land capable of bearing corn and grass, and brought the first men there, who were called Ligures. Aradia, also called Aradium, is an island that is all cypress. It has many strong seamen.\nThe Cyclades are a circle of islands off the Illyrian coast, named after Cyclon, a Greek deity representing a circular storm. They encircle the island of Delos, which is located in the Aegean Sea. Some believe they are named after the high rocks surrounding them. The first island is Rodas, which lies to the east. Delos, also known as Ortigia, is the central island and is famous for being visible from the son after a deluge. It is also called Delphinous, as it is home to numerous curlews (or turnicates). In this place, Lacona bore Apollo Delphicus. Samos, also known as Samia, is another island where Pythagoras, Iuno, and Sibilla were born. The islands of Cyprus and Cleopatra's Island (Cyprus) are located here. Of these islands, Cyprus is particularly notable for its production of clay for making earthen vessels.\nHeight: Paphos and Cypheronia, and is bordered in the south by the Sea of Phoenicia, in the west by the Pamphilic Sea, and in the northwest by Sicily. It is approximately 24 miles long and 12 miles wide. In this island, the art of brass-making was first discovered. The wines of this land are the strongest of all wines. Crete is named after Creteus, who lived there. The island is also called Centauros. It is a land that once had one thousand cities. There, Saturn and Jupiter were born, and they were the first kings there. It belongs to Greece from ancient times. In the south, it has the Libyan Sea, and in the north, the Sea of Greece. It stretches out towards the east and the west, and was the first land to be perfect and noble in rowing with oars, arms, and archery. It gave the law to the Wretons and taught men to ride on horseback. The art of music and the singing of the Cydonian youth were discovered there. The Cretans\nmade it more and yaf it in knowleche to other londes aboute / \u00b6That londe is now called Candia / In that ylond ben many sheep and gAnd that lond hateth so venym that yf men brynge ony venemous beestes or wormes of other londes they deyen anone\u00b7 & though ther be no grete venemo{us} beestes in that lond yet ben ther Attercops venemous that ben called Spalangya in\u00b7 that londe Oro{us} seith that this ylo\u0304d is viij score & vij mile in le\u0304gthe / & an / C\nmyle in brede / In this Ilonde is one of the foure laborintus as it shal be sayd afterward / Treuisa / For to late men haue knowle\u00a6che what laborint{us} is\u00b7 it is an bous wo\u0304derly buylded & wrought with halkes & huyrenes tornynges & windynges so diuersly by wo\u0304derful wayes & wrynclis that who that gooth in to that hows & wold come out / agayn though he retorne hytherward & thyder ward ceste west north or southward whyther euer he drawe & for alle the wayes he can chese / though he trauaylle neu{er} so sore / he shal be so mased that out can he not goo / but yf he\nThe island is called Sicily. It was once named Trinatria, as it appeared to be three squares due to the three hills within it. The hills are called Pelorus, Pachinus, and Libeu_. Sicily was also formerly known as Scicilia, after Sciculus, the brother of Dionysius. The land was once called Scania, after Scanus the king. It has Apulia in the north, a part of Italy, and is separated from it by a great expanse of sea or a strait, as Salustius says. The sea between Sicily and Italy is now three miles wide and is called the Regium, meaning \"broken.\" In this sea there are two great perils, as I know: Scylla and Charybdis. Scylla is a great rock that rises above the water, shaped like a horse's head and surrounded by monstrous heads and snakes. It seems that the waves beat against it. Charybdis is a whirlpool that raises water and waves and swallows them three times in a row.\nIn this London, men first used plow for the first time to cultivate corn and other seeds. And there was a comedy or song of gestes first found, called \"Beda on Natural History.\" The land of Sicily is hollow and full of caves and much sulfur or brimstone. So that the air and fire have free passage thereto, and fire is closed in the caves and in the chinks within the earth. It stirs up the air and other things that are contrary to fire, and this causes frequent smoking and burning light to break out in many places. And sometimes the strength of the wind within it makes heaps of grain and stones to burst out. For such reasons, the burning hill that is called Mount Etna endures so long. 14th century, Mount Etna to the southwest, has many chinks and hollow dens or caves within the earth full of brimstone that causes much wind and generates fire and smoke. R. In that place, diverse figures and shapes are seen, and heard are rough voices and groans.\nTherefore, some men believe that souls are in pain, as it seems Saint Gregory indicates in his dialogue. In Sicily, there is a well: if a man comes there clothed in red, the water of that well springs up as high as his head. The water behaves differently for any other color or hue. There are also healers present when it is on. They are better off when they are dead than while they are alive. Therefore, herds of that land advise them to have a sweeter song. In that land is a city called Palarna, which every year yields more certain rent than the king of England. Ysidorus, in book 13, writes / In Sicily there are two wells: one of them makes a barren woman fertile, and the other makes a fertile woman barren. In Sicily, the salt Agretinus is wonderful and contrary to other salt, for it melts in fire and leaps and strongly spews in water. Beside Sicily is an island called Eola, and it has that name of Eolus, Poetes.\nFeynmen and Saye assert that Eolus is the god of winds. While he ruled over the nine Isles, each was called Eola. By singing of moisture of mist and smoke, he would indicate when it should rain. Therefore, simple men supposed that he had the wind in his power and might.\n\nThe same nine Isles include Patmos, an island in the same sea where St. John the Evangelist was exiled from other lands.\n\nThe Fortunate Isles, gracious lands and of good temperature of wind and weather, are situated in the western Ocean. Some men named Paradise due to the land's goodness and temperate weather.\n\nThere are gracious times. The hills are covered with corn. Herbs grow as if they were grass. Therefore, due to the abundance of corn and fruit, they are called the Fortunate Isles, which means gracious.\n\nThere are trees of seventy feet high. There is the Isle of Capria, the Isle of Love. For there are many loves and weathers also. There is the Canary Isle.\nIsland of hounds / \u00b6 Denmark, which is Denmark, is an island that joins the northern side of Germany. Men of that Denmark were once fierce and good men of arms. Therefore, they occupied great territories in Britain and France & are called Daci, as it were \"Dagas.\" For they come from the Goths. There are many men in Dacia and they are fair of stature and handsome of face and of herald. And though they are stern against their enemies, they are easy and mild to good men and true. But it must not be forgotten that they brought great drinking into England. \u00b6 Windland, that island, is by the west of Denmark. And men from there sell wind to the sailors who come to their ports and havens, as it were enclosed under knots of thread. And as the knots are unknotted, the wind increased at their will. \u00b6 Iceland, that island, has in the east side Norway. In the north, the frozen sea, which is more congealed. The men of that land are short of speech and true to their words and clothed in wild furs.\nThe land has beasts for skins and fishermen, with one man serving both as king and priest. There are gyrfalcons and noble hawks. And there are white bears that break the ice to draw out fish. There are no sheep in that land nor corn, but only oats, due to great cold. This land is three days sailing from Ireland and Britain to the west, beyond Britain. Few men know of this land. \u00b6 (Pliny, second book) \u00b6 The name of the sun for this land is from its springing time, when day and night are equal, until harvest time. It is always visible with the sun, and from that time until springing time again, when day and night are equal. Around September, it has no light of the sun, but always dark night and no day, and therefore it is not suitable for me to dwell there. In summer for heat, and in winter for cold and darkness, and because of this, no corn can grow, and the sea is hard and frozen. Between this land and Britain are the Isles called Scandia, Lingoes, and Vergyon. There are also the Isles, five in number.\ndays sailing out of Britain / R / Girona in the top / for St. Augustine's Day, the isle / the isle is called Tilys in the nominative case, and / beware, for the isle of Inde is named Tile in the nominative case, and they are similar in other ways. For instance, if you can decline those two names and speak Latin, as Isidore says in the fifth book of Norway, Norway extends partly towards Denmark and Gothia. And in the south, it has Scotland, and in the north, Iceland. The island is bordered by the sea and is very sharp and cold, and has many hills and woods. Wild beasts such as white bears, boars, and badgers inhabit it, and corn is scarce. In the north of that land, many nights in summer time around the shortest day, the sun does not go down but shines all night.\nAnd after many days in winter, when the sun no longer rises to give them light, they must work by candlelight. In that land is a well that turns three and four tons of tin and lead into stone, and it remains there a year. The men of the sea, the Trevisans, come to know when the sun's standing still in winter, and so in either case, the sun's standing still\n\nThis is Hibernia, that is Ireland. And in old times it was incorporated into the lordship of Britain, as Giraldus states in his topography, where he describes it at length. I shall tell you about the land's site and size, its abundance and deficiencies,\n\nOf the land: its size and nature;\nOf its inhabitants: their origin and manners.\nOf that land, named for its wonders and holinesses and saints of that land. I. Local Situation in Ireland. / Ireland is the westernmost of all the western islands and called Hibernia, the land of Hiberus, brother of Hercules. II. Two brothers, Hercules and Hiberus, gained this land through conquest. / Alternatively, it is called Hibernia, named for the River Hiberus in the western end of Spain. III. Scotland is also called this land. / For the Scots dwelt there once before they came to the other Scotland that belonged to Britain. IV. Such a day in Scotland, St. Bride was born, and that was in Ireland. / This land has three days' sailing to the south towards Spain. / To the east lies more Britain, a day's sailing distance. / In the west lies the end of the ocean. / In the north lies Iceland, three days' sailing distance. / Solinus writes that the sea between Britain and Ireland is full of great waves and winds, making sailing dangerous throughout the year.\nBetween that sea is six score miles broad. Ireland is the greatest island after Britain, stretching northward from Brendan's hills to the land of Columbina, and contains six days' journeys. Each journey is forty miles long. From Dublin to Patrick's hills, and to the sea on that side, there are four journeys. Ireland is narrower in the middle than at the ends, otherwise it is shorter northward than Britain. The land is not plain but full of mountains, hills, woods, marshes, and more. The land is soft, rainy, windy, and low by the sea side and within the hills and valleys. Solinus: There is great abundance of noble pasture and of leaseth. Therefore the beasts must be driven out of their pasture least they eat too much, for they would waste themselves if they might eat at their will. The men of that land have commonly their health, but strangers have often had a perilous flux due to the moisture of the food.\nThe flesh of kines is wholesome and swine's flesh unwholesome. Men of that land have no fire but only the fever ague. Therefore, the health and cleanliness of that land and the purity of its venom are worth all the boasts and riches of trees, herbs of spiceries, rich clothes, and precious stones of the eastern lands.\n\nThe cause of the health and wholesomeness of that land is the temperate heat and cold that are there. In this land there are more kines than oxen, more pasture than corn, more grass than seed. There is great plenty of samon, lamprayes, eels, and other sea fish. Of eagles, cranes, pecokes, curlewes, sparrowhawks, goshawks, and gentle falcons. Of wolves and right shrewd mice, there are attercoppes, bloodsuckers, and efts that do no harm. There are little birds with hardy and strong bodies, like barnacles that grow wonderfully upon trees as if by nature.\nMen of Religion wrought barnacles on fasting days, using materials from Adam's leg. He had consumed flesh. Yet Adam was not engendered by father and mother. Instead, that flesh came miraculously from the earth. In this land, there is an abundance of honey and much wine, but not of vineyards. Solinus and Isidorus wrote that Ireland has no bees. It should be better written that Ireland has bees and no vineyards. Beda states that there is great hunting for roebucks. It is known that there are none. It is no wonder about Beda, for he saw no such land but some men told him such tales. There grows the stone saxogonus and is called Iris, resembling the rainbow. If that stone is held against rain-wettened hands, it preserves men. All other kinds of fish that are not generated in the sea are lacking. Unkind falcons, gerfalcons, are absent. Patricius Fescenninus.\nNightingales and pyrses are lacking: also roo, buck, and other venomous beasts. Some men, who favorably believe that St. Patrick cleansed this land of worms and venomous beasts, claim otherwise. However, it is more probable and skillful that this land was free of such worms from the beginning. Venomous beasts and worms die there immediately if brought from other lands, and poison and venom are brought from other lands as well. Read their malice as soon as it passes their midst in the sea. Also, powder and earth of that land cast and sown in other lands drive away worms. If a turf of that land is placed around a worm, it kills him or makes him thrill the earth to escape. In that land, cocks crow little before day. So, the first crowing of cocks in that land and the third in other lands are far apart from the day. Geraldus says that Casera Noe's niece fled the flood with three men and fifty women.\nTo that island and dwelled there first Ilonas, the last year before the flood. But afterward, Bartholomew the Seres' son, who was the son of Japheth, came there with his three sons three years after the flood and dwelled there and increased to the number of nine men. And afterward, due to the stench of the carcasses of giants they had killed, they died, saving one Ruanus, who lived a thousand and five hundred years up to Saint Patrick's time, and informed the holy man about the aforementioned men and their deeds. Then, the third time, Nimeth from Sichia came there with his four sons and dwelt there for two hundred years and sixteen. And at last, from his lineage, by unfortunate mishaps of wars and more, they were completely destroyed and the land was left deserted for two C years after. The fourth time, five dukes, brothers Gaadius, Genandus, Sagandius, and Rutheragus, successors of the aforementioned Nimeth, came out of Greece and occupied that land and divided it into five parts.\nEvery party contained twenty-two persons. A candrede is a countryside that contains a hundred towns. They set a stone in the middle of the land as it were in the navel and beginning of kingdoms. At last Slaniwas made king of all the land. This was the fifth time when this nation was thirty years old. Four noble men, who were the king's sons, came out of Spain with many others in a Navy of sixty ships. Two of the worthiest of these four brothers, Hiberus and Hermon, divided the land between them. But afterwards, the agreement was broken between them, and Hiberus was slain. Then Hermon was king of all that land. From his time to the first Patriks time were sixty-two kings of that nation. And so from the coming of the Hibermenses to the first Patrik were a thousand years and eight. They had that name Hibermenses and Hibernicis of the aforementioned Hiberus, or else of Hiberos, a river of Spain. They were also called Gaelics.\nScottus of one Gaius, called Neuw, was this Gaius able to speak many languages, after the languages that were spoken at Nemorus' tour. And he married a Scotia, Pharaoh's daughter. Of these dukes came the Hibernians. It is said that these Gaius created the Irish language and called it Gaelic, as it were a language gathered from all languages and tongues. At last, Belinus, king of Britain, had a son named Gurguncius. As this Gurguncius came out of Demark at Ireland, Orkneys, he found men who were called Bascles and had come thither from Spain. These men prayed and begged for a place to dwell. And the king sent them to Ireland, which was then void and waste. He ordered and sent with them dukes and captains of his own. And so it seems that Ireland should long belong to Britain by right from the first Saint Patrick to Fedlimidius the king's time, for four hundred years, each king after other in Ireland. In this Fedlimidius' time, Turgesius, duke and.\nCapytains of Norway brought men from Norway and occupied that land, making deep ditches and castles, single, double, and triple, and many of them still whole. But Irish men do not value castles. For they take woods for castles and marshes for castle ditches. But eventually, Turgesius died by cunning ways of women. And English men say that Gurmundr won Ireland and made those ditches, making no mention of Turgesius. But Irish men speak of Turgesius and know not of Gurmundr. Therefore, it is to be noted that Gurmundr had ruled Britain and dwelt there, and sent Turgesius with great strength into Ireland to conquer that land. And because Turgesius was the captain and leader of that expedition and journey, Irish men spoke much of him as a noble man seen in that land and known there. At last, when Gurmundr was slain in France, Turgesius loved the king's daughter of Meath in Ireland. And her father\nBehighte Turgesius that he would send her to the lowly Lachar\u00edn with fifteen maidens. And Turgesius promised to entertain them there with fifteen of the noblest men he had. He made a covenant and thought of no deceit. But fifteen yard-long bearded men, dressed as women with swords hidden under their clothes, came and filled on Turgesius and slew him right there. Thus, he was traitorously slain after he had reigned for thirty years. Not long after, three brothers Amalanus, Syracus, and Iorus came to Ireland from Norway with their men, supposedly for the sake of peace and trade. They dwelt by the seashore with the consent of Irish men, who were always idle like Paul's knights. The Norwegians plundered three cities: Develyn Waterford and Limerick. And from Turgesius' time to Rotherik's time, king of Cannacia, who was the last to be king of all the land, there were seventeen kings in Ireland. So, the kings who reigned in Ireland from Turgesius' time to Rotherik's time.\nI. From the first Hermon's time to the last Rotherick's, there were approximately 1441 uncrowned and unanointed kings in England, not by law of inheritance but by might and strength of arms. The second Henry, king of England, made Rotherick his subject in the year of King Henry's age forty, and of his reign seventeen. The year was 1571.\n\nSolinus states that men of this land are strange in nationality, houseless, and great fighters. They account right and wrong for one thing and are singular in clothing, scarcely clothed, cruel in heart, and angry in speech. They drink the first blood of the dead and then wipe their faces with it. They pay with flesh and fruit instead of meat and milk instead of drink. They engage in much playing, idleness, and quarreling, and travel little in their childhood. They are harshly nursed and fed, and they are unseemly in manners and clothing. Their breaches and hosen are all of wool, and their heads are unkempt with straight hairs that scratch.\nThese men carry cubites over their shoulders instead of mantles and cloaks. They use no saddles, boots, or spurs when they ride. Instead, they drive their horses with a yarded staff in the upper end, in place of bits with trenches and bridles of reins. They fight unarmed, naked from the body, yet with two darts and spears. With broad swords and shields, they fight with one hand. These men abandon tillage of the land and keep pasture for beasts. They use long beards and long locks hanging down behind their heads. They use no craft of flax, wool, metal, or merchandise but give themselves to idleness and sloth, regarding rest as pleasure and freedom as riches. And though Scottish daughters use harp timbrels and tabors, Irishmen are skilled in two kinds of musical instruments, the harp and timbrel, which is armed with wire and brass strings. In these instruments, though they play hastily and swiftly,\nMake right merry Harmony and melody with thick tenors and notes. Begin from bemoland, turning again to the same. So that the greatest parties be ashamed if it were taken, these men fight against each other craftily. Whoever deals with them, blood is shed. They loved somewhat their noses while they were children, and they pursued their brothers, cousins, and other kin. They despised their kin while enduring among them, and turned treason into a kind, so that they are traitors by nature and aliens, and infected with their treason also. Among them, many men sit and women stand. There are many men in that land foul-shaped in limbs and body. For in their limbs they lack the benefit of nature, and skillfully nature is hurt and defiled by wandering evil-living men who wickedly defile kind. And nature, in this land and Wales, old women and women were accustomed and are yet seen to shape themselves in likenesses of hares to milk their neighbors' kin.\nAnd on this stele, they milked her, and hounds tore after them, pursuing them and believing them to be hares. Some, by the craft of necromancy, made pigs fat for sale in markets and fairs. But as soon as these pigs passed over any water, they turned back into their own kind - whether it was straw, high grass, or thorns. However, these pigs could not be kept for more than three days by any means. Among these wonders and others, take heed that at the uttermost end of the world, there often fell new marvels and wonders. As though nature played with greater love secretly and far in the depths than openly and near the midpoint, therefore, in this land, there are many gruesome wonders and marvels.\n\nMany men tell of a land to the north of Ireland. In that land, no man may die but when old and plagued by a great sickness. But even then, a woman may conceive. There is also an island where no dead body may rot in Illyria.\nvlster is an Ilond in a lake wonderly depar\u00a6ted in tweyne / In that one partye is grete disturbaunce and dis\u00a6comfort of Fendes / And in that other partye grete lykyng and comforte of holy Angels\u00b7 there is also seynt patriks purgatorye that was shewd at his prayers to conferme his prechyng and his lore\u00b7 whan he prechyd to mysbyleued of sorow and of payne that euyl men sholde suffre for her wicked werkes / And of ioye & blysse that good men shal resseyue for her holy dedes. He telleth that who that suffreth the paynes of that purgatorye\u00b7 yf it be en\u2223ioyed hym for penaunce. he shal neuer suffre the paynes of helle-but he dye fynally without repentaunce of synne / as the ensam\u2223ple is sette more fulle at this chapytres ende \u00b6 Treuisa / But truly noman maye be saued. but yf he be very repentaunt what sommeuer penaunce he doo / And euery man that is very repen\u2223taunt at his lyues ende / shal be sikerly saued / though he neuer\nhere of seynt patriks purgatorye / There is an Ilond in Cannacte Salo that is in the see of\nConacia is dedicated to Saint Brandan, who has no misgivings. There, bodies have not been buried but have been kept outside and rotted instead. In Mammonia is a well. Whoever washes himself with the water of that well, he shall grow a horse's mane on his head. There is another well in Ultonia. Whoever is washed therein, he shall never grow a horse's mane afterward. There is a well in Monstra or Mononia. If any man touches that well, he shall fall great rain in the entire province. And that rain shall never cease until a priest, who is a chaste maiden, sings a mass in a chapel fast by and blesses the water and with milk of a cow that is from that place sprinkles the well. And so reconsecrates the well in this strange manner. At Glendalough, around the Oratory of Saint Kevin, apples grow as it were apple trees, and they are more wholesome than sour. That holy saint brought forth these apples by prayers to heal his child that was sick. There is a lake in Ulster and much fish therein, which is thirty miles long and fifteen miles wide.\nThe river runs out of that lake into the North Ocean. Men say that this lake began in this manner: there were evil living men in that country. There was a well in that land in great reverence in old times, and if it were left uncovered, the well would rise and drown the land. It happened that a woman went to that well to fetch water and left her child crying in the cradle and left the well uncovered. Then the well sprang up so fast that it drowned the woman and her child, and made the land a lake and a fishpond. To prove that this is true, it is said that when the weather is clear, fishermen of that water see round towers and high-shaped structures as steeples and churches of that land, in the northern part of Ireland, in the country of Ossory. Every seven years, at the prayer of a holy abbot, a man and a woman who are married must be exiled.\nIn this land, there is a phenomenon resembling wolves that live for seven years, and at the end of seven years, if they survive, they return home and regain their original shape. Then, two more take their place and continue the transformation for another seven years. There is a lake in this land. If a tree trunk is placed and stuck in it, the part of the trunk or pool that is underwater will turn to iron, and the part that remains above water will remain as wood in its own kind. Additionally, in Ireland, there are three similar leaps where a samon leap (a long spear) faces a rock. In Lagenia, there is a pond where comorant birds are seen. These birds are called \"certares,\" and they approach humans gently. However, if men harm or wrong them, they fly away and do not return. The water there will turn bitter and stink, and the man who did the wrong will not be able to atone. In another pond, a tree trunk turns into an ash, and the ash turns into a hazel, if placed in it.\nWrecked and malicious, but if the doers make amends, / Regarding Patrick's purgatory, you shall understand that the second part studied for turning those wicked men who lived like beasts out of their evil life due to fear of pains of hell, and for confirming them in good life. And they said they would not turn but some of them might know something of the great pains and also of bliss that he spoke of, / Then Saint Patrick prayed to the almighty God therefore, / And our Lord Jesus Christ appeared to Saint Patrick and took him a staff, / and led him into a wild place and showed him there a round pit that was dark within and said, / that if a man were truly penitent and steadfast in belief and went into this pit and stayed there a day and a night, he should see the sorrows and pains of evil men and the joy and bliss of good men. / Then Christ vanished from Patrick's sight, / And Saint Patrick built and established a church there and put regular canons in it, and enclosed the pit with a wall.\nIn the church yard at the end of the church, and fast shut with a strong door, no one should enter without leave of the bishop or the prior of the place. Many men entered and came out again during Patrick's time, telling of pains, joys, and marvels they had seen, and thereby many men were turned and converted to right belief. Similarly, many men entered and never came out.\n\nIn King Stephen's time, a knight named Owen went to St. Patrick's purgatory and came back, living thereafter in the abbey of Lindisfarne, which is of the third order of Cistercians. He told many wonders that he had seen in St. Patrick's purgatory. The place is called St. Patrick's purgatory, and the church is named Regulus.\n\nNo one is permitted to enter that purgatory, but advised not to come therein. Instead, he should take upon himself other penance. If a man has avowed and is steadfast and willing to go there, he shall.\nA man should first go to the bishop, and then he will be sent with letters to the priory of the place. Both of them will counsel him to leave. If he wishes to go there, he will be in prayers and fasting for fifteen days. And after fifteen days, he will be housed and led to the door of purgatory with a procession and letany. And yet he will be counseled to leave it. If he is steadfast and enters the door, it shall be opened, and he will be blessed and go on God's name and hold forth his way. The door will then be firmly shut until the next day. When the time comes, the priory will come and open the door. If the man has come, he will be led into the church with a procession. There, he will be in prayers and fasting for fifteen days.\n\nHCardus notes that men of this nation are angrier and more hasty than others in taking revenge while they are alive. Therefore, saints and holies of this land are more wrathful than those who say many prayers and do great abstinence for a day and drink only.\nIn the night. It is accounted a miracle that lechery reigns not there as wine does. And those who are evil among them are worse than all others. Good men are few, but the good among them are good at heart. Prelates of that country are slow in correction of transgressions and given to contemplation rather than preaching God's word. Therefore, all the saints of that land are confessors and not martyrs among them, and no wonder. For all the prelates of this land are chosen out of monasteries into the clergy and so angry and slow in correction of transgressions. The bishop answered haughtily and said, \"Our men are shrewd and angry towards them, but to God's servants they are obedient and worshipful.\" But Englishmen come into this land who can make martyrs and were wont to use that craft.\n\nThe bishop said so because King Henry II was newly come into Ireland after the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket of Canterbury. Gir...\nThis land in Wales and Scotland bears bells and statues with crooked heads and other such things as relics in great reverence and worship. So that men of this land feared to swear upon any of these bells and gold statues more than upon the gospel. The chief of all such relics is the holy Ihesus staff, that is at Douglas. With this staff, they say that the first Saint Patrick drove the snakes into the islands or the earth brought them forth first and fulfilled the God's commandment that commanded the earth to bring forth grass and quick beasts.\n\nIt is a common saying that the country which now is named Scotland is an extending of the northern part of Britain. And it is separated from Britain in the south by the arms of the sea. This land was once named Albania. And it has the name Albanactus, who was Brutus' son. For Albanactus dwelt first.\nThere ruled therein for a thousand years, or some men tell three hundred and sixty years. At last, Hibernia, as Ireland is called, was governed by Ger in the north. For many reasons, one reason is that there was intermarriage and similarity between them and the Irish. Another reason is that Irish men dwelt there sometimes. Bede, in Book 1, Out of Ireland, which is the proper country of the Scots, came Irish men with their duke, who was called Renda. And with love and strength, they made themselves chieftains and cities besides the Picts on the north side. Now the land is briefly called Scotland, of Scots who came out of Ireland, and they ruled there for three and a half centuries up to the red William's time, who was Malcolm's brother. R. many evidences we have of this Scotland that it is often called and called Hibernia, as Ireland is. Therefore, Bede, in Book 2, Cap. p, says that Lawrence, archbishop of Dunbar, was archbishop of Scots who dwelt on an island.\nHibernia is next to Britaine. Beda says in book three, chapter two, that the Scots who dwelt on the south side of Hibernia, and in book four, chapter three, he says that Cadh was a young man who learned the rule of monks in Hibernia. In book four, chapter twenty-second, Egfridus, king of Northumberland, destroyed Hibernia. The greatest part of the Scots in Hibernia are mentioned in the same chapter, where he calls Hibernia properly named. He states that the western isle is one hundred miles from every part of Britaine and is separated by the sea. Hibernia, which is now called Scotland, is described there. He tells us that Adamnan, abbot of that island, said to Hibernia to teach its people the lawful Easter day. Eventually, he returned to Scotland. The Scots of that time were named Scottes in their own language and were also called Picts. They would sometimes paint their bodies in this manner.\nThe Scots are urged to carve and mark their bodies, creating figures and shapes, painting them with ink or other paint or color. Due to their painting, they were called Picts, meaning painted ones. Erodotus scoffs at the Scots, finding them strange and wild. However, the Scots have been greatly improved by English men. They are cruel towards their enemies and despise bondage. They hold great respect if a man dies in battle, but consider it a foul sloth if he dies in bed. They eat little and seldom, preferring meat, fish, milk, and fruit over bread. Despite their fair appearance, they defile and make themselves unsightly with their own clothing. They highly value their own customs and despise others. The princes of Scotland, like the kings of Spain, are not accustomed to being enjoyed or crowned. In Scotland,\nIn memory of Saint Andrew the apostle. For Saint Andrew was assigned the northern territories of the world to preach and convert the people to Christ's belief. He was ultimately martyred in Achaea, in the city of Patras, in Greece. His bones were kept for 202 years until the time of Constantine. Then they were translated to Constantinople and kept there for ten years.\n\nUnjust king of Pictes in Scotland destroyed a great part of Britain and was besieged by a great British host in a field called Merk. He heard Saint Andrew speak to him in this manner:\n\nUnjust, unjust, here I, Saint Andrew, Christ's apostle, promise you help and succor when you have overcome your enemies with my help. You shall give the third part of your heritage in alms to Almighty God and in worship of Saint Andrew. The sign of the cross went before his host.\n\nThe third day he obtained victory.\nAnd he returned home and distributed his heritage as he was bound. Uncertain of which city he should distribute it in for St. Andrew, he fasted for three days. He and his men prepared St. Andrew, who promised to show him which place he would choose. One of the wardens who kept St. Andrew's body in Constantinople was warned in his dream to go to a place where an angel would lead him. He came to Scotland with seven felons to the top of a hill named Ragmund. At that hour, heaven shone and beckoned King Pydcius, who was coming with his host to a place called Carceuan. There, many sick men were healed. There, King Regulus the monk of Constantinople with St. Andrew's relics was present. A church was founded in honor of St. Andrew, the head of all the churches in the land of Picts, or Scotland. Pilgrims came to this church from all lands. Regulus was the first abbot and gathered monks there. And so, the entire tenth part of the land that\nThe king had assigned it [the task] in various places among AB. Now this book takes hold of it in hand. Wales before England. I take my tales / and go to Wales / To that noble blood Of Priam's lineage. Knowledge to win. Of Jupiter's kin, I keep in mind Dardanus' lineage. In these four titles I found To tell the state of that land Cause of the man I shall tell And then praise the land and well Then I shall write with my pen All the manners of the men Then I shall find To tell marvels of the land Of the name, how it is named Wales Wales is now called Wallia And sometimes it was called Cambria For Cambria's son, Brute's prince, Died there Once Wallia was to mene For Guinevere the queen King Ebrancus' child Was wedded there And of that lord Gwalon Withdrew from the sound And put to l\u00b7 i\u00b7 a And thou shalt find Wales Though this land Be much less than England As good glebe is one as other In the daughter as in the mother Of the commodities of the land of Wales Though that\nlond be luyte.\nIt is ful of corn & of fruyte\nAnd hath grete plente ywys\nOf flesshe & eke of fysshe\nOf beestes tame & wild\nOf horse sheep oxen mylde\nGood londe for alle seedes / \nFor corn gras & herbes yt spredes\nTher ben wodes & medes / \nHerbes & floures there spredes\nTher ben riuers & welles\nValeys & also hilles\nValeys brynge forth flood\nAnd hilles metals good\nCool groweth vnder londe\nAnd gras aboue atte honde\nThere lyme is copious\nAnd slattes for hows.\nHony & mylke whyte / \nThere is deynte & not lyte\nOf braket methe and ale\nIs grete plente in that vale\nAnd all that nedeth to the lyue\nThat londe bryngeth forth ryue.\nBut of grete ryches to be drawe\nAnd close many in short sawe\nHit is a corner smal\nAs though god first of al\nmade that londe so fele\nTo be selere of al hele\nWales is deled by / \nA water that heet twy / \nNorthwales from the southe / \nTwy delith in places ful couth.\nThe southe heet demecia\nAnd the other venedocia / \nThe first shoteth & arowes beres.\nthat other deleth al with speres.\nIn wales how it\nIn Carmarthyn lived three bishops: one in Monmouth, one in Powys, and one in Shrewsbury, where Pengwern now stands. There were once seven bishops, and now there are four. Under the Saxons, all held it in their hands. The lifestyle of the land is quite diverse from England. In food, drink, and clothing, and in many other things, they are well dressed. They are clothed well in a shirt and a mantle, a crisp breechcloth pleasantly, both in wind and rain. In this clothing, they are bold, even when the weather is very cold. They always go without sheets. They play, leap, stand, sit, lie, and sleep without surcoat, gown, or kirtle. Without jupon, tabard, cloak, or belt, without lace or chaplet, they go armed with bare legs. They keep none other company, even when they meet the king, with arrows and short spears. They fight better if they need to. When they go where they ride, instead of castles,\nThey take wood and maris for their tour, when it is time for court in fighting they will go. Gildas says they are variable in peace and not stable. If one asks why it is, it is wonderful to see. Though men are put out of land, others would find. But all for nothing at this stand, for many woods are at the brim and upon the sea among, castles are built strong. The men can endure long without eating and love well common food. They can eat and be murky. With little curiosity.\n\nThey eat cold bread and hot, of barley and oats. Broad cakes round and thin, as it seems, such great kin. Seldom they eat bread of wheat and seldom do they eat once. They have gruel for pottage and leeks for companionship. Also butter, milk, and cheese. They shape long and cornered loaves. Such meals they eat quickly and that makes him drink well. Mead and ale that has might, there they spend day and night. The redder the wine, the more fine they hold it. When they drink at ale, they tell many a lewd tale or when drink is a holding, they are full of.\nIangling /\nAt the meeting and afterwards\nHer solace is salt and leek\nThe husband in his wisdom\nTells that to give a cauldron with gruel\nTo those who sit on his melee\nHe deals his meal at melee\nAnd yields every man his share.\nAnd all the overflow\nHe keeps for his own use /\nTherefore they have wooed\nAnd mishaps also\nThey eat hot samon always /\nAlthough physics say nay\nTheir houses are low with all\nAnd made of yards small\nNot as in cities high\nBut far apart and not to hear\nWhen all is eaten at home /\nThen to their neighbors they will\nAnd eat what they may find and see /\nAnd then turn home a year hence\nThe life is idle that they lead\nIn burning sleeping and such deeds\nWelshmen use with her might\nTo wash their guests' feet a night\nIf he washes her feet and some\nThen they know it they are well\nThey live so easily in a route\nThat seldom they bear purs about\nAt her breach out and home come\nThey hang their money and comb /\nIt is wonderful they are so handy\nAnd hate crack at nether end.\nThey make their wardrobe at the door.\nThey have in great plenty / harp, tabour, and pipe for minstrelsy.\nThey bear corps with sorrow great.\nAnd blow loud horns of grief.\nThey praise the Trojan blood.\nFor this reason comes all her brood.\nNay, kin they will be.\nThough they pass an C degree /\nabove other me, they will be haughty & worship priests with her might.\nThey are angels of heaven right.\nThey worship servants of god.\nOft times was this brood\nAnd yearned for battle all for wode.\nFor Merlin's prophecy all-mighty.\nAnd often for sorcery.\nBest in manners of Britons.\nFor company of Saxons\nHave been turned to better right.\nThat is known as clear as light.\nThey till gardens, fields & downs.\nAnd draw them to god towns.\nThey ride armed as whole god.\nAnd go ye hosed & shod.\nAnd sit fair at their meal.\nAnd sleep in beds fair & feel.\nSo they seem now in mind.\nMore English than Welsh kind.\nIf men ask why they now do so,\nMore than they wonted to do.\nThey live in more peace.\nBecause of their riches.\nFor their cattle should slake.\nIf they used oft.\nwrake: Fear not the loss of your good, Make them now in one style and mode, In it all is brought, Have nothing and fear nothing, The poet says a saw of preface, The footman sings before you the thief, And is bolder on the way, Than the rich and gay horses, There is a pool at Brechnok, Therein is many a fish flock, Ofte it changeth his hue on cop, And bears above a garden crop, Ofte time what it be, Shape of house there shall you see, When you pole is frore it is wonder, Of the noise that is there under, If the prince of the land hoots, Birds sing well merry note, As merily as they can, And sing for none other man, Besides carlion, Two miles from the town, Is a rock well bright of leem, Right against the sun beme, Goldelyf that rock is called, For it shines as gold full bright, Such a flower in stone is nothing, Without fruit if it were sougt, If men could by craft undo, The veins of it and come there, Many benefits of kind Are now hid from man's mind, And are unknown yet, For defect of man's wit, Great treasure is hid.\nAnd after this, it shall be found by great study and labor of those who come after us, that old men had truly in books, a kind that fails not at need. When noma had craft in mind, then of craft help God and kind. When no teacher was in the land, men had craft by God's hand. They that had craft then taught it forth to other men. Some craft it yet comes not in place. Some may have it by God's grace. In an island isle with noise and strife, In west Wales at Cardiff, Fast by Severn's strand, Barry Island that is, Shall you here wonder dwell, And diverse noises also, If you put your ear to it. Noises of leves and wind, Noises of metal you shall find, Forging of iron and whestones, Heating of ovens then with fire, All this may well be here, By waves of the sea that break there, With such noises and fear. At Penbrook in a place. Fiends often quarrel and throw foul things in, And despise also sin. Neither craft nor prayers.\nIn Wales, at Crucinar in the west and Nemyn in the north, there are wonders of burials. Every man who comes to see them seems as much amazed as if they had witnessed weapons being shattered before daylight. Near Bardysey, a little island, monks dwell forever. The oldest died first. I am told Merlin is buried there, also known as Silvestris. There were two Merlins and they prophesied together. One was named Ambrose and Merlin, and was obtained by Gobelyn. In Demacia, at Carmarthyn, under King Vortigern, he revealed his prophecy in Snowdonia. At the head of the Conway water, on the side of Mount Eiri, Dinas Emreys in Welsh, Ambrose Hill in English, King Vortigern sat on the water's edge and was filled with sorrow. Then Ambrose Merlin prophesied to him truly. What wisdom would believe. That a fiend might get a child, some men meant, that he may not have the power to do such work. That fiend that goes a...\nIucubus is named rightly, he deceives men sometimes. Succubus is that being\nWho comes in her deceit,\nWonder will happen, he will smile,\nWith wonder done,\nBoth men and women will see,\nFends will keep,\nWith craft and bring an heap,\nSo wild fends,\nMay make women bear a child.\nYet never in mind,\nWas a child of fends kind,\nFor without an eye,\nNo such child could die.\nThe clergy makes it clear,\nDeath kills no fends' souls,\nBut slow Merlin,\nMerlin was not a goblin,\nAnother Merlin of Albion land,\nThat now is named Scotland,\nHe had two names,\nSilvestris and Calidonius also,\nOf that wood Calidon,\nFor there he told his prophecy,\nAnd he called Silvestris as well,\nFor when he was in battle,\nAnd saw above a grisly kind,\nAnd filled anon out of his mind,\nAnd made no more about it,\nBut ran anon to the wood.\nTruly Silvestris is the wood,\nOther wild of mood,\nOther Ellis,\nThat at the wood he dwells,\nR. Silvestris Merlin,\nTold prophecy well and fine,\nAnd prophesied well sure.\nKing Arthur,\nOpenly and not too secretly,\nMerlin and I,\nThere are hills in Snowdonye,\nWhich are wonderfully high,\nWith heights as great a way.\nA man may go a day\nAnd hear echoes on Walsshe.\nSnowy hills in English,\nIn these hills there is\nA lee for all beasts of the valleys\nThese hills on copper berries\nTwo great fish were,\nContained in that one pond,\nMoved with the wind and were loaded,\nAs though it swam,\nAnd near to the brim,\nSo you hear great wonder\nAnd believe it moves,\nIn that other is perch and fish under,\nEvery one-eyed one,\nFares well,\nIn Albania the mylwel,\nIn Rutland by Tetingel,\nThere is a little well\nThat flows not always,\nAs the sea twices a day,\nBut sometimes it is dry\nAnd sometimes full by the eye.\nThere is in Norwallia,\nIn Mon that heets Anglesia,\nA stone agreeing well,\nAs it were a man's thigh,\nHow far ever that stone,\nIs born of any man,\nOn night it goes home its way,\nThat he found by assay,\nHugh, earl of Shrewsbury,\nIn the time of the first Harry,\nFor he would.\nThe south finds\nThat stone to another he bids\nWith great chains of iron /\nAnd throws all away.\nBound at one heap\nInto a deep water\nYet the next day that stone /\nWas seen early in the month\nA serf held himself full slight\nAnd bound this stone to his thigh\nHis thigh was rotten or dead /\nAnd the stone went away\nIf men do lechery\nNay, he who touches that stone\nSweet comes from that stone\nBut a child comes there none\nThere is a rock truly wonderful.\nThough any man is born\nAnd blows also with a horn\nNoise there made though you abide\nYou shall hear none on this side\nThere is another isle\nFast by the monk at hand\nHermites there be few\nIf one of them does strive\nAll the misery that may be gotten\nCome & eat all their meat\nThen sees never that woo\nUntil the strife sees also\nAs men in this land /\nWere angry as in other lands\nSo saints of this country /\nWere also wretched always.\nAlso in this land\nIn other lands and in Scotland /\nWere belles and statues\nThat in worship men have /\nAnd are worshiped so then /\nOf clerks and of the laity.\nmen\nThat dredon also swore on one of the staff either belle, as it were the gospel, at basingworks is a well. That sacred heat as men tell, sprites so sore that I may see. What is cast in it throws a ye. Thereof springs a great stream. It were enough for all the land. Seek at that place. Have both heal and grace, in the wells after that. Ben found red spear-like stones, in token of the blood red, that the maiden wept, when her throat was cut. He that did that deed, has sorrow on his seed. His children at all stands, bearken as welples & hounds. For to them pray yt maiden grace, right at that well place. Either in Shrewsbury street, there that maiden resteth sweet. After the Isle of Ocean now Britain shall be described. The first point that shall be told shall be of the names of the ilk, then of the stead and place of length and breadth, the third of the worthiness of the land, the fourth of marvels and wonders.\nthat ben therinne / the fyfthe of the chyef partye of the londe\u00b7 the sixth of ylondes that ben bisides that londe\u00b7 the seuenth of the kynges heyhe wayes\u00b7 the viij of famous ryuers and stremes\u00b7 the \u00b7ix\u00b7 of olde cytees and townes\u00b7 the tenthe of prouynces and shi\u2223res / the .xj / of lawes and of names of lawes / the \u00b7xij of kynge\u2223doms of boundes and of merkes bytwene kyngdoms / the / xiij / of bysshopriches & of bisshops sees / the .xiiij how many maner me\u0304 ha\u00a6ue dwelled in that ylond / the fyftenth of langage of maners & of vsage of men of that londe\nFYrst this londe heyte albyon / as it were the whyte lande of whyte rokkes about the clyues of the see that were seen fro ferre. Afterward bruyte conquerd this londe / And called it bry\u2223tain after his owne name. thenne saxons or englysshe men con\u2223querd this londe and called it anglia that is englond or it is cal\u2223led anglia of a quene that owed this lond that was named an\u00a6gela / and was a noble dukes doughter of the saxons\u00b7 or as ysid seyth eth / 15 / Anglia hath that\nThe British Anglia is called the other world on account of its great abundance of good things. Charles the Great referred to it as his own chamber. Solinus: The edge of the fresh cliff should be the end of the world if Britain were not, which is worthy of having the name of another world. Aland is surrounded by various currents of water with streams and waves of the sea.\n\nThis land is accounted a noble one, situated between our story and Spain to the north and west, and the sea to the south. According to Bede's \"Primo,\" St. Gregory saw English children selling in Rome. He identified them by the name of the land and said they were truly Angles. For the land's face shines like angels, and the nobility of the land was reflected in the faces of the children. Alfred: Britain is called the other world for its great abundance of all good things. Solinus: If the land of Britain were not, the edge of the fresh cliff would be the end of the world. This land is worthy of having the name of another world. Aland is surrounded by various currents of water with streams and waves of the sea.\n\nBritain is a noble land, situated between our story and Spain to the north and west, and the sea to the south. It is fifty miles from the cliff of the people called Morini, as Bede's \"Primo\" relates. Since it lies under the northern head of the world, it has light and bright nights in the summer.\nIn ancient times, there was uncertainty among people at night as to whether it was evening or dawn - that is, the season of the year when the sun does not sink far below the earth by night but passes by the northern side and soon reappears in the east. Consequently, in the summer, days are long, up to eighteen hours, and nights short, of six hours. In Armenia, Macedonia, Italy, and other countries of the same latitude, the longest day and longest night also last eighteen hours, while the shortest day or night is nine hours. In Meroe, the land of black people, the longest day is twenty-four hours long. In Alexandria, Egypt, it is seventeen hours long. In Italy, it is sixteen hours long. In Britain, it is eighteen hours in the summer and daylong in the six summer months, while all six winter months are nightlong. Britain is situated within the ocean, as it were, outside the world, and faces against it. (Ysidorus, Book 14)\nFrance and Spain Gerald of Wales, also known as Giraldus Cambrensis, writes that Britain is longer and wider in the middle than in the north. It extends from the south into the north, with France to the south and Spain to the west. In the north, it borders Norway, and Ireland is to the west. When sailors pass the next cliff of that land, they see a city called Rutupiae. This city is now called Reptingham by English men. Britain is about 8.4 miles long, extending from the cliff of Trent to the angle of Caledon. From Penwithstreet in Cornwall, it is about 15 miles to Michels Stoke, and from Menevia, the most westerly place in Wales, to Yarmouth in the north, it is more than two Cs (miles).\n\nFrance passes by Britain in fair weather and nobility, but not in health. According to Bede, Book I:\n\nThis island is best for producing trees, fruits, and beasts, and wine grows there. Ruthern and Bernicia are particularly productive.\nThe land is abundant with birds and beasts of various kinds. The land is abundant and the sea as well. The land is noble, copious, and rich in noble wells and rivers, full of fish. There is great abundance of small fish of the same kind and eels. In some places, people feed their pigs with fish. Beda, in his first book, mentions that dolphins, seals, and whales are taken. Among which shellfish are muscles, which have within them pearls of all colors and hues, red and purple, blue and white, and most of them are white. There is also an abundance of shellfish that men die for with fine reeds. The reasons for this are wonderfully fair and stable, and it never changes with cold or heat, wet or dry. But the older the color becomes, the fairer it is. There are also saltwells and hot springs. From them, streams flow into various places according to need.\nIn this island, there is a woman of all manner of ages, old or young. Basilius states that the water running by veins of certain metal takes in great heat in its course. This island is abundant in veins of metals: brass, iron, lead, tin, and silver also. (Book 16, chapter 6) / In this island, under the turf of the land, good marl is found; the third part of its fatness dries them therein. Therefore, the thicker the field is marled, the better corn it will produce. There is also another kind of white marl, which the land is better cultivated for four score years with. / Solinus / In this island grows a stone called gagates. If you want to know its father, it is black like gems. If you want to know its kind, it is good willow. There are many hearts and wild beasts, and few wolves; therefore, sheep are safer without keeping in the fold. R / In this island, there are many cities and towns, fair and noble and rich. Many great rivers and streams flow with great abundance of fish.\nMany fair woods and great ones, with right many beasts, tame and wild. The earth of that land is salt and wells, of quarries of marble, of hard chalk and white limestone. There is also white clay and red for making pots, crockeries, stones, and other vessels and burnt tile to cover with houses and churches, as it were in other Samos, which is named Samos as well. Flax loves well the wool of this land. And Flanders the skins and hides. Guyon the iron and lead. Ireland the ore and salt. All Europe loves and desires the white metal of this land. Alfand sells or is necessary to man's use. There is neither lack of salt nor iron. Therefore, a verifier in his meter praises England as a good, fruitful land, abundant in wool. But it is a corner. England is full of play. Free men, worthy to play, Free men, Free tongues, free hearts, and free all their things. Their hands are freer and better than their tongue. Also, England is beautiful in land. The land around that land is fully paid with flowers.\nIn that land, the fruit and provisions are sufficient for strangers and for those whose lands suffer from hunger. That land bears fruit and corn abundantly. That land is called Wend, and it gladly gives gifts. In Wales, there is honey milk and cheese; this land shall have the prize. This land has no need of other lands. All lands must seek help from this one for the enjoyment of their own. King Solomon would marvel at the riches that exist here.\n\nIn Britain, there are hot wells, well-prepared and addressed to the use of mankind. The mistress of those wells is the great spirit of Minerva. In her halls, the fire endures forever, never changing into ashes. But there, the fire slakes and changes into stony clots.\n\nAlso, Alfand, a wonder of immense size, stands high as it were gates. Yet it is not clearly known or perceived how or why they are so arranged and so wonderfully hung.\nThe third thing at Cherdhoke: there is a great hollowness beneath the earth. Often, many men have walked there and have seen rivers and streams. But nowhere can they find an end. The fourth thing is that rain is seen rising on hills and a none-y spring about in the fields. Also, there is a great pond that contains 60 yards, enough for men to dwell in. That pond is bordered by 200 rocks, and on every rock, an eagle's nest. And 12 rivers flow into that pond, and none of them all flow into the sea but one. There is a pond enclosed by a wall of tile and stone. In that pond, men washed and bathed often. Every man feels the water hot or cold as he wills himself. There are salt wells further on. The water would draw them violently toward the pond and wet all their clothes. So, horses would be drawn in the same way. And if the face is turned away from the water, it does not annoy. There is a well where no stream flows to it. Yet, there are four.\nIn the vicinity of Winchester, there is a well. It is only about 2 feet long and 2 feet wide, not deep but reaching only to the knee, and enclosed by high banks on all sides. Nearby, in the countryside, there is a den or cave from which blows a strong wind, making it impossible for anyone to stand before it. Additionally, there is a pond that turns trees into iron if they remain in it for a year. Trees are shaped into whestones as a result. Atop a hill, every man who encounters a burial there will find it even with his own length and measure. If a pilgrim kneels before it, he will instantly be refreshed and feel no weariness. Near Winchester's minster, there is a wood that bears much fruit. If the trees of this wood fall into water or ground nearby and remain there for a year, they turn into stones. In the area of Chester, a river named Dee runs, which is now leaving England and Wales.\nRyuer receives every month his tributes, as men of the country report, and often leaves the channel. But I believe that it is done by the special grace of God Almighty for the nation that is set aside as it were outside the world, so that they may take heed during their lives of bodies without corruption and rotting, and be more bold and steadfast to trust in the final article: singing of dead bodies to last forever after the day of doom.\n\nAfter the first brutish time, the Isle of Britain began to have the principal parties: those of Burgundy, Cambria, or Wales; and Albania, which is now Scotland. Loegria was named after Locrinus, Brute's oldest son, and it was called Loegria as it were Locrinus' land. But now Loegria is called England. The boundaries and marks were once the French sea both by east and by south. Beda, in Book 1, Chapter 20, and by the north, two arms of the sea that break inland against each other. But they do not agree on this.\nThe arms of these two begin about two miles from the monastery of Ebburcing, on the west side of Penulto. In the west arm of these two, there is a town called Guidy. The western arm has a strong city on its right side named Alcliud, which in its language is called Clintstone, and stands on a river called Clynt. Some men believe that Logria ends at the Humber and extends no further northward. The second part of Britain is called Albania, which has the name Albanactus Bruytes in its language and stretches from the aforementioned two arms of the sea northward to the Sea of Norway. Nevertheless, the southern part of Albania, where Picts once dwelt, lies from the waters of Twede to the Scottish Sea. All that once belonged to the kingdom of Northumberland. Brenycorn, the north side of Northumberland, from the first reign of English kings to the time when Kenneth II, son of Alpinus, king of Scotland, did away with the Picts and so joined that country to Scotland.\nThe kingdom of Scotland. The third party of Britain is Wales, also known as Cambria, because of Cambria, the prince of Wales. It is bounded by the River Dee in the east and the River Vaga at the castle of Striguil in the south, which separates England and Wales. King Offa, to establish a permanent distinction between the kings of England and Wales, created a long ditch that extends from the south side, under the hills of Wales, northward, and passes the Rivers Severn and Dee almost to their heads and to the mouth of the River Dee by Chester. The ditch is still visible in many places. In St. Edward's time, Welsh men were not allowed to cross that ditch with weapons on pain of great penalty. But now, on either side.\nBoth half and this half the ditch, and especially in the shires of Chester, Shropshire, and Hereford, English men and Welshmen were intermingled. Britain has three islands that border and extend towards: the isle of Wight, called Anglesea, also borders Wales; and the isle of Eubonia, which has two other names, Manauia and Man, extends towards Scotland. These three islands, Wight, Man, and Eubonia, are almost equally large and of similar size. All three are now following our speech. \u00b6 Beda, Book 1, Chapter 3: Claudius sent Vespasian and Vespasian stretched out from the east into the west, thirty miles long. And from the south into the north, twelve miles. He was six miles from the eastern coast of Britain and three miles from the western. \u00b6 Beda, Book 4, Chapter 5:\nThe measure of this island, as Englishmen estimate, is a thousand households and two hundred towns in it. It is called Anglesea, and is separated from North Wales by a short arm of the sea, about two miles. In Mon, there are three hundred towns. And there are accounted for three hundred thousand inhabitants. The island is about thirty miles long and twelve miles wide. Cantref is a district containing a hundred towns. The name Cantref is derived from two languages, British and Irish. In praising this island, Welshmen are accustomed to say a proverb and an old saw: \"Mon mae Cymry,\" that is, \"Mon, mother of Wales.\" For when other lands lack food, that land is so good that it seems it would provide enough corn for all the men of Wales. Therefore, Vergil's verses may be fittingly adapted to it: \"As much as guzzlers drink, In comes the cold dew in a night.\" In that arm of the sea that separates this land and North Wales, there is a shallow.\nThat which draws ships to it, sailing by, swallows them right as does Charybdis and Scylla, two perilous places in the mid-called sea of Eubonia and Mareuia. A man stands in the midst between the Irish uplands and the Scottish Gallows, as if in the naval of the sea. Beda, Libro secundus, capitulum nono. This island contains, as it were, two islands. The first is to the south, the better corn land, and contains ninety and sixty households. The second contains the space of three hundred and more, as Englishmen estimate. Gir, in its top, was once disputed whether it should belong to Britain or to Ireland. And because venomous worms that were brought there lived there, it was judged that the island should belong to Britain. R. In that island, sorcery and witchcraft are used. Women sell wind to sailors as if it were closed under three knots of thread. So that the more wind he would have, the more knots he must undo. There often by\nMen of that land saw men who had been beheaded or disemboweled and what death they died. Aliens set their feet upon the feet of the men of that land to see such sights. Bede writes: The Scots dwelt first in this land. Thanatos, an island beside Kent and bearing that name of the land of death from serpents, is where none are born except serpents. It is a noble and fruitful land. It is supposed that this land was wedded and blessed by St. Anstyn, the first doctor of English men. For there he arrived first. Moluncius, king of the Britons, was the twenty-third of them and the first to give them law. He ordained that plowmen should have the freedom to build god's temples and highways that led men to Cities and towns. These ways should have the freedom to have the right of asylum, so that every man who went there for asylum or for a trespass that he had done should be safe from pursuit of all his enemies. However, afterward, the ways were uncertain.\nAnd strife was had. Therefore, Belinus the king who was the aforementioned Moluncius' son, sought to put away all doubt and strife. He made four high kings' roads. The first and greatest of these roads is called Fosse and stretches from the south into the north, beginning at the corner of Cornwayle and passing through Devenshire, Somersete, and Tetbury on Cotswold. It continues beyond Cirencester and so forth by Wild Plains toward Newark, ending at Lincoln.\n\nThe second chief king's road is called Medway and runs midway over Thames, beside Loddon by the west, and so forth by St. Albans on the west side, by Dunstable, Stratford, Towcester, Wade, South Lillingborn, Atherstone, to Gilbert's Hill that now is called Wreken. It continues beyond Wroxeter and passes through Stratton, and so forth by the middle of Wales to Cardykan and ends at the Irish Sea.\n\nThe third way is called Ermingesstreet and stretches from the west northwest into the east southeast, beginning in Menevia.\nThe river Teme, which is in Saint David's Longtown in west Wales, extends to Southampton. The fourth is called Rykenyldestreet and passes through Worktrees by Wycombe, Birmingham, Lychefield, Derby, Chestrefeld, York, and ends at Tynemouth. Three famous rivers run through Britain by which merchants from beyond the sea come into Britain with ships from various nations and lands. These three rivers are Teme, Severn, and Humber. The sea ebbs and flows at the mouths of the three rivers and separates the three provinces of the island as if the three kingdoms apart. The three parties are Logria, Cambria, and Northumbria, which are in the middle of England and Northumberland. R / The name Teme seems to be made up of the names of two rivers, Tem and Isis. For the river Isis flows besides Dorchester and falls into the Isle. Therefore, the entire river from its head to the eastern sea is named Tame or Temese. Tame begins besides Tetbury, three miles north of Malmesbury.\nThe river Temse originates from a well that runs eastward, passing the foss, leaving Gloucestershire and Wiltshire, and draws many other wells and streams with it. It becomes great at Grecester and then flows towards Hampton and so forth, by Oxford, Wallingford, Reading, and London. It falls into the estuary of Sandwich and holds its name for 40 miles beyond London. It departed in some place in Kent, Essex, Westsex, and Mercia, which is as it were a great part of mid-England.\n\nSeuarn is a river of Britain and is called Habren in Britons. It has the name Habren of Habren, which was Estreldis's daughter Guadelon the queen drowned in it. Therefore, the Britons called the river Habren after the woman who was drowned there.\n\nHowever, it is called Sabrina in corrupt Latin. In English, Seuarn begins in the middle of Wales. It first flows towards Shrewsbury and then turns southward to Bridge Norton, Gloucester, and falls into the west.\nSee besides Bristow and departs in some parts of England and Wales. W/depon/li 4 Seurn is swift of stream. Fish craft is there, woden's of the swelling and of whirling water casteth up and gathers to heaps great heaps of gravel. Seurn often arises and overflows the banks. R. Humbre has the name of Humber, king of hounds, for he was drowned therein. And then it departs the province of Lindsey, which once belonged to Mercia from the other country, Northumberland. Trent and Ouse run into Humber and make the River great Trevisa. The Mercians were men, as it will be said hereafter, of mid-England.\n\nThe kingdom of Britain was once made fair with 28 noble cities without right many castles that were walled with towers, with yates & with bars strongly built. Alfengland commonly at London it is best cheap because of the bears and sellers that are at London.\n\nGanfbuilded and edified this city of London the.\nThe first city of Britain, called Troy-new or Trinobantum, was named in remembrance of Troy. King Lud later named it Caerlud after himself, causing great indignation among the Britons, as Gildas relates. The English later called the city London. The Normans named it Loudres and it is called Londonia in Latin. King Rhedudibras, the ninth king of the Britons, built Canterbury, the chief city of Kent, which is now seven English miles from this Dorchester. Canterbury was later called Caunterbury. Rhedudibras also built Winchester and named it Caerguent. The English named it Winten and Winchester after the name of one Win, an English bishop who was there. All the West Saxons were subject to him. The same king Rhedudibras built Palodour, now called Shaftesbury. The Britons claim that an eagle once prophesied there. King Bladud, the son of Rhedudibras and a necromancer, was the ninth king of the Britons.\nBuilt Bath and called it Caerbannavon / The English called it after Caesar's city / But eventually men called it Bathonia, that is Bath in Wiltshire / In this city arises and springs hot baths. And men believe that Julius Caesar made such baths here. But Gaius Fulvius (Ganfbladud) made those baths. //William did not see this written in the British book, either from the telling of other men or from his own guessing, as he wrote other things less advisably. Therefore, it seems more truthfully that Ganfidius did not make the hot baths nor did Julius Caesar do such a thing. //Though men might, by craft, make hot baths to last long, //this agrees well with reason and philosophy that treats of hot springs and\n\nCleaned Text: Built Bath and called it Caerbannavon. The English named it after Caesar's city, but eventually, men called it Bathonia, which is Bath in Wiltshire. In this city, hot baths arise and spring up. Men believe that Julius Caesar made such baths here. However, Gaius Fulvius (Ganfbladud) made those baths. William did not see this written in the British book, either from the telling of other men or from his own guessing, as he wrote other things less advisably. Therefore, it seems more truthfully that Ganfidius did not make the hot baths nor did Julius Caesar do such a thing. Though men might, by craft, make hot baths to last long, this agrees well with reason and philosophy that treats of hot springs.\nThe water in this bath is more turbulent and stronger in savour and smell than other baths I have seen in Aix-en-Provence in France and in Epsom in Surrey. I have bathed in both and tried them. Claudius Caesar married his daughter to Ariovistus, king of the Britons. This Claudius Caesar built Gloucester in the wedding of his daughter. The Britons first called this city after Claudius' name, but later it was called Gloucester after Gloria, who was a duke of that country. It stands on the Severn in the march of England and Wales. Shrewsbury is a city on the Severn in the march of England and Wales, situated on the top of a hill. It is called Shrewsbury because of the shroves and fruit that grew there once. The Britons called it Penwynd, which means the head of a fair tree. Shrewsbury was once the head of Powys, which stretches across the middle of Wales towards it.\nYorkshire stands upon Thirteenth and sometimes it was called Thirteenth, the name of the town of Dennes. The Danes dwelt there sometime and dug dens and caused dwellings under hard stones and rocks and dwelt there. R.\n\nLincoln is said to have been the first builder of this city, but if it were King Lud, as it seems from the meaning of the name. For car is Bry.\n\nYork is a great city on either side of the River Ouse. It seemed as fair as Rome to the time that King William the Conqueror had burned and destroyed it and the surrounding country. So that a pilgrim would now weep if he had known it before. Gaelscotland is called Edinburgh. And another towards Scotland at the ends of England and is called Alcluth. R. Edinburgh is a city in the land of Picts between the River Tweed and the Scottish sea. It was called Edinburgh in the time of Edan, king of Pictland, in Egfrid's time, king of Northumberland.\n\nAlcluth was once a noble city and is now almost unknown to all Englishmen.\nFor under the Britons, Picts, and English, it was a noble city to the coming of the Danes. But around the year 812 AD, it was destroyed when the Danes destroyed the countries of Northumberland. This city is said to be located at the end of that wall. Other writers of stories write that the city of Alclud is that city which is now called Aldborough. It stands upon the River Ouse, not far for Burg Bridge, which is fifteen miles westward out of York. It seems that he proves that, according to Gaimar in his Book of the Deeds of the Britons, Elidurus, king of the Britons, lodged at the city of Aldborough for pleasure and hunting. And there he found his brother Algalon disguised in a wood nearby called Calatery. But that wood Calatery, which is called Caldrees in English, reaches almost to York and stretches toward the north by Aldborough in length, for a distance of twenty miles. The most dele of that wood\nNow thrown Donn and the land called Other men would suppose that Alcliud was that city that now is called Workington in the north country of Westmoreland, fast by Carlisle and stands upon the River Eden. Truly, it is not hard to assure you if men take heed that many towns bear one name, such as Cartago in Africa and Cartago in Spain, Newport in Wales and Newport in the parish of Barkley, Wotton under Edge and Wotton Bassett, Wyckwar Wyke, Payn, and Wyke in the parish of Barkley, and two Shire towns, either is called Hampton, as Southampton and Northampton. It seems, by the stories, that one Alcliud was in Yorkshire, another in Westmoreland, and one fast by in the right side of the west arm of the sea that separates England and Scotland. But that Alcliud was a right strong city, as Bede says. And that city stands fast by a River that is called Cluid. There is no such river in Yorkshire. Neither in Westmoreland, as men of the country tell me.\nSome men say that the River Cluyd is now named Sulwach. Sulwach is about five miles from Caerleon. Caerleon is a city in the country of North Wales, toward the northwest. It has another name, which is Lugubre. In this city is some part of that famous Vannburgh, W, de Poen. In this city is yet a three-chambered house made of vaulted stones that never might be destroyed by tempest or weather nor by burning of fire. Also in the country, fast by in West Wales, in the front of a three-chaired place, is Wreton. In this manner, Marij writes what this text means. I doubt somewhat what this writing is about. But if it were so that some of the comrades lay there sometime when the consul Marius had put them out of Italy, it seems better that it is written in the mind of Marius, king of Britons, who was Arviragus' son. This Marius overcame there Rodric, king of Pictes, according to Ganfr. in his British book. William of Malmesbury never saw that book at Hagustaldes.\nThe church is a place destroyed, according to Wil situation near the third de Pont. That place once belonged to the bishop of York. There were once houses with vicious arches and were called Boldesham and Heglesham. Beda (3. cap. 6) says that that place is fast by the long wall of the work of Rome in the northern half. There is a difference between the province of Lindisfarne and the church of Lindisfarne. For the province of Lindisfarne and Lindesey is all one and lies to the east of Lincoln & Lincoln is the head of it. Of which Beda (4. c. 11) says that Sexnulphus was founded, which is called Holy Island in the River Tweed next Berwick. And so it is gathered from Beda's writings that the two rivers run into the famous arm of the sea that now separates Englishmen and Scots in the eastern half. And in that arm are three islands: one is Malros, now called Middlesbrough; then above Toward Thirlde, the third is above upward, and that is the island Farne and is also called Farne Island. Then upward.\nAbout two miles is a Royal City on the brink of the Tweed, called Bamburgh, which once was called Beborbrough. It has a strong castle in it. Two cities there are, either called Caerleon or Caerlegion. One is in south Wales, named Caerleon, and the other is Caerwys. [\u00b6] The river falls into the Severn there, near Glamorgan. Belinus, king of Britain, once built that city and it was once the chief city of Demetia in south Wales. In Claudius Caesar's time, it was called the city of legions. When Genius the queen asked, Vespasian and Arinagus were granted an audience, and the legions of Rome were sent to Wales by the Romans and encamped there. Great nobility was there in old times, which is still seen in many places. The great palaces, giants' towers, noble baths, and temples' remains are still standing and visible. The places were really closed.\nwith walls that yet partly stand right nearby / And within the walls and without is great building beneath the earth / water conduits and ways beneath the earth and also stews, wonderfully made with narrow side ways that wonderfully cast up heat. In this city were once three noble churches: one was of St. Julian the martyr and there in a great company of virgins; that other was of St. Aaron; that was of the order of black canons. That church was nobly adorned. The third church was the chief mother church of all Wales. And the chief see was afterward turned out of that city into Menevia, that is St. David's land in west Wales. In this Carlion was born Ambroisius, who taught St. Albans. There, the messengers of Rome came to the great Arthur's court. If it is allowable to believe [it was uncertain whether Gerald of Wales believed it or not]. It was a wonderful vision as men would think, to have forever in mind.\nEuer in doubt, if all his books were such, and especially where he makes no evidence: For neither side does he say why this chronicle was brought about. There is another city of legions; in this city, this chronicle was transmitted, as is clearly known from the first chapter of this book. Truesas (understood: Truesas is) in Latin writing. He who wrote it in Latin did not translate it into English, nor was it translated into English in the same place where it was first written in Latin. The understanding of him who compiled this Chronicle is written in Latin at the beginning of this book: Presentem Chronicon compilavit Frater Ranulphus Cestrensis monachus (that is, in English: Brother Ranulphus monk of Chester compiled and made this present Chronicle). The city of legions that is Chester stands in the English march toward Wales, between two arms of the sea that are named the Dee and the Mersey. This city, in the time of the Britons, was the head and chief city of all Gwynedd that is in north Wales.\nThe founder of this city is unknown. For those who see the foundations of the great stones, they would rather believe it was Roman or Greek work. After Claudius Caesar sent legions from this city to conquer the Orkades, what William of Malmesbury relates about this city.\n\nThis city has plenty of livestock, corn, flesh, fish, and particularly prized samon. This city receives great maritime trade and sends out salt as well. Near this city are salt wells. Metal and ore were once mined here. Northumbria destroyed this city at one time, but later, Efleda, lady of Mercia, rebuilt it and made it much more. In this city are ways underground with vows and stonework wonders. There are three chambered works with great stones bearing old men's names. There is also Julius Caesar's name, as well as other noblemen's names, wonderfully inscribed in the stones. This is the city that Ethelfryth, king of Northumbria, destroyed.\n\"Chaffre: Water brings it there. In the godestalle, there is an emperor or this land, and Henry, the king there, dwells rightly. Of King Harald. Powder is still held there. Bachus and Marcurius, Mars and Venus, also Lauernea, Protheus, and Pluto reign in the town Treuisa. God knows what this means, but poets speak in their manner as if every kind of craft and living has a diverse god, each from the other. So they feigned a god of battle and fighting and called him Mars, and a god of covetousness of riches and merchandise and called him Mercurius. And so Bachus they called the god of wine. Venus, goddess of love and beauty. Lauernea, god of theft and robbery. Protheus, god of falsehood and guile. Pluto, god of hell.\"\nThe text appears to be written in Middle English, and it lists the names of the shires and earldoms in medieval England. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nBabylon lore more might have truth the more\nTake heed that England contains thirty-two shires and provinces,\nnow called earldoms, reserved: Cornwall and the Isles.\nAlfric. These are the names of the earldoms and shires: Kent, Southsex,\nSussex. Hampshire, Berkshire, which has its name from a bare oak\nthat is in the forest of Windsor. For at that bare oak men of that shire\nwere wont to come to courts and make their treaties and there take counsel and advice.\nWiltshire, that was sometimes called the province of Somerset. Dorset,\nDevonshire, now called Devon in Latin. These nine shires of the south depart from the other half of England, which were once governed and ruled by the West Saxon law. Essex, Middlesex,\nSouthern folk, North folk, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire,\nCambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire,\nNottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Durhamshire, Northumberland,\nCarlisle, with Cumberland. Applebyshire.\nWestmoreland and Lancashire, consisting of five little shires, were once governed and ruled by the law called Deanelaw. These fifteen northern and eastern shires were governed and ruled by this law: Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Cheshire. The seven middle and western shires were once governed and ruled by the law called Mercia in Latin and Merchene law in English. It is worth noting that Yorkshire stretches from the River Humber to the River Tees. In Yorkshire there are 220 hundred and forty-eight hundreds, and Candred is a name made up of Welsh and English, meaning a country containing a hundred towns, and also known in English as Wepentake. For some time, tenants were accustomed to pay weep in place of homage when a new lord came. Durham stretches from the River Tees to the River Tyne, and speaking properly of Northumberland, it stretches from the River Tyne to the River Tweed.\nIn the beginning of Scotland, the country of Northumberland, which was once part of Humberside in England up to Tweed, is now accounted for one shire and one earldom as it was once. In England, there were but 48 shires, but if Northumberland were divided into six shires - Westmoreland, Durham, Northumberland, Carlisle, Applebyshire, and Lancashire - there would be 53 shires in England, excluding Cornwall and the king's lands. King William the Conqueror described and measured all these provinces and shires, and there were found 53 and a half shires. Towns: L, 2, M, 40 Parishes, 45 markets, 12 knights' fees, 75,000. Men of Religion hold 26,000 knights' fees. However, woods have been felled and the land newly tilled, making it much more than at that time. Many villages and towns have been built, and so there are many more villages and towns now than there were in that time. Whereas it is written that Cornwall is not set.\nAmong the shares of England, it may stand among them well, for it is neither in Wales nor in Scotland but is in England. It rejoices in Deanshire, and so may there be accounted 39 and a half shires and the others in England.\n\nDunwallo, who was called Moliuncius, also made the first laws in Britain. These laws were called Moliuncius' laws and were solely observed until William the Conqueror's time. Moliuncius ordained among his laws that cities' temples and ways leading to them, and plowmen's slaves, should have privilege and freedom to save all men who would flee there for succor and refuge. Then, afterward, Queen Marcia of Brittons, who was called Gwyneth, made a law full of right and reason. It was called Mercian law. Gildas, who wrote the histories of the Britons, turned these two laws from British speech into Latin. And afterward, King Alfred turned all from Latin into Saxon speech.\ncalled Merchene law / Also the same King Athelred's land / and so came forth the third law that is called Danelaw / Of these three laws, Saint Edward / the confessor made one common law that yet is called Saint Edward's law / I hold it well done to write here and explain many terms of these laws.\n\nMindbruch. Hurting of honour and worship. In French, bleschur d'honneur. Burchbruch. Breaking of peace. Myskening. Changing of speech in court. Shewing setting forth of merchandise. In French, displeir de marchandise. Hamsokne or hamfare. A reeve made in houses. Forstalling. Wrong or letting down in the king's high way. Fythsoken. Sewnte in defence. Saka. For faith, Soka. Suit of court. And thereof comes soken. Theam suit of bondmen. Fightingtwyte. Amersement for fighting. Blodewyte. Mersement for shedding of blood. Flytwite. Amends for shedding of blood. Leyr wyte. Amends for lying by a bondwoman. GulDanegeld. Tolls given to the Danes that was of.\nEvery bonated land that is every Oxen stone three pens / A weeping-tax and a hundred is all one. For the customs of towns were wont to give up weapons in the coming of a lord. Lestate custom challenged in chapelings and fair stallage custom for standing in streets in fair time\n\nThe kingdom of Britain stood undivided whole and one kingdom to the Britons from the first Bruute unto\nJulius Caesar's time. And from Julius Caesar's time to Severus, this land was under tribute to the Romans. Nethes kings they had of the same land from Severus to the last prince Gracyan, the successors of Britain's fall. Romans reigned in Britain Afterward, the Romans left ruling in Britain. Because it was far from Rome for great busyness that they had on the other side. \u00b6Then Scottes and Picts, by Misledding of Maximus the tyrant, pursued Britain and waged war therein with great strength of men of Arms long time unto the time that the Saxons came praying of the Britons against the Picts.\nAnd they drove out Gurmund, the king of the Jutes, with his Picts, and the Britons with their king named Caracticus, and expelled them from England into Wales. The Saxons were victorious, and each province, according to its strength, made them a king. Englolad then departed into seven kingdoms. After these seven kingdoms, each one came under one king, Adelstow, except for the Danes who pursued him from Athelwulf's time, which was around the third reign of Saint Edward, lasting about 117 years. The Danes ruled continuously for 30 years after Saint Edward. Harald then held the kingdom for nine months. The Normans have ruled since then, but how long they will rule is unknown to anyone.\n\nOf the seven kingdoms by the sea and their beginnings and durations:\n\nAlfred the Great ruled for 49 years and 9 months.\nIn the time that Baldred was put out, Egbert, king of Wessex, joined his kingdom. The second kingdom was of South Saxons, which had Kent in the east, the sea and the Isle of Wight in the south, Hampshire in the west, and Sothery in the north. Elle and his three sons ruled there first, beginning to reign the year after the coming of the Angles, around the year 450. However, this kingdom passed into other kingdoms within a short time.\n\nThe third kingdom was of East Saxons, with the sea to the east, London's territory to the west, Tamise to the south, and Southfolk to the north. The kings of this country, the East Saxons, from Sabertes' time until the Danes' time, were ten kings who were subject to other kings, most often and longest under the kings of Mercia.\n\nAt the time that Egbert, king of Wessex, joined that kingdom to his own, the fourth kingdom was of East Angles and contained Norfolk and Suffolk. It had the sea to the east and the north.\nThe northwest Cambridgeshire: In the west, Saints Edmund's ditch and Hertfordshire. And in the southeast, East Anglian lands, under 12 kings, until the time that King Edmund was slain. Then, the Danes took both the kingdoms of East Anglia and Essex illegally. Afterward, the Danes were driven away or made subjects. The elder King Edward joined both the kingdoms to his own. The fifth kingdom was of Wessex and lasted longest of all these kingdoms, and had the West Saxons on its eastern side. In the north, Thames. In the south and west, the sea, the Ocean. In this kingdom, Cerdic ruled with his son Cenric, beginning to reign in the year of our Lord 519. After the coming of the Angles, as Denis states, the other kingdoms passed into this kingdom's control. The sixth kingdom was of Mercia and was greatest of all. The marches and their borders were in the west, the River Dee fast by Chester and Severn fast by Shrewsbury, up to Bristol; in the east, the East Sea; in the south, Thames up to London.\nnorth of the River Humber, and westward and downward to the River Mersey, to the corner where it meets the west sea. Penda's son first ruled this kingdom in the year of our Lord 5 / C / 257. According to Denis, and from the coming of the Angles, a period of 575 years. This kingdom lasted under 18 kings for approximately 612 years, until the last Colwulf. To Colwulf, the Danes bequeathed the kingdom to keep when Burgred the king was put out. But Elder Edward, the king, expelled the Danes and joined the kingdom of Mercia to his own. Nevertheless, at the beginning, this kingdom of Mercia was divided into three: West Mercia, Middle Mercia, and East Mercia. The seventh kingdom was Northumbria, that is, the kingdom of Northumberland. The borders were by the west and east the sea of the ocean, by the south the River Humber, and downward towards the west by the shires of Northumberland and Derby to the River Mersey. And to the north, the Scottish sea.\nThat Heatherton in Scottish lands was divided in British ones\u00b7 The Scottish sea in English is called the Firth of Forth \u00b7 This kingdom of Northumberland was first divided into two provinces; one was called Deira, and the other Bernicia, as if two kingdoms. And the River separated these two kingdoms at that time. For the kingdom of Deira was from the River Humber to the River Tyne. The kingdom of Bernicia was from Tyne to the Scottish sea. And when Pectes dwelt there, as Bede says in his third book, King Ella ruled in the year of our Lord 549. These two kingdoms were at times separated by two kings and sometimes under one king. They lasted as if for 22 English kings. Three hundred and twenty-one years. At last Osbert and Ella were slain in the ninth year of Ella's reign; the Danes conquered Northumberland for twenty-seven years until the founding of the kingdom of Aethelstan. He made it.\nsubget the kynges danes scotyssh and walssh / And regned first al one in englond and helde the kyngdom of englond all hoole and all one kyngdom that was the yere of our lord / viij / C.xxvij That Ryuer of mersee was somtyme the marke and mere by\u2223twene the kyngdom of mercia and the kyngdom of northumber\u00a6lond that may be shewd in two maners and a mere / For it departeth one kyngdom from another \u00b6 Also it is wryte in Cronycks of Henry and of alfrede that kyng coward the elder fastned a castel at mauncestre in northumberlond / But that cyte mau\u0304cestre is fro the Riuer of mersee scarsely thre myle\u00b7\nLVcius was the first kynge Cristend of the brytons in his tyme were thre Archibisshops sees in Brytayn / One was at London\u00b7 Another at york And the thyrdde at caruske the cyte of Legyo\u0304s in glamorgan\u00b7 that cyte now is called carleon / to these\nArchibisshops sees were subget xxviij bisshops and were called Flamynes to the archibisshops see of London was subgette CScotland To Caer\u00a6leon alle walles / ther were in wales\nSeven bishops have decreased to four. Seyuan departed from England and Wales. In Saxon times, though Saint Gregory had granted London the privilege of archbishops, not Saint Austyn, who was sent to England by Saint Gregory, turned the archbishops out of London to Canterbury. This was at the prayer of King Athelbert and the citizens and burgesses of Canterbury. The archbishops of Canterbury have lasted until now, except that during the time of Offa, King of Mercia, who was angry with the men of Canterbury, and by the consent of Adrian the Pope, sent Nelas under Kenulph the king, it was restored to Canterbury again. The worship of the see of York has lasted there always and still does, though Scotland has been withdrawn from its submission through the passing of time. In iti / li / p: The archbishop of Canterbury was turned out of Caerleon and went to Mevana, which is in the west.\nIn the side of Demacia, on the Prissh Sea, during Saint David's time under King Arthur, there were 24 Archbishops in Meneuia. Afterwards, a pestilence spread throughout Wales of the yellow evil called the Iaudis. Sapso, the Archbishop, took the pall and went to Britannia, the last Britannia, and became bishop of Dolensis. From that time until the first Harry's reign, King of England, there were 20 bishops in Meneuia, all without pall, whether for unconsecration or poverty. Nevertheless, from that time, the bishops of Wales were in awe of the bishop of Meneuia of Saint David's, and the bishop of Meneuia was in awe of the bishops of Wales as his suffragans, making no profession or submission to any other church. Other bishops who came afterward were consecrated at Canterbury through compulsion and the king's hest. In token of that sacredness and submission, the bone face Archbishop of Canterbury, who was the legate of\nThe cross staff in every cathedral church in Wales only assembles; he was the first archbishop of Canterbury to do so in Wales. This was done in the second Henry's time. \u00b6But now there are only two primates in all England, of Canterbury and of York. \u00b6To the primate of Canterbury belong fourteen bishops in England and four in Wales. \u00b6The primate of York has but two suffragans in England, who are the bishops of Carlisle and Durham. \u00b6Of all these sees and their changing of places, I shall show you following. \u00b6Take heed in the beginning of the holy church in England, bishops ordained they their sees in lowly places and simple ones that were convenient for contemplation, prayer, and devotion. \u00b6But in William the Conqueror's time, by law and canon, it was ordained that bishops should come out of small towns into great cities. \u00b6Therefore, the see of Dorchester was changed to Lincoln; Lichfield to Chester; Tetford to Norwich. Shrewsbury to Salisbury; Wells to Bath; and Cornwall had its see. First in:\nIn the time of Archbishop Theodeore, Seesey endured for three hundred and forty-three years under twenty bishops, from the first Wilfrid to the last Stigande, at the command of King William the Conqueror. Remember that the entire province of Wessex had one bishop from the beginning until Theodeore's time, by the grant of King Ine, King of Wessex. The first bishopric was established at Dorchester, a simple town south of Oxford, between Wallingford and the meeting place of Temes and Tame, when Birinus was dead. Kenwalcus, the king, established a see at Winchester as his father had intended. Agilbert, a Frenchman, was the first bishop of the entire province of Wessex. From that time, the city and the see of Dorchester belonged to the province of Mercia. For the city stands within Temse, and Temse separates Mercia and Wessex. After Agilbert was removed from Winchester, there was a bishop at Wynton.\nWyn, an English bishop, was believed to have named the city Winchester, meaning \"Wyn's city.\" Wyn was later replaced by Lentherius, who was followed by Agelbart's new bishop. After Lentherius, Theodorus became bishop and ordained Daniel as bishop of the Province of Wessex in Winchester. Daniel governed two counties, Sothery and Southampton. Adelin, bishop at Sherborne, ruled over six counties: Berkshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, and Cornwall. In Elder Edward's time, three more sees were established by the command of Pope Formosus: one at Wells for Somerset, one at Crowland for Devonshire, and one at St. German's for Cornwall. Not long after, the sixth see was established at:\n\nWinchester: Wessex (Sothery, Southampton)\nSherborne: Berkshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall\nRamesbury (in Wiltshire) / Lastly, by commandment of King William Conqueror, all these sees, except Winchester, were transformed and changed from small towns into great cities. Shaftesbury and Ramesbury were transformed into Shaftesbury. The see of Wells was transformed to Bath, and it is subject to Somerset. The sees of Sarum and Cornwall were changed to Exeter. It is known that the East Saxons were always subject to the Bishop of London from the beginning until now. The Province of East Anglia, which contains Norfolk and Suffolk, had one bishop at Dunwich. The bishop was named Felix and was of Burgoyne. He was bishop for seventeen years. After him, Thomas was bishop for five years. After him, Boniface was bishop for seventeen years. Then, Theodorus was ordained and ruled the province as long as he could alone. After him, during the time of King Edward the Confessor of Wessex, one hundred and forty-two bishops ruled.\nthat province. One at Donwyck and another at Elyngham, Nethes. After Ludecan's time, King of Mercia left and was only one see at Ely to the fifth year of William the Conqueror. When Herfastus, the twenty-fourth bishop of the eastern church, changed his see to Tetford. And his successor Herebertus changed the see from Tetford to Norwich by the leave of King William the Red. The see of Ely, which is near there, was first ordained by King Henry in the ninth year of his reign, and made subject to Cambridgeshire, which was formerly a part of the bishopric of Lincoln. For this, he gave to the bishop of Lincoln a good town called Spalding.\n\nTake heed that as the Kingdom of Mercia was always greatest for the time, it was dealt with many bishoprics, and especially by great heart of King Offa, who was king of Mercia for forty years. He changed the archbishops see from Canterbury to Lichfield with the assent of Adrian the pope. Then the province of Mercia and Lindsey in the first beginning of its christendom.\nKing Wulfran's time had one bishop at Lichfield. The first bishop was Dwynan, a Scot. After him were Thurber, a Scot, Germannus. The fifth was Chedde, but in Edelfred's time, when Chedde was dead, Theodorus, archbishop, appointed Wynfrith as dean of Lichfield. Nevertheless, at Hindon, because he was unbending in some point, he appointed Sexwulf as abbot of Medamstede, which is named Burgh. But after Sexwulf's fourth year, Theodorus, archbishop, appointed five bishops in the province of Mercia. He appointed Bosel at Wrcetre, Cud at Lichfield, the aforementioned Sexwulf at Chester, Edelwyn at Lindesey near Sydenham, and he took Eata, a monk from the Abbey of Whitby, and made him bishop of Dorchester besides Oxford. This Dorchester was then called Dorking. And so the see of that longed to Wessex in St. Birinus's time longed to Mercia from Theodorus the archbishop's time. Also, when Ethelred, king of Mercia,\nHad destroyed Kent. Bishop Sexwulf took Picot, bishop of Rochester, who came from Kent, and made him the first bishop of Hereford. At last, when Sexwulf was dead, Heada was bishop of Lichfield after him, and Wilfred, who had been bishop of Hastings in Northumberland, held both the bishoprics of Lichfield and of Chester. After him came Albyn, and after Albyn came three bishops: Torta at Chester, Witta at Lichfield, and Eata was yet at Dorchester. After his death, bishops of Lindsey held his see for three hundred and forty-one years until Remigius changed the see to Lincoln by the leave of the first King William. In Edgar's time, Bishop Leofwine joined both bishoprics of Chester and Lichfield while his life lasted. At York was one see for the entire province of Northumberland. Paulinus held the first see and was ordained by the bishop of Canterbury.\nAnd held the see of York for seven years after King Edwin's death. Subsequently, when Edwin was slain and things were in turmoil, Paulinus went by water way to Kent. From there, he first came and took with him the pall. / 3\nThe bishopric of York ceased for 30 years, and the use of the pall continued there for 45 years until Egbert, the king's brother of the land, recovered it by authority of the pope. / R /\nWhen Saint Oswald ruled in Deira, a Scot was bishop in Bernicia, which is the northern side of Northumberland. After him, Finianus ruled. / After him, Salmannus. / W\nAt last, he went into Scotland with great indignation because Wilfrid had taken him unlawfully for he had been bishop of York for 30 years after Paulinus had left Wilfrid. / Beda, in the fourth book, /\nBut while he lived long in France for his consecration at the exit of the Quartadecimanorum, who held the Easter day on the 14th day of the moon, Cedd was taken out of his Abbey of Lasting.\nAnd wrongfully put out in the see of York by the king Oswy. But, three years afterward, Theodorus archbishop took him away and assigned him to the province of Mercia, restoring Wilfred to the see of York. \u00b6 But after Wilfred, due to the wrath between him and King Egfrid, was put out of his see by the help of corrupt Theodorus archbishop, this occurring after Wilfred had been bishop of York for ten years. Then, at the king's instance, Theodorus made Bosham bishop of York and Cuthbert bishop at Hagustald church, and founded the see first. And Theoderlond of Pictes in the ends of England, near Scotland, in a place called Candida Casa. And Saint Nynian, a British founder and doctor, was first discovered there. But all these sees, except York, failed little and little. For the See of Candida Casa, that is Galway, which long belonged to England, endured many years under ten bishops until it had no power due to the destruction of the Pictes.\nHagustald and Lindeffar were once under the jurisdiction of eight bishops for over forty-six years and lasted until the coming of the Danes. In that time, under Hingar and Hubba Ardulph, the bishop, Saint Cuthbert's body was brought there by the doing of Edmond the bishop. From that time forward, the see of Hagustald and Lindeffar fell utterly. The first king Henry, in the ninth year of his reign, established the new see at Caerlely. The Archbishop of Canterbury has under him sixty-three bishops in England and four in Wales. He has Rochester under him, and that see has a part in Kent alone. London has under them Essex, Middlesex, and half Hertfordshire. Chichester has under it Sussex, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight. Lincoln, Leicester, Northampton, Huntingdon, Bedford, and Bokynham are also under it. Oxford and half Hertfordshire are under Ely. Northwich has under it Merioneth. Norfolk and Suffolk are also under the Archbishop of Canterbury.\nThe archbishop of Wales has four suffragan bishops: St. David's Bishop of Bangor and St. Asaph. The Archbishop of York currently has only two bishops under him: Durham and Carlisle. And so, there are only two primates in England. One of them shall do what to the other, and in what point he shall be obedient and under him, was determined around the year 1071, before the first King William. The bishops of England, by the pope's command, handled and treated this matter between the aforementioned primates. It was ordered and decreed that the primate of York shall be subject to the primate of Canterbury regarding matters concerning the worship of God and the belief of the holy church. Therefore, wherever it may be in England, the primate of Canterbury can constrain the primate of York to attend and be obedient to the lawfully ordained decrees.\n\nThe primate of York is held with his suffragan bishops to be present and obedient to the ordained decrees. When the primate of Canterbury is deceased, the primate of York shall be.\nThe primate of York will come to Canterbury and, with other bishops, sacramentally ordain him who is chosen. If the primate of York is deceased, his successor will come to the Bishop of Canterbury and take his orders from him, doing his oath with profession and lawful obedience. About the year 1446, in the time of King Richard, reasons were set forth for the right of one primate against the other. This place is but a forecasting and not a full treatment of the matter; therefore, it is unnecessary to charge this place with all the reasons that have been made.\n\nThe Britons dwelt first in this land the eighteen years of Heli the prophet, the eleven years of Silius Postumus, king of the Latins, forty-three years after the taking of Troy, and four hundred and thirty-two years before the building of Rome.\n\nBeda, in his first book: They came here and\nIn Vaspasianus' time, the Duke of Rome, a Pictish woman took her crown from Armorik, now known as Brittany. They held the southern coasts of Ireland for a long time. Later, during Vaspasianus' reign, Picts sailed from Scotland into the Ocean and were driven by the wind to the north coasts of Ireland. There they found Scotts and asked for a place to dwell. However, they could not find one, as Ireland, according to the Scotts, could not support both peoples. The Scotts sent the Picts to the northern parts of Britain and asked them to help against their enemies if they arose. The Picts were given the condition that if doubt arose, they should choose a king from the mother's side rather than the father's side. In Vaspasianus' time, when Marius, the son of Aurangius, was king of the Britons, a King Roderik of the Picts came out of Scotland to destroy Scotland. Then Marius the Briton king.\nKing Slew this Roderick. And gave the northern party of Scotland, called Cathnesia, to the men who came with Roderick and were overcome by him, to dwell in. But these men had no wives and could not marry from the nation of Britons. Therefore, they sailed to Ireland and took the daughters of Priests by the covenant that the maternal line should be put forward in the succession of inheritance. Gir. c / 17. Nevertheless, Sirinus super Virgil says that Picts were Agathyrsi, who had some dwelling place about the waters of Scica. They are called Picts of Penance and Smiting of Wounds, because they had much hair and were often boxed and beaten, and had many wounds seen on their bodies. So they seemed as men painted with wounds. Therefore, they were called Picts, as painted men. These men and the Goths were all one people. For when Maximus the tyrant went out of Britain into Gaul to occupy Temples, then Gratianus and others rose up against him.\nValentinianus, brothers and allies of Thempyre, brought the Goths out of Scicia with great gifts and flattering and fair commands into the northern region. In King Edward's time, Cadwallon Ap Llennydd was duke and leader of the Welsh and waged war in Picte land, destroying the Pictes. He waged war six times in Saxon territory and took all the land between the Tweed and the Scottish sea. With wrongdoing and strength.\n\nIt is known that there are many kinds of people in this Island. However, the Welsh men and Scots, who have not been mixed with other nations, keep their first language and speech. But the Scots, who were once confederates and dwelt with the Pictes, adopted some of their speech. However, the Flemings who dwell among them intermingled first with the Danes and later with the Normans, have in many ways altered the country's language. For some use strange wailing, chattering, harrying, and grisly speech. This appearance of the language comes from two things.\nOne is the reason that children who go to school learn to speak English first & then are compelled to construct that which have been used since Norman England. Gentlemen's children have been learned and taught from their youth to speak French. And Welsh men counterfeit and imitate gentlemen and are eager to speak in the grammar school and construction of French into English. And other schoolmasters use the same method in the year of our Lord M.iii. C.lx.v. the ninth year of King Richard the Second and banish all French in schools and use all construction in English. They have an advantage in one way - they learn grammar sooner. In another way, they learn no French and cannot, which is harmful for those who will cross the sea. And it seems a great wonder that Englishmen have such great diversity in their own language and in speaking of it.\nIn one London. And the language of Normandy has come from another land / and has one manner of sound among all men who speak it in England. But a man from Kent, southern, western, and northern men speak French alike in sound and speech. Yet they cannot speak their English as truthfully as the Normans. There are as many diverse manners of French in the Kingdom of France as there are diverse English in the Kingdom of England. \u00b6Furthermore, of the aforementioned tongue, which has divided into three, there is great wonder. For men of the east agree better in the sounding of their speech with men of the west than men of the north do with men of the south. Therefore, men of Mercia, who are of middle England as it were, partners with the aforementioned lands, dwell and abide more in the southern countryside than in the northern countryside. The reason they abide more in the southern countryside than in the northern countryside is because there is better cultivated land, more people, more noble cities, and more profitable havens in the southern country.\nin the north, I will tell and declare the manners and conditions of the Medieval people of England, called English because they associate with the English, and they are mighty and strong to fight and are the most formidable enemies that the Welsh have and engage in merchandise and clothing, and are ready to put themselves to adventures and perils in the sea and land for great winnings, and sometimes to the plow and sometimes to deeds of arms when place and time require. It seems these men wonder greatly that in the bone of a sheep's right shoulder, when the flesh is soaked away and not roasted, they know not what it has been done, is done, and shall be done, as if by a spirit of prophecy and a wonderful craft. They tell what is done in far countries, tokens of peace or war. The state of the realm, slaying of men and spouse breach, such things they declare certainly by tokens.\nAnd signs that are on such a shoulder are good, but Englishmen who dwell in England and are involved in the Yond islands and are far from the places they sprang from firstly, turn to contrary deeds lightly without the consent of any other men. And so are also unwilling for peace, full of strife and enemies of business. When they have destroyed their enemies entirely, then they fight with each other and kill one another as if void. And nevertheless, men of the south are easier and more mild than men of the north. They are more unstable, more cruel, and more quick-tempered. The middle men are somewhat partners with both, and they use them to gluttony more than other men and are more fastidious in food and clothing. I suppose that they took the vice of King Hardicanute, who was Danish. For he set forth double meals at dinner and supper as well. These men are swift on horseback and on foot. Able and ready for all.\nMen of arms are accustomed to having victory and mastery in every fight, where no true wounds have been seen by them. They go to diverse lands and are not the richest men in their own land nor more gracious in foreign and strange lands. They can win and get new things better than keep their own heritage. Therefore, they are spread so widely and believe that every land is their own. The men are able to all manner of cunning and wit, but before the deed they are bold and hasty, and wiser after the deed and leave lightly what they have begun. Therefore, Eugenius the pope said that the English were able to do whatever they wanted and to be set before all others, unless their light wit hindered. And as Hannibal said that the Romans could not be overcome, but in their own country, so the English cannot be overcome in foreign lands but in their own country they are easily overcome. These men despise their own and praise other men's, and are neither pleased nor contented.\nThey pay with their own estate what befalls and becomes other men. They will gladly assume for themselves therefore, a yeoman becomes a squire, a squire becomes a knight, a knight becomes a duke, a duke becomes a king. Yet some go about and desire all manner of state and are in no state. For those who will take every degree are of no degree. In bringing outwardly, they are minstrels and heralds. In speaking, they have a hundred eyes; Argus was also a ship, a shipman, and a chapman. Argus might see before and behind and on every side. Therefore, he who is wise and aware and can avoid being deceived may be called Argus. And so the Chronicle says in plural number that Englishmen are Argus, that is, they look around where winning is. That other word Tantalus feigned that he slowed his own son. Therefore, he is damned to perpetual punishment. He stands always in water up to the neck. And has always ripe apples and noble fruit hanging down to the other neck, but the.\nFruit cannot reach his mouth as water may not come within his reach; he is held and stands between food and drink, unable to eat or drink, and is ever hungry and thirsty, keeping him alive. Such people are called Tantalus. Tantalus was a cunning and sly man, and those who are cunning and sly are called Tantalus. The third word is Dedalus. Take heed that Dedalus was a subtle and sly man. And by a similarity, those who are subtle and sly are called Dedalus. The fourth word is Sardanapalus. You shall understand that Sardanapalus was king of Assyrians and was extremely uncouth and used to live softly. And by a similarity, those who live uncouthly are called Sardanapalus. Among all Englishmen, there is such great changing and diversity in clothing and array, and so many various shapes, that nearly any man is hardly known by his clothing and his array of what sort.\nAfter places and countries are counted and described in the wide world, the order of the tale of the story asks that bringings and deeds of the world also be described. Every thing is for something. And that is more. Truth is, this authority of the philosopher means that anything reasonable and kindly ordered for another thing, as a means for it to come to pass, is ordering for a better thing and more noble than that thing itself.\n\"All things are ordered for the betterment of life. Good corn is better than all other things. Medicine is ordered for healing, and healing is better than medicine. Food and drink and other things are ordered for life, and life is more noble and better than food and drink, and all other things ordered for life. Since the world is made for the lesser, the more of it will serve the lesser. More of the world is described in our foreseeing in the first book than is fitting to describe the lesser world. From the beginning of his former deeds, it might be known what manner of thing it is and how great that which is so little and does such great deeds. In the greater world that is so great and huge, and also the worker and maker of all things, who with Him has reasons for all manner of things. When He had made the greater world, He made the lesser one.\"\nThe man was made lord of the great world. Yet he bore the likeness of the world for a man, and the world was similar in three ways: in length and breadth, in kindly disposition, and in virtues working. And first, though the length of a man's body, from the sole of the foot to the top of the head, is such and such, the breadth, from one side of the ribs to the other, is ten times that length, and the depth, from the navel to the waist, is as much as the distance between the point in the firmament that is opposite him on the other side of the earth, and so it is in the body of a man that as much space as is between the sole of the foot and the top of the head, so much is the distance between the ends of his two longest fingers, and he stretches out his arms and hands a breadth. Plinius (Libro/vij/ca/18/seith) also says that as much space as is between the navel and the waist in a man, so much is the distance from east to west in the earth. The right Capo (17) states that the stature and measure of a child when he is three years old is exactly half his.\nMeasure and his stature he shall have when he is of age. If he lives as loose-conceived as we see in the world in a man, that is, his form. For the outer limbs govern a yielding body. The neither limbs bear and serve, the middle receives and deals about the other limbs. And in either world, if a limb is out of its own place and enters another place, there is great disturbance, as when the air is enclosed within the earth, then it quakes, and within the clouds, there is great thunder. Also in the body of a man when the limbs are writhed out of their own places or if the humors are imbalanced, then there is ache, sickness, and sorrow. Also, when the limbs are well arranged and as they should be in shape, color, and form, quantity, size, and place, then the man has good peace and quiet and is in good health and rest. The contrary falls, and the limbs are evil and not rightly arranged. Therefore Plato gave his judgment and said such.\nOrders and dispositions are shaped as a man has in his kindly members and limbs, such kindly manners and deeds he follows, and it is the same in the parties of the great world where they are so ordered. The highest of neither kind touch the lowest of the high kind. Oysters and shellfish, which are the lowest in beast kind, pass but little in the perfection of life of trees and herbs. For they cannot move but as candles, and the last of the earth touches the lowest of the water. The uppermost of the water touches the lowest of the eye, and upward by degrees, one to the uppermost heaven. The highest in bodily kind, that may be called skillfully disposed bodies, reach to the lowest of the next overkind, which is man's soul, holding the lowest degree of spirits and of ghosts that have knowledge and understanding. It is called Orion as it were the next arch in kind between bodily and spiritual things. By the soul I go up.\nFrom the lowest kind, a man ascends by degrees to the highest knowledge and understanding. The soul, cleansed of earthly likeness, at times reaches out to spiritual beings that are not bodily. A man comes into contact with things that are parts of the great world. Gregory in an Omely says that a man has been with stones living with trees and herbs, feeling with beasts, and understanding with angels. In the human body, earth appears in flesh and bones, water in blood and other humors, eyes in the longs: fire in the heart, and is called homo in Latin and anthropos in Greek. It is like a tree turned upside down and has a head with roots, arms, and legs, which are like bows.\n\nTouching the third likeness, virtuous workings, we see, as Gregory says in an Omely, that the world was at the beginning, strong and full of health, so fresh and green, and by great riches it brought forth children as it were in youth.\nIn a man's youth, the body is growing, the breast is strong, the nose is bold, the arms are full. But in his old age, the stature bows and crooks, and the bold nose abates. The breast is often driven by many sighs and is short of breath, and all the body's might and strength abate. Though there were no other ailments in old men, the west draws them towards the east, and the east violently drags them back towards the west.\n\nSo it is with a man that the flesh resists the spirit, and the spirit resists the flesh.\n\nFor the lower knowledge and wits fight against reason.\n\nAnd yet a man has worked and suffered like many other parts of the world. He is slow and heavy as the earth, and melts away like it.\nThe water recedes suddenly as the eye and heats like fire, changes as the moon, fights and sleeps as Mars, covets as Marcurius: goes out of kind as Jupiter, and is cruel as Saturn. (Book seven, chapter three, Seyth says that) The outer parties of the great world delight and spring full of miracles, wonders, and marvels, as in India, Ethiopia, and Africa. So in human kind, craftily and subtly, it has made wonderful works and mirth. For instance, in a man's face, there are things to behold and contemplate, and they are grieved and angry while they are being looked at. And these have two black spots in either eye. Varro also says that kind has generated and brought forth venom in some men's eyes, so that none evil is found there. Some parts of a man's body are wondrous and marvelous, such as Pirrus, king of Epirus, had a great toe in his right foot. The touching of that toe was a good medicine against it.\nAnd yet Venom / \u00b6 Could not be burned with the rest of his body. Some authors also tell of men who lived, and each of them had bones in their bodies joining together as if they were one whole bone, without any marrow: these men were never thirsty, nor did they sweat more. Some men are said to have had a single bone in one side in place of all their ribs; and Thomas Hayward of Barkley had in the mold of his head a poll and forehead but one bone all whole, therefore he could endure great blows above his head without harm. Plus li. 7: ca. 18 also says that some men had senses even straight through and across, passing clearly through a fight, as a knight named Strabo who stood in a wayside place and saw the navies and ships of Puny that were a hundred and fifty miles from him. Plus li. 11: capitulo: 44 says that Tiberius Caesar saw more clearly in darkness than in light. So that when\nHe woke in the night he could see all things clearly. Also, some were wonderfully wise, like Cyrus, king of Persia, who gave certain names to all his knights. And Seneca, in his Declamations, said of himself that he was so wise that he remembered two thousand names in the same order as they were spoken, and remembered more than two hundred verses that others had composed, beginning at the last and recalling them to the first without any failure. He also said that Cineas, the messenger of King Pirrus of Epirus, on the second day that he came to Rome, sold and greeted the Senators and spoke to each person about himself by name. Another source says that Cineas made a great composition of poetry. For he recited it first, hearing it more swiftly than he who had composed it. Also, Plutarch, in li 7, c. 27, says that some were noble and wise in wit, such as Julius Caesar, who was accustomed to read and write down what men said with good judgment.\nAlso he used to write queries and dictate letters and write pistols always. Also, some men have more strength in the right side and some in the left side, and some are strong on either side. Men are heavier than women, and dead men's bodies are heavier than quick and sleeping heavier also. Of the care of the dead, foul moisture and humors run and they lie upright. And of the care of the dead women, if they lie neatly and directly as though nature spared shame. Also, line 7, column 17: one man laughed the day he was born and put away a man's hand that groped and handled him. Line 20: I speak of some who never laughed of some who never wept, of some who never spat, never blocked a book. Truesae Rogger bagge was a full old woman under an egg in Gloucestershire, she spat never, coughed never. Also, Seneca, in book 4, paragraph 4. And as it is among other beasts, so it is in.\nA person who once was both man and woman is called hermaphroditus in Greek and androgynous in some texts, and was once considered a marvel and wonder. In English, this person is referred to as a hermaphrodite. Such individuals are rare. We have also seen and heard of some undergoing a remarkable transformation of their shape. For instance, in Africa, a maiden was transformed into a man on the very day she was to be wedded. She was then bearded, limbed, and married a wife shortly after. Similarly, St. Augustine's \"De Civitate Dei,\" book three, chapter 29, touches upon the case of Agellus, who was turned into men. This is no magical tale, as the letters attest. Agellus himself relates that in a city called Smyrna, he saw a maiden turned into a man on the day she was to be wedded. Another such person was brought before the Senators in Rome during the consulship of L. Calpurnius Piso Caesar and Gaius Cassius Longinus. By divine intervention, they were transformed into roosters. Avicenna's \"Canon,\" book eight, also mentions this.\nA hen overcame a cock in fighting, and after the fight, she raised her tail like a cock and had a spur growing on her leg and a crest on her head, like a cock (Chapter 5, Trogus says that in Egypt, seven children were born at one birth. And if twins are born nowadays, it is seldom that the mother and the first child live long after the birth, especially if one is a male and the other a female. Also, Caesar. Book 12. Sometimes a woman conceives two children and is but a little time between, and so the children are born one after another and are perfect. As it was with Hercules and his brother Hercules. And it happened with a woman who bore two children, one resembling her husband, and the other resembling the father, and with a woman who in the seventh month after her birth gave birth to two children, some women bear maiden children and some knightly children and some chaste children.\nSome children are like their mothers and some like their fathers, and some are like neither. Some daughters resemble their fathers and some resemble themselves. Some children resemble their grandparents. An example is Nicus, the noble painter at Sanctum Mater, who was born of a fair mother and went out of kind and had one hand like a blue man. Hugo, in Malo's chapter. I say that a woman's kind is such that she conceives children like things that she sees painted. While the body is in the process of producing a child, she imprints inward likenesses and shapes that she sees outside and recognizes. Also, she paints fair colors or downs in places where colors were wont to dwell. Quintilianus defends and excuses a woman accused of adultery, as she had given birth to a blue man. He argued for her that such an image was painted in her bedroom.\nShe conceived a child, and Ypocras wrote of a woman who should be condemned to death because she had born a fair child that was not like her or the father. But Ypocras made men try, and it was found that such an image was painted in the father and mother's headchair while the child was conceived. Therefore, the mother was saved. Plus, li 7, c 13. There are many diversities in a man for swiftness of thought and changing of wit in the conception imprints in many diverse likenesses and shapes. In other beasts, wit is as it were not changeable, therefore among them all is like to the same kind (Augustine de ci. de). Li 16, ca 7\n\nOf wonderfully shaped brood, I ask if they come from Adam and Noah. Some of them are called Cyclops and have but one eye in the forehead. Some have both the shape of man and woman and gather together and get and conceive and bear children as the course comes about. For one he will get a child, and then he will conceive and go with child in his time.\nSome women conceive at a very young age and live not over eight years. Some have thighs without hamstrings and are wonderfully swift and hot-footed, for they lie nearly lying down and defend themselves with the shadow of their feet from the heat and unlikeness of parties they are mixed with. In our time, a man was born in the East who had two bodies, one in the middle of the womb. Yet, for all that, we shall believe that they are nothing other than they are, or they are not men, or if they are men, without a doubt they come from Adam's kind. Touching the antipodes, which men speak of and sing about as being men on the other side of the earth, with their feet toward ours and their heads yonderward, treading hitherward, that may be believed by no reason. There is no story that makes us have knowledge of this, but only by guessing of mankind such a tale is found. Though the earth be round all about and somewhat hanging within.\nThe hollowness of heaven is not bare on that side. For it is bounded and closed within the water. And though it were bare and not so closed, yet men should not dwell there. But he meant, as Marcianus says in his astrology, that the sign Capricornus makes summer for the antipodes, and Cancer the sign makes winter for them. Beyond the side of Ethiopia lies men's land. There men turn nearly towards men's feet who dwell about the yonder isle. Under the northern star True North. Take heed that the circle that the sun holds its course by the year is divided into twelve parts, and every part thereof is called a sign, and every sign has a proper name. These are the names of the signs: The Water Bearer, the Bull, the Twins, the Crab, the Lion, the Maiden, the Balance, the Scorpion, the Archer, the Goat, the Fish. Also, twelve months are in the year, and each month enters into a sign as it passes.\nIn April, the month after March, the weather begins to change. In May, the twins appear, and in July, the crabs. Thus, in December, the sun is in the southern hemisphere. Marcius means that when the southern hemisphere experiences summer, the northern hemisphere experiences winter, and vice versa. Therefore, December is the midwinter month. When Marcius sees the crab constellation making it winter for them, he understands that when the sun is in the crab constellation, it is winter for them. This is June, the midsummer month, and thus it is explained what is meant by the southern hemisphere making it summer and the crab constellation making it winter. Sometimes, babies are born with bizarre shapes as omens of future events. However, they do not live long. In the time of Persian King Xerxes, a fox was born with a strange shape. Additionally, in the great kingdom of Alaor during his reign, a beast with a wondrous shape was born. For the opposing parties.\nof him were shaped like the parts of a man but they were dede and the nether parties were shaped like the parts of certain beastly creatures and were alive and remained longer than the true William Wate of Berkeley saw a child with two heads and two necks born and christened at messe in Lorraine in the year of our Lord thousand three hundred and fifty-one. That year, the king of France was taken at the battle of Pikards. This child had two arms and two legs like other children, and he had a third leg growing out above the buttocks behind and a third arm between the two shoulders. Item Isidore, lib. 11, capitulo tercio. Sometimes the shapes of men are grisly and wonderfully changing into beasts, and this is done by words or by witchcraft. Some undergo such a change by the same kind. Some by corruption change into another kind, and so calves rot and become bees, and horses rot and become thauers. Therefore, outside says if you have hollow arms for the crab.\nScorpio bryngeth haile to stynge with kroked\u00b7 tayle. Au / li / 18\u00b7 c sexto. In the matier of wonderful tornyng changyng and sha\u2223pyng of men & women it is to holde that fendes and euyl men mow make no kynde neyther chaung that is made\u00b7 Neuertheles Almyghty god suffreth lykenesse of thinges dyuersly for to se\u2223me / so that the fantasie of a man that gedreth likenesse of dyuers thynges in thought and in dreamyng or sweuenyng whan the wyttes be lette and take none hede maketh to seme likenes\u2223se of bodyes that is not present also of ymages and of dyuerse lykenesse and shappes of thynges that neuer were made\u00b7 and so men wakyng semeth that they see lykenesse and shap of diuers thynges & of beestes. as men seme slepyng and metyng wonder\u00a6ful sweuenes / & seme somtyme that they bere meny heuy birtho\u0304s but and they be birthons fendes bere hem / and so god that demeth rightfully suffreth mankinde be ofte so begyled R Of this matier loke within more playnly after the batayl of Troye\nTHough man as it is sayde be lyke &\nAccording to the world, in two things that are contained therein, a man is diverse and unlike to the world. For though a man's body was made first from earth, yet it was so compatible and so agreeable to the soul that in a man's body there was equality of complexion according to limbs' rightfulness,\nof stature, fairness of shape, and should be afterward buxom to the soul without any rebellion and bring forth children without any sin and live without any defect of strength and be translated and changed into bliss of heaven without dying and death. Also, he should beget and conceive children without shame, and a woman should bear children without sorrow and pain, and have meat and drink without sweet and trouble stirring, and move in limbs without any misfortune, and to all this paradise was given mankind for dwelling in, and woman for being man's companion, paradise as a dwelling place, the tree of life for food and all.\nCreatures offer solace and a godly man his comfort, but all who possess such a noble bearing and fell from grace on that day, from that day forth the corrupt body caused by sin grieves the soul. The flesh resists the soul, and man's own wayward thoughts assent lightly to evil. A man's own mental faculties are his enemies; therefore, all human life is in temptation while he lives on earth. The disposition of the soul maintains, helps, and comforts the body, but the wretched disposition of the body disturbs the soul. Man is ever failing and wayward; he cannot steadfastly abide, for he falls lightly and is naked and bare at birth. He begins to weep like a beast, but his limbs fail him and cannot help him, for he is weaker than any other beast. He can do nothing of himself but weep with all his might. No beast has life more brutish and uncertain, none has suffering more grievous and painful.\nvp so down and is contrary to himself, cruel to other men. And yet to all these men he has two misfortunes, and rightfully so. One is within himself: he who throws away peace and rest within himself in his living has neither peace nor rest but war and strife within. Another misfortune is outside of him. So he who would not submit to God above him now feels his subjects rebelling to him. Thus, the creatures that were given to man to provide comfort and sustenance, to bear up feebleness and submission to Myron and his companions from his company, he hates their handling and will not of his lordship. He fears to live and dwell with him.\n\nAdam was made of earth in the field of Damascus on the sixth day of the world and was brought into paradise and sinned the same day, and was put out after midday. And so he was expelled from the state of Innocence.\nIn the valley of wretchedness, man in his beginning could take sweet meat in God's house. But he desired that he should not and attempted that which was forbidden. He filled out of high into low, out of light into darkness, and slime- out of his own land and country into outlawry, into waylaying and trouble. Out of fruits into want and woe, out of praying into dolor and sorrow, out of mirth into strife, out of love into hate. Out of joy and wealth into pain and called Cain and his sister Calmana. Fifteen years after that, when Adam was thirty years old, he begat Seth and his sister Delilah. But Abel was slain, and his father and mother mourned for him a hundred years. According to the Hebrews, Adam begat Seth when he was a hundred and thirty. He lived afterward eight hundred and seventy years. So Adam lived in all nine hundred and thirty years. There were thirty score and ten who corrupted holy writ from Hebrew into Greek. And they are called the Seventy-Two Translators.\nThe three score and ten, that is to say, Adam died and was buried in Eboron, also called Carthage, the city of the four patriarchs, where Adam, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are buried. Seeeth, Enos, when he was a hundred years old and feeble, lived after for eight years. But the three score and ten that Seth was two hundred years and five when he begat Enos and lived afterward seven hundred years and fifteen. The three score and ten that Enos was ninety years and ten when he begat Cainan and lived afterward eight years and forty. But the three score and ten adds a hundred years before the seventy, and subtracts a hundred afterward. Enos, three score years old and ten, found the first words of prayer and, according to the Hebrews, first found images to worship God to awaken the sloth of man's mind to Almighty God. Cainan, three score years old and ten, begat Malaleel and lived afterward eight years and forty. But the three score and ten places a hundred years before the seventy, and subtracts a hundred afterward.\nMalaleel fyue and sixty yere old ga\u00a6te Iareth and lyued afetrward eyght honderd yere and thrytty but the seuentye setteth an honderd to fore v. & sixtye and with\u00a6draweth an honderd afterward. Iareth an honderd yere old & lxij / gate enoche\u00b7 and lyued afterward eyght honderd yere / \u00b6 In this the seuentye acordeth with other: Enoch fyue and sixty yere old bigate matusale and lyued afterward thre hon / derd yere and helde god almyghtyes way and was transla\u2223lated and brought in to paradyse / But the seuentye setteth an honderd yere bifore the fyue and sixtye / this enoch was fynder of lettres and wrote somme bookes so seyth Iudas the Apostel in his epistle / Me troweth that\u00b7 Adam deyed in enokes\u25aa tyme / And as in caymes childer lameth the seuenth was werste\u00b7 \nMatussale an honderd yere old four score and seuen gate lameth / and lyue afterward seuen honderd yere and tweyne that was vnto noes flode / lameth an honderd yere old four score and tweyn gate noand lyued afterward fyue honderd yere four score & ten\nCAym\nAdams first son begat Enosh. He begat Irad, Mehaniel, and Methuselah. Methuselah took a wife named Sella, who was a blacksmith, working with hammer. Her sister Naamah discovered the first weaving craft. Cain gained riches violently through strength, and made men lecherous and thieves, turning simple living of men to measuring and weighing. He established markets and boundaries of fields and lands. He built a city and fortified it, for he greatly feared those whom he had injured (Genesis 5:29, 6:1-4). In the beginning, men were first naked and unarmed, not secure against beasts or men to defend and keep themselves from cold and heat. Therefore, they thought of building. They bought themselves small coats and cabins and kept themselves with small twigs and reeds. This increased their safety.\n\nPeter, in the seventeenth chapter, seventh verse, [mentions that] Methuselah was the seventh from Adam and the most shrewd was the first to bring in.\nBy law and spousebreach against God's law and nature, and against His own decree. \u00b6Josephus Jabul ordeined the first flocks of beasts and marks to distinguish one from another. He separated kiddes from lambs and young from the old. \u00b6Petrus Tubalcain discovered the smith's craft. Tubal had great liking to hear the hammers ring. And he found proportion and harmony by the weights of the hammers. Thus, he used them much in harmony. But he was not the discoverer of musical instruments, for they were found long afterward. \u00b6R wise men tell us that though Tubal used music for his pleasure while he was a herdsman and kept beasts, it was not he who first found the reason of harmony in music by weights, but Pythagoras did. Look within the third book of Pythagoras. \u00b6Peter, in the seventeenth chapter, tells of Lameth an Archer. But a somewhat blind young man led them while he hunted for sport and pleasure, leading one of the beasts' skins. Men do not eat flesh before noses.\nAnd it happened that he came across a serpent that loitered among the bushes and thought he had been a wild beast. And because his leader warned him, it also warned him. Therefore, since Cain's sin was punished sevenfold, that is in the seventh generation. For Lamech was the seventh from Adam in that line. Lamech's sin was punished seventy-sevenfold because seventy-seven of his descendants were killed in Noah's flood, or because many generations were between Lamech and Christ that paid restitution. Josephus: No one should think that this is false, as it is recorded of men who once lived, for they lived fair lives and had sufficient and clean food and drink. Also, for blessed virtues they used and were fond of astrology and geometry, so that they could never learn otherwise. But if they lived for at least six hundred years, for in such a long time is the great year of the stars fulfilled. Petrus Seth's children were good men to the seventh generation. But afterward, men.\nMen and women were taken as wives by the gods' sons: that is, Seth's sons took Camae's daughters and begat giants. Peter, 29 And it might be that Incubi, such feuds that lie by women in the likeness of men, were gotten in which the giants' greatness of heart answers and agrees to the greatness of body. But no giants were born after the flood in Ecbatana, and after, in a city of Egypt. These giants were called Typhon and his children dwelt in Ecbatana. Of them came Goliath. Josephus relates that at that time men knew that they should be destroyed by fire or else by water. Therefore, they placed the books they had made through great toil and study in two great pillars, one of marble for water and one of brick for fire. For it should be saved by that means to help mankind. I am told that the pillar of stone escaped the flood and is still in Syria. Then.\nWhen he was five hundred years old, he fathered Shem, Ham, and Japheth. And he built the ship one hundred years later, making it one hundred cubits long, fifty cubits broad, and thirty cubits high from the keel to the hatches below. The ship was also provided with housing and cabins with doors. The window was a cubit high. Here men may wonder how the window was made beneath in the side of the ship for coming in of water. Doctor de Lira resolves this doubt and says that there we have a fenestra, which is a window. Some say that this lantern was a carbuncle or some other precious stone that shone and gave clear light. It was set there. But some others say that the window was entirely of crystal stone, through which light entered and kept out water. Many other windows were in the ship as well.\nThis ship was needed, large and hugely built, with many beasts - Petrus 30. This ship was made somewhat to the likeness of a man's body; its length from the sole of the foot to the top of the head is such six, and its breadth from the middle of the side ribs on one side to the middle of the side ribs on the other is also such ten, and its length is such ten as its depth. The stretch from the rigging to the waist - Trenisa. If a man is of full shape as he should be, neither too great nor too small - Hugo de Ar - this ship could not receive so many beasts and other things and such great size. But the cubits were cubits of geometry. The common cubit that I set before me contains but a furlong. And so the flood was made and occupied the earth nearly all a year. The water of the flood passed 15 cubits above the highest hills for the work of nature defiled the eye so high as I believe, by the worshipping of fire that smoked and sprayed up so.\nThis year ended. The first age of the world from Adam to Noah's flood was approximately ten generations, as spoken of. Josephus, in the first book, fourth chapter, states this. The Hebrews also claim that this first age of the world contained 2,076 and 500 years. Josephus does not fully agree with this, nor does Moses. For Moses calculates and counts the ages of the world in thousands, leaving the others to remain. Lastly, when the water of the flood had receded no longer from the ship, it was the twenty-seventh day of the second month, which is Man. Then the Lord made a covenant and promised that no such flood would occur again. In token of this covenant, He set His bow in the clouds, the rainbow. Peter 329: The rainbow comes from two domes. Of the dome made by water, I should not fear it. And of the dome that will be by fire, I should fear that.\nit Therfore the bowe hath twey colours / the vtter is wattry for the dome of watir that is a passed the ynner is fyry for the dome of fyre shal be And holy sayntes tellen that the rayne bowe shal not be seyn .xl. yere be\u00a6for the day of dome / Also they sey that it neuer appered fro adam to noes flode \u00b6Also no rayne bowe was seen al that tyme now ther flesshe ne fyssh eten ne wyn dronken / For that tyme was as were springyng tyme / and tho was inow and plente of all helth\u00a6ful thynges that was afterward chaunged thurgh synne / But after the flode mankynde had leue to ete flesshe and fyssh. that ra\u00a6ther ete herbes and rotes Noe lyued after the flood thre honderd yere and fyftye / And he lyued in al nyne honderd yere and fyf\u00a6tye / and so deyed and lefte thre sonnes a lyue Sem Cham and Iapheth of the whiche thre cam al maner of mankynde Gen Than two yere after the flode Sem was an honderd yere old & gate Arphaxath\u0304 and lyued afterward fyue honderd yere Arphaxath was fader of caldeis and gate\u00b7 Sale / whan he was an\nI. Century old, according to Jerome, in the sixth book, and the Hebrews say fifty-five years and lived afterward three hundred and three: But the seventy and Luc also followed them, Arphaxath, when he was a hundred and five and thirty, obtained the kingdom and lived after three hundred and thirty years, and Cainan, a hundred and thirty, came to him, and he lived four hundred years. And Sale, when he was thirty, took a wife named Eber; of this Eber were the Hebrews called. Sale lived after he took Eber for a wife four hundred years. But the seventy and one hundred forty years before the thirty and three hundred years after the thirty, Hebrews say that Sale, when he was forty and thirty years old, took Phaleth as a wife and lived afterward four hundred years. Thirty years, but the seventy puts a hundred before the forty and thirty.\n\nHebrews say that Phaleth, thirty years old, took Ren as a wife.\nRagan lived for 219 years. Sarug, who was 39 years old when Ragan died, lived for another 202 years. Nachor, who was 39 years old when Sarug died, lived for 109 years. The seventy and Ysidorus recorded that Nachor was 29 years old when he arrived, and he lived for another 190 years. According to the Hebrews and Ysidorus, Abraham was 70 years old when Nachor arrived. Nachor and Aaran.\nand lyued af\u2223terward an honderd yere and thyrty but the seuenty put the hon\u00a6derd yere bifore the seuentye yere: \u00b6Petrus 38 \u00b6And soo the se\u00a6cond age of the world is ended fro noes flode to abraham\u0304s birth and conteyneth ten generacions & two honderd yere four score & twelue / so sey hebrewes Ioseph{us} and Ierom. But the seuenty and seynt ansthousand yere and two andseuen\u2223ty and enleuen generacions But ysidorus acounteth nyne hon\u2223derd yere and two and fourty and meotodus a thousand \u00b6The caas of this dyuersite is / for the seuenty / and seynt Augustyn al\u00a6so putten to euerych faders age from arphaxath to nachor an hon\u00a6derd yere Beda As noe was the tenth from Adam so Abra\u00a6ham was the tenth from noe \u00b6 Netheles luc in his genologye\u00b7 whan he sayth Qui fuit Sale that is to meene that was Sales sone. and so forth that was caynans sone that was Arphaxath sone / \u00b6Ther luc foloweth the seuentye\u00b7 that putten one generaci\u00a6on moo than the hebrewes put / \u00b6 Augustinus de ciuitate dei li\u00a6bro 15 / capitulo 13 Whan in many\nTranslations are those that may not stand equal to the first language in which the translation and the transformation were made. Beda: The transformation and translation of the seventy was not completed readily at first, but was later appeared to be false by unreliable men. Eusebius: From Adam to Abraham, no story is found in Greek or in strange language. Methodius: Noah had a son born two thousand years and a hundred after the beginning of the world. This son was called Shem. Noah gave him lordship over the land of Shinar, to him God gave wisdom and understanding that he should find knowledge of astronomy and that he could tell beforehand what should follow and especially of the beginning and end of the four chief kingdoms. And so he knew that first the Assyrians would rule from Chaldea, come from Shem, afterward the Medes, the Persians, and the great children of Cham. They gained and held Assyria as Egypt for Ninus reigned in Assyria upon the Assyrians. Josephus (Libro)\nIn the fifth chapter, after that Noah was finished building the ark in Phalthes time, all the men of the world had one language and tongue. Noah's children, by the teaching and leading of Nimrod, believed and trusted that good happens and good speed is not from God Almighty but from man's own virtues and deeds. They also thought that God Almighty would depart from them through envy, so that He might more lightly make them subjects. They feared that another flood would come and built a very high tower of burnt clay and pitch in the field instead of mortar, where Babylon was later built. But God Almighty departed from them, for they should not make discord and strife among themselves. This Nimrod was the son of Cush. Cush was the son of Ham. Ham was not Noah's son. That place is called Babel, which means confusion. For there, at God Almighty's command, the language and tongues of the builders were confused. Heber was held guiltless in the building of the tower and therefore was spared as guiltless in the confusion of languages.\nPeter's tongue (35). Then Nimrod, a strong tyrant over men, was driven out of that land and began to reign among the children of Cham in the city of Babylon, which he built. Nimrod, firstly,\n\nWhen men were departed and scattered into diverse lands and each followed his own liking and will, as if what was desired was now to no man. Mankind was departed from himself and the stronger party overpowered the weaker, and told more price of Fredo than of salvation and of hell. So it was a great wonder to them that had rather been lost and spoiled than underlings and servants. Yet by the law of nature, it is decreed that some men be kings and lords, and some subjects and servants. Isidore, in book 8, chapter 3,\n\nMen who came from Seem. Noe's firstborn had the southern land from the rising of the sun to the Phoenicians, that is, these men who come from Seem.\nThe Semites occupied four hundred countries and six under seven and twenty languages. They that come from Shem held the land from the hot hill that is Mount Taurus in Sicily. Northward, toward the North Ocean, they held as far as half of Asia and all of Europe, up to the British Ocean, which is the English sea, three hundred countries under fifteen languages and tongues, and left each land and people his name, many of which have since been changed, the kings of lands, or the same lands, or the manners of men of the lands. Other things remain as they were. It is still evident from whom they came. The Assyrians and Hebrews, whom they called Chaldeans, and the Egyptians, were among them. When men were scattered into diverse lands, some changed names as they liked, such as the Greeks. Others did so for the sake of writing, or for the pleasure of readers, or to make their names more memorable.\nOwn your noble heritage. Hugo, Chapter Frisia. Often names are set for ways of doing: when we mean to signify the Trojans, we call them Phrygians; and if we mean noble, we call them Dardanians; if strong, Trojans; if hardy, Hectors. Isidore, Book 14, chapter 2. Men of the east swallow her words in the throat like Hebrews and Syrians of the middle lands in the roof of the mouth like Greeks and Asians. Men of the west break her words between the teeth like Spaniards and Romans. Augustine, City of God, Book 16, Chapter 10. Since men were first scattered into diverse lands, the kingdoms of Assyrians in the east, Egyptians in the south, and Scythians in the north - that is, Greece began, as it were, at once. Augustine, Book 18, Chapter 1. Neleus the kingdoms of Assyrians, Medes, Persians, Greeks, Romans followed each after other and were primarily among others.\nThe first and last of the four chief kingdoms were more noble and enduring; other kingdoms and kings longed for these kingdoms, and the deeds of men from Athens were greater in reputation and fame than in reality, according to Salustius and Varro. This is because writers and philosophers from Athens were renowned for their wisdom and greatly praised deeds, exceeding the truth. Regarding the treachery, it is extensive and general among the four chief kingdoms, from the beginning of the kingdom of Assyria to the end of the kingdom of Rome, requiring long writing and process. Therefore, of the first kingdoms, we shall first write about:\n\nThe kingdom of Sites in the north, which takes the second place in order and began in Sargon's time, under his rule. Sargon was the first king there, and he was the father of Abraham's grandfather Sarug. It seems that the River Tanas derives its name from this king, Sargon.\nThe north side of the world lies between Asia and Europe. This kingdom, never overcome, conquered Asia and defeated Darius, king of Persia, as well as overthrowing Cyrus, another king, and eliminating Zephiron, who was Alexander's leader. Peter's Chapter 60.\n\nAnother kingdom existed in the west, known as Scythia, which was part of Achaea in Europe, and lasted until the reign of Agilaus around 850 BC. Agilaus was a lord, essentially a king or emperor. Afterward, this kingdom was ruled by one king for thirty kings from the 24th year of Nachor, during the time of Zenobius. Therefore, one kingdom in Achaea was called Agealea at one time.\n\nFurthermore, there was a kingdom called Palapennese in Greece. Rufius Denys states that the kingdom of Scythia began in its fiftieth year, which was twenty years before Abraham was born. Its first king was Cicrops.\nThe kingdom of Egypt, which was approximately the same age as the aforementioned kingdoms, existed to the south. It began during the time of Abraham's grandfather, Nachor. \u00b6 The kingdom had fifteen great lordships, which were called dynasties, from the first Menes and his sons to Abraham's time. \u00b6 Later, the men of Thebes held six great lordships and called them dynasties. \u00b6 Then, the Diopolitani, who were called pharaohs and were kings of Egypt, held great lordships and called them dynasties. A dynasty is a great lordship and power within a province that chooses a king or emperor. \u00b6 This kingdom of Egypt lasted until the time of Cambyses, who was the son of Cyrus. Cyrus was king of Persia and, during his reign, he gave the kingdom of Assyria, which had then been turned into the Medes, to his son Cambyses. He was also called Nabu-godonosor and his prince was Olofernes. Egypt was under seven Persian kings and, after that, had ten kings of its own.\nThe kingdom of Egypt, after the reign of Nectanabo, was ruled by three Persian kings and was under Greek rule for three hundred years, during which it had thirteen kings called the Ptolemies and the Lagids. From the seventeenth year of Great Alexander onwards, Egypt came under Roman rule. The kings of Egypt, from the beginning to Alexander, numbered forty-six. The kings of Egypt were first called Dynasties, then Pharaohs, and lastly Ptolemies and Lagides. Joseph, in the eighth book, records that in their childhood, the kings of Egypt had other names, but when they became kings, they were called Pharaohs. A king is called Pharaoh in the Egyptian language.\nThe city of Alexandria was called Ptolemais when its kings were made, and the kings of Rome were called Caesars. Salomon married a daughter of Egypt. I read of no king of Egypt after him who was called Pharaoh. Augustus Octavianus, the fourth kingdom and eldest in time, was the kingdom of Assyria, beginning in the east under Belus Nemrutesh, in the twenty-fifth year of Sarug, who was the father of Abraham. This kingdom had dominion over all Asia, extending to India. Peter ruled for sixty years. It lasted a thousand years and three, continuing under seventy-three kings to the last Sardanapallus, who died in the seventh year of Ozias, king of Judah. Then Ardaban, also called Ardabatus, became the steward and traitor of the Assyrian kings. He killed the king and turned the kingdom of Assyria to the Medes, that is, in hope rather than in deed. From the seventh year of Osias, king of Judah, to Manasseh, king of Judah, about a hundred and twelve years passed. The Assyrians had seven mighty kings, though they did not have them continuously.\nThe kingdom in its entirety, named Arbaces, Philtered, Teglafalasar, Salmanasar, Senacherib, Assuradon, Sargon, Netheles, was ruled by the Medes for two hundred years and sixty under eighty-four kings. This Astrages and Tournes turned the kingdom of the Medes into the whole kingdom of the Persians, leaving the kingdom of Hircanyces of Assyria during the time of Hezekiah, king of Judah. In Hezekiah's seventh year, the great kingdom of Babylon arose and called itself the kingdom of Persia and Media. The year of the exile of the Jews began one and thirty, and so it passed for two centuries and sixty from the seventh year of Hezekiah, king of Judah. In this year, the whole kingdom of Assyria began to fall into the year of the exile of the Jews.\nThe kingdom of Persia, from the year of Transmigration onward, one and thirty, to the seventh year of the great king Nabuchodonosor, granted him the kingdom of Assyria while he himself lived. Under him occurred the story of Judith, the third Hermes magus, the four Darius tapises, the five long-handed Exeres, Esdras and Nehemias. The sixth Exeres, the seventh Fogodia, the eighth Darius Nothus. Nothus is a bastard, he who is begotten of a worthy father and born of an unworthy mother. The ninth Artaxerxes, who was also called Xerxes, and Hester under him. The tenth Otys, the eleventh Arsanius, the twelfth Darius Arsanius, the son of Arsanius. The great Alexander overcame him and turned the Persian kingdom into the whole kingdom of Macedon at Greece. Reigning in Macedon was Neteles, this kingdom of Macedon began rather under the first Cranaus in the fortyeth year of Ozias, king of Judah, and lasted six hundred years. Until the last Perseus, the Romans.\nslough hym the ix yere of onyas the bisshop that heet menelaus also: nethles there were other kyngdoms in grece eueryche / after other ordey\u2223ned Of the whiche the first was in archadia atte Scicions\u00b7 that peple And was y torned thens to the peloponenses as it is saide bifore: \u00b6Another kyngdom of grece was among the argyues And was y torned thens to mecens \u00b6 Another was at A\u00a6thenes that Cyte \u00b6 Another amonge the Lacedemons / these were the spartans Another at Epyrus that is Tracia / Another at Macedonia / \u00b6Regnum Romanum \u00b6 The kyng of Rome swolewed vp al these kyngdomes as it did other kyngdoms of landes and made hem al longe and be obeissau\u0304t to the kyngdome of Rome / In this maner the kyngdom of ro\u2223me began vnder Ianus the first kyng of ytalye and dured vnto the vij yere of darius arsani{us} sone kyng of persedured at that cours viij\u00b7C. yere & four score vnder / xxvij / kynges of the which xxvij\nkynges six the first. were latyns. The fourtene that came after\u2223ward were albanes. the other seuen that came after\nthat the city was built, ruled the COMITATENSED/ After Great Constantine made Constantinople the chief city of the empire and left Rome to be the chief seat of the pope, the name of the emperor left all alone at Constantinople was Augustinus de Civitate Dei, book 18\n\nIn Sarugges time, Belus, son of the king of Babylon, went into Assyria and won it back within a short time. He reigned for 65 years and then died. His son Ninus succeeded him and began to reign in the year of their father Abraham, even 33. He was king almost of all Asia inside, 49 years. In the 44th year of his reign, Abraham was born before the building of the city of Rome nearly a thousand years and three. OROSIUS, book 1.\n\nThe year before the building of the city of Rome was nearly a thousand and three hundred, Ninus, king of Assyria, out of covetousness, wanted to make his lordship great, and bore arms.\nAnd he lived cruelly for fifty years in all Asia in war and battle, and went out from the south and from the Red Sea, and destroyed in the northeast upon the sea that is called the Euphrates, which stretches from the river Tigris to the ends of Hiberia and Armenia. And so this king Ninus overcame the men of Scythia, who were yet no warriors but peaceful, and made them know strength and taught them to live by many means. At last he overcame Zoroaster, king of the Bactrians, who was skilled in witchcraft, but in the end he died. While he besieged a city that had turned against him, he was hit by an arrow and so was slain. [Peter 36]\n\nNinus, Belus' son, when his father was dead, had Assyria and the city Nineveh and named it after his name. He made that city Nineveh chief of his kingdom and enlarged it greatly by three journeys. Nebuchadnezzar had beforehand founded that city, and also Zoroaster, king of Bactria, who wrote the seven sciences in fourteen pillars in seven of brass.\nSeven men made statues to save themselves from fire and water, but Nyhus burned his books. Ysidorus, in Libro 8, wrote that Aristotle of Zoroastes made 200,000 verses of witchcraft. Democritus wrote similarly in Hippocrates' time. Nyhus began in this manner: When Belus was dead, his son Nyhus, seeking comfort from his sorrow, made an image of his father and showed it such great worship and reverence that he spared all evildoers who fled to that image, by example. Many men then made images of their friends for life. And so, by Belus' example, other images called Metis also emerged, bearing the name of Belus. Some called her Metis, some Baal or Baalym, some gave her the surname Belphegor, and some called her Belesebub. Alexander in Mytilene. Idolatry and Metis. In the bringing forth of Metis, we come close to the feigning of Poetry.\nWhen Syrophanes of Egypt had an image of his deceased son,\nWhich image he called an idol, resembling and shaped like his son in sorrow,\nHe had formed this image in his mind, and it was greatly worshipped by his servants,\nProviding help and consolation as he had intended.\n\nAnd while he sought help and relief from his sorrow,\nHe found seeds and sprouting of even greater sorrow,\nFor the old error in the worship of idols began to spread.\nNevertheless, the same practice continued.\nOne god was worshipped and given many names,\nFor he gives life and grants feeling. Jupiter, the helper, was invoked.\nHe helps.\n\nPlato, in the book called Philosophus, says:\nPoets, due to their inspiration and favor, painted reasons and sciences,\nGranted to the use of living beings in various shapes,\nAnd gave each one a proper name.\nThus, the art of tilling the fields.\nCalled Ceres: Connyng of tilting of vines he called Bacchus: and accounted foul deeds of men among gods / Ysidorus, in Ethimo octavo: Those that the pagans called gods were men: And as they bore them in life, better or worse: so they were worshipped after her death / But by false lore of later men, who came afterwards, worshipped them as goddesses - those who were first worshipped only for mind / And then, to make it more solemn, came feignings of poets / Augustine, in De civitate dei, libro secundo, capitulo undecimo: The poet with his lip speaks of three kinds of gods: / For some they call gods, such as Mars and Jupiter / Some half-gods, such as Hercules and Romulus / And some virtuous men whom men believed had something of godhood, such as Hector and Achilles / Of cruelty come many kinds of evil doing / Such is that / which Jerome speaks upon, in Lamentations 18: / And says that the Egyptians and almost all men of the eastern lands worshipped Fortune - that is, the god of chances / as they mean, the image of Fortune is set in a chariot.\nIn a well-known place, he who sits around finds, on the last day of November, a horn full of grain in the hand of the one who holds it. If they find the horn full, it signifies a good harvest for the year. If they find it empty or void, they mourn. (Crogus, Book 1)\n\nWhen Ninus was dead, Semiramis, his wife, ruled with her son Ninyas, who was also called Ninyas. (Semiramis and her son Ninyas ruled in this manner.)\n\nSemiramis dared not let the kingdom be ruled by the young child nor rule openly herself. Therefore, she disguised herself as the child, a woman in place of the child. For both had small voices and were of similar stature.\n\nThey hid her arms and hands with various coverings and her head with a cap. And I should not say that she wore anything new in clothing. She commanded her people to wear the same clothing. And yet, this woman performed many great deeds and, when she had overcome all enemies,\nenemyes knew less than she did about what she was and how she had done more than that, and this ignorance turned her into great worship for she had overcome Ethiopia, blown men land, and India as well. At last, she desired her own son and bade him to lie by her. He slowed her down when he had reigned for two and forty years and had been paid with the troubles and successors who came after him. They followed his example and gave answers to the people through messengers that should go between R. That manner of doing was used during the time of King Sardanapalis. There, when he was thirty score years old and ten, he took Aram Nachor and Abraham, and Abraham was born in the year of Ninus, king of Assyria, three and forty, two hundred and forty-six years after the flood, as Josephus says. The number and sum of this second age look before in this book. Then Aram took Melcham as his land, Aram died before his father there in Ur of the Chaldees, a place in Chaldea. And had by her son a child who enlarged Babylon and made it greater. Thereafter\nmyght not endure the wrong done to him in the worship of fire in Caldea. There they had killed his oldest son Aram. He went out of that country with Abraham and Nachor, and Aram's men to Charran in Mesopotamia, where he died after two hundred and five years. Abraham, when his father there was dead, went down into Shechem and thence into Padan Aram. There he said that Sarah was his sister. Josephus, in Book 1, Chapter 7, records that Abraham learned in Caldea and went down into Egypt, where he was the first to teach the Egyptians arts and crafts and astrology, which were unknown to them before. Abraham was very wealthy and went out of Egypt to the place of the aforementioned Paphos and, because of a dispute with Herod, he departed from Lot and went from him to the plain of Mamre beside Ebron. Petrus Ebron, which is also called Chebron, is also a city, and Carthage, which is a city in Arabic, is also called Caryatharbe. Four patriarchs were buried there: Adam, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. But\nIoseph is buried in Shechem beside Mount Ephraim, as stated above, and in the last chapter of Genesis. When Abraham returned from the battle of the four kings, he and Melchisedech offered bread and wine. Melchisedech deduced Abraham, who gave titles to God from all kinds of goods. The Hebrews say that this Melchisedech was Shem, the son of Noah, and that he lived until Isaac. They also say that from Noah to Aaron, all the eldest sons were priests, who blessed the people in offerings and festivals and received and had the firstborn of animals. Esau sold the firstborn rights to his brother Jacob. Some men believe that the Jubilee Year, the year of grace, began with the victory or the deliverance of prisoners. Iobel is forgiveness or the beginning of it, and Iobelius or Iubileus is ordained as the Year of Jubilee.\nFor Abraham, who was skilled in the art of knowing the planets and stars, knew that the temperature that comes from the height and lowly position of planets and stars returns again to temperature at the fifty-year mark. And so Abraham: ordered a likeness on earth that he saw in the stars and planets. \u00b6(Petrus 53) \u00b6Abraham had a son Ismael, born of his servant Agar. Ismael was circumcised when he was thirteen years old. \u00b6The Arabs still practice this custom. Ismael was their leader. \u00b6Genesis This Ismael was later an archer and they called themselves Sarasins, as though they were from Sarra: but they are actually Agarenes, for they come from Agar, Ismael's mother. Also they are called Ishmaelites and Midianites. \u00b6Our Lord gave Abraham and his children circumcision and separated his people from other nations. Petrus / 47 \u00b6For Abraham's name was changed when he was circumcised. Therefore, four men's names were warned before the birth of Ishmael: Isaac, Sampson.\nIosias in the New Testament is mentioned only in John Baptist and Christ's Revelation. This signified and indicated great grace, merit, and virtue. According to Remigius' Life in Genesis, this year Sodom was destroyed and Lot was delivered, and he went to a small city named Segor, located near a hill. He was overcome with wine and in his sleep, he had Moab's oldest daughter and Ammon's other daughter. The Moabites came from Moab, and the Ammonites from Ammon.\n\nRegarding the place of Sodom, which is now called the Dead Sea, look above in the first book in the province of Asia in the chapter Judea, which is the Judaea:\n\nIsaac was born of his mother Sarra when she was forty years old and ten. Isaac was called Cnoryssus and hidden in Crete. Jupiter is said to have taken Sarra away when she was sixty years old and seven, and she was buried in Hebron. This man was to be held and reputed as a lecher if he had married anyone other than what he had vowed before.\n\nOld Ishmael when he married.\nRebecca bore no child for xx years after Augustine's 13th book. At last, there was a woman named Tryconydes, who was also nursed by Pallas, or one of Pallas's priestesses. She was considered a goddess: For me it is well known when she came. Isaac had twins born of Rebecca \u2013 Esau and Jacob. (Augustine writes above)\n\nThe kingdom of Argives began in Greece under Iynachus, the father of Isis. Isis was also called Io, and Iynachus reigned for fifty years. This kingdom lasted for five hundred and forty-four years under twelve kings, up to the last Acrisius, whom Perseus overthrew. Though it was not by his will, the twelfth year of Delpho-Jugge's reign of Israel caused Perseus great fear, and he left Argos and turned the kingdom over to the Mycenians.\n\nAbraham died at the age of one hundred and thirty-six and fifty, and was buried in Hebron. Peter, 66.\n\nThe Hebrew language and the old Latin usage are used to record the smaller number first.\nIn the country, as Latyn now sets forth, Abraham lived for one hundred and sixty-five years. But the Hebrews say this way: Abraham lived for fifteen thousand three hundred and sixty-five years. Augustinus, in the eighteenth book of De Civitate Dei, writes of Feroneus, the second king of the Argives, who reigned for sixty years. This Feroneus Argolycus established the first laws in Greece and ordered that causes should be brought before Iugges. Therefore, he named the place of judgments forum after his own name. His brother's name was Fogons, and Fogons was skilled in astrology. He ordered the building of temples to worship false gods, and thus he was reputed and taken as a god among those who worshipped such false gods. His sister was called Isis, and Io was also called by that name. She sailed into Egypt and taught men there letters and the tilling of fields. Therefore, after her death, she was honored as a goddess among them. Isidorus, in the third book, writes of Isis: Isis ordained the first trumpets. Therefore, the Amazons often called her to battle ward.\nwith trumpets, it is said that Jupiter ravished Io and begot Epaphus. This is but a fable and feigning of poets / For noble fame of either person. Poets feign many noble persons begotten of Jupiter. But Io was in the time of Isaac, and Jupiter was after in the time of Ishmael. Thessalus, the Greek son, reigned in Thessaly. Jacob, after he had bought the first birthrights and slyly obtained his father's blessing with his mother's counsel, went down into Mesopotamia. Peter, the sixty-fourth [year],\n\nThe first birthrights were special profits and worship that the eldest son had in his kindred towards Aaron. For they were clothed in special clothing in the offering of sacrifice and had their father's blessing and double portion in feasts and in the delivering of inheritance, and they should bless their younger brother. Jacob begat his first son Reuben on his wife Leah\n\nThis year was a little flood in Achaea, which was called Attica. That land was under Og's kingly rule, who renewed the city Athens and built it.\nThis year Jacob was forty-score (i.e., one hundred and twenty) years old when he begat Joseph, the fourteen-year-old son of Rachel. During Jacob's fourteen-year service for his wives, Laban made a covenant with him: all speckled lambs and kids born during his tenure would be Jacob's reward, while all those that were white or black would belong to Laban. Therefore, Jacob took greenwillow branches and plane tree bark and marked some parts of the lambs' thighs with it, and left other parts unmarked. He made the lambs speckled and showed them to the ewes before they conceived, so they would conceive lambs resembling the shadows they saw of rams in the mirroring water during conception. He did this to prevent all the lambs from being speckled, lest the deception be discovered. In the first conceiving time, he placed the marked and some unmarked ones as wardens of the ladies in Egypt.\n\nAugustine on Genesis\nThis Putephar was not as envious as those who were gelded.\nIn his childhood, Joseph had a wife and children. But Potiphar saw that Joseph was fair and bought him for misuse. Therefore, God made Potiphar so cold that he could no longer have carnal relations with his own wife, as if he were an eunuch. And so, as the most worshipful man, he was made bishop of Heliopolis. Apis, the third king of Argives, was Ferencus' son and reigned for twenty years. Isaac was a hundred years old and died and was buried in the double grave in Ebron. That year, Pharaoh saw the seven-horned calf and the seven kine.\n\nThis year, Jacob was a hundred years old and had sixty and went into Egypt with his children, Doubly.\n\nThis year, Argolicus, the king of Argives, sailed into Egypt and died. He was called Serapis. Varro tells why he was called Serapis and says that the chest that he was put in was called Seron. Therefore, Apis.\nSeronapis, originally named Apis, was a white-spotted ox revered by the Egyptians. When this ox died, they selected another white-spotted and tenderly nourished ox to replace it and continue to worship.\n\nHugo, in the chapter on Apis, writes about the sacred bull Apis that emerged from the River Nile and warned of approaching events through its playful behavior.\n\nSome accounts suggest that every year during the festival of Serapis, a white bull would emerge from the River Nile and bear a white mark on its right shoulder in the shape of a new moon. When the Egyptians arrived with all manner of music and merriment, the bull would lift its head as if in response, causing the Egyptians to cease their activities. However, the bull would vanish from their sight that same day. Therefore, the Egyptians worshipped the bull as Apis, as well as a cow in place of Isis, and another bull for Jupiter.\nTherfor it was a great abomination among the Egyptians to sleep near or eat their flesh. Argus, the fourth king of Argues, began to reign and reigned for sixty-four years. In this time, Greeks had brought seeds from other lands and began to sow and have corn tilled. Jacob was one hundred years old and seventy-four and blessed his children, giving each of them his blessing and died. He was anointed and kept for thirty days and at last was born into Ebron and buried there in the double grave.\n\nIt was the custom of misbehaved men to keep a dead body for nine days without ointment and mourn for nine days and wash the bodies for nine days to find out whether the soul had passed or not. Afterward, they kept the bodies for forty days anointed. But it was the custom of the Jews to keep dead bodies for seven days without ointment and afterward for thirty days anointed. Augustinus, in his eighteenth book, says that Prometheus, Rapetus his son, and Atlas the Astronomer his brother, made men.\nuidius in magno: Nethes stated that men who were uncivilized and boisterous, behaving like beasts, made civilized men and wise men. Ysidorus, in his third decimo, also reports that they created images of men that went and walked on the ground by a certain craft. Also, these men first discovered a ring of iron and enclosed a precious stone within it, calling it a nail. For a time, thieves and murderers, when taken, were forced to wear an ape on their necks and hold its mouth open at its ears. But this foul custom ceased, and when thieves and murderers were taken, they were forced to wear rings of iron on their fingers. Therefore, gentlemen, to have diversity and distinction from such ruffians, made rings of gold or silver. Ysidorus, in his nineteenth book, states that gentlemen wore rings of silver and gold on the fourth finger, which is called the ring finger, for the purpose of heightening and enhancing their appearance.\nA finger is a vein that reaches the heart. Romans had rings from the common treasure. Gentlemen had rings and others had solidi that were whole and sound. Free men of noble blood used rings of gold. Free men who came from bond men used rings of silver. But bond men used rings of iron. It was a great disgrace for a man to use more rings than one. Augustine of City [something] had a brother named Athlas, who was an astronomer. Therefore, men feigned that he bore up heaven. There was also a great hill in Africa named Athlas, and the rude people believed that this hill bore up heaven. Peter is said to have gone at that time in his ship, which was painted with a dragon, to Greece, and there he made more craft for tilting fields. At that time, Ceres, the woman the Greeks call Demeter, discovered, without instruments, every craft for sowing. She also discovered measures for wheat, by means of small or large hoes. After that time, the Greeks began to have plows.\nI. Sidorus, in book 5: / \u00b6Joseph was one hundred years old and died in Egypt. He was anointed with sweet ointments and kept the Children of Israel from leaving Egypt for one hundred years and forty. During this time, the Hebrews served the Egyptians. / \u00b6Also, as Joseph's brothers died, each one was buried in Hebron. / \u00b6Later, their bones were brought to Shechem and placed with Joseph's bones. That place is now Neapolis, the city of the Samaritans. From the time Jacob came to Egypt until the Children of Israel left Egypt, there were two hundred and fifteen years. / \u00b6Amram was the son of Caath. Caath was the son of Amram. Amram, who was sixty years old, begat Moses from his wife Jochebed. / \u00b6Pharaoh, under whom Joseph was his nephew by his own name, / \u00b6The eighth Pharaoh after him was Ammonphis, / \u00b6In his time, Moses was born. / \u00b6In the second book of John: / \u00b6This Pharaoh hated the Children of Israel / for their wisdom, their skill in crafts.\nHe thought it wise and cunning to decrease the population of Israel and keep them subdued, lest they multiply too quickly and rise against him. He imposed various labor tasks upon them, such as making bricks, digging, and reclaiming land, while providing them with only meager rations. He intended to overwhelm them with toil and hunger, so that they would have no will to resist.\n\nOne scribe of the Israelites, however, defied Pharaoh and encouraged them to be fruitful. Therefore, it was decreed that the male children of Israel should be killed at birth. But despite this, the people continued to multiply rapidly. Pharaoh, unable to quell their growth, commanded the midwives to kill the male infants as soon as they were born. I believe that for this transgression, the Egyptians fell into this error.\nto worship an ox named Apis instead of God, according to Genesis. Therefore, Moses was hidden for three months after his birth but was eventually placed in a basket made of bulrush, shaped as a small boat, covered with ashes, and thrown into the river. Pharaoh's daughter found him and took him up from the water, raising him as her own son and named him Moses. According to Josephus in the second book, the name Moses is derived from two elements: \"moy\" meaning water, and \"esis\" meaning saved. Thus, Moses is called the one saved by water. Furthermore, as a child, Moses hated the breasts of all Egyptian women and would not nurse from any of them. Instead, he was secretly brought to his own mother, who fed him. When he was three years old, God made him so fair and handsome that all who were around him abandoned their work and occupations to gaze at the child, no matter how stern or angry they were. One day, Pharaoh's daughter brought the infant to the attention of the court.\nA child was presented to Pharaoh, as he was to regard him as his own son. The king was astonished by the child's beauty and placed his own crown on the child's head, which bore the image of Jupiter. But the child immediately threw down the crown and played with it disrespectfully with his feet. A priest of the god Eleopoles cried out, \"This is the child that our god commanded us to kill! Fear no more and let us slay him now!\" But a wise man intervened and said, \"The child acted out of childish ignorance and saved himself.\"\n\nIn support of this defense of the child was the presentation of burning coals brought before him. Moses put them in his mouth and sucked on them, leaving a scar on the tip of his tongue. The Hebrews believed that this was the reason for his later speech impediment. This child, Moses, was so beautiful that those who beheld him were so captivated by his appearance that they neglected all else.\nHercules overcame Antaeus in wrestling around this time. Josephus, in the second book, relates that the Ethiopians waged war against Egypt. The gods advised them to take a leader of Hebrews and not their own. They captured Moses and made him their leader and commander. Moses was skilled in battle and abandoned the way by the River Nile. He led his host through a wilderness filled with serpents. However, he placed Cicones, birds from the land of Egypt that hate and destroy serpents and are mild, against the serpents. And so, the Ethiopians unexpectedly attacked and besieged them in a royal city, Sabae. Later, Cambyses the king named that city Meroe after his sister's name. That city is strong due to its walls and surrounding waters. It is situated between the Ethiopians and Egyptians on the River Nile. Tharbis, the daughter of Ethiopia, saw the beauty of Moses.\nMoses delivered him the ark to a man on a covenant, that he should marry her, his wife, to Peter. This is the woman of Ethiopia, for Mary and Aaron quarreled with Moses. His wife refused to send her away. So, as a man skilled in the courts and the workings of the stars and planets, Moses made two rings: one of understanding and another of forgetfulness. He kept the ring of understanding with himself and gave his wife the ring of oblivion. And so he returned to Egypt.\n\nAt that time when Moses visited his brothers in the land of Goshen, he killed an Egyptian man and hid him in the sand, for he had killed a Hebrew man.\n\nOn the morrow, a Hebrew man put his hand against Moses' beard, and Moses recoiled in fear. He avoided going into the land of Midian. He married Zipporah, a priest's daughter of that land, and gave her sons Gershom and Eliezer.\n\nSecond Book of Peter:\nThis priest was named Jether and had two surnames, Iethero and Elion.\nCyneus had seven daughters who were herdsmen and kept livestock. The keeping of livestock was a task ordained for women during that time, particularly in the land of Trogodytes. The kingdom of Athens began under Cicropia, as told in fables, with his wife Latona. Apollo, lord of wisdom and knowledge, was born to Jupiter. Deucalion began to reign in Thessalia in his twelfth year. The third notable flood occurred, and the burning under Phaeton. Augustus LI / 18. This flood destroyed a great part of Greece; many fled into ships to Deucalion, king of Thessalia, and were saved. Deucalion occupied Mount Parnassus during that time. Poets invented the story that Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha threw down stones and called them men, signifying harm that would come later. In Orobasius, Book Two, it is also recorded that at that time the sun did not burn Ethiopia alone, but also the land of Scythia so severely that men could not endure. Because of this, myth-making men created the fable of Phaeton. Moses was four score years old.\nold with his brother Aaron, who was four score years old, spoke to Pharaoh, king of Egypt, asking that he allow God's people to depart and worship God. But Pharaoh was stubborn and malicious, refusing to let the people go. Therefore, Egypt was struck with ten great plagues and punishments. (Augustine, Book 18)\n\nDuring the time that God took vengeance in Egypt, some Egyptians feared that Egypt would be finally destroyed and went to other lands. One man named Cypselus sailed to Greece and built the city of Aten, which was later called Athens. (Look more about Athens in the first book, Chapter Greece, specifically Alladia, Nethes, and Corythus. The city of Aten was built five years before Athens.) Peter, the second brother,\n\nThere were many plagues in Egypt besides the ten great ones. God took vengeance in Egypt \u2013 neverless, there were many more plagues in Egypt than what is commonly believed, and it is not to be doubted or considered that the Egyptians were skilled in the knowledge of the stars.\nIn the beginning, planets were perceived to be inauspicious and hindered the start of works and journeys, and causing bleeding. Around the time Moses was eighty years old, he led the Israelites out of Egypt on the same day that Jacob and his children entered Egypt. When Israel left Egypt, the moon was fifteen days old. Israel had been in Egypt for four hundred years and thirty after that, Abraham departed from Haran in Mesopotamia, in the land of Beersheba. When Israel departed from Egypt, approximately 600,000 men accompanied them, including Joseph and his eleven brothers, who were later called patriarchs. They were buried in Shechem, as Israel stated. For thirty days, a pillar of cloud led the Israelites by day and a pillar of fire by night. When Israel left Egypt, the Red Sea opened and allowed them to pass, while drowning all the Egyptians who pursued them in the sea's opening. According to some accounts, the Sea of Pamphilus opened before Pharaoh.\nAlexander and his host, before pursuing Darius, found the sea not naturally red but dyed red with clay and earth around it. Therefore, red precious stones and sharp vermilion were discovered there. This sea is divided into two parts; one is called the Persian Sea, and the other, the Arabian Sea.\n\nJohn, in the third book,\n\nThirty days after Israel left Egypt, they lacked corn, and the Lord gave them quails and manna and water from the stone in Oreb. However, this place is watered by rain, as the Lord provided water at that time through Moses' hand.\n\nThree months after Israel left Egypt, Moses went up onto the hill and fasted for forty days and forty nights, receiving the law. He made the tabernacle according to the example shown to him on the hill, and the tabernacle was erected on the first day of April in the second year of their departure from Egypt.\n\nFrom this time.\nThe building of the temple in Jerusalem took four hundred years and forty-six years. At this time, some men say that a woman went from Argos into Egypt and was called Isis there, and was married to Thelegon. She had a child named Epaphus. (Peter, in the fourth book, chapter sixteen) After the second year of the exodus from Egypt, twelve spies were sent to the land of Canaan and returned because of the grumbling of the people and fear that the children of Israel would be taken captive from Canaan. (Exodus 13:25) In the sixth year after the exodus, Ereston built the temple of Aphrodite. Around this time, Athena began to reign and reigned for nine years. Her daughter was called Athys, from the land of Attica. (Look back in the first book, chapter 11. Greece, at this time, received letters and vines from Greece.) Also, Lacedaemon, the son of Semelis, built Lacedaemonia, that is, the city and the fourth Erutonius of Sciones gave a gift to the Argives. Archas, king of the Argives, gave it.\nArchadia was named after a man called Archas. But Archadia was rather called Cicica, and received its name Egypt from Egyptus, who ruled there. Danaus, the tenth of the Argives, reigned for fifty years. In Orobasius, Book 1. Danaus and Egyptus were two brothers. Danaus, by his fifty daughters, took one to be his successor, while Egyptus took fifty sons in one night. Danaus, who committed many evil deeds, went up to the Argives. He deposed Oedipus, who had saved him when he was needy, and ruled himself. Augustine, in the City of God.\n\nIt is said that in that time, the man called Liber Pater and Dionysius Bachus emerged from that tempest. Also, Argives began to use vines, as Argo was made by him. Augustine, in the City of God.\n\nIt is said that the great Mercury was present at that time. This Mercury was the son of Maia, the daughter of Atlas. This Mercury excelled in many crafts. He was among them as if he were a god. However, the great Hercules had a surname Dionysus.\nThis is the Hercules who slew Busiris, according to Ovid and Josephus. Hercules married Deianira, daughter of King Indus of the Madians. Therefore, Hercules went with Deianira to Libya, and that land was then called Africa, after the conqueror's name. Forty years after the exodus from Egypt, Aaron, a hundred years old and three and twenty, died in Mount Hor against the town of Jerico, and Moses, who had lived forty years in Egypt, forty in Madian, and forty years in the desert, six score years old almost, died on Mount Nebo against the town of Jerico and was buried in the valley of Moab. Joshua, Moses' servant, ruled the people for six and twenty years, according to Josephus. The scripture did not count the years of Joshua's leadership. The first year of Joshua's leadership led the people into the land of Canaan. The River Jordan opened and allowed them to pass, and Joshua offered the eastern offering and renewed the circumcision, which had been neglected for forty years in the wilderness.\nWhen they ate of the fruit from that land, manna failed after forty years. According to Peter and Eusebius in his Chronicle, that year was Jubilee, the year of grace, and was the one and fifty-fifth year of grace. If we count back from the beginning of the world, there were two thousand four hundred and fifty-two years, and every fifty years one year of grace passed. Beda agrees with the Hebrews and proves that there were seven years missing. The first year of Iosue Eruthonius, the fourth king of Athens, was the first to bring a chariot into Greece, as Nethes says. In Augustine's eighteenth book, he ordered plays for Apollo and Minerva. At that time, Busiris the tyrant king of Egypt used his tyranny on his guests. He slaughtered men and offered them to the gods. According to some, he was the son of Neptune begotten on Libya's Epaphus daughter. Iosue.\nDeparted the land of Palestines to the Jews. At that time, Fenix and Cadmus, two brothers from Thebes in Egypt, went into Syria. They ruled at Tyre and Sidon, two cities so called, Iupiter king of Creta ruled over Europa, the daughter of Agenor king of Libya. Afterward, Astrius, king of Creta, married Europa as his wife. Augustinus, in book eighteen. Iupiter, having ravished Europa, fathered Radamantus, Sarpedon, and Minos, who ruled in Creta. Nethes, Marianus, lib. 1, c. 61. It is said that Agenor, king of Libya, begat three sons: Silenus, Fenix, Cadmus, and one daughter named Europa. When Iupiter had ravished her, he put her in his ship, which was painted with a bull's hide. Therefore, Poetes feign that Iupiter was turned into a bull. Agenor commanded his sons that they should go seek their sister, who had been ravished, and he sent them away, forbidding them to return unless they brought her back.\nWith him, they could not find her, so they named it Sicily after his own name. Phoenix lived in Phoenicia, but Cadmus chose to exile himself in Greece. There he followed the track of an ox and came to a country and settled there, naming it Boeotia, Oxland. Later, he built there the city of Thebes. [Look more of this in the first book, chapter Greece] Augustine, in Book eighteen, writes that Jupiter ruled in Crete and his father Saturn was driven out and went to Italy. This was a wicked man and great conqueror, who conquered Greece and was named god of gods for his great power and might. The men of Crete called them liars. True story says that Saturn, the father, and Jupiter, the son, had two kingdoms joined together in Crete. For ends and boundaries of fields, there was a battle between them. Jupiter had the upper hand, and Saturn was driven out and went into Italy. Janus, the king, received him at a part of the Empire because he could see in vines.\nIn repying and tilting fields, he was called Saturnus, and named the place Saturnia after his own name, and Lacium, his dwelling place. There he taught robust men to build altars and sow. He also fashioned bronze pans; therefore the rustic men held him a god. And though poets mean that Jupiter castrated Saturnus because he should not father children to supplant him, yet the history of Rome says that Saturnus fathered Picus in Italy. Alexander the Great, and other mighty giants, attempted to dethrone this Jupiter, who was cruel and disturbed the peace after his father's overthrow, and the giants plotted wars against him. Peter, and Joshua before he died, caused water to appear on the earth before the people as a token of the covenant made between God and the people, that the people had chosen.\nPetrus: In ancient times, men used to mark and seal agreements with the blood of a sow. Hugo capitulo Fedus (Fedus being a term for a covenant) signified that the breaking of the covenant should be as significant as the blood of a sow being shed. However, the Hebrews used water instead, signifying that the one breaking the covenant should be destroyed, along with his entire kin. Additionally, men in olden times used to carve and engrave enduring signs and tokens for the benefit of future covenanters. Some men carved and engraved stones and pieces of stones as tokens.\n\nAfter the death of Joshua, Israel served Chusan, king of Mesopotamia, for eight years. However, these eight years are not counted among the years of rest and servitude under the judges of Israel by the Hebrews. The accuracy of the account would not hold up in history.\nAugustine, in his 15th book, writes about this time when Latona gave birth to Apollo on the island Delos. At the same time, Admetus, the king, received a visit from Hercules in his prime. I believe this Latona was the same woman who ruled in Calydon as Liber Pater, the free father. In his time, Linus of Thebes was the great charioteer in Egypt.\n\nPhoinix built Bythynia, which was once called Mariandynia. Ysidorus, in his second book, chapter five, Fenicia:\n\nPhoinix gave the Phoenician letters. Some read that book more in the first book, chapter fifteen.\n\nYsidorus, in his second book:\n\nThe Phoenician letters that Cadmus received stood for words and functioned as numbers among the Greeks. The first letter stood for one, the second for two, and the third for three, and so on. But the twelfth letter stood for thirty, the twenty-third for forty, and so on.\nIn the twenty-first chapter, the letter xix stands for the twentieth, and twenty-two for four hundred. Peter Craft and the use of iron were found in Egypt. The deeds that tell of Demetra and Dan Perbuyld mention Aioth, who led Israel for forty years and was also called Jerand. He was often reproached for his vile and unworthy behavior. Nevertheless, these Hebrews mean that Geminus was Benyamin, as though he were named by a change or withdrawal of some part of the beginning of the name. For where we write Geminus in Latin,\n\nRitholomus came in a long ship to Elenus and dealt there with wheat. Ortus, king of Molos and Tracia, raised Proserpina's hound, which was called Cerberus. He seized a man named Piriton, who came with Theseus to ravish Proserpina. And the same hound seized this man.\nCerberus would have eaten Theseus, but Hercules came in time and saved him. Therefore, he went to Hades.\n\nAthens built Achaia.\n\nDionysus, the god of wine and fertility, was born of Semele, as some say, and took the mysteries of Dionysus from Perseus, the Gorgon who was so beautiful that she stunned those who beheld her beauty. At that time, Frixus and his sister Elara fled the malice and pursuit of their stepmother and were drowned in the sea called the Euxine. A weather vane was painted in the sign of her ship. Therefore, I feigned that the weather, with the golden fleece, bore them forth by the air. Laomedon, the eighth king of Scyros, reigned. Lyre: Amphion and Zethus reigned in Thebes, the city of Cadmus. He ruled in Dardania. This is Phrygia, and they waged war afterward against Tantalus, king of Athens, for the abduction of Zeus's cattle. From this Tros, the Trojans derive their name and are called Trojans. R.\n\nThe tale of Jupiter is feigned, and so is the rape of a goddess in vain. Perseus, Eratus, his brother.\nfaught against the Persians. He struck off the head of the Gorgon. Pegasus was a swift horse of a man called Bellerophon. Ion the strong man called Denys, by his own name, also waged war with the Indians and built the city Nysa. This Denys first ordered women to live with men in his household. Pelops, first king of Pylos, was also called the judge of the Olympians; nevertheless, he was later against Troy and overcame Dardanus. In Aeothus' time, Duke Hercules, another than we spoke of before, was in his prime. Hercules This Hercules was strong and tamed the world and overcame the Amazons and passed into India and waged war there and overcame the Trojans and waged war in Libya and was lord of Spain. R This Hercules overcame Antaeus the giant of Libya. So says Ovid in Magnus Libellus Octavus. And slow Geryon the giant king of Spain carried his cattle and beasts through Italy in token of his mastery. And he begat the king Latin on the daughter of\nFanus slowed a lion, tamed the serpent Hydra in Lerna's water, ran a furlong in one breath, restored the tournaments and games at Mount Olympus, overcame the Centaurs and planted his pillars in the sea at the Islands of the Gates, and performed twelve great deeds.\n\nThe Centaurs were men of Thessaly. They were the first to tame horses and rode on their backs. (Augustine, Book 18; Augustine, Book 6 on the Rape of Proserpine; Virgil, Eclogues 8, Ovid, Metamorphoses 9)\n\nConsider the great deeds of Hercules:\n1. His victory over the Centaurs\n2. The slaying and capturing of lions in the wood of Nemea\n3. The chasing of the birds called the Arpies\n4. The taking of the golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides.\nThe Orchard of the Seven Daughters of Athlas the Giant and the Slaying of the dragon guarding the place / The fifth, the capturing and taming of the great hound Cerberus, which devoured Perseus in the abduction of Proserpina. \u00b6 The sixth, the bringing down of Diomede, king of Tracia, who fed his horse with human flesh. The seventh, the destroying of Idra the serpent in the waters of Lerna. The eighth, the overcoming of Achelous, who changed into various shapes and forms. The / ninth, the throwing down of Antaeus the Giant of Libya, who regained strength whenever he touched the earth. / The tenth, the slaying of the man who spat fire from his mouth as I mentioned. \u00b6 The eleventh, the slaying of the man in Arcadia. The twelfth, the bringing and holding up of the heavens while Athlas the Giant rested when he was weary. But in the thirteenth labor, he donned a corset of Dianea and died. / Take heed that these twelve labors, which are recounted as Hercules' story, are told as such in the second.\nThe third of the Labors of Hercules and the fourth of taking and the seizing of the golden apples; this story may be a fable, but its meaning is full of truth and sincerity. However, it is not clear which Hercules these twelve labors are attributed to. Augustine, in City of God, Book 18, Chapter 19, states that it was another Hercules these deeds were assigned to, and another Hercules who overcame Antaeus the giant in wrestling. Boethius also relates this of Antaeus among the twelve labors of Hercules in the final book of his Consolation. Augustine further states in the same chapter that there were many Hercules, and Samson, because of his great strength, was also counted as one. Frigidus asserts in his book of the battle of the gods that Samson was among the Herculean deeds.\nIason, who won the golden fleece at Colchos, was called Hercules. Therefore, Ovid says that Menia ruled over the Trojans under Hercules, and Ovid also ascribes the slaying of the Boar of Archadia to Meleander. Additionally, he attributes the chasing of the Maenads to Boreas' sons, Zoas and Calaius. Thus, many wise men believe that Hercules is the surname of noble and valiant men who surpass other men greatly in courage and strength. And so it seems, for Hercules is said to mean \"hero\" and \"blissful man\" in a kindly manner.\n\nIn Aioth's time, namely in Greece, fables were discovered. Isopus is said to have founded them first for the sake of enhancing kindly truth. For the private nature of things should not be despised. Therefore, by various means, he feigned names and works of gods.\n\nAlcyone in myth. And so he...\nAfter the flood, men were said to have come from stones and trees, a notion for the dwelling of men in ancient times. Some behaved like beasts. In Augustine's 18th book, 13th chapter, it is recounted that after Iulus' death, fables originated in Greece. For instance, Vulcan was depicted as being consumed by great heat and burning passion with Minerva's gate. Erucionius was portrayed as a dragon, a poetic fabrication. However, the true meaning is that in Athens, there was a temple dedicated to both Vulcan and Minerva. In this temple, a child was found, swaddled and guarded by a dragon, symbolizing the child's greatness. The child was named after both deities, hence the name Hercules. Additionally, Tritholomus, born of Flegon in needy lands at Ceres' behest, and the myth of Minotaur, a beast slain in Labyrinth, are fables. When men entered that house, they were so deceived that they could not escape.\nAlso of centaurs that were mixed of human and horse kind / Also of Cerberus the hound of Hades that had three heads / Also of Frixus stones and drew them to him with the sweetness of his harping / Also of Daedalus the carpenter and his son Icarus who made wings of feathers and flew as birds / Also of Antaeus, slow-moving Hercules; Antaeus was the son of the earth; therefore when he fell down he rose again with more strength (Ysidorus, Libro undecimo) / Also Gerion, the giant king of Spain, who was slain by Hercules and was described in three likenesses and shapes / It is a fable / for there were three brothers so well agreeing in appearance that it seemed they had one soul, one mind, and one will / Also the three-headed Gorgons, whose heads turned into serpents, had one eye and turned men to stones who beheld them (it is a fable) / But there were three sisters all of one fairness. Men who beheld them turned them as still and as steadfast as stones. / Also the three Sirens, who were half maidens half serpents.\n\"Fowles had wings and talents as hawks, and one of them sang while the other piped and lured sailors to shipwreck. It is a fable. But there were three harlots who brought men to ruin and therefore I say they brought them to shipwreck. Also, it seems that Scilla was a woman circled by the heads of horses and with great barking of hounds, said to be of that sea. Siculus, who flashed and washed upon that rock called Scilla, makes such a noise that men who sail there are so afraid that they think the waves are crashing against the rock. So they believe they see the serpent Idra with nine heads. And if one head were struck off, three grew up for one. The true tale is that Idra was once a place that dangerously and miraculously spewed out water. If one could stop the water, it would burst forth in many places and ways. Hercules saw this and destroyed the source.\"\nAll the ways/therefore it seems that he destroyed Idra the serpent. / In Persid's first book, chapter thirty-third, it is said that Fables are spoken of Fando, not because they are true in fact but feigned in speech. Poets brought in Fables for three reasons: for the pleasure of speaking and of fair speech. Such are the Fables of Plautus and Terence, and common Fables. Also, for healing and encouraging kindliness, I say, Vulcan halts because the fire is never even; Vulcan is feigned, a god of fire. / So Chimera is feigned, a beast of three forms, and looks like a dragon and wastes away constantly. The fable of Ipocentaur, feigned, is a mixture of horse kind and human kind, signifying the swift passing of man's life. / Also, Fables are feigned for dark, fair, and mysterious speaking of things. When I speak and feign that things which cannot reason speak to themselves, the true meaning is removed in the tale that is feigned to the true meaning in deed. / So Orpheus speaks of the mouse.\nAnd of the Wessex, Aesopus and Anansi of the Fox and the Wolf, and in the Book of Judges of the trees of Lebanon; and Demosthenes speaks of wolves and hounds feigned for the delivery of advocates and lawyers. And this is what St. Augustine says in his book De Mendacio: Fables, he says, may have no truth in themselves, yet they represent and induce in the human mind truths that they signify. Augustine, in Book Three, Chapter Three: By the authority of the Romans, it was asserted that the goddess Venus was the mother of Aeneas, and that Mars was the father of Romulus; but I, and so Varro, do not believe this. The writer of the Roman stories says privately that it was profitable to the citizens of Cytes that strong men and the lame believed that they were begotten of gods, though it was false. In this way, the human hearts should be bolder and have trust in the lineage of gods and regard themselves as of the kind of gods. Alexander in Mithra, Macrobius, Super Somnium.\nSome false stories are fabricated for profit and comfort in their telling. In these stories, the subject matter is often presented in a fanciful way. For instance, in Aesop's and Phaedrus' fables, the order of the storytelling is also fanciful. Falsehood is sometimes presented as truth by another.\n\nSimilarly, in the fables of Hesiod and Orpheus, when they speak of various deeds of gods, such tales are not truly fables but tales resembling fables. If a tale is told by likeness of base things or harlotry, it is not relevant to philosophers or gods. However, those told by likeness of beauty and honesty are relevant to philosophers.\n\nPlato fabricated a story about a knight named Er who arose from death and spoke of the eternal life of the human soul. And Boethius fabricated that philosophy appeared to him in the form of a lady.\nIn this manner, a divine being used examples in his speaking and talking. Afterward, in God's time, he placed seven strengths to the land and was ebbed into the channel again. Then, many beasts lay dead on the ground among other things, including a dead snake. When this snake was rooted, the senews were stretched and sounded as the wind made an harp to the likeness of it and gave it to Orpheus the harper.\n\nTrevisa: Among the wonders of India, it is said that snakes are so great and so huge that a man may be herberved in a snake's house.\n\nPeter: Also at that time, the aforementioned Mercury was found to have called it Siringa and is made of reed and pipes.\n\nFor Josephus speaks of three of these, each called Mercury (in his fifth book). Also at that time in Greece, an instrument of music was found.\n\nDelbora, that woman, was a Prophetess of the lineage of Issachar. Delbora, with Barach of the lineage of Nephtali, ruled the people of Israel for forty years.\nDuring the time when King Iabyn of Canaan pursued Israel, in this period the kings of Argues had ruled for over 50 years, from the first Inachus to the first Pelops, king of Peloponnesus. After their deaths, the kingdom turned to Mecenes. It was during this time that the kingdom of the Laurentines began in Italy. After the deaths of Janus and Saturnus, who had long ruled there, Pyhus, Saturn's son, reigned. Around this time, Dionysus, also known as Liber Pater, died. He had waged war in India and had men and women mixed in his host. Nevertheless, Perseus eventually slew him. His golden burial site is still seen in Thessalia, along with that of Apollo Delphicus on Mount Parnassus. Myrina, a wealthy king, ruled during this time in Phrygia. Poets fabricated many things about him, as it is written in the mythology of Fulgencius and Alexandri. Ilius, Apollo's son, built Ilium in Troy.\n\nGedion, who was called Iheroboal, led Israel for forty years during which Israel served the Madianites for eight years.\nIosephus states that Tyre was built around two hundred forty-four years before Solomon's temple, during the reign of Gedeon. At that time, Petrus Minos, Jupiter's son, ruled the sea. He granted the men of Crete freedom from tribute. Mythological Minos, a great and mighty man, was known as the Minotaur, a man-bull, because of his strength in wrestling. He was king of Minos. Around that time, Theseus, son of Aegeus, killed the Minotaur in the labyrinth. The Athenians, who had been tributaries before, were then freed. Minos was a large and powerful man, renowned for his strength in wrestling. The name \"Mino-taur\" was given to him because of this. Around this time, Electra and her brothers Castor and Pollux abducted Helen and brought her back. They also took Theseus' mother and drove him out of the country. Iosephus also mentions that Dedalus was in his prime during this period. Dedalus created metal birds that could fly and made images that moved by themselves. He was the first to depart.\nfeet of images a twin / for other men joined them together: Ysidorus, in Libro nono, this Daedalus had a newborn called Perdix and took him to his care. This Perdix was subtle and cunning in thought, and in his imagination he desired some distinctive way of signaling with timbre. He took a plate of iron and filed it, shaping it like the spine bone of a fish, and then it became a saw. Also, this child thought and made the first compass, and worked with it. Therefore, his mother Daedalus grew great envy towards the child and threw him down from a high tower, breaking his neck. Consequently, Daedalus and his son Icarus fled to Crete and then came to Sicily, where he first made the laborer, otherwise called a mason Petrified. If any man went there without a clue of thread, it would be very difficult to find a way out. They who open the gate hold great fear.\n\nI go down as it were by a hundred steps or so. There are also many winding paths and turnings in the darkness.\nAnd four are in this world, one in Egypt, another in Crete, the third on the island of Lemnos, and the fourth in Italy. They are made such that they cannot be destroyed as long as the world lasts. (Chapter Cilleo, Hugo)\n\nWhen a pestilence fell among the men of Athens for the sake of his daughter Erigena and the maidens of Athens were compelled, as it were, to howl and mourn, they received an answer from Apollo Delphicus that the pestilence might cease if they sought eagerly the bodies of Icarus and his daughter Erigena. They sought eagerly, and when they had long sought and could no longer find, they showed their devotion and will to seek by hanging themselves in the air and moving hither and thither. For they wanted to be seen seeking the bodies in the air above the earth. And when men fell from the ropes and were hurt severely, it was decreed among them that images be made that resembled them.\nthe bodyes shold be sette in the tottres & meeue & tottre in stede of hem that were fallen that game is cle\u00a6ped ocillum in latyn and is componed and made of tweyne of cilleo cilles that is to meue and os oris that is a mouth for they that tottred soo meneth ayenst mennes mouthes\nABymalech gedeons sonne born of his concubine was leder in sichem after his fader thre yere. And slough his owne bretheren thre score & ten oute take one that were born of diuerse wyues / That tyme was the batayll of athene bytwene the lape\u2223hites & centaurus / Palefatus libro de Incredibilibus sayth that Centaures were noble hors men of thessalia that faught ayenste Thebees men of thebe in Egypte\u00b7 Thola of the lygnage of Isa\u2223char was Iugge in Israel thre and twenty yere / In his fourth yere medea went from her husbonde egeus kyng of Athene in to the yland colchos there she was born Trogus 43 \u00b6Aboute that tyme Faunus pycus sonne regned. in ytalya in his tyme euandrhad a wyf called Fatua and had ofte a spyryte of prophecye / therfore yet\noftentimes those with a spirit of prophecy are called fools. Hercules had slain Gerion, the giant king of Spain, and led his cattle through Etruria as a sign of his victory. He had unlawfully fathered Latinus, who later ruled in Etruria, by the daughter of Faunus. Around this year, Vesores, king of Egypt, first went to war against the Scites. He first sent messengers and demanded that his enemies submit to his law. The Scites answered, \"A dull king and most rich moves against poor and needy men. It is uncertain what the end of the battle will be. Profit comes from this neither for us nor for them, but rather great open harm and damage. Not long after, they reached an agreement in their answer. They compelled the king of Egypt to flee and plundered his host. They would have plundered all of Egypt had they not been stopped by the waters of the Nile. Then, in the turning, they waged war in Asia for fifteen years and made Asia tributary. And their wives sent them word that if they would come home, they would have children by them.\nmen of the countries around. The mean time among the Scythians, two young princes by fraud and deceit of the great war were taken from home and took with them a great multitude of people and strength and waged war in the countries of Pontus and Capadocia. When they had done great destruction, they were killed by men of the countries around. Then their wives and by the deeds of arms they took men from other lands to lie by them for the purpose of having children and slew their own men's children and kept their maiden children and burned their right breasts. At last two of these women were queens, Mersepia and Lampeto, and they departed from their host and maintained them in battle either by their own resources. Then when they had overcome a great part of Europe and many cities of Asia, they sent home the better part of their host with plunder that they had taken. Enemies slew Mersepia the queen and the other women who were left there to keep Asia. Her daughter Synope reigned after her mother's death and gathered a singular joy.\nVertue prevailed by Everlasting chastity. Men marveled so greatly of this woman that when Hercules had a hesitation from his lord to wage war against the queen, he gathered all the great strength of the young men of Greece and ordered nine long ships and fell upon the women who were unsuspecting for him, rather than coming up on them with a battle openly. When the two queens, who were sisters, were suddenly overcome, Hercules gave Menalippa to his sister Anthiopa in marriage and wedded Ipolyta, his knight's sister, and received the queen's armor as ransom for redemption.\n\nAt last, after Orthia, Penelope the queen was in the battle of Troy and performed many great deeds against the Greeks.\n\nAir of Galaad, of the lineage of Manasseh, was Iggue of Israel for twenty-two years and had thirty sons, whom he made princes over thirty cities and named the cities after his own name, Anoc, that is, Iggue's towns. Some say that Carthage was built in the third year of Iggue. But look in the first book, co.\nAfrica, specifically Muni\u1e0dia. In the fifty-seventh year of Pharaoh Amasis of Egypt, Cotalus' son amended armor against Dedalus in Sicily. Ysidorus, in his first book, mentions Carmentis, otherwise called Nichostrata, as the Latin queen, who brought Latin letters. In Ysidorus' ninth book, the Latin language was divided into four parts. The first was under Janus and Saturn and was called Prisca. The Latin language was also used under the kings of Tuscan. In that language were twelve tables of law written. Romans, who came after the kings, were subjected to it and used it. However, the mixed language increased after the temple increased and became extensive. After the death of Iarbas, Israel served the Philistines and Ammonites for eighteen years, which are counted from the years of Iepte, who succeeded him. Iepte of Galaad, a common man's son, was king of Israel for six years. The son of King Latinus, Famulus, began to reign in Italy and reigned there for forty-three years.\nThe kings of Italy were called Kings of Latins, specifically King Latinus. In King Latin's time, Sibylle Eretrea was in bloom and was known as Erofila. She was born in Babylon. She warned the Greeks who were going to Troy that Troy would be destroyed, and that Homer would write poems about it afterward. There were ten Sibyls, and this is the fifth one in number, mentioned before the others. The first Sibyl was of Persia, the second of Libya, the third was Delphica in Apollo's temple before the battle of Troy; Homer wrote many of her verses in his books. The fourth was Cimmeria of Italy. The fifth was Clytie, whose name is now our speech. The sixth was Samia, born in the island of Samos. The seventh was Cumana, born in Campania. She brought nine books of Torquatus Priscus, king of the Romans, in which were written the fates of Rome. The eighth was Elispsonia, born in a field of Troy. I have read that she was in King Syrus and in Salon's time. The ninth was Frigia, I have read that she prophesied in...\nAnchisa. The tenth was Tiburtina, also called Albunea. All her books are worthy of praise, as they wrote much of Christ and also of sufferings. Nethes indicates that St. Augustine, in Lib. 18, Cap. 16, means that Sibilla Eritrea was in Romulus' time and wrote much of Christ openly, as follows in her verses: \"A sign the earth shall become sweet and wet. Out of heaven, the king endless shall come to sight and that in flesh, present to judge the world.\" And so forth. Sibilla has many more verses. The first letters of these verses and of others, as they are written in Latin, speak thus: Ihesus Cristus, god's son, savior. Ysidorus, in Libro quarto, states that Sibilla is a name of office and not of a person, and is said of Syos, which is god, and of Belle, which is thought. Therefore, a man who prophesies is called a prophet. So, a woman who prophesies is called a Sibyl. Under these days in King Latin's time.\nThe sailing was called the Argonauts' voyage. This voyage led to the Trojan war and began as follows, according to Trogus in Book 2: After Neptune, the successor of Erutonius the king, the kingdom of Athena fell to Egeus, who had taken his first wife's son, Theseus. When she died, he married Medea, the king's daughter of Colchis, and took her son Medus with her back to her father's land. Later, Theseus ruled in Athens. He went to war with Hercules against the Amazons. After Theseus, his son Demophon ruled and helped the Greeks against the Trojans. (Trogus 1.42) Then, Pelias, king of Pylos (of Thessaly), feared that Jason, the noble son of Pelias' own brother, would wage war in his land. He expelled him. Pelias brought Jason back to Iolcus under the pretext of fetching the Golden Fleece.\nTherefore, the young man should be made to endure long seafaring in the sea or battle against foreign nations. Frigius dares. Therefore, Pelias ordered Argus to prepare a fine ship for his seafaring and passage. This ship was named Argon. Argonauts were gathered around for Jason's voyage. Then Jason set sail with these men and first landed in Frigia. Though Laomedon reigned there. But Jason was expelled from Frigia and came to Colchos, overcame the king and took away his son Medea's brother, the golden fleece, and took Medea, the king's daughter, as his wife. However, later he forsook her and put her away. But afterwards, when Pelias' son was put out of Thessalia, Jason recalled and took back his wife Medea with his stepson Medus. He gathered a strong multitude of young men and went to Colchos to restore his father-in-law, who had been put out of his kingdom, and gave him many cities as recompense.\nAnd Amasis, the wrongdoer Frigias dares, / Before Iason, when he had subdued Colchis,\nHe brought with him at his praying Hercules, Castor, Pollux, Peleus of Scyros, Thelamon of Salamis,\nAnd came by night into Frigia with five ships,\nSlaying Laomedon the king and destroying Ilium in Troy.\nHe ravished Hesione, the king's daughter,\nAnd gave her to his knight Thelamon as wife,\nFor he was the first to enter Troy.\nThere was taken great prey, and Iason turned again with his men.\nWhen Prisus, Laomedon's oldest son, heard and knew all this,\nHe strengthened Troy with gates and walls,\nAnd began to reign.\nAbessa, daughter of Bethlem, was in Israel for seven years in his second year,\nKing Priam of Frigia, that is, of Troy, sent Antenor to the Greeks,\nSaying that he would gladly forgive all past offenses if they would send back\nHis sister Hesione, whom they had ravished.\nThe Greeks refused to arm Priam for battle,\nAnd made his oldest son Hector their leader.\nother men named Paris, Hector's brother, assents and says that while he was hunting in the wood called Ida, he slept and dreamt that Mercury brought before him Juno, Venus, and Minerva, to decide which of them was the fairest. Minerva urged him to choose wisdom, Juno worship and Venus the fairest goddess of the world if he thought she was the fairest. Helenus, the other brother, prophesied the contrary and said that if Paris took a wife from Greece, the Greeks would come and destroy Troy. That woman was Cassandra. Ships were prepared, and Paris with Antenor were sent to Greece. When Paris abducted Helen and took her with him to Troy, Priam was glad, thinking he was recovering his sister Hesione. Menelaus, king of Sparta, made great and grievous complaints to his brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, about the abduction of his wife. He gathered strong men, among them Achilles.\nPatroclus summoned Ajax and Nestor with seventy-four other brave men; they had a thousand two hundred ships ready in the harbor. Apollo's oracle at Delphic had answered that Ilium, or Troy, should be destroyed in the tenth year. The Greeks weighed anchor and sailed out to sea, taking great plunder and returned home again.\n\nMeanwhile, Agamemnon sent messengers, Ulysses and Diomedes, to King Priam to ask if he would surrender Helen and send her home. Priam pondered and recalled the wrongs done to him: the death of his father, the abduction of his sister, and the disrespect shown to his messenger Antenor. Therefore, he abandoned peace and prepared for war.\n\nWhen the armies were assembled on both sides, Hector killed Protesilaus and killed and felled many men until Cynaras, son of Ajax, recognized kinship between them. He intervened and allowed Hector to leave the battlefield. Truce lasted for two years so that they could bury their dead.\nthat were slain, but after two years they received a strong battle in which Hector lost x / Stalworth dukes and Achilles lost iv. Stalworth men and nobles on the other side. The battle lasted for forty days continuously in harsh fighting and strength. And after that true peace was taken for three years and afterwards they received and appointed to fight. Many men were slain on either side. Andromache, Hector's wife, warned Hector in a dream that he should not go to the battle that day. Nevertheless, Hector went to battle and was slain by Achilles. And when Hector was buried, true peace was taken for a year. When Hector's mind day was held, Achilles was there and deeply loved Policena, Priam's daughter. He asked to have her as his wife and withdrew from the battle. He said that it was evil to destroy all Europe for the abduction of Helen. But at last he went forth at the Greeks' prayer and was wounded by Troilus, who had slain many Greeks. Therefore he was\nAngry and wroth, Hecuba was filled with rage, as Troilus and Menelaus. Priam's wife plotted with Achilles, setting a day for him to come and fetch his wife Polixena, her own daughter. When the day arrived, Paris, otherwise called Alexander, deceived Achilles. Therefore, the gods answered in favor of the Greeks through Achilles' lineage.\n\nNeoptolemus, Achilles' son, went forth into battle. In this battle, Paris and Ajax were fated to die by each other. In the seventh year of the siege, Pantasilea, queen of Ammon, came to aid and support the Trojans, breaking the Greek siege and burning many of their ships. However, she was slain by Neoptolemus, whom she had wounded.\n\nAfter this, Antenor and Aeneas counseled to deliver Helen and seek peace. Priam was filled with great indignation at their counsel and declared they should die if they continued in this vein.\nIndignation and sent Pleidamas to the Greeks, offering to betray the city for its own salvation. The Greeks granted peace to these three - Antenor, Eneas, and Pleidamas - and to all their retinue. The city was opened by night to the Greeks. Then Priamus fled to other gods and Neoptolemus pursued him and killed him at the altar. Eneas hid Polixena at his father Anchises' prayer of Helen. Andromachus was granted freedom to seek Polixena and was long sought and at last found and killed by Neoptolemus at her father's tomb. Eneas, because he had hidden Polixena, was eager to leave. The land was left to Antenor. Helen returned home with Menelaus. This siege of Troy lasted ten years and six months, and six hundred thousand three score and sixteen Greeks were slain by the Trojans before the city was betrayed. Three score and ten thousand Trojans were slain when the city was betrayed. Then Eneas left the country with forty-two ships and three thousand men and three hundred.\nWith Anthenor, there were three thousand; Andromachus and Elenus, two thousand. Aylon, of the lineage of Zabulon, was Jugge of Israel for ten years. Nethelas counted him not, so Eusebius counts his years with those of Iosue, Samuel, and Saul, as the scripture does not speak of their years individually. Nethelas reigned longer than is found in Josephus. Therefore, from the exodus from Egypt to Solomon's temple, there were four hundred years and forty. Abdon, who was also Ibgs of Israel, reigned one year in his third year. Troy was taken after four hundred years and forty from Abraham's birth, and three hundred and forty from the exodus from Egypt. The year of King Latinus in Italy was 25 before the building of Rome. Augustine, in Book 16 of his \"City of God,\" writes about this. After Troy was destroyed, yet while Latinus reigned in Italy, the Greeks who turned back encountered many misfortunes. Varro, in Book 3 of his \"History,\" says that Diomedes was turned into birds.\nAnd Dyomedes was no longer seen. His temple is solemn in the Isle of Delos, not far from Mount Gargan in Apulia. It is said that birds reside there and serve wonderfully, springing water. If Greeks or any of their kind come there, the birds make a good appearance and, if any other comes, they wound them with their great bills. Varro tells not a fable but the truth of that famous deity, sorceress, and witch Circe, who transformed Ulysses' companions into pigs. And of the Archades, who, by Jupiter's will, after nine years, swim home over the pool and turn again into human shape. He also says that Demenetus, when he had tasted the Archades' sacrifice, was turned into a wolf. And after nine years, he was restored again to his own human shape and afterward used giant deeds. He had the mastery in the transformation of Olympia. (Plinius, Natural History, Book Sixteen, Chapter Twenty-Six, Section Two)\nMen are transformed into wolves, and we believe this to be false, according to some Greek authors. Archades was led to a pool in the same place, removed his clothes, and swam over it. In the wilderness, he turned into a wolf and lived among wolves for nine years. If they kept him there and did not eat human flesh, he would swim back home again, put on his own clothes, and regain his human shape, becoming nine years older than when he had left. However, there is no lessening this great thing but it may be confirmed in Augustine's book, 18th chapter, 16th. What shall we say to all this? Certainly, when we were in Italy, we heard of women hostelers in that land who gave cheese to men traveling by the way, and immediately the men turned into beasts, bearing heavy charges and having kindly wit and reason. After completing their service, they turned back into their own shape again. Epuleus also says the same in his book.\nWilliam of the royal book, in the second, relates the actions of two witches or enchantresses who dwelt near the high road to Rome. If a man came alone, they turned him into a beast and approached him in the guise of those who could bring much mirth. They transformed him into an ass and sold him to a rich man for a great sum of money. Nevertheless, with such warning that he should never pass water, his warden kept them closely for a long time. However, he paid less heed to his ass form and escaped to water and returned to the shape of mankind. His warden followed after and asked after his ass from every man he met. The man who had been an ass and was turned back into a man again said that he had been an ass and had become a man, and his warden led them both before the pope, and the old witches were brought before the pope and confessed the deed. The pope doubted.\nThis thing and Petrus Damianus, a learned man, confirmed the manner of doing by the example of Simon Magus, who transformed Faustinus into his own shape and made his own children fear him greatly. Augustine writes above: \"It is to be believed that demons cannot do anything without God's permission, and they cannot make a man kind or transform or change bodies. Nevertheless, it seems that they can change the likeness and shape of things that God made and wrought. So the imagination of a man who changes in thought and meeting through various means and takes on the likenesses of bodies with wonderful swiftness, though no body is present, and the image and likeness that is in thought and in the imagination is as if impressed in the likeness of some beast, and seems to other men's faculties in the same likeness. Therefore, a man may seem to himself such as he seems in his dreams, and he may seem to bear it.\"\nBut they are false charges and deceitful foes, who deceive men in such a way. A precocious man told that such an event happened to his own father. He took poison from these and lay in a bed as if sleeping, and no man could wake him except after many days. He awoke and told, as if in a dream, how he was transformed into a horse and bore corn among other beasts for knights who were at Rethica. It was found to be true just as he had related it. He also said that he saw a philosopher in his own house. This philosopher explained to him many secrets of Plato's books, which things he had forbidden him to reveal before. When I asked him why he revealed them in another man's house instead of his own, he replied, \"I did not do so, but I met him there.\" And in this way, through the image and likeness of fantasy, it was shown to that one what the other had met.\nsleepe Therfor that the Orchades torned in to wolues by wytchecraft of Cirta. me semeth it myght be in this maner / Nethe\u00a6les yf it were soth but for dyomedes felawes vanysshed sodenly away & were neuer after fou\u0304de me troweth that wycked angels toke wreeche on hem and torned hem in to other fowles that we\u2223re made and brought theder by crafte of men As it is knowen that an hynde was brought in stede of ephigenia Agamenons doughter and she was ladde away The fowles that at dyomedis temple that spryngen water and flateren the grekes is by exci\u2223ting of the deuyl to bryng men in wytte to bileue diomede be ma\u00a6de a god and soo begyled in worshipyng of fals goddes \u00b6R Loke moore of this mater in the first book capitulo hibernia / \u00b6 Girald{us} in top \u00b6Fendes and wycked men may not chaunge kynde but by suffraunce of god / they maye chaunge lykenesse & shappe and lette mennes wyttes and begyle men so that thyngand of wytche crafte men haue semyng by feyned shappes / But it is not vn\u2223sytting that we trowe that god as he\nMaketh things of nothing, changing one into another, for rightful vengeance or to show might or mercy. He turned Loith's wife into a salt and water image, or changed the likeness without and left the kind unchanged within.\n\nAfter the destruction of Troy, Aeneas with his father Anchises and his son Ascanius came to Sicily in twelve ships. Anchises died there, and Aeneas intended to sail to Italy but was driven by a tempest to Africa. There he was well received by Dido, the queen, but soon left and went to Italy.\n\nIf it is true that Trogus and Papias, and other wise men, wrote that Queen Dido built Carthage three score years and twelve before the building of the city of Rome, which was built in the fourth year of King Agamemnon of Judah, then it is not true that Aeneas saw Dido, the queen of Carthage. For Aeneas was before and died three hundred years and more before Carthage was built. And so it means and writes.\nSaint Augustine, in the first book of Confessions, states that wise men deny that Aeneas saw Carthage, according to Hugo's Capitulum Elissa. This Dido was called Elissa, a woman of great wisdom, for she later took her own life. Trogus, in his eighteenth book, relates that when Elissa should have been compelled by the people to take a husband, she went into a great fire that she had made and thus shed her feminine identity and was later worshipped as a goddess. Mar, moreover, asserts that before Aeneas came to Italy and was confederated and sworn to King Evander, who reigned in the Seven Hills, these two fought and waged war against the Latin king of the Latins. They divided the kingdom and each married the daughter of the king: Lavinia, the spouse of Turnus. And so both Latins and Aeneas confederated to take Catiline against Turnus for the deceitful marriage of Lavinina and Turnus. Both Latins and Turnus were both dead in that battle. And afterwards, Aeneas became king of both the Latin and Tuscan kingdoms. He built a temple.\ncyte and cal\u00a6led it the cyte lauinium by the name of his wyf. and warred afterward ayenst the kyng of mescene in Tuscan & in that bata\u2223ylle Eneas was slayne and lefte after hym his sonne Ascanius that he had goten on creusaat troy Ysidorus eth Iulus was Ene\u00a6as sonne & heete first ascanius by the name of a ryuer in \nthat so heet and was afterward called Ilus by the name of I\u2223lus kyng of troye Hugo capitulo Iulus Afterward whan the kynge of mesenes was slayn in a singler bataylle of stal\u2223worth men than ascanyus was cleped Iulus for his ferst sprin\u00a6gyng of berde that tho was first seen for the first spryngynge of berde is proprely called Iulus and is a name of twey sillables by cause of metre R \u00b6 Here take hede that but the yeres of Eneas regnyng be acounted within the yere of kyng latyn the acomptyng of this story shal faile for the story sayth that kyng latyn regned two & thyrtty yere & specially whyle eneas whan Troye was taken come in to ytalye the xxv yere of kyng latin as all historyes tellen\u00b7 \u00b6 Trogus / 43\nAscanius, son of Aeneas, began to reign among the Latins and ruled for 36 years. He left the city Lavinium, which his father Aeneas had once built, and Alban, a city long situated on the Tiber River. This city was called the \"Kings of Alban\" for three hundred years. Eutropius writes that Ascanius gently put his brother Silius Postumus in power. For he was born of his stepmother Lavinia after his father's death and was called Postumus because he was born after his father was buried, and Silius because he was nourished in the wood. A wood is silva in Latin. By his name, the kings of Latins were later called Sylii.\n\nAfter ruling for 36 years, Ascanius left the kingdom to Silius Postumus for his own son Iulus, who was yet of tender age, according to Marianus in Book 1. Of this Iulus, the common people, called the Iliads, had that name. In the time of Sampson in Israel, which was 20 years long, the following fables occurred.\ntell of the tales of Vlyxes of Greece, how he fled from Scilla and the Sirens. In the first book of Incredibilium, Palaephatus says that Scilla was a woman who robbed her guests and claimed that the Sirens were women who beguiled men sailing on the sea at that time. Orpheus is also said to have encountered them, but the accounts of the elders disagree. Some say he was a hundred years old, some a hundred and forty, some two hundred and forty, and some even before Troy's destruction. According to the Book of Judges, Judges, the reign of Heli, the priest after Samson, was forty years in Israel (Joshua 13:1). According to Isidore in his fifth book and Josephus in his sixth, Heli was over the people for twenty years. In his time, a great famine fell upon the land of Israel. The story of Ruth, who was from Moab, also occurred. Hectors children.\nIlium, also known as Troy, was ruled by King Aeneas, the son of Priam, with the help of Helenus. Aeneas was succeeded by his stepson, Silius, who reigned for 43 years. During his reign, Brutus, Silius' son, took control of Britain, as stories tell. However, there is discrepancy in historical accounts regarding Silius' paternity. While some British stories claim that Brutus was Silius' son, Roman history states that Ascanius, another son of Aeneas, was the father of Silius, who was also known as Iulus. The Roman account suggests that Ascanius, after Enenas death, raised up Silius. It is true that Silius Posthumus, who was Enenas son, lived for a long time after Enenas death and also ruled. However, it is not accurate that Silius Posthumus was Brutus' father, but rather, Silius was likely raised by him due to Roman history's account of Ascanius' role in his upbringing.\nSilius posthumously, therefore he is accounted his father's son. I would assent without doubt, for I read that Silius was slain by his son Baite. Tarquinus, this brute slew his mother in his birth and his father later, when he was fifty years old. Therefore, he was put out of Italy, married his daughter Innoges, delivered the Trojans and sailed with them, and received an answer from the gods. He landed in Africa, then passed the Aegean and went into Gyana, where he overcame Gopharyus, Duke of Peytowe, and Turnus. Brutus was slain at a city called Turon by his own name. And then Brutus had good wind and sailed into Britain and held Britain at the cliff of Totenes in Cornwall and was the first king of Britain, destroying the giants who dwelt there and named the island Britain by his own name. He called his companions Britons and spoke to Cornwall, building a city and calling it Trinovantum, as it were, New Troy. That city now is called London.\nAnd is upon the Tames River, Brutus had three sons: Lotrinus, Cambers, and Albanactus, and died when he had ruled for 24 years in the island. The kings of Sicions reigned for a hundred and thirty-two years. Samuel, after Heli, was anointed in Israel for twelve years, as Josephus writes in the eighth book. The scripture does not speak of this from his time; the times of the prophets began. In his third year, David was born. This Samuel ordained the first company of clerks to sing and prophesy, that is, to worship God diligently. Afterward, Samuel was anointed in Israel under Saul for the rest of his years. Brutus, the eldest son, began to reign over the south sea, near the River Humber, and named that part of the island Logria, which is England, as is said in the first book in the chapter of Brutus. However, Albanactus was slain, and Cambers died. After ruling for 20 years, Lotrinus was also slain.\nBathel, whose wife Gwendolena made a battle against him due to a trumpeter named Estrilda, ruled for fifteen years after her husband's death. Saul, of the lineage of Benjamin, was the first king of the Hebrews and ruled for two reigns, a total of forty-two years. In some histories, his posthumous brother, Latinus' Silus, is listed as the fourth, and Enias as the fifth, but in this place, Enias is listed as the fourth. The seventeenth duke of Athenge ruled one and twenty years after his death, and the kings of Athens fell. In Augustine's eighteenth book, chapter 14, the Peloponnesian men of Thessalia rebelled against them of Athens. God decreed that the side on which the duke was slain would have dominion. Therefore, the knights were charged above all things to protect King Codrus. Nethes Codrus took the clothing of a poor man and a burthen of fagots on his neck and entered into the enemy's stronghold. Strife arose among the people, and a knight slew him; he had rather wounded.\nWith an hook when it was known that Corius had gone away without battle and the Athenians were delivered, Codrus had rather died and his men had the mastery. His men reigned among the Britons for forty years and surpassed them. Bigates Mempricius and Maulus, the Ammonites, made war in Asia, and his children were slain on the hill Mount Gelboe. Thus ends the third age of the world from the birth of Abraham to the kingdom of David.\n\nSeptimius in his fifth book says that the third age of the world contains nine hundred and eighty-two years and the world contains nine hundred years and two and forty. This diversity arises because Septimius states that Samuel and Saul ruled the people for forty years.\n\nNevertheless, Josephus in his eighth book and the master of the stories agree that Samuel ruled the people alone for twelve years and after him Saul reigned twenty-two years.\n\nDavid, of the lineage of Judah, was the second king of the Hebrews and reigned forty years, the first seven in Hebron over Judah alone, and after that thirty-three years over all Israel.\nLatinus Silius ruled the Latins for fifty years. The second king of Carthage, Ixyon, reigned for thirty-six years. Andronicus built the city of Ephesus. Salamon was born. In the fifth book of Cartage, Carthage was built. Petrus is sometimes cited as having built Carthage, and others write that his daughter Dido built it. Randan ruled if there were only thirty years and ten between the building of Carthage and Rome, as Trogus and Papias agree. It seems that Carthage was built around the first year of Ozias, king of Judah, as stated in the first book of the Province of Africa, chapter Numidia. Galfroge reigned twenty years. He had his brother killed for an accord and took the kingdom by force. He ruled tyrannically over the people and took a noble young man named Ebrancus as his wife, but eventually abandoned her and indulged in sodomy as a shrew would, but at last, during hunting, he was eaten by wolves.\n\nKing David died on the twenty-ninth day of December at the Tower of Siloam in Jerusalem and was buried there with great honors.\nrychesse of the whiche rychesse afterward hircanus the bis\u2223shop yaf antioch{us} demetri{us} sone thre thousand talentes for to goo from Ierl\u0304m / Treuisa / A talent is a grete weyght & ther be thre man talentis the lest is of / l. pou\u0304de / the middel of \u00b7lx / score pond & twelue / the moost of an / C. pou\u0304de and twenty / Sequitur in histo\u2223ria / This dauyd while he had peas made songes & ympnes som of thre metres & som\u0304e of v & made also organs of dyuerse man & other instrume\u0304tes of music in which the dekenes shold say ymp\u00a6nes and songes & four men maystres ouer other / Emahad vnder hem four and twenty preestes four and twentydekens & four and twenty porters\u00b7 the thyrdde part of hem serued in the temple and the mordeyned for her own hows / Salamon regned in ysrl\u0304 somwhat of yeres while his fader dauid was a lyue / the whiche yeres ben acompted to da\u00a6uid & not to\u00b7 salamon / & after that his fader was deed he regned xl yere\u00b7 Also Ierom in epl\u0304a ad vitale\u0304 presbiteru\u0304\u00b7 sayth that sala\u00a6mon whan t gate a child whan\nHe was sixty years old, and this was Salomon, when he had slain Ioab and Adonias, and had received wisdom and God's favor in the hill, and had given a dwelling to himself, a palace, and had encircled Jerusalem with three walls. Within the first wall dwelt priests and clerks who served in the temple. The king and his household dwelt within the second wall, along with worthy men and prophets. Within the third wall lived the common people and craftsmen. Salomon's food was ever day: thirty bussels of flour and a hundred bushels of meal, ten fat oxen, and an hundred sheep. The chorus contained the measure of thirty bussels. Salomon wrote also three books: one is called the Parables of Salomon, and another Ecclesiastes, the third the Song of Solomon. He also disputed about the kinds of trees and herbs, from the cedar that grows in the wood.\nLybanus discovered much philosophy concerning the kind of beasts, and found healing and conjurations to alleviate sicknesses and expel demons. They combined these. He also found figurines to be granted in precious stones, which should be held to the nose of men afflicted with demons and would expel them. This practice was widely used among the Hebrews before the coming of Christ. Josephus, in his eighth book, relates that he saw Eleazar the conjurer in the presence of Vespasian. Similarly, Solomon sought a specific method to cleanse and cut stones. He enclosed a bird in a glass and the structure brought forth a worm which he named Thamyras from the wilderness. The worm touched the glass with its blood, breaking the glass and releasing the bird.\n\nThe first year of Solomon's reign marked the departure of the Ionic nation of Lacedaemonia. Homer was present during this time.\nPassing Ionia is a nation of Greeks. In the fourth year of Solomon's reign, during the second month, which was four hundred and forty-six years after the Exodus from Egypt, Solomon began to build the temple. It took seven years to build and was signed as a holy church. The temple was consecrated and had dimensions of 60 cubits in length, 20 cubits in breadth, and 30 cubits in height. In this temple, there was so much gold that when the Romans set it on fire, a stream of molten gold ran into the brook called the Pool of Siloam, called Torrents of Siloam. Also that year, the queen of Sheba came to hear Solomon's wisdom.\n\nPeter [unclear]\n\nI say that this queen saw a tree in the temple on which one should be hanged. Because of his death, the kingdom of the Jews would be destroyed. The queen warned Solomon. And immediately, the tree was thrown into a deep pit beneath the earth. Its fate afterward, around the time of Christ, in a pool called the Probatica Piscina, is uncertain. I believe that this tree was the rood tree, the cross on which Gafror, Ebron, or Nemricius, the son of Herod, was hanged.\nThe sixth king of Britain reignced for sixty years. This man was both fair and strong, and he had twenty-one wives, who bore him twenty sons and thirty daughters. The fairest daughter of all was Guinevere. Hebranc sent these daughters to Silius, king of Alba, because he wished to marry them into the blood of Troy, as the Sabine women had fled from the beds of the Latins. Hebranc, led by Assaracus, occupied a part of Germany beyond the Humber. He built the city of York in the march of Northumberland and Scotland. He ordained the city Alcluit, and within Scotland, he built the castle of Maidens, now called Edenborough. Later, he sailed into France with a great navy and returned remarkably rich. Alba Silius, the sixth king of Iberia, ruled over Judah and Benjamin alone, according to Josephus in Book Eight, Chapter Five. And for seventeen years, Roboam, Solomon's son, ruled without the counsel of the elders, and was ruled by the counsel of others.\nDuring the time of Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, who ruled in Samaria for eighteen years over ten tribes of Israel (1 Kings 14:21; Josephus, Antiquities 8.7.2 states that he reigned for twenty-two years); but Jeroboam was not to let the people turn their hearts back to their lord Rehoboam when they went up to Jerusalem to offer sacrifices (1 Kings 12:28-30). At Jeroboam's instigation, they set up two golden calves to be worshipped, one in Dan and the other in Bethel, causing idolatry to spread in Israel.\n\nThe discrepancies in the years of the kings of Judah and Israel can be explained by the fact that for some kings their reigns overlapped with those of their fathers or the kingdoms were without kings at certain times.\n\nThe varying beginnings of the reigns of the kings of Judah and Israel, as recorded in different writings of the prophets, account for this discord. We believe it is due to the errors of the writers who were often deceived.\nThe lineages of Israel were named after Jacob's children. The lineage of Judah, Judah's son, was called the lineage of Judah, and the lineage of Benjamin was called the lineage of Benjamin. David and Solomon were kings of all the lineages of Israel, but Roboam, Solomon's son, was harsh and stern. The ten tribes forsook him and made him king for themselves, and they called him the king of Israel because he was king over the larger part of Israel. Two tribes remained with Roboam: the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin. The lineage of Judah was called the kingdom of Judah, and Christ came from the kings of Judah. Josephus records this: 18. ca, 5. Shoshak, king of Egypt, plundered and took away the golden shields that Solomon had placed in Jerusalem. Roboam placed bronze shields in their place. Shoshak went and subdued Syria. Abijah, Roboam's son, was the fourth king of Judah.\nAnd he reigned three years, that is, two full years and the third part of the third year. And because he trusted in God, he would overcome Jeroboam who fought against him and slew sixty thousand. Asa, the rightful Abijah's son, reigned forty-one years and destroyed idolatry, cleansed the temple, and slew the king of Egypt. In the end, he had a grievous sickness on his feet and died. He had put a prophet's feet in the stocks who had charged him to do right. Nadab, Jeroboam's son, reigned in Israel two years, that is, one year and some part of another. He slew some of that other year. Zamri slew Elah and reigned for seven days. When he was dead, the people were departed, and one part followed Zamri and the other followed Tibni (Petrus). This dynasty of this kingdom lasted three years and more, for Zamri began to reign in the twenty-first year of Asa, king of Judah. He reigned with Tibni four years. After Tibni, he reigned alone in Israel for one year and so he reigned in all twelve years. Leyl, the son of Greenses, reigned.\nIn Britain, the twenty-fifth year / Ahab's son Rehoboam ruled in Israel for the twenty-second year. His wife's name was Jezebel. Ishbosheth, Ish-bosheth's son, reigned in Judah for twenty-five years before God. In his time, Hosea, Michah, and Obadiah prophesied. Ruthus ruled for eight years after him, until the second year of Jehoram, the king, and he reigned after that for all four years. Jehoram, Josaphat, king of Judah's son, ruled for eight years. In his eighth year, Edom seceded and appointed a king of their own, and Elisha was carried away into paradise. The sixth king of the Latins, Tiberius Silvius Carpetus, ruled among the learned in Judah for one year. Matthew does not mention Ahaziah or his son Joash, nor his son Amaziah, in the genealogy of Christ because of Jezebel's seduction of Elisha's son Jehoahaz. Ahaziah, king of Judah, Jehoram, king of Israel, and his mother Jezebel, and Ahab's seventy sons and all Baal's priests, reigned for twenty-six years. Athanaric hid him and nourished them privately for six years.\nThe dekans lived within the temple. Agrippa Silvius ruled among the Latins. Ioas, son of Achasias, reigned in Judah for forty years and renewed the temple. Bladud Ruthydibras ruled in Britain for twenty years. Ganfr and Alfrid wrote that Julius Caesar, by his craft, brought up those baths. I doubt it is as said. In the first book, in the chapter on urine, Iothes, son of Jehue, reigned in Israel for seventeen years. In his time, Helyzeus the prophet died and was buried in Sebastia, that is, Samaria. When Iothes was born in Galgalis, one of the golden calves that Jeroboam had made lowed. And when this was heard in a sharp way, a priest of Jeroboam said, \"Now is a prophet born who will destroy all the idolatry of Israel. And Zachary, as the bishop's son, was stoned to death by King Joas between the altar and the temple.\" Our Lord in the gospel calls him Barachias, his son, because of his mildness and goodness. Barachias means \"God's own blessed son.\" Letud Bladudis' son.\nregned in britayne sixty yere and buylded leycestre vpon the ryuer soray & gate thre doughters so sayth the brytissh booke / Ioas Ioathas the kyng of israels sonne regned in israel seuenten yere / the xij kyng of latyns aremulus siluius regned amonge the latyns xix yere\nAMasias Ioas sone regned in iuda xxix yer aft him the king\u00a6dome of Iuda was without king xiij yere. Petr{us}. vpo\u0304 caas me sayth yt the kyngdom was voyde so long For amasias departed the kyngdome while he was a lyue / & his sonne a child of / iij / ye\u00a6re old yet myght not regne & so it semeth for whan his fader ama\u00a6sias was deed his sonne Ozias was but xvj yere olde whan he began to regne / \u00b6 R. Thes xiij yere in the whiche me sayth that the kyngdome of Iuda was without kyng somme storyes acompteth hem not other acompte hem amonge the xxix yere of amasias the kyng / els shal not so many yeres be founden ther as Eutropius acompteth from the xxv yere of kynge latyn in the whiche yere Troye was destroyed vnto the buyldynge of rome that was in all\nFour hundred forty-one years Ieroboam's son Josiah ruled in Israel, forty-one years. The thirteen king of Latins, Silus, ruled among the Latins for thirty-four years. Ozias, also called Amazias, son of Joas, ruled in Judah for fifty-two years. This king loved the earth and wanted to take upon himself the office of priest, but was struck with leprosy or madness and a great hill cleft and fell upon his gardens. Arbaces, otherwise called Arbatus, was the first king of the Medes. Sardanapalus, the last king of the Assyrians, ruled among the Medes for twenty-nine years. And the whole Assyrian kingdom, which had continued from Belus and Ninus to the last Sardanapalus for a thousand two hundred and forty years, fell. After Sardanapalus, there were mighty kings in Assyria until its destruction, though they were not full and whole. Trogus, lib. p: This Sardanapalus was a man more wretched than any woman. His steward Arbaces found him spinning reed silk on a distaff in women's clothing among common women.\nFor Arthur took great indignation and exhorted his knights against the king in conspiracy. At last, the king was overcome and went into his royal place, breaking himself with much riches.\n\nCometator p. eth. c. 14. \u00b6Said that one wrote on Sardanapalus' tomb, \"So much I had as I ate and drank, and Saint Austyn de. ci. de li. 2 // ca. 17.\"\n\nUnderstood that Sardanapalus himself, while he lived, ordered that to be written on his tomb when he was dead. For it was the man at that time who kings ordered the writing that should be written on her tomb after her death.\n\nThe fourteen kings of Latins, Procas Silvius reigned among the Latins for twenty-two years. That time Fidon found and gave the arguments for measure and destroyed it by great wasting and spending.\n\nAll that shall be bought and sold shall be bought and sold not for money, but for changing of merchandise. He did away with the use of money as if it were matter of vice or sin. He departed the governance of the kingdom.\nComes the king by degrees. And kings' knights the power of battles and to judges the power of domes, and to senators keeping and maintaining of the laws, and give the people power to chief judges whom they would, the land and ground he dealt evenly among all men, that equality of inheritance of lands should make them all mighty and strong. His younglings should hold them appeased all the year with one cloth, he suffered no man to be gayer than another, nor any man to fare better than another of meat or drink. He bade that children of fourteen years should not use them in cheeping or in feasts, but in fields unto them come to men's age. Nothing should be spread under them when they should sleep, they should live without delicious meat, maids should be wedded without endowing or gifts to constrain wedlock the faster when no wedlock were bound with bridles of endowing. He ordained that old men should be more worshiped than rich, he ordained nothing to be held holy if other men did not hold it so.\nAnd he, being out of rule and good living, should come to rule and receive the law. He feigned that Apollon was the founder of this law. And since he wished that this law should last forever, he bound the people by oath and made them swear not to change this law until he returned. He feigned that he would go to Apollon Delphicus and ask counsel if anything should be withdrawn from this law or added. Instead, he went to Crete that island and remained there until he died. When he was about to die, he bade them throw his body into the sea lest he be born to Laconia, and the men sworn to his law would think they were discharged. Cranius, the first king of Laconia, reigned there for eighteen years. Cordella, his daughter, reigned in Britain for five years after him. But at last, her sons Morgan and Cunedagius put her in prison, and Cunedagius reigned in Britain after Cordella for thirty-three years.\nSlough Morgan, who rebelled against him in Glamorganshire, Wales, is the reason the land is called Morgan's land. After Connedagius, Ryuallo ruled, followed by Gurgustius Silvius, Iago, Kymnarchus, and Gorbodia. They had two sons, Farrex and Porrex. Porrex, desiring lordship, slough his brother. Therefore, his mother was very angry and, with her maidens, attacked the man-slayer while he slept and hacked them all into pieces. Afterward, there was discord in the land that grieved the people severely during the reigns of Molyuncius Donwallo's kings.\n\nThe fifteenth of the Latins, Amilius Procas, reigned for thirty-four years, but his years were counted with his brother Munitors' years. Municus Procas' son was put out of his kingdom by his own brother Amulius and lived in his own field afterward. His daughter, otherwise called Etilia because she would have no child, was chosen to be a maiden in the temple of the goddess Vesca. In the seventh year of her reign, Amulius fathered a child by her.\nThe two children, Romulus and Remus, were nursed by a she-wolf after their mother was killed by Mars. She had been impregnated by the god and died soon after giving birth. The wolf, having lost her cubs, often fed on the children and suckled them with her own teats. But Faustulus, the herdsman, discovered this and rescued the children, raising them among his livestock with food from the woods and fields.\n\nWhen the children grew up and gained wisdom and strength, they frequently saved the beasts from thieves. However, the thieves eventually captured Remus and took him to the fortress to be punished for stealing their cattle. When Munitor, the ruler of the fortress, examined the child, he recognized him as his long-lost son. In the meantime, Faustulus had brought Romulus to him. Once Munitor learned that the children were his sons, he and they planned to kill their uncle Amulius.\nFaustulus, a shepherd, found and raised two brother infants by the Tiber river bank and brought them to his wife, named Acta Laurentia. Due to her disordered lust and infamy, she was also known as Lupa in Latin, which means she-wolf in English. The children, Romulus and Remus, grew strong and gathered many herdsmen and thieves. Amulus attacked the Alban River and restored its grants to his kingdom.\n\nMartinus [Nethertheless, whether this woman was called Lupa or not, the old writings in marble and other stones at Rome still show that a she-wolf fed the two infants with her milk. Zacharias, the son of Jeroboam, reigned in Israel for six months. He was killed by Shallum, the son of Jabesh, and reigned for one month. After the death of Jeroboam, there was a three-year interregnum. Zacharias then began to reign.\nIn the fifteenth year of Azariah and throughout the entire thirty-two years that followed, Azariah led an ungodly life. In the forty-first year of Azariah, Manasseh's son, Gaddi, ruled in Israel for ten years. He waged battle against the Meunites and, in the end, was brought to trial by his wives due to their long absence. As a result, each woman left at home was instructed to take many men, hoping in this way to bear stronger children. Look further into the first book, chapter Greece, specifically Lacedaemonia. In Corinth, every year, Iugges were appointed in place of kings. The first Olympic Games began during this time, as recorded by Eusebius in his Chronicle. In the first year of Joatham, the son of Azariah, Ioatham's son, Jehoahaz, began to reign in Judah and ruled for six years. In his first year, Phacea, the son of Romelias, began to reign in Israel and ruled for twenty years. According to Josephus, the history of Africa, and Beda, this was the first year of Joatham.\nThe first Olympiad was ordained by the Ilionians, under Esculus Iugges of Athena, in which the Olympia of Athena was the first victor. Hugo: Olympus is the name of a hill in Greece, at the foot of which hill is called Olympus, for the myth and clarity of weather, as if it were the myth of God. The Ilians have their titles from four years to four years, so there were four years between the contests, and this period of four years is called the Olympiad. Ischus, the son of Praxomdys, ordained the first Olympiad. The Olympiad begins at the winter solstice for the Greeks, when the day is shortest. In the Olympian games, he who has the mastery shall have what he will ask for, and was held once every five years to prevent excess.\nIt was longer beforehand and would have grieved men greatly if it had often been used. The king of Assyria, named Theglathphalazar, went up into Israel and destroyed the country beyond the Jordan, took prisoners two languages of Israel and half. This was the beginning of the thralldom of the ten tribes of Israel. (Pol. li, octavo) Jerome says that this king of Assyria had five names: Salmanasar, Senacherib, Theglathphalazar, Sar-gon. Therefore, it is no wonder that this king is named differently in various stories. Some mean that these names belong to different kings who ruled in Assyria after Sardanapalus, such as Arbaces, Phul, Salmanasar, Senacherib, Assurdan, Sargon. After him, the great kings Merodach and others ruled in Babylon up to Belshazzar. Cyrus turned their kingdom to the Persians, dwelt among them to receive worship and dignity, and brought the ten tribes of Israel into captivity.\nDuring the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah, when Senacherib fled from Judah and was killed by his own sons in the temple, Azariah, Iotham's son, ruled in Israel for fifteen years. In his fourth year, Rome was built on Palatine Hill by the two brothers Romulus and Remus on the twenty-first day of April, in the beginning of the seventh Olympiad. From that year, the kingdom of Romulus is calculated to be 39 years old. It is read that these kings ruled for a long time before that place in Italy, especially Janus, Saturn, Picus, Faunius, and Latinus, who ruled up to Aeneas, for about two hundred years.\n\nThen, from Aeneas to Romulus, Italy was under fifty rulers for four hundred and thirty years. After that, from the building of the city until the last year of Tarquinius the Proud, Romulus reigned at Rome under seven kings besides Tarquinius and forty-four.\n\nDuring Romulus' reign, his leader Fabius expelled Romulus' brother Remus with a herd. I do not know whether this was done against Romulus' will or not. The cause\nOf his death, Remus said that a single wall was not sufficient for the new city. He leapt over the wall, and Titus followed. For these twin brothers were of one age, and they debated which of them should rule the city that was being built. When they were on the hill, Aventinus showed them seven birds to Remus, whom he called vultures. Later, two birds that were fourteen vultures were shown to Romulus by the same source. They contended, each claiming that he had the better divination of birds. Remus was slain in this strife. But the common people, called Romans, named the city after Remus' name. He governed the people and chased away the eldest and wisest, numbering one hundred. He named them senators because of their eld or age, for \"senex\" in Latin means \"old\" in English. He named them fathers for the same reason.\nHe made her names written with letters of gold and therefore they were called \"fathers written.\" He chose a thousand warriors and called them \"milites\" (thousand in Latin), for \"milites\" means knights in English. (Titus and) When Romulus had gathered to his city a great multitude of criminals and herds and of unworthy persons, men who dwelt about them held them as harlots and would not give them their daughters to wives, for they were so unworthy. Then Romulus set up games and prayed all the nations around to come and see. And when they had come, the Romans ravished Romulus' fairest maiden, the most beautiful of all, and gave her to Duc Thalassus. Therefore, in the wedding of the Romans, Thalassus cried out, \"R.\" (Augustine, City of God, Book Three, Chapter Fifteen)\n\nTitus Livius treats of the cause of the long-lasting war between the Sabines and the Romans.\n\nAt last, when a Sabine woman named Tarpeia made a covenant with Titus, (she made a compact with him)\nA king of the Sabines promised her to him and his men the torpeya, where her father was lord, so that the Sabines would give her the brooches they wore on her left arms. The Sabines entered through the gates of Rome and brutally treated her in this way, wilfully striking her with the shields they carried on their left sides. When the Romans heard that they were preparing to fight, they fought until they were on the brink of destruction. But the Roman wives, who were the Sabines' daughters, went with her and spread their children on her arms, weeping between the shields and crying \"peace\" and making \"peace\" signs, so that their kings would rule together and be reconciled, and draw their own senators away from his cruelty. Then one Julius Proculus, who was greatly respected among the Romans, said that Romulus appeared to him in a dream and commanded him and the Romans to worship Romulus instead of God and call him Quirinus, because he wielded a spear and a spear called quiris in the Sabine language.\nSabyns and knights of Rome were called Quirites, as it were, and they filled the eclipses of the sun during this time. The Romans believed that the sun was sorrowful for the death of Romulus. Augustine, City of God, Book 10, Chapter 14. In Romulus' time, Thales of Miletus was the first of the seven wise men. Ysidorus, in the second book, relates that this Thales was the first to search for natural philosophy and the working of heavenly things. After Plato, he departed from his doing in four areas: Arsmetric geometry, music, and astronomy. Polus / This natural philosopher and diviner searched for the nature and virtues of things and warned of the eclipses of the sun and the moon. He believed that moisture was the beginning of all things. Tales' disciple was Anaximander. He changed the aforementioned opinion and belief of his master, saying that every thing has its own proper beginning and causes.\nAnaximenes, named Nummus in his own account, is the subject of the following. In his sixteenth book, Capitulum 17, Ysidorus wrote, \"Money originated from brass through writing. Afterward, Saturnus made coins from brass by inscription. Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, began to reign and reigned fifty-five years. During his time, Sibyl Erophila was in bloom on an island where Manasseh, an evil king before God, shed the streets of Jerusalem with the blood of Innocent Peppes. He had Isaiah the Prophet sawed in two with a tree saw and imprisoned in Babylon. However, at the last, this Manasseh repented, wept, and did penance, and by grace amended his life. The Hebrews say that Isaiah, while being sawed outside Jerusalem beside the Siloam well, asked for water but none was given to him. Then, God sent water from heaven into his mouth, and he gave up his soul. God granted that the men of the city, who went there, would find water, but enemies could not. In memory of this deed, the people buried him under an oak called Quercus.\nRogel fasted by the water of Siloe, where Kings Seccan at Athene and Iugges were ordained to rule the people. Tullius Hostilius, the third king of the Romans, reigned for two and thirty years. This was the first king of the Romans to wear pure red clothing, and he ruled and was succeeded by Servius. After a long peace, he prepared battles and overcame the Albans and the Fidenates. In the end, he was struck by lightning in his own house and died. Augustinus, in Book Three, Chapter Fifteen, writes:\n\nFrom Ascamus' time to the end, the strife between the Romans and the Albans lasted. The end of the struggle was decided by three knights on one side and three knights on the other. The knight who overcame the most knights from the opposing side would become ruler of the kingdom. Thacalydes Oracius was born on the Sabine side, and on the Alban side came three knights, each named Curiaces, who were also born from the same birth. These three Curiaces of the Sabine side first slew two of the oracles of the Roman side.\nOracy, finding himself alone and in great danger after the third Oracy, feigned flight. He intended to surprise the three when they had departed, and this plan was successful. For they ran after him unwisely, each one by one, and Oracy slew each as they approached him. Therefore, the head and name turned to the Romans of the kingdom.\n\nOracy's sister, who was married to one of the Curiaces, saw that her brother had killed and plundered her husband. She was filled with anger towards her brother for the death of her spouse, and her brother, in turn, was angry with her and slew her as well.\n\nTullius Hostilius waged battle against the Fidenates. He asked Metius, king of Alba, to come and assist him, both for the sake of old kinship and alliance, and for new connections and friendship formed after the death of the three Curiaces.\n\nBut when Tullius Hostilius encountered his enemies, Metius withdrew. Nevertheless, Tullius Hostilius gained victory and took the life of Metius.\nwith horses they took down the city Alba and seized its men and riches, sending them to Rome. Archilotus and Simonides, the enchanters, were in their prime at that time, and Byzantium was built in Tracia. It is now called Constantinople. Amon Manasses ruled for two years, according to some Hebrew records, but the Seventy claim he ruled for twelve. \u00b6This Amon lived an evil life and was killed by his own servants. \u00b6R It may have been because of this that the years of this era have been variously calculated among different people, and the ten years from the building of the city were added to Josiah, Amon's son, who began to reign in his eighth year at the age of eighteen and reigned in India for forty-three years. This Josiah corrected evil doers in the fourth year of his reign. \nAnaximander said, \"The eye is the cause of all things.\" His disciple was Anaxagoras, who taught that \"The intellect of God is the maker of all things.\" He instructed Archelaus and Democritus. And Archelaus taught.\nSocrates was Plato's master. Augustine, in City of God, Book 10, Chapter 25: Among them there was a great dispute. The fishermen claimed they had sold the fish that had been caught. The more powerful among them argued that fortune had made the sale. Wondering and amazed by this behavior, I asked for advice and read the Delphic maxim of Apollo. He advised that the dispute should be given to the wisest man. The border was then given to Solon, who dedicated it to Apollo. After nine years had passed, the people of Israel were brought into captivity. At that time, Midas ruled in Phrygia. Ezechias was the fourteenth king of Judah. In his second year, the city of Siracusa was built, and in his third year, the city of Catania in Sicily. The king of Babylon worshiped Ezechias with offerings, for he had heard that they worshiped the sun in place of him.\nGod had turned again at prayer of Hezekiah, and so he understood that the sun had shown great worship to the king. Therefore, he sent messengers with rich gifts and asked to know the reason and cause of that wonder. Hezekiah showed all his treasury. Sennacherib, otherwise called Salmanasar, was king of the Chaldeans and overcame Osiah, king of Israel, and besieged Samaria for three years and took it. He also took ten tribes, that is, the seven other tribes prisoners, into the hills of Media besides the River Gothan. Gerald, who was beyond the hills of Caspy, where Alexander had included and closed the two foul peoples Gog and Magog. Antichrist, when he comes, will deliver these people and bring them out. The Jews abide this Antichrist and believe that he is the Messiah, that is, Christ. I believe that Tobit was taken and left with King Osiah as a prisoner in Nineveh. This was fulfilled under Manasseh, Hezekiah's son, around the twentieth year.\nof Iosias the kyng / Than the kynge of Assy\u00a6ryes brought men of dyuerse londes in to Samaria to kepe the lande of Israel / And they for drede of lyons that were cruel & styerne weren made holders of the lawe of Iewes and cleped Samarite and samaritani that be kepers. they be cleped also chu\u00a6tei and Iacobites that be supplanters but they left not her mau\u00a6metrye\u00b7 Romulus dyed whan he had regned xxxix yere / as it is sayd bifore / and the Senatours ruled the comyns of Rome the space of an yere and half and space of tyme was callyd Int\u00a6tempus as it were a tyme bytwene Numa pompilus began to regne\u00b7 amonge the Romaynes and regned four and fourty yere\u00b7 This numa had no batayll with men that dwellyd aboute hym he ordeyned to the romaynes lawes and good lyuyng For they semed rather by custome of batayls theues and tyrauntes law\u2223les This deseryued or departed the yere without redy. acomptes in ten monethes / Hugo capitulo Ianus \u00b6For the Romaynes as the hebrewes bigan her yere fro the moneth of marche vnto the tyme\u25aa of\nThis Pompilus began the year with Ianuar and Februare. Among the Romans, the year was left incorrect among Julius Caesar's time. Eutruscans, under Numa, instituted ornaments, ceremonies, and all worship of god's bishops, priests, and other ministers of the priesthood, each in due order. He gave a temple to Jupiter Ianus and another to Vesta and her virgins, to be worshipped so that the light would guard the empire and wake and shine like stars in heaven. Numa said that he had all these things under the care of the noble goddess. He also built the Capitol and consecrated it from the first foundation. He instituted money for his people and called it the \"Moses book of the law,\" and destroyed Mammonism with the high places. Following in the story, this Josias burned the bones of false prophets of the Romans, Numa's newborn son by his daughter.\nI. Reign of Ancus: He reigned for 24 years. Ancus, due to the grace he saw in Tarquinius Priscus, made him warden of his herds, but he relinquished this position unwillingly. Jeremiah was the son of Eliah, the bishop, and began to prophesy, prophesying for 48 years until the destruction of the city, before the time prophesied in Egypt. This Jeremiah saw three visions: a sleeping yoke, a burning cart, and his own sandal rotting by the River Euphrates. He lamented for the death of Josiah, king of Judah. Also, the old woman and Sophonias the prophetess prophesied about them and are mentioned in the Book of Kings. Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of the Romans, reigned for 41 years. He doubled the number of Senators. He organized games and plays, built walls and fortresses, and finally, Ancus, his predecessor, overthrew him.\n\nTitus and Tiberius were sent as envoys to the king of Egypt, and he was called Ioachym as a sign of submission.\n\nThereafter, this Eliah-chym that\nIoachym, so called, reigned eleven years and lived miserably because he killed several prophets, imprisoned Jeremiah, and burned Baruch's book. Nebuchadnezzar began to reign in Babylon and reigned for thirty-four years. He conquered the king of Egypt and occupied the land from the River of Egypt to the River Euphrates, ruling over all Syria except for Judah. Josephus (10 CA) descended from kings. Anania, Azaria, Misael, and Daniel were taken into Babylon with the temple vessel by Anania's sons, the Rachabites, who were the best followers of their father. Rachab's sons and their companions drank no wine, planted no vines, or sowed seeds; they went to Jericho to save themselves. Ioachym refused to pay the tribute he had promised, so Nebuchadnezzar was angry and took Jerusalem, killing all the strong men.\nIoachim the kyng also and threw hem without the walles vnburyed and crow\u2223ned. ther his sonne Ieconias kyng \u00b6R Here we shal yeue cre\u00a6dence to Ierom that sayth ther wand another in the be\u2223gynnyng of the other fourtene generacions and so it may seme that the comune lettre of mathew is ful scars for vnlerned men to vnderstonde There he sayth Iosias gate Ioconias and his bretheren in the transmygracion of babyloyne for it shold be con\u00a6tinued in this maner that meane and vnlerned men myght vn\u2223derstande \u00b6 Iosias begate Iechonias and Iechonias And Iochonias gate salatiel\u00b7 & eyther Iechonias was called Ioachym so seyth Iosephus and the text must be vnderstande in this maner. in to the transmygracion that is aboute the tyme of\nthe tyme of the transmygracion Treuisa The transmigracion of Babyloyne was the takyng of the folke of Israel in to bonda\u2223ge in to babyloyne / Petrus / On the bodye of the elder Ioachim that was soo throwen withoute the walles / were founde lettres and fygures ayenst the lawe of god and the name of\nThe Macedonian king, Jeconias, whom he called Iachinias, the son of Jehoiachin, was made king by Nebuchadnezzar and reigned for only three months, until the month of July. Nebuchadnezzar feared that Jeconias would remember his father's death and align himself with the Egyptians against him, so Nebuchadnezzar turned again and besieged Jerusalem. Jeconias, by the counsel of Jeremiah, surrendered himself, along with his mother and all his household, to Nebuchadnezzar. Thus, Jeconias, also known as Iachinias, was taken prisoner, and two princes, along with seven thousand skilled men, were among the captives, including Mardocheus and Ezekiel, who was yet a priestly descendant. Jeconias remained in prison in Babylon for 37 years until Nebuchadnezzar's death. His sons, Nebuchadnezzar II and Evil-merodach, the other sons of Nebuchadnezzar, took him out of prison. According to some records, the exile began in the thirty-seventh year of Nebuchadnezzar's reign.\nAnd ten of the Jews' leaders were taken, but properly speaking, those who yielded willingly were called the transmigrants, and those taken afterward were called prisoners and were in bondage. Mattanias, Josias' third son, was appointed king of Nebuchadnezzar. However, he was sworn to serve him and was also called Zedekiah. He reigned for eleven years. [Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 10.5] Ezekiel began to prophesy and prophesied in Babylon to those in bondage after Jerusalem had been taken. They did not believe his prophecies, for all the prophecies agreed that Jerusalem would be taken and that the king would be led away as a prisoner to Babylon. [Ezekiel 1:1-3] However, they disagreed on the matter that Ezekiel said Zedekiah would not see Babylon. [Ezekiel 12:13] For when Nebuchadnezzar took Zedekiah, he gouged out his eyes and led him away to Babylon, blind. [2 Kings 25:7] Salo, one of the leaders, [2 Kings 25:25]\nSeven wise men abolished the old dragon laws and gave their own laws to the men of Athens. St. Austin de Cid de Li II.2, around 16 AD. Agellus speaks more openly in LI.11. Trogus Pompeius had no law for each of them, but relied on the liking of Reigning in place of law. At last, they answered and said, \"Whatever it is that you speak of, when I have understood it, I shall die.\" Daniel the prophet explained Nabuchodonosor's dream. Here, take heed that Daniel saw ten visions. Three of them were under Nabuchodonosor, three under Belshazzar, and the seventh and tenth under Darius. Other prophets, such as Isaiah, Micah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and some during the taking of Jerusalem and the people, prophesied of the taking. And so did Daniel, Abacuc, and some after the taking, such as Aggeus and Zacharias. However, some misunderstand that Daniel saw the fifth vision.\nIn the thirty-third year of Nebuchadrezzar's reign, Nebuchadrezzar besieged Jerusalem for tribute. He was warned [by whom it is not clear], so Nebuchadrezzar abandoned the siege and pursued the king of Egypt out of Syria. Therefore, prophets' sons and false prophets scorned Jeremiah, saying, \"The Babylonian exile will not return as you have said and prophesied.\" But Jeremiah replied in contrast, and for this he was first imprisoned and then cast into a muddy cistern up to his armpits.\n\nIn the same year, the tenth month, Nebuzaradan, prince of the Babylonian army, besieged Jerusalem. The city was under siege for three months, and due to great famine, women ate their own children to the width of a span. That year, in the fourth month, the king was captured in Riblah and brought before Nebuchadrezzar, where his eyes were put out and he was bound and taken to Babylon. There, he was given a relaxing drink in the presence of the king and the nobles, and for shame, he died.\nSomewhere around the 19th year of Nebuchadnezzar, Nebuchadnezzar breached the temple and house of Jeremiah, destroyed the walls, took away the vessels with the pillars, took the men prisoners, and took Jeremiah out of prison. Nebuchadnezzar, however, allowed Jeremiah to dwell with Gedaliah, and he released the captives. The temple was burned for four hundred and fourty years before it was rebuilt. But more accurately, Jeremiah writes four hundred and sixty-one years. / But around the fourth age of the world, from the beginning of the kingdom of David until this taking of Jerusalem and of the Jews, which is called the Transmigration, this transmigration and taking were done in the seventeenth year of Jehoiachin, in the month of August, and it lasted four hundred years, sixty and thirteen. And if this discrepancy in years occurs due to the common translation, Ammon says that...\nThe second age of the world began 12 years after the reign of King Amasias of Judah. Therefore, if the 14 years that Judah was without a king after Amasias' death are added, the years of this fourth age would be 4 C / 88 and 15.\n\nExplicit liber secundus\n\nThe seventh age of the world began with the exile and burning of the temple, which occurred in the 17th year of Zedekiah. Whoever wishes to reckon seventy years of the Jewish captivity and bondage from this 17th year, as Eusebius did by the authority of Zachariah the prophet, will end this seventy-year period in the second year of Darius Ithapapates' son. However, it seems that Josephus and Jerome reckoned these seventy years from the 13th year of Josiah, the king in whose reign Jeremiah began to prophesy, but they were ready to account for the seventy years that end in the third year or the last year of Darius.\nyeres that en\u00a6de in the second yere of dari{us} be {pro}prely the yeres of the ful trans\u00a6mygracion & of the destroyng of the temple / Petr{us} 154 / The men of Iuda drad the face of nabugodonosor for the deth of godolyas whom they had slayn. therfore they went with theyr children & cataill in to egypt & Ieremias went with them\u00b7 ayenst her wylle And for he prophecied alway that they that went in to egypt at that tyme sholde be destroyed / therfor they stoniuey place within the te\u0304ple\u00b7 Also this Ieremias knew that the te\u0304ple shold be destroyed & toke the shrine of the testame\u0304t with al that was therin & made it thurgh his pra\u00a6yers be swalowed in to a stone bitwen ye hilles of wildernes wher moises & aaro\u0304 be\u0304 buried / & he marked the stone with his finger & wrote therin goddes owne name / & from that tyme hidderto & to the worldes ende the stone is hidde with a clowde / so that the place maye not be knowen neyther that name of god maye not\nbe redde\u00b7 Me seyth that atte first arysyng atte day and acompted from the\nThe first beginning of his kingdom was from his great kingdom, when he had made subjects of other nations around and brought relief to Israel and Judah out of Egypt. This was the year that preceded the second sight and vision of Daniel of the angel who delivered the children out of the oven. This was also the year of the third vision, which is called the king's pipedream. In this vision, he was himself shown the tree that was seen, and at last, for his pride, he would be shaped before others as an ox and behind as a lion, not by changing of body but by changing of disposition of wit and appearance. He would eat hay as an ox for seven years, eat no bread nor flesh, drink no wine but eat herbs and potage by Daniel's counsel.\n\nServius Tullius, the sixth king of the Romans, came after Tarquinius Priscus and married his daughter and reigned for forty years.\n\nFrom the first book of Eutropius: This was the noble son of a woman who was taken. He gave three hills to the city of Rome: Quirinal, Esquiline, and Viminal. He made them.\nIn his time, a man named Tarquinius ordered a personal tribute to the Romans. He had one hundred thousand et cetera, and gave his daughter Tullia to Tarquinius Superbus. She conspired with the Roman commune and the senators to kill her father. Therefore, Tarquinius met the king on one occasion and threw him down from a stair, causing the king to be severely injured and return home. On the way, he was killed by men hired by Tarquinius. Tullia heard of this and went to greet her new husband, who was now king. Along the way, she passed over her father's body.\n\nEzekiel the Prophet was to be dragged through the streets with horses for warning those left of the lineages of Dan and Gad not to return to Jerusalem. That year, he saw a vision.\n\nAfter the great Nebuchadnezzar, his son Nebuchadnezzar II reigned in Babylon for ten years. He added much more to his kingdom.\nFather Royalty, in Book Iudiciorum by Megasthenes, states that in strength and great deeds, he surpassed Hercules. He destroyed Libya and Hiberia, pulled out large stones from the ground as if hills, and planted trees there, creating an orchard named Suspensilis. His wife, Darius' daughter, could stand and look upon her native land where she was born. Darius was Astrages' son. Astrages was also called Assuerus.\n\nThis king besieged Tirus for three years and three months. Marcianus speaks not of this second Nabugodonosor but says that Evil Marodoth and Balthasar were brothers.\n\nAt that time, Anaximander and Anaximines were philosophers, taking Petrus as their disciple (162). Nabugodonosor's brother Belshazzar began to reign when his brother was dead. Immediately, he took Jehoiachin, king of Judah, out of prison, where he had been for seven and thirty years. He placed his throne above all other kings' thrones that were with him in Babylon, granting him this grace.\nMercy, for his brother Nebuchadnezzar, in the time of his father Nabopolassar, had committed many evil deeds. And when his father was restored again to his own shape, he put his brother Evil-merodach in prison, who was accused to his father. Iachim was there in prison until the death of the second Nebuchadnezzar. Therefore, this Evil-merodach, when he began to reign, took Iachim out of prison, for he feared lest his father would rise from the dead, as he had been turned from the shape of a beast into the shape of a man. And by the counsel and wisdom of this Iachim, he took his father's body out of the earth and cut it into a hundred pieces, and gave the pieces to a hundred vultures to eat. For Iachim said his father should never rise again until all the vultures had gathered. This Evil-merodach had three sons: one named Evil-merodach, and Regusar, and the third named Nabonidus and Belshazzar, to fill the kingdom. In this Evil-merodach's reign, he composed a fable, not for amusement but\nFor there is some falsehood regarding the priests who were stoned to death. For Jerome says that they were burned, notwithstanding it was written of one who was of Greece, and that seems well in some manner according to certain words that are not in Hebrew.\n\nBothasar reigned in Caldea and Babylon in his first year. In that year, Daniel saw his four visions of the four winds on the sea, which are the four angels of the four beasts. Of the lion, the bear, the leopard, and the beast that had ten horns, representing the four chief kingdoms of the world and the ten smaller kingdoms that sprang from the fourth beast. These ten kingdoms would be subdued by a little horn, Antichrist.\n\nThis Antichrist, unworthy of the lineage of Dan, will be born of the seed of a father and mother in a dark place in Babylon. After his conception, an evil spirit will enter his mother's womb, and by its power, the child will be born and grow, and will be called the child of loss, the destroyer, and of desolation. Three of the first-mentioned [visions]\nTen horns will be taken from his face: he shall slay the first three of these, the king of Africa, the king of Egypt, and the king of Ethiopia. The other seven will yield themselves to this false prophet, who will call himself the Messiah. The Jews will fall to him, and he will rebuild the temple and seat himself thereon. He will draw men to himself with fear and wonder works. He will slay Enos and Elijah, and will cause great harm to God's holy people for a time, times, and half a time, which is two years and a half.\n\nRemigius says that Antichrist will feign death and rise again, but in the end, Christ will slay him, either by his own hand or by the service of St. Michael the archangel.\n\nJerome on Daniel adds that Antichrist will be:\nSlain in his own tent in the month of Olivet, where Christ ascended into heaven; Remigius says that Christ shall not come to the domain until Antichrist is slain, but those who are to be saved shall have fifty and forty days for penance. Therefore, take heed that although it is written in Matthew and Mark 13 that no man knows the hour, yet God's son knows it, for he is the same God who is the Father. But therefore, it is said that he does not know it, for he does not make us know it, and the holy church on earth does not. It is not fitting for us to know that day. Austin in Glosa says, \"The last day is unknown to us, for we should beware of all and live always as though it were judged upon us, whether it be this day or tomorrow.\" Trogus, in the second book, writes, \"About that time, at Athens, after the death of Solon, Phisistratus boasted that he bled and said that the great masters had beaten him so much for love of the people and community.\" Therefore, there were many.\nknights assigned to keep him, and he reigned for four and thirty years. Polo, in book eight, \u00b6The wife of this urged him to kill one who had kissed his daughter. In the high way, he answered and said, \"If we and Perses and the good buck, that is the great Alisander, who was feared and beckoned by that book, and on him grew four horns that were his successors. One little horn that is Anthyochus Epiphanes comes from one of the four horns, for he comes from Selencus, who was once pledged and a prisoner at Rome; but he escaped thence and went and waged war in the kingdom and defiled the temple. The sixth sight of Daniel was when Belshazzar, with his concubines, drank from the vessel of the temple of our Lord. The which vessel his grace took out of Jerusalem, \u00b6Belshazzar saw a hand write before him on the wall these words, / Mene, Tekel, Phares. / That is to understand, \"A mighty man has been weighed in the balance and found wanting.\" Daniel explained and said, \"God has revealed and named your kingdom, which is now fulfilled.\"\nThe first thou art weighed in a balance and found wanting, thou hast less than thou livest, less than thou thoughtest. For the second, thy kingdom is divided from thee and given to the Persians. For the third, that same night Cyrus and Darius came and took the city Babylon, slaying Belshazzar. When Cyrus had won the eastern lands and came toward Babylon, the River Euphrates let him and a bold knight and a fair woman, whom the king loved well, venture into the water and drown. Then the king was sorrowful and angry and vowed that he would make that great River so shallow that the water should not reach women's knees. Therefore, in the broad fields he diverted the River in four hundred and thirty channels and thus destroyed the River that was accustomed to run through the middle of Babylon, allowing enemies to enter and take the city, which I would have thought could not be built or destroyed by man's deed. [Petus 165]. Some write that Belshazzar's mother, for whom the [illegible].\nOrchard Susa was made Darius's daughter for Balthasar, who had no son. Cyrus came and joined forces with Cyrus. He occupied the kingdom of Babylon and Media, called it Persia. In the seventh year, when Balthasar was slain, Darius took over the kingdom of Babylon and called it Persia. That year, the seventh vision of Daniel occurred. Daniel petitioned Darius until he was granted audience and worshipped the god. The same year brought about the seventh vision of Daniel, as the angel Gabriel confirmed the final taking and bondage coming by the Romans. And he spoke of the coming of Christ after seventy weeks of years. Gabriel said, \"Seventy short weeks are upon your people; one week contains seven years.\" And he said, \"Short weeks,\" meaning weeks of the moon, not of the sun. A year of the moon is shorter by ten days than a year of the sun. True, A year of the sun is from one day of the year to the same day of the next year, but a year of the moon is from prime to prime.\nA month of the year falls to the first prime in the same month of another year, and this will be eleven days rather in the second year than in the first. For example, when prime goes forward one day, falls back three days, the twenty-third day of January, and the next year after it shall fall on the twelfth day of January. This is eleven days rather than it suits in this story. Seven weeks of years of the sun make four hundred years, four score and ten. Bede reckons this seventy weeks of years from the twenty-year reign of Artaxerxes the king, that year Nehemiah had left and built the temple, up to the eighteenth year of Tiberius Caesar. That year, Crist suffered death. Africanus' history agrees with Bede regarding the beginning but ends the seventy weeks in the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, in that year Crist was baptized. Terullianus reckoned it to Daniel until Titus destroyed the temple. The ninth vision of Daniel was of a man clothed in linen, whose body was of Crisolitis. And the tenth sight was of.\nAfter the death of King Darius of Media, Assuerus, son of Xerxes, became king of Persia and set his seat in Perseia. Though the kingdom of Media was more prestigious, Cyrus, Darius' sister's son and Astyages' daughter's son, spread himself over all Asia.\n\nIn a dream, readers reported that Daniel saw the third year of Cyrus, king of Persia. It is uncertain how long Daniel lived, but I read in the first chapter that he lived up to the first year of Cyrus.\n\nAfter Darius' death, Cyrus held the entire kingdom of the Medes and Persians. Though the kingdom of Media was more esteemed, the Persians had exalted Cyrus to be king. This Cyrus was Darius' sister's son and Astyages' daughter's son.\n\nIn a dream, it was revealed that Cyrus' daughter would bear a simple knight a son who would not be of noble birth. When his daughter was with child, Cyrus took her to him. When the child was born, he gave it to one Ardaban, who was his secretary, for he believed that the kingdom would one day belong to the king's daughter.\nHe heard that kept the king's beasts and commanded him to lay the child in a wood there to be devoured. And when the herd had laid the child in the wood, he told his wife thereof, who was lighter of child at the same time. She prayed that he would feed the child to her and she would nurse him, and that he would lay her own son in the wood for him. And when the herd came to the child, he found a bitch nursing it and kept it from beasts and birds. (Peter 173) And when the child was brought to the herd's wife, it made a good semblance to her as though it had known her. She named the child Spartacus, which means a pup in the language of Perseus. And when the child was of age and strength and could go about and play with children, his playmates called him Cyrus and made him their king in plays. He chastised severely those who were rebellious to his heestes. Therefore, the father of the child grew angry and complained to King Astyages about the herdsman's son. Then the king sent after the child.\nThe king asked why he acted so with the children. He answered boldly and said that he did so as a king should. The king wondered why the child was so bold and so steadfast and took note that the child had signs and tokens of a king. He took Arpagus aside privately and learned the truth: the child was the herdsman's son. But Arpagus secretly fed his own child instead, for he had broken his heel and only after eating his child did he reveal all. It happened that Astiages made Arpagus leader of his host to wage war against his enemies of Persia, and the king left him behind in the midst. Then Arpagus remembered the evil deed the king had done him and advised his host to choose Cyrus.\nArpagus wrote a letter to Cyrus, urging him to remember their past and their falling out. He did not send the letter openly, for fear of the king's discovery. So, he removed the letter's contents and placed it inside the intestines of a hare. He then sent the hare to Cyrus, disguising the deception. When Cyrus read the letter, he was warned in his sleep that the first person he met the following morning should be taken with him on his journey.\n\nEarly the next morning, Cyrus encountered a man named Sebas escaped from prison and born in Persia. He took Sebas with him to Persopolis, where he gathered the people and ordered them to fell a large tree. They made a great feast the following morning. When he saw them well-fed and contented with food and drink, Cyrus asked them which they preferred: the hardships of the journey or the feast of that day.\nsayde he who follows the Medes, he shall have the trouble of leading them to battle against Astyages (173 / \u00b6) Then Astyages grew fearful and made Darius his adopted son. And when the battles gathered and began to fight, Cyrus and Perses began to flee. Then their wives and mothers came quickly against them and showed them their private treasures and asked, \"Will you creep into your mothers' womb and be born again?\" Then the men were ashamed and suddenly turned around and fell upon their enemies and had the victory. Cyrus bore him to Astyages as his new son, not as his victor, for he granted him the kingdom of Hircans while he lived. And he granted the kingdom of Media to his trusted one, Cyaxares. This is how it was with Christ, whose right hand I hold &c / He delivered the Jews the first year of his kingdom and made free nearly fifty thousand men and restored to them the holy vessels of gold and silver.\nFive thousand and three hundred Jews were granted leave to go and rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. Aggeus, a revered man and son of Zedekiah, was named Zorobabel, that is, the master of Babylon. But many of them in Judea remained behind because they had possessions and wives and children, and were reluctant to go. Daniel prayed to God for the deliverance of the people. Darius, king of the Medes, in the first year of his reign, had proposed to deliver the people, but he died soon and it was not fulfilled. Therefore, in the first year of Cyrus' reign, the Jews were given the same leave. However, the people were slow to respond, so Daniel prayed that, as God had given the king the willingness to deliver the people, He would give them the willingness to return homeward again. In the third year of Cyrus, the Jews went under Zorobabel, the duke, and under Johan the high priest. This was the seventy-seventh year of the bondage and captivity, as Josephus and Jerome's commentary on Ezekiel state. The time was from the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC.\nxiij / yere of Iosias the kynge to the thyrdde yere of Cyrus though eusebius in his Crony{que} by auctorite of Zacha\u00a6rie the prophete sayth that the second yere of darius itapsis sonne was the lxx yere of this takyng and bondage Netheles it may be determyned in this maner The second yere of darius was lxx yere of the fyfth age of the worlde and of the destroyeng of the temple\u00b7 But the thyrdde yere of Cyrus was the lxx yere of the first takyng that was don the xiij yere of Iosias the kynge Than the Iewes went hoome agayne and leyde the fundament of the temple and the Samarytans herd therof and came to hem and asisted hem to buylde the temple for they worshipped all one god and had vnderstande moyses bookes The Iewes answerd and seyden though we worshipe one god\u00b7 netheles it falleth not vs to byld one hows / Therfor the samaritans were wroth / & let her werk with suggestions and with yeftes vnto the second ye\u00a6re of darius Itapsis sonne \u00b6Orosius libro primo In kynge Cyrus tyme Phalaris a tyrant of Scicilia\nIn that year, the story goes of King Cresus of Lydia: When Cyrus waged war against Babylon, Cresus aided Babylon but was defeated and fled. After Babylon's defeat, Cyrus took Cresus and showed great honor to him. This event brought great fortune to both of them.\n\nHowever, regarding the tale of Dionysius the tyrant and the bronze bull: This man, Parilius, a cunning craftsman of brass, sought to please the tyrant by creating a bronze bull with a door on the right side. Men who were drenched would enter the bull to be tortured. Once inside, with the door closed and a fire lit beneath, the noises and cries of the tortured men would pass through various windings and turnings, making it appear as if the bull was gruesomely roaring, rather than men. But Dionysius, the tyrant, was well pleased with the grisly spectacle and the craftsman's ingenious creation, as he had devised it to torment others.\nFor the strength that came from Greece, turning against Cyrus, due to the cruelty inflicted upon Cresus:\n\nThis Cresus had a daughter named Fatnatica, who had a spirit of prophecy and continually advised her father to abandon the war. Cresus sought counsel from the gods, who deceived him with a verse and a word of double meaning: \"Cyrus, passing by the River Alim, shall [take] many kingdoms.\"\n\nTherefore, Cresus rebelled against Cyrus and was taken captive for the third time. Cyrus defeated Cresus by the River Alim and brought the noble Lydian soldiers, who had lost their horses and armor, to use taverns, play games like iapes and jests, and engage in vile crafts with common men and evil-living men. In this manner, showing love and goodwill, Cyrus overcame them through liking and lechery, those he could not overcome through battle. In this way, the kingdom of the Lydians fell, which had stood for two hundred years.\nAnd in the first book of Trogus, there was a noble king of Lydia named Candalus, who loved his wife excessively because of her beauty. He praised her to all men and eventually showed her naked to one Gyges, his own friend. By this act, he turned his friend into a spouse breaker and his own enemy. As a result, he lost both his kingdom and his wife.\n\nThe seventh and last king of the Romans had three names: Lucius Tarquinius and Superbus. He killed his father-in-law, Servius Tullius, and ruled for fifty-two years. He established the first divine tortures among the Romans, such as bands, boiled iron plates, batteaux, prisons, chains, and exile. He conquered the Volscians and Gabii and made peace with the Etruscans. Augustus, in his second book, Caesar 14, records this. At last, he built a temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. When they found a human head there while digging, they named that place Capitolium. Therefore, their prophets and priests held their rituals there.\nDyunes declared that this place should be renowned in the world. Titus Lucius and Augus de Cilius, around AD 19, during a time when Tarquinius Superbus besieged the rebellious city of Ardea, Tarquinius Sextus and Lucretia's husband Tarquinius Collatinus sat at supper and discussed the chastity of their wives. Let it be known that Collatinus said, and let their own deeds praise our wives. Therefore, as if by agreement, they came to Rome by night and found Lucretia awake, working and other women's husbands asleep or engaged in revelry. Sextus Tarquinius waited for his opportunity and was lodged with Lucretia in her home. He approached her while she slept, sword drawn, and said, \"Allow me to lie here, and I will put a naked servant in bed with you. You too will lie with him.\" After Sextus had committed this act, the woman went away sorrowfully and sent for her father and husband, praying for them to return home from the siege.\nThe host informed them of the misfortune that had befallen her, and they gave faith and credence to her messenger. She took revenge on the dead and sloughtered herself before them with a private knife that she had hidden. She did this without guilt or remorse, but for the Romans' excessive praise of men and worldly worship. This Lucretia had feared if she lived after that death that people would think she was condoning it. Therefore, in token of her sorrow, she would no longer live, and in conserving her good name and reputation, and as an example of good women, he would not longer live.\n\nA tour or retraction is spoken of this, as St. Augustine relates in City of God 1.19. There were two men, and one broke the marriage contract.\n\nBecause of this deed, the people gathered and deposed his father from his kingdom, exiling him and his children.\n\nThe host, who was with the king at Ardea, abandoned Tarquinius the king. When the king came to Rome and found the gates closed.\nAfter the kings were expelled from the city and two consuls were appointed to govern the commonwealth. These were Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucretia's husband. However, before the year's end, Lucretia's husband was removed from his consulship due to hatred of his name, as he was called Tarquinius. The Romans did not want any man with that name to hold office in the city, despite Lucretia's husband having wronged her. R Austin de Caelio 2.14 & 15.\n\nIt is said that Lucretia's husband was removed from office within the year by the deceit of his colleagues. Augustus, the other consul, was in his third year of office at this time, along with Titus.\n\nWhen Tarquinius was expelled, he sent messengers into the city. His messengers had secretly consulted with the sons of Brutus, the consul, and with the brothers of Brutus' wife, Vistilla. The plan was for Tarquinius to be restored to his position in the city. However, this was discovered by a servant of the consul.\nvycellyes / and was knowen and told to the Senatours / Than brutus the con\u00a6sul did them to deth euerychone R Virgile speketh herof in fine sexti libri eneidis \u00b6Euto. libro primo / \u00b6 Than Tarquin{us} gadred help on euery syde and warred ayenst the cyte for he ho\u2223ped to be restored in that maner / and in the encountrynge and fyghtyng Brutus\u00b7 the conseyll and Arnus tarquinius slough eyther other and tarquinus faught thryes in thre yere ayenste the Romaynes and was onerco men \u00b6 Therfor he went in to tus\u00a6culus with his wyf and lyued there fourtene yere / But the for\u2223seyd brutus the consul / was soo poure whan he dyed that he had no money to burye hym with but as it was gadred among the peple / \u00b6 Petrus 176 & Trogus libro primo\nCIrus whan he had wonne Asia\u00b7 he entended to warre a\u2223yenste the Schites. there thanurus the quene of / Shites & messagetes that be al one nacion came ayenste hym / Though she myght haue withstande his entre in to hir londe and all hir ene\u2223myes / and haue holden hem of atte passage of the\nRyuer Arexes, or Netheles, willfully allowed them to have fierce fighting within her land, which she knew. Moreover, for Ryuer, her enemies should not let them escape by flight. Cyrus set up his pavilion within her land with great quantities of meat and drink, feigning fear and withdrawing as if in dread. The queen had sent her young son with the third part of her host against Cyrus. When he arrived at the gracious feast and drink, he was unknightly in his behavior, and he and his men were more overcome by drunkenness than by acts of war. Then Cyrus approached him and slew him. When the queen heard of this, she did not weep, but for solace and comfort, she desired to take revenge. She, as it were, fleeing for her son who was newly wounded by Cyrus, led him into a narrow valley between high hills and slew Cyrus and two hundred thousand of his men. So that not one escaped to return home with tales of the battle. The queen commanded them to strike.\nof Cyrus, he threw him into a flask full of men's blood and despised him in this manner. Now fill yourself with the blood that you have long desired. Thus, Cyrus died after he had ruled nobly and reignedly for thirty years and always done great deeds (Petus 178).\n\nCambyses, Cyrus' son, ruled after his father. Esdras calls him Xerxes and Artaxerxes. In Cambyses' time, the following occurred, as related in the story of Judith (Trogus 189). And it is no wonder that he was so called, for his father called him Xerxes, and while he was alive, he made his own son Cambyses reign for twelve years among the Assyrians in Egypt.\n\nBut at last, when his father was dead, he held the entire kingdom of the east for eight years. This Cambyses would not allow the temple of Jerusalem to be built during his entire reign. In the first year of his entire kingdom, he put to death Arphaxad, who would have ruled in Media, insisting on being worshipped in his stead.\nThe god of Israel, as he was, defeated Oholfernes, the prince of his host, during the Siege of Bethulia in the second year of his empire. Cambyses, in the fifth year of his kingdom, destroyed Egypt and abandoned its customs, destroying the temple and building Babylon in its place. When he turned back, he died in Damascus in the eighth year of his kingdom.\n\nValerius, in his sixth book, records that Cambyses ordered the skin of a juggler to be stripped off him because he had given false judgment and had them spread it around the chair where the juggler should sit to judge. Cambyses put the juggler's son, also named Jugger, in his place and had these verses written on the chair:\n\nJustice, be steadfast and impartial;\nKeep your hand and also your eyes from bribes;\nTake the lantern law, draw light under the sky to lead;\nYou sit in the place where your father was seated.\n\nTrogus, in his first book, and Peter, in his tenth, record that after Cambyses, there was a certain Hermeides.\nOne of the seven wise men who ruled the kingdom of Perses married Cambyses' daughter and acted as if he would not reign under the title of his wife, but rather keep the kingdom for Mergus, Cambyses' brother, who was still a young child. Cambyses had killed Mergus within the temple before this, and no one knew of it except Hermodess. After seven months of his reign, Hermodess lay dying on his deathbed and had arranged for the young man to be made king, claiming that he was Mergus Cyrus, Cambyses' brother. Such dealings among Persian kings were not uncommon. For no man entered the presence of Persian kings but men of the household. One of the wise men began to have suspicions about this deception and had a daughter among the king's concubines. He privately instructed his daughter to feel the king's head at night and take note if he had ears. When the maiden discovered that the king had no ears, the other six wise men were informed.\nConspired together, Ger and his brother ruled scarcely one year. They treated each other wisely, debating which of them should marry the king's daughter. The following morning, the king's herald came to a place in the palace before the temple gates. The first horse to approach him would be the one to become king, as indicated by the god's showing. One of them, Darius, instructed him to make his horse challenge a mare that night in the same place.\n\nThe following morning, the magi arrived at the designated spot. Darius' horse neighed first, as he had intended, and Darius was made king, ruling for six and thirty years. He reigned over one hundred and seventy-two provinces, and Zerubbabel, Salathiel's son, was closely related to him and had advised him before he became king. Zerubabel boldly began to build the temple, restoring it and returning the holy vessels to their rightful place.\nZorababel and Haggai comforted him, saying that God was angry because His house was desolate and they lived in well-built houses. It was a sign of God's wrath that they sowed much and reaped little. However, the Persian princes beyond the river prevented the temple work. Therefore, Zorobabel went to Darius and received great honor from him, sleeping in his own chamber. Joseph asked the three wardens of his body which one was the strongest: man or woman. The first replied that a man was stronger because he was above all beasts, and the king was above men, and men did all that he commanded. The second replied that wine was stronger because the king was not above men but through the strength of his wisdom, wine overcame the strength of men's wisdom. Zorobabel replied that a woman was stronger than either of them, and she gave life.\nFeeding to kings and those who plant vines. When kings come to power, they jeopardize their lives for women. He told of a king's concubine giving the king blows. When she laughed, the king laughed, and when she was angry, the king was angry as well. Nethanes said, \"Truth is stronger than all these three. For all these may be fair, great, and strong, but they will pass and fail. But truth will never die nor change, but will always endure.\" This sentence pleased all men, and the king granted him the vessels of the temple. And he licensed him to build the temple and gave him letters of warrant, so that no man would hinder him.\n\nIn the second year of Darius Hystaspis, in the eighth month, the workmen labored to build the temple and completed it in the seventh year. This was the sixty-fourth year of the Persian kingdom from the first year of Cyrus. When they had ceased building the temple, it is truly said in the Gospel that this temple was built in sixty-four years.\nWhen the temple was built, it was consecrated in the twelfth month, which is in March. This is the second consecration of the temple and was done in March, during the time of Nehemiah. The first consecration in Solomon's time was done in Harvest. The third was done in winter during the time of Judas Maccabaeus.\n\nAlso, in this year, the fire that was taken away from the Altar the first year of the taking into captivity was found burning. Of the Shrine of the Testament, it is uncertain how and when the Jews came to it.\n\nBut if it is true that Euphanius states that the shrine should not come out of the den of the stone where Jeremiah had hidden it until the day of judgment, then it is true that the Jews made another one, to the likeness of the old shrine, which Moses made.\n\nFor it is read that among the prayers that the Romans took out of the Jewish people, they took the shrine of God, a candlestick, and a table of showbread.\n\nWhen the temple was fully built in the month of March, Aggeus and Zacharias died.\n\nThis year, kings were put in place.\nAfter Rome's expulsion of Tarquinius, the community was ruled by consuls as previously stated. Two consuls were chosen to prevent one from overstepping boundaries. In the fifth year, strife arose between the great plebeians and the community. It was a custom among the Romans that when they went to war, they had to borrow money from the great masters and the rulers of the city. Those who couldn't pay their debts on time were put in prison. This led to strife, and the common people marched three miles outside the city to the Sacred Hill, but eventually peace was made under the condition that they would have great masters and tribunes to maintain and defend them against.\nPIctagoras, the philosopher, lived during that time. Trogus (22/1) He was of Samian origin, a wealthy merchant's son, who was drawn to the city called Ciuitas Croconiorum, which was in chaos. There he stayed for twenty years and taught virtues and manners to the people, their children and old women, each one by him. Eventually, he went to Mechapontus and died there. Gold and other royalty offered them in the temple of Iuno. PIctagoras said that chastity was the key to harmony and would have burned and exiled the other. This PIctagoras was of great authority in ancient times, as Valarius in the third book of his library testifies. They held him in such esteem that they said it was not lawful to doubt or question his teachings. When I asked them for reasons, they gave none other than \"PIctagoras said so.\" Isidorus in the first book of his library states that PIctagoras discovered the letter Y, similar to human life, first. Agel also writes about it.\nIn the eighth chapter, all of Pythagoras' company's money was openly placed among them, making the group steadfast and true. Those who came to learn from them asked eagerly about casting of mouths, semblance of array, and shape of body. Pythagoras also designated suitable times for studying and speaking. Hugo was one of his scholars, and Pythagoras had this custom by the seven sciences; none of his scholars were allowed to ask questions before the age of fifteen, abstaining from eating fish or flesh. After his death, men marveled greatly at him, and his authority was so great that they built a temple at his house and worshipped him in place of a god. In some cases, they took occasion from his sawn-off [saw or sawed-off, unclear] words. He used to say while he was alive that a philosopher's house is a holy place of wisdom and true temple of God. He also taught men to believe that the human soul shall never die but live forever, and to have reward or punishment after the deserving in their life. However, I say that he led wickedly.\nI.eronius contrasts Rufus Pythagoras, stating that souls pass from body to body. Virgil in the sixth book of Eclogues often says they begin to desire to return to bodies. In Tullius de Natura Deorum, book three, when Pythagoras formed new conclusions in geometry, he offered an androgenite, which I believe was done to avoid offending Apollo Delphicus. He did not wish to provoke the Oracle with blood.\n\nTruthsayers claim they were the daughters of Meno and Tesbia. In Polio, book five, chapter four, men of Athens burned Pythagoras' books and exiled him, as they doubted his belief in their goddesses and sought a swift man to bring offerings to secure his livelihood. He carried a basket of many jujube stalks bound in a short rope. Democritus the philosopher met him and saw the young man hastily performing his tasks, with his basket bound as if by the art of geometry. Democritus asked him who had bound the basket.\n\nI said, \"Pythagoras.\" Then he made him undo it.\nThe young and bound [him] again. He says, if you have wit to do well, you shall do better deeds if you follow me. He granted this and learned philosophy from him. In the fifth book of Polyoenus, a rich and young man named Auellius came to Pythagoras to learn perfect manners of speaking. He paid him half his money before he learned, and the other half he was to pay that day when he made his plea before a judge and had the mastery. At last, when he had gained proficiency in speech, he forsook his wealth and his proficiency before pleaders, as I believe, because he would not pay what he owed to his master. Pythagoras took counsel and summoned him before the judges and began in this manner: \"Learn, young fool, that what I ask for is a debt to me, either by one way or another. If I overcome you in this cause, then by right it is a debt to me. And if the judgment is given for you, then it is a debt to me by contract, for you have overcome and taken the mastery. Nay, said Auellius, learn, wise master, that by neither way shall I pay you that which you.\naxes will not pay if it is deemed against me, and if it is deemed against me, I will not pay by contract, for I do not have the authority. The judges saw that the case was complicated, as it were an insoluble and continued one. So it is reported among the men of Athens that a woman poisoned her husband and her own son, for they had wickedly slain her son and her heir that she had by her first husband. The old judges delayed their judgment for a hundred years. For on one side there was great sorrow to acquit, and on the other, a cruel deed to condemn. Ysidorus, in the second book, chapter visible, fourth quarto. Men read that Tubal the Canaanite's lineage was the discoverer of harmony and music before Noah's flood. Nethes, among the Greeks, reads that Pythagoras discovered the art of music through the sounds of hammers and by stretching of bodies and strings. Marian, in the second book. It happened that Pythagoras went out publicly and heard smiths striking.\nHammers on hot iron and adjust each to another in a certain order of tune. For the sharp hammer tuned to the great one made the smiths change hammers, but the same tuning of hammers followed always. He ensured that the hammers were of diverse weight and bade him examine strengths and strain guttes and sinews of sheep and beasts fastened to various weights. Such weights as he found in the hammer and had the same song and tune as the harmonizing hammers with the sweetness of kindly tuned strings. When he was perfecting this great secret, he began to find numbers by which tunes agreed and thus he hastened to create the craft of music. Therefore, Tullius in Tusculans, Book Four, speaks of him and says that Pythagoras' scholars could bring their minds out of the strife of thought, and when they did so, the bestiality of moving lechery ceased due to the sloth of the manner of tuning. Seneca in Book Three of the Lira.\nPythagoras, with harp and strings ceased the disturbance of wisdom. Here wise men tell that Pythagoras passed some time by a smith's shop and heard a sweet sound and accord in the smithing of four hammers on an anvil. Therefore he let go the hammers and found that one of the hammers weighed twice as another. Another weighed half as much as another. Another weighed as much as another. And the third part of another. As though the first hammer were of ivy land departed, even a two-handed weight set there under in either party of the anvil, the sound shall be dissonant if the anvil is strained and touched. And if the string is parted evenly in three and the weight set under between the last part and the other part, then the longer part of the string, if it is touched, shall yield a sound called diatessaron. And if it is parted in nine and the weight set under between the last part and the other part, then the longer part of the string, if it is touched, shall yield a sound that\nHete tonus: This text contains the fifth and eighth parts of eight as shown in the following figure.\n\nJeronimus contra Rufus: Many of Pythagoras' disciples kept his teachings in mind and used his wisdom and intellect in the study of books. They believed that many such proverbs would drive away sorrow from the body, lechery from the mind, treason from the city, strife from the house. Incontenance and hastiness in all things would also depart. Furthermore, all friends will come. A friend is the other of two. Memmius, take heed of times. After the truth, god should be worshiped, he who makes men next to god. Isidorus, in Libro octavo, capitulo sexto.\n\nThe name of philosophers began with Pythagoras. For the old Greeks called him sophistros, that is, wise. But when I asked Pythagoras who he was, he answered and said that he was a philosopher, that is, a lover of wisdom and wisdom for himself. It would seem great boast and pride. Later, other philosophers had their names.\nAnd so those who held Pythagoras' teachings were called Pythagoreans. Those who held Plato's teachings were called Platonists. In the first book of Some Philosophers, there were no names of countries, and those who held Pythagoras' teachings were called Italians. For Pythagoras taught a great doctrine in Italy, which was once called the great Greece. Others were called Ionians, named after the other Greece. Their author and prince was Tales and Milnesius. Others had names signifying those coming and standing together, such as Stoics, Epicureans, and Peripatetics. The Stoics had that name from a porch of Athena called Stoa in the Greek language, where there was painted the great deeds and exploits of wise men.\n\nThe first of them held that all sin is equal, and thus he meant that it is as great a sin to steal straw as gold, and to kill a knight as a horse. For the beast is not to blame but the man's will.\n\nZeno said that the soul of man shall die with the body. (True is this.)\nA wise man would have tasted his water, and swallowed it even if it were a gallon. Then, in the story, he and his scholars declared they could not endure any longer, yet they desired life without end. Academici were named after Plato's town, in addition to another called Academia, which was on the verge of collapse. Plato was accustomed to studying there. This is uncertain, but Archelaus founded the sect, while Democritus expanded it. However, it must be granted that many things are unknown and hidden from human knowledge. So it is the will of God that many things pass beyond human comprehension. Furthermore, there are many things that can be known through human reason. The Peripatetics are named after Peripateticism, or wandering and walking, as Aristotle was their founder and was wont to dispute while wandering and walking. In the City of God, Book Eight, there are three kinds of philosophers who govern the kinds of things. These are Milesius, Pythagoras, and their followers.\nAnd some ethics took heed and taught the knowledge and understanding of good living and of the gods. Plato and those who held his doctrine were particularly revered among all for they were considered a perfect teacher of philosophy and upheld all manner of righteous living. However, among all philosophers, those called gods were esteemed as most excellent, for they treated of the almighty God. Nevertheless, many of them erred in treating of God and the world. And many came to the knowledge of God, yet they did not worship Him as God but were carried away in their thoughts and said that they were wise, and they were made fools. The errors of these brought about many errors in holy church. Such a false error is that men shall not rise at the day of judgment, and that every martyr is already equal and present to God. Augustine, in the City of God, Book eight, Chapter ten: \"Those who had true knowledge of God profited much in the knowledge of truth.\"\nPlato stated that in God is the cause of being, reason for understanding, and order of good living. Therefore, God is the beginning of kind and source of grace in life. There were philosophers who sought to find and know the cause of things and the manner of living. Nevertheless, those most praised were those who knew God and where He is, and that He is the cause of all things that are wrought and the light of truth and grace. They came to this knowledge in this manner: they sought to find the best of all that is God. They knew that a body cannot be destroyed because a body is made of contrary things. They also noted that God is not a likeness, which can be changed. Therefore, they passed over all bodies and all likenesses. The body is seen without the likeness of the body being in thought within, and that which is in thought within is no body but a likeness of a body. Then, the likeness is known by a thing that is neither the body nor the likeness.\nLike likeness, neither the body nor that which is likened is deemed to be fair or foul, better or worse. There is no beauty in a body, whether at rest or in motion, as in shape or length and breadth, but such as the human mind perceives. And this could not be unless there were a better likeness in the mind, without the swelling of the body and the crying of man's voice without length or space and of time. But this is man's thought and kind in the soul's wisdom, and that is not a body. Since the likeness known by it is not a body. But our mind should be a body, according to this. Our mind is changeable and mobile; otherwise, one man's mind would not know better than another's. Yet, the same mind improves and profits and learns better after than before. But what is improved and appeared is unclear.\nChangeable, philosophers and deities knew well that nothing which is changeable may be by him who is steadfast and unchangeable. To him is none other being than living. None other being than understanding. None other being than we. [The people of Rome made strife as though they were misled by the Senators]. Therefore they made him tribunes as defenders of the people against the consuls. Quintus Marcius, duke of Rome who had taken the vows before, was put out of the city and was angry and went to the vows. He went for war and to destroy the country, five miles from Rome, and came back to overtake the Romans and forsook peace that they offered and ceased not to war and harm the city. [Three hundred noble men called the Familia Fabia fought alone against the Veientes]. The Romans were besieged on Mount Algid and Lucius Quinctius.\nHe was delivered. He was taken from the plough and made a dictator. He wiped away his sweat and put on a royal gown. Egypt forsook Darius, king of Persia, and would not be under him. Pompilia, a maiden at Rome, was taken in lechery and was quickly buried alive. Pyndarus and Simonydes, the poets, were present. Trogus, in the second book, writes about this:\n\nAfter the death of Pisistratus, one of his sons took a maiden by force and lay with her. And for this, the maiden's brother killed him.\n\nThat other brother, named Eupias, held the kingdom of Athens after his father. He had the man who had killed his brother taken and, when the man was compelled by torture to name those who had assisted in the man's death, he accused and appealed for the execution of all of Pisistratus's friends. And when they were all killed, hispias asked if there was anyone else consenting to his brother's death. He answered and said, \"There is no man alive worthy to die but you alone.\" Then the people knew the virtue of the young man and put him on the throne.\nespyed outside the city Than Hippias went immediately to Perse to King Darius and exhorted him against those of Athens / Orocius, book 2: This Darius, after he had quelled the rebellions of the Assyrians and Babylonians against him, prepared battle and war against Xerxes, king of the Persians, because he had demanded the hand of his daughter and had not received it. He went forth with an army of 15,000 men and lost 70,000 by the wayside and skirmishes. On his return, he chastised the Macedonians and Ionians. He also prepared a battle against the men of Athens, for they had helped and were assisting the Ionians. The men of Athens, with 10,000 infantry, were so eager to fight that when there were a thousand paces between the shield walls, the charge was so swift that the blows came before the enemy. / Then there was such a strong fight that they seemed like men on one side and beasts on the other. Trogus, book 2: The Persians were overwhelmed and.\nFled to their ships. Among those, many were drowned and many were taken. In such a victory, it was hard to tell who gained the prize. Notwithstanding, one Cyngarius, a knight from Athens, pursued the Persians who fled to ships. He held onto a ship with his right hand until it was split in two, and afterwards, with his teeth, he held the ship in place so that a man's staff fought with his teeth as if it were a wooden beast. Two hundred of the Persians died there, along with Hipius the tyrant. Shortly thereafter, Darius died in the year thirty-nine of his reign, leaving many sons alive. Among his sons, Xerxes, who was born during his reign, was advanced to the kingdom.\n\nXerxes, the son of Darius, was the fifth king of Persia and reigned for twenty years. He retook Egypt, which his father had lost, and waged war against Greece for five years, just as his father had begun.\n\nJosephus says:\nUnder King Artaxerxes' seventh year, Esdras went down to Judea, and Nehemias the butler went down after him and restored Jerusalem's laws within twelve years. Esdras himself states that he went down during Artaxerxes' reign. Trogus, called Demaratus, was exiled from Athens and lived with King Artaxerxes. He loved his homeland more than the king after all he had done for him. Trogus wrote all the kings' decrees on tables of wood and waxed them above the writing. The men of Sparta debated for a long time what it meant, for they saw no writing in the tables. At last, King Leonidas' sister discovered the writer's ruse. She showed them the wax, and then the letters were seen and read. They were warned of the war, for Artaxerxes had prepared an army of 15,000 men, making it seem that the host was drying up the rivers for them.\nOracles in Book 2, Orocius reports that Artaxerxes had 7,000 fighting men from his kingdom and 4,000 allies, as well as 20 warships with iron beams and 3,000 other well-equipped ships. The rivers seemed impassable for them to enter, and the sea seemed impassable for them to sail in. Then, this great army, not easily prepared for battle and reluctant to engage, one Persian spoke up and said, \"Our forces will not only be overcome but will be destroyed by the multitude of Persians.\" Another spoke and said, \"The king will have no enemies to face on his strength.\" Yet another spoke and said, \"The sea is impassable for our ships. Towns are impassable for our knights, and fields are impassable for our other men.\"\n\nDamarachus answered and said, \"There are so many of us that we cannot be ruled. And what cannot be ruled will not last long.\" Therefore, many who were not ruled were overcome by few who were well ruled.\nWhen King Xerxes was confronted by the Lacedaemonians, he complained that he had been deceived, for he had many men but few skilled in battle. (Valerius, Book III) In that battle, one Greek said to his companion, \"The sun is obscured by arrows and Persian shots.\" You speak truly, replied the other, \"for it is better to fight in shadow than in the heat of the sun.\" (ibid)\n\nSomeone asked in great disappointment of a man who was lame, why he had come to the battlefield. He answered and said, \"It is my intention to remain and not to flee.\" And that proved well for a lame man. (Trogus, Book II)\n\nAt last, Leonidas, King of Athens, came on with four thousand men and routed a large part of the Persian host. He encountered them by night when they were asleep, and slew them and chased them, routing their camp. (ibid) Artaxerxes was defeated twice in battle on land, and, overwhelmed, he attempted to seek refuge on the sea and his fortune on the Sea of Sidon.\nEvery one who preferred to fill the sea with great ships was disappointed and close to being glad to flee. Some even escaped in a fisherman's boat. Also, many died from hunger and many carcasses lay in the fields. Afterward, a plague came upon the host. Beasts and birds followed the host by the smell of the carcasses. Herodotus, the writer of histories, Euipides, Basylides, and Sophocles, the writer of tragedies, were at that time in their prime. Ieronimus, in a letter to Nepocianus, speaks of this Sophocles and says that when he paid little heed to me and his household, his sons accused him of madness. Before the Iugges, he recounted and said the fable and tragedy that he had written about Edippus. In his great age of wisdom and wit, he should turn the cruelty of Iugges into favor for the theater. At that time, Socrates the philosopher was born, and a stone fell from heaven in the shape of a good fellow.\nArtabanus, the king's steward, intended to be king of Persia and entered Artaxerxes' chamber with his seven sons. They found the king asleep, and Artabanus slew him and many others. The king had two sons: one named Darius and the other Artaxerxes. Artabanus instigated Artaxerxes to kill Darius, claiming that Darius had slain their father. However, a man named Vagabaxus knew the truth and informed Artaxerxes, revealing how the king had been murdered and how Artabanus had committed the deed.\n\nAnd Agamemnon rallied the people and summoned them, armed, before him. When Artabanus stood before him, armed among other men, the king remarked that Artabanus' hauberk was too short and bade him exchange it with him. Once Artabanus had disarmed and was naked, the king commanded his men to slay him and his sons. Thus, Artaxerxes avenged his father's death, saved his father's throne, his brother's life, and his own.\nMarianus Trajan\nArtaxerxes, the seventh king of Persia, was called and reigned for 40 years, beginning his reign seven months after Artabanus. Some say that he ruled alone in England and Wales and made him a diadem and a golden crown. He established certain laws called Molyneux laws. These laws, which were later translated into Latin, exempted temples, plows, cities, and weavers from taxes.\n\nPeter was granted privilege and freedom for temples, plows, cities, and weavers leading to them.\n\nEsdras the writer came down with the king's letters, by which he was to discharge the ministrants of the temple from all manner of tribute and put others in their place and change them as if they were doing and punish those who were rebellious by death, exile, prison, or payment of cattle.\n\nEsdras came down with the temple vessels to teach his people in Jerusalem the law that he had written and corrected.\nTwo hundred and XX children of Israel came with him beyond the hills of Caspy, and A M and seven thousand came out of Babylon. He chastised the children of the transigration there, and specifically priests for the wives of foreign nations. Esdras renewed and wrote the law that the Chaldeans had burned, and added volumes that strangers had defaced, gathering all into twenty-four books for the Hebrews should have as many books as they had letters. Also, he found new types of titles and marks to write among the lighter letters, and therefore he was called a swift writer. He put some titles of psalms and states that Jews wrote before in the manner of bidders from the left side to the right side, and vice versa. Empedocles, Permenides, and Zeno, the philosophers, are in their flowers. Empedocles' chees were to be buried in the hill Montan Ethna that is in Sicily, which always burns. Boecete's Consolatio says that.\nPerimenides sat on a rock for ten years, pondering the Art of Logic. Plato built upon this foundation and discovered many principles and rules. Aristotle systematized it into a discipline. Perimenides was the second writer of histories, preceded only by Hecataeus, not Herodotus. Titus Livius (Livy)\n\nThe Romans sent messengers and asked the men of Athens to send them laws. These were the Twelve Tables of Salus they requested, not the laws of Lycurgus, although his laws were best. The Romans suspected Lycurgus of lying because he claimed to have obtained his laws from Apollo.\n\nThe Romans compiled the Twelve Tables of Salus into ten tables and later added two more. From these came the famous law of the Twelve Tables, as written in the second book of the Origines Iuris and the fifth book of Isidorus. Moses first gave the law to the Hebrews; Ferencus to the Greeks; Mercury Trimogestus to the Egyptians; Salus to the men of Athens; and Lycurgus to the Romans.\nThe Lacedaemonians and Numa Pompilius to the Romans: Afterward, the people of Rome could not or would not endure the strife of masters and juggles and ordered ten men to write laws. They wrote laws from Salon's books and turned the Twelve Tables from bronze into Latin. The first to compile books of law was the great Pompey the consul, but for fear of evil speakers, he accomplished or fulfilled it not. Then Julius Caesar began to compile books of laws, but he died too soon. Many little laws were compiled by the Romans little by little until Constantine the Great ordered new laws. But Theodosius the Younger made a book of law called the Theodosian Code. Soon after, Justinian, of good fortune, made nearly two thousand books and thirty thousand verses and restored the laws of Digest. The power of consuls ceased in the city. Then men were ordered rulers in place of the two consuls. In the first year after this, as St. Augustine touches on the City of God, 19th chapter: One of\nThe ten men named Appius Claudius had great desire and lust to induce a knight's daughter to lie with them. They falsely had one of their servants challenge her as his bondwoman. Appius then condemned and imprisoned her. Her father slew her and replaced her with Pleasants. Petrus and Neemias, a Ma' of Hebrew King Artaxerxes' butler, came to Jerusalem by leave of his lord from Babylon. The people were kept there for twelve years, laboring outside the city to defend it and build and clean the city, as well as to prepare for the arrival of foreign nations. Other enemy forces took notice that the Jews had no fire from heaven and desecrated a pit in the valley of Josaphat where Jeremias had hidden fire during the time of their captivity. They found the logs of the altar and burning coals and fat water. He cast the water on a bundle of wood and a fire ignited.\n\nIf you want to calculate the time, subtract seventy weeks of years from the twentieth year of Artaxerxes when Neemias went down to build.\nJerusalem, unto Christ, in the eighteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, in which seventy weeks of years Daniel prophesied would be fulfilled upon God's people. You may find seventy weeks of years, which is six hundred and ninety weeks; that is, a week for a year, and a year for eleven months. And so, sixty-nine weeks of years from this year unto Christ make four hundred and sixty-three years, according to the moon, and four hundred and seventy-six according to the sun.\n\nTrue. A year of the sun is the full year that men use now in England and other lands. But a year of the moon is twelve months of the moon, and a month of the moon is from new moon to new moon, and so a year of the moon is less by eleven days than a full year. The month of Embolism was provided in this manner.\n\nFor Beda in his book of times says that the kingdom of Perses began from this twenty-first year.\nDuring the sixth year of Artaxerxes and the one hundred and fifteen years of Darius' reign, the Greek kingdom lasted until the time of Julius Caesar, a total of 462 years. From Julius Caesar's reign for four years and seven months, to the eighteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, there were forty-eight years. In Oricus' third book, it seemed that a significant part of the day had passed before the night ended. Also, hailstones fell from the clouds and struck the earth with real stones. Petras (188): Esdras died in old age, and Neemias returned to Artaxerxes the king, but he returned to Jerusalem again before his ending day, and chastised those who transgressed the law and died, and is buried by the wall he made in Jerusalem. Beda, in his holy history written in the Hebrew books, takes this account.\nAfter the events described by Josephus Africanus and the books of Maccabees, during the consulships at Rome, Upras flourished. In this period, Ysidorus wrote his fourth book, and Apollonius discovered the Art of medicine. This Art was then left for 150 years, until the time of Artaxerxes. In his time, Upras renewed the art and craft of medicine in the island of Cyprus. The first two arts were untrustworthy; the first is called Methodism, which pays no heed to the times, causes, or elements, nor to age, but only to the evil and the use. The second is called Empiricism, which only experiments. The third is called Logic, and is allowed and approved.\n\nAfter Artaxerxes, Artaxerxes I, the eighth king of Persia, reigned for two months. In his time, Plato was born, and after him, Xerxes, also known as Darius the Great, reigned for 19 years. Gaufrid and Alfred ruled during his time.\nBrytain and Hengest held for themselves Middle England, Wales, Cornwall, and took the land beyond Humber and Scotland for their brother Brennius. They ruled jointly in the kingdom for five years. Afterward, Brennius rebelled against Belinus, whom he had overthrown. Belinus came into Britain with Frenchmen and Britons from Little Britain to wage war against his brother. But their mother, who was very old, spread herself before them and showed her breasts, which she had suckled, and so she made peace. After a year, these brothers made France subject and overcame the Germans, besieging Rome at the time. Furius Camillus was made dictator in Rome and overcame the Venetians and the Falisces, but he was expelled from the city due to envy, suspecting him because he had not evenly distributed the spoils he had taken. When the Romans besieged the Veii, they suffered many misfortunes. And Furius Camillus made preparations on one side of the city and opened up ways, allowing them to enter and the city to be taken.\nBut Furius Camillus offended the people by neglecting prayers, so he was called to judgment and condemned to pay ten thousand units of certain money in brass. But later, he broke the siege of the Frenchmen.\n\nArtaxerxes, the son of Xerxes and Esther, had a surname Menas, and the Hebrews called him Xerxes. He was the 11th king of Persia and reigned for forty years, from India to Ethiopia, over one hundred provinces. His throne was in the city Susa. The city that was here called Susa was called Egbatana in the Book of Judith and was the chief city of the Elamites. Josephus says that Daniel made a wonderful tomb for kings there. So wonderful that it seemed the kings of Media and Persia were accustomed to be buried in that tomb. This Artaxerxes, otherwise called Xerxes in the third year of his reign, made great revelry and feast for his princes that lasted one hundred and thirty days in that wonderful palace that I read about in the history of...\nAlysandre's palace had pillars of silver, their chambers resembling the firmament and adorned with precious stones of various colors, akin to stars. After he lay with his people for seven days in the Orchard of Liking, there was a vineyard with silver vines, golden branches, and clusters of precious stones. The pavilions were pitched upon pillars of silver, marble, and ivory with ropes of white silk and reed.\n\nThe queen was rebellious and refused to come to the king. Therefore, Hester was chosen as queen in her stead. Democritus the philosopher died at that time. Agellus speaks of him and says that he plucked out his own eyes. He did this for three reasons.\n\nThe first reason was that it distracted him from his holy thoughts. The second was that he could not resist the temptation of women. The third was that he saw shrews often committing evil deeds, which grieved him deeply.\n\nDemocritus was wont to say that the hearts of shrews and the minds of philosophers are similar.\nNoyes of the womb are in one place. What have I to do with that? said he. Does this noise come upward or downward? (Plutarch, Book Seven) Socrates the philosopher, who was forty-nine years old and nineteen, drank poison with a steady countenance and died. (R. Lestes: beware of error in the name of Socrates. Take heed, for there were three Socrates. Cassiodorus in his history calls this one \"tripertita.\" This is the Socrates:\n\n(Plutarch, Book One, Saturnalium) When he was asked by his companions to speak a little, he said, \"I spare no speech, and the speech I spare is not fitting for this place nor for this time.\" Such a tale is told of Ipocras the philosopher.\n\nThe third Socrates was Plato's master. (Plutarch, Book Four, Chapter Six) Socrates was reputed the wisest by the answer of...\nApollonius, without further ado, passed the seven wise men, who were held in high esteem among the Greeks, and was regarded by them as unsurpassed, not only in wit and knowledge but also in manner of good living. Therefore, Tullius in his first book of the Tusculans states that Socrates was the Prince of philosophy, and that he traced philosophy from heaven to earth and populated cities with it. Augustine, in the eighth book of The City of God, chapter 14, writes that a spirit followed Socrates and taught him things. Apuleius, in his first book of The Gods, records that Socrates says and recounts. This spirit, he says, warned Socrates to abandon his actions when they would have had no good outcome. Calcidius, in his commentary on the Timeaus, states that a spirit followed and taught Socrates from his childhood, not compelling him to do anything but forbidding him from doing things that were unprofitable. It seems that a man hears many things not by true voices but by some sign that followed the office of human voices. Thus, Socrates.\nWhile waking, a man's thoughts were comforted and warned by the clear sign of the spirit. Tullius learned from Socrates, who was always attuned to a spirit called a demon but never moved him to do harm. Instead, he often withdrew him from doing harm. Therefore, when he should be condemned to death, he chose to die in the most righteous manner, but he had no token given to him by his god.\n\nValerius, in the first book, seventh chapter, relates: In his old age, Socrates used harping and harmony of strings and said that it was better to use that craft late than never learn it. He also took care to learn the Art of music, which he considered necessary.\n\nAnd so, he kept himself ever poor to learn and rich to teach. Though he was wise and witty, he said he could do no good. From Jerome's letter 35, Valerius, book I, chapter 8: Socrates did not shy away from taking a reed between his teeth and playing with his small children, as recorded in Polito's eighth book.\nIt is homely and necessary for a wise man to play / not to put away the use of virtues / but to refresh himself and make himself stronger to do virtues. Also, Socrates was profitable in virtues, which makes men like gods. For he was a man of good temper, as Agelatus says in the second book. So well nearly all his life time he lived in health without sickness, and in that more time, which destroyed Athens, Therfor Valerius says in the second book that Socrates said that many men would live to eat and drink, and he would eat and drink to live. Also, he was of great patience. Therefore Seneca in the third book of Ira says that Socrates worked in the city and was evil smitten on the head. And he answered and said nothing else but he said \"It is evil for men that they do not know\" when they should go out with sallets on their heads and when without. Also when a young man spat in his face while he disputed about wrath, he answered and said \"I am not angry but I.\"\nI doubt whether I should be angry or not\nHe was once angry with a shrewish servant he had, and said I would have beaten her if I weren't angry. He also had a wife who was beautiful but rebellious and disobedient, and children who were more like their mother than their father. He had a servant who was always grumbling and angry.\nNevertheless, Socrates endured always and was patient.\nTherefore, Seneca in Epistle 197 says that Socrates was nearly always in battle, either in tyranny or in freedom, harder than battle or tyranny.\nTherefore, Jerome in Contra Ionium and also in Epistle 33 says that Socrates had two shrewish wives who constantly fought over him. Their names were Zantippa and Alope.\nOnce he blamed them for fighting over him, saying \"You fight for a man with a snub nose and a bald head.\"\nIn the end, both wives turned against him and scolded him.\nScratches by one assent, and after great quarreling and disputing words, they threw on his head their piss for four nights in a row. He answered nothing else but wiped his head and said, \"I well know that it should rain from the thundering of words.\" Agathos, in the second book, and Pol, / 1\nOne asked Socrates why he did not chastise his wife Zanthippe, who was so full of quarreling and anger, or why he put up with such treatment. Seneca, in the third chapter of De Ira, records a sign of Socrates' wrath as being low-voiced and few words. He was true and trustworthy in counsel, as Valerius states in book eight, when a young man asked counsel of Socrates whether he should marry or not. \"Of these two,\" he said, \"you shall carefully consider: / If you marry no wife, you will be alone, have no child, and a stranger will be your heir. If you marry a wife, you will have great responsibility always.\"\nMany people complained about disrespectful behavior, quarreling, and unruliness of their wives, fear of their children's end. Seneca, Epistle 30 and Polito, Book VII. One asked Socrates why pilgrimages did not benefit him. Socrates replied, \"The same cause that troubles you keeps you from home. What profit is there in new lands? The disease of thought must be removed or no place will please you.\" Polito, Book Five, Chapter Six. One asked him who would gain the greatest fame. He replied, \"He who speaks least.\" Polito, Book Seven. Plato's scholars were envious of Plato in Socrates' school. Plato asked Socrates how he could escape the envy of envious men. Socrates replied, \"Be most wretched,\" and then no one would envy him. Ysidorus Ethics, Book Two, Chapter Fourteen. Socrates introduced the first moral philosophy.\nSocrates, the first proponent of philosophy for good living and good manners, is reported to have done so due to his own frustration with the uncertainties and hardships of life. He sought to find a certain man whose life could improve the soul and release it from unskillful liking. Socrates believed that the soul should be strengthened by nature to know enduring things, as it cannot comprehend the chief causes of things in their impure and unclean state.\n\nWhen Socrates disputed various aspects of our last end and the best way to live, Plato was his chief disciple. Seneca's Epistle 107 discusses the cause and manner of Socrates' death. Socrates declared that he preferred to swear by creatures rather than gods. It was charged against him that he acted against the law and appeared childlike, leading to his eventual execution.\nSocrates was condemned to prison, where he should eat the poison called hemlock. He had in mind that he understood that all the works of nature that God ordained to be accomplished by working of God were better than any crafty man's works. Therefore, it is more worthy to take worship that is due to God than metals that were worshipped in temples. (An expositor upon Boethius, De disciplina, chapter four, says that) one of Socrates' disciples accused him because he had written a book about one god rather than many gods. (Therefore) he was compelled to drink a venomous herb in that god's name and drank and did not die. And then he was compelled to drink in the name of many gods and drank and died. Therefore, Tullius writes that after he was condemned, the men of Athens were deeply sorry and punished those who had accused him severely. They made an image of gold resembling him.\n\"Remembrance of Socrates set this in their temple. The commentator Eth 5 says that when Socrates was accused, he said, \"Men of Athens may condemn Socrates, but they cannot make him unrighteous.\" The Athenians began to use forty-two letters / and used them before sixty-five Eutr and Eaufr. Frenchmen, otherwise called Senones, led by Brennius, overcame the Romans and were a mile from Rome when they took the city as a capitol. There, the Frenchmen came in by night through an underground way. Every now and then, the Romans slept. Mallius Torquatus and other Romans were awakened by the cry of geese. The first day of June and they put down the Frenchmen. Therefore, the Romans long held the festival of geese on the first day of June. However, later they called that festival of Juno's month, for they believed\n\nIuno warned the geese and made them cry. In this battle, the senators arrayed themselves regally in the robes of senators. And so they sat in their houses. When\"\nFrench men found them sitting in such rich array, they believed they were gods and spared them, turning back. One Frenchman groped and touched the beard of a senator named Papirius, who rose with a staff in hand and struck the Frenchman on the head. The Frenchmen were enraged and killed him first, then all the senators, one by one. The Frenchmen received a thousand pounds of gold for peace and departed. Furius Camillus, who had been expelled from the city, pursued the Frenchmen and killed them. He brought the gold and jewels of the knights back to the city. Camillus made a third voyage and returned to the city again. He was called the second Romulus. He besieged the Faliscans and the captain of their forces sent out children from the city as if to play and gave them to Camillus, saying that\nThe city should be yielded to him for saving the children. And Camyllus not only abandoned the deceit, but he bound the captains' hands behind him and let them drive him forward with their own hands, and sent them and the children to their fathers and mothers. For this courteous deed, the city was yielded to him who desired it without fraud and treason (Trogus, Book 24).\n\nThree hundred thousand Gauls, led by Belgius and Brennius, destroyed Italy and burned Rome, plundered Pannonia and Macedonia, and slowly subdued King Thrasymachus of Macedonia. Paulus in Book Two relates that the reason the Gauls came into Italy was this:\n\nThe Gauls tasted wine that was brought out of Italy and were moved by the liking of that wine, and went into Italy. The leader of them was Brennius, who ruled among the Gauls Senones. He came with three hundred thousand and sent one hundred thousand to ravage the Greeks. Nevertheless, near Appollonia at Delphi, they attempted and discovered that the Greeks had very sharp swords and keen warriors.\nAnother hundred thousand went into Galacia, which is in lesser Asia, and were first called Galogreci, later Galates. The third hundred thousand remained in Italy and built Papia. Melane Pergame Brixia named the land on this side of the Alps, which is called Gaul, and it was called Francia. Treviso is in that country, called Gallia Senonensis. In the sixth book, chapter ten of the Galls, the French built Verona and Vicenza. They also built the city of Cene for their elders and their herdsmen. That which remains yet resembles the fair complexion and color, and the fair shape of the people, with whom they agreed, not only with Britons but also with the French Gauls, though long passing of time, place, and the world, and company with men dwelling around them, have changed them in many ways. Gaufe (Gaussus or Gauis) turned again from it (Italy) to Britain and lived in peace and repaired, and among the cities he founded was Caerus, now called Caerus.\nCaesar built on the river bank near Seuarne, and he built Belius Gate, now called Byllingate, in Templemane, London. He also built a tower above that gate, where his ashes were placed after his body was cremated. He also made laws and four highways, as stated in the first book, Chapter Britannia.\n\nTrogus, in Book 24, relates that after Brennius' defeat in the eastern countries, he turned again and overcame the Macedonians and their duke Sosthenes, plundering gods and temples. He said mercilessly that rich gods must give men something of their riches.\n\nHe also plundered the temple of Apollo Delphicus on Mount Parnassus, as Polinus relates in Book Six. The men of the country prayed for help from their god, and suddenly the earth shook and a great part of the hill fell upon the host of the Gauls and Haemostones. The Duke Brennius, because of his wounds, could not endure and so he killed himself with a sharp sword.\n\nNo man should wonder at this.\nAppollon took revenge on those who desecrated the goddesses and their temples. For God suffered Appollon to destroy many nations due to their transgressions and evil living and deeds. It is certain that spirits of the air can use their shrewdness in those who are misled and evil. Grace is withdrawn from such men, and evil spirits have granted no mercy to them, nor office or dignity among the Romans. In place of two consuls, tribunes of equestrian rank with the power of consuls were made. The prosperity of Rome began to decrease around this time, but this dignity did not last long. Around this time, Diogenes the philosopher prospered. Josephus in his seventh book states that Diogenes was a disciple of Anaximenes. Jerome in his book against the Ionians states that he was an student of Socrates, and I believe this to be true. Seneca and Valerius state that Diogenes lived in the great Alexandros' time, which reigned long after Anaxagoras, but if there were many Diogenes in various times as there were.\nSocrates Ieronimus, also known as Diogenes, used a double mantle for warmth and carried a jar instead of a cloak, a staff for support, and lived in a barrel and outside of it. He observed life closely on both sides and took heed of the lives of men passing by the way. For many ways, Diogenes seemed to him to be like a tonne when he punished himself. Yet Diogenes had the power to move more men. He turned the mouth of his barrel toward the south in cold times and toward the north in summer times, wherever the sun was. (Valerius, Book 4, Chapter 3)\n\nAlysander Macedon came to him sitting in his barrel and asked him for something. I would say that this Diogenes was mightier and richer than Alysander, for there was more. (R. Seneca, Book 5, On Benefits)\nHe would not receive anything from Alexander, and then Alexander was overcome, for he found a man to whom he could not yield and could take nothing from Diogenes. (Seneca, Epistle 94 and Jerome, Against Diogenes) Diogenes carried a dish of tree bark in his scripture to drink from, and saw a child drink from the palm of his hand. He broke the dish immediately and said, \"How long will a fool bear unnecessary burdens? I did not know whether it was kinder to have the craft of drinking or him always to drink water from the palm of his hand. He never altered his countenance nor his thoughts, whatever misfortunes befel him. He never changed his purposes for sorrow or for misfortune and said, \"It does not fall to a philosopher to change his mind for the happiness of fortune. His death showed that he was virtuous and continent. When he was old, he went to the games at Olympia. He was taken ill on the way and lay in a den by the roadside.\nhis friends would have carried him then on a beast or on a chariot, but he would not assent. Instead, he went to the shadow of a tree and said, \"I pray you go, ye hens, and cease. For this night I shall attempt whether I shall overcome or be overcome. If I overcome the fire, I shall come to the tournament, and if the fire overcomes me, I shall go down into hell and lay down my head and neck and remain there all night, and showed not only that he would die, but also that he would overcome the fire by death. And in case he was deceived by the example and openness of noble men who would gladly die and help in their own death, I believe that he called hell the state of the soul after the death of the body. (Valerius, book 4, chapter 3)\n\nDyogenes spoke words on a certain occasion, and one Aristippus said to him, \"If you would flatter Dionysius the king, you would not need to use words.\"\n\nHe answered, \"If you would eat of these words, you would not flatter Dionysius.\" Also, Dyogenes disputed on a certain occasion about anger and some men.\nHe was asked why he acted so, and he answered, \"I saw no place in him as foul as his face.\" It was also asked why he wore a beard. A woman said he bearded an unseemly sight. One said to him that one of his friends had spoken evil of him. \"If I were as lewd as he accuses me,\" he said, \"for here he makes no difference between the liar and him who accused the liar and warned men of his lies.\" It is not one to speak evil of a man and warn him that another speaks evil of him, and he repeated. St. John in his gospel did not say that the devil was in Christ, but the Jews said that the devil was in him. And Christ himself did not despise God, but he relates how they took him to be the one who despised God. Then it followed that they despised him, and he said, \"Wisdom and wit must be despised by folly. When evil speakers blame and misspell a man, it shows that he is righteous and is spoken of by them.\" In Tullius' first book of the Tusculans, he asks:\n\nDiogenes, when he was to die, bade that he should not be buried but left exposed to the birds and beasts.\nDenys, the tyrant king of Sicily, died and the young Denys took the kingdom. Valerius in Libro quarto: Ammon and Phiceas were two friends, and Denys would need to kill one of them. One asked for a respite and took his companion to the tyrant to plead. The day came and the man did not appear. Therefore, Denys considered the other, who was an unwise pledge. Nevertheless, he came at the set hour. The tyrant was amazed and granted him mercy, praying that he might be one of his companions. Tullius de Tusculis: One Damocles, Denys' friend, praised Denys' royalty and riches, saying there had never been a man with such great wealth. Damocles begged to try Denys' fortune and wealth. Denys granted it, and Denys prepared a bed of gold and a richly set table.\nWith great abundance of hair, sharp above his head by an ear and pointed downward even to his headward, and when he paid no heed to all this liking out of fear of the sword, then Dionysius in Libro Sexto said, \"Such is my life that you hold the life of wealth and of joy.\"\n\nWhen all the men of Syracuse desired and prayed for the death of Dionysius for his cruelty, an old woman in her last age prayed for his life and health. When he knew of this, he marveled at the good will of the woman and asked what moved her to pray.\n\nWhen I was told she was a young woman, I was overwhelmed by a tyrant and desired to be delivered from him. And when he was slain, one was worse than he held the kingdom, and when he was dead, we had the third who was worst of all. And therefore, lest a worse one come after you, I would give my head and my life to save yours and yours. (Tullius, De Officiis, Libro Secundo)\n\nDionysius used no barber to shave his beard for he feared the barbers' razors.\nThis text describes an unidentified person taking gold from temple images and taking a crown from an image of Mercury, with references to historical events. In the eighth year of Aristotle's life, he learned from his master Plato. Nectanabus, king of Egypt, began to reign and ruled for nineteen years. In Polibius' fifth book, the deeds of Furius Camillus, Duke of Rome, are mentioned. Gurgunaus, King of the Britons (son of Belinus), emerged from Denmark and was warned about unpaid tribute. He found thirty ships full of Basilians stranded on the Orchades islands and sent them and their duke, Bartholomew, to Ireland.\n\nCleaned text: This person came to a temple where many images were clad in gold. He took the gold from them and said, \"This clothing is too heavy for summer and cold for winter.\" He then took a crown from an image of Mercury and said, \"I take nothing from him but what he willingly gives me.\" At that time, Aristotle, in his eighth year, learned from Plato. Nectanabus, king of Egypt, began to reign and ruled for nineteen years. In Polibius' fifth book, the deeds of Furius Camillus, Duke of Rome, are mentioned. About that time, Gurgunaus, King of the Britons (son of Belinus), emerged from Denmark. He was warned about unpaid tribute. He found thirty ships full of Basilians stranded on the Orchades islands and sent them and their duke, Bartholomew, to Ireland.\nIn this time, Artaxerxes, the 12th king of Persia, ruled for 25 years. During his reign, a fierce man named Furius Camillus died among the Romans. A great pestilence broke out among them, and in the heart of the city, the earth opened up, revealing a large chasm and a path to hell. The diviners declared that this path to hell remained open only for the burial of a quick man.\n\nMarcus Cursius, a Roman horseman, armed himself and descended into the chasm. The chasm was then closed. Meanwhile, the Romans fought against the Gauls, who were destroying Italy. One of the Gauls challenged Marcus to single combat. Lucius Mallius fought against him instead and killed him, taking a gold brooch from his neck and wearing it around his own. From then on, he and his descendants were known as Torquatus, meaning \"a man with a torque\" (torques being a Latin term for a brooch).\n\nAugustus, City of God, Book 5, Chapter 5.\n/ ca\u00b7 18\u00b7 Seyth that this torquatus slough his owne sone that had foughten for the con\u00a6tray and wonne the vyctory\u00b7 he slough him for he had foughten aye\u0304st his faders heest lest that dede shold haue be ensample of mo\u00a6re harme and despyte of the empyre than the worship shold be of the deth of the enemye / Philip kyng of macedonia that was hol\u2223den Alysaunders fader began to regne and regned xxvj yere In his tyme demostenes the aduocate fairest speker of al prospe\u00a6red. he wente on a tyme to a fayr strompet called layes & was of corynth & lays axed of hym an yefte / that she clepeth nu\u0304mu\u0304 quantum & demostenes that was gretely moeued in lust sayde that he wold not bye so dyer & after be sory & forthynk his dede Pol libro sexto \u00b6 This nummum quantum maketh / x / M / pens of ours and is worth half the greter talentum that is wor\u00a6thy xx thousand pens of ours Trogus & val li\u00b7 8 / Demostenes\nthe aduocate was so besy to putte of al maner lette of his speche that noman spake more cleere than he\u00b7 And though he hadde a wel\nA small vessel. He used it so that he had a noble sonning speech. I asked him often what was most speedy among wise men, and he said the most speedy is to the knot of that which he cannot not. I tell you of him that he spoke much and long time while he had stones in his mouth, but when the stones were out and the mouth void, he was more ready to speak.\n\nAgellus Messengers of the Moloses came to him, and on the first day they pleaded against them. Demosthenes opposed them and withstood them.\n\nOn the morrow, he was stopped with money, for he should not speak against them. The third day, when the cause should be pleaded, Demosthenes came forth with wool about his neck and said that he had the sycophant and therefore he might not speak against the Moloses. Then one cried out and said, \"It is no sycophant but silver that helps him.\"\n\nDemosthenes afterward told out how it was accounted and asked of Aristodimus what fee he had taken to plead for them. Talentum, he said. I said, Demosthenes had well.\nmore for to hold my pees Valerius libro septimo Twey me\u0304 had taken money to a woman to kepe and ordeyned that the wo\u00a6man shold delyuer the money to neyther of hem by him self but to them bothe to geder / long tyme after that oaxed the moneye than the woman was pursued hard & greuously & demostenes cam & helped hir in this maner & said lette hem both come to geder & axe / hir money as it was ordeyned whan the money was ta\u2223ken hir to be kept & than the moneye shal be payed & no rather & for they cam neuer to geders the woman was quytte. Y{us} li / 1 / ca 31\u00b7 Kyng philip besieged the cyte athenes / & axed x wyse me\u0304 of the cyte to be deliuer to him & he wold goo awaye from ye cyte & besiege it no le\u0304ger. but demostenes counseiled nay & told this fable wolues somtyme proferd frendship to shepherdes on this condicio\u0304 that the shepherdes sholde delyu her hou\u0304des to the wolues for your dogges sayd they make all the varyaunce bytwyx you and vs wherupon the shepherdes delyuerd hem the houndes / \u00b6 Than the wolues whan\nThe strength and ward of hounds was slain and devoured all the sheep at its own will. So said he, this Philip would destroy this city, if it lacked wise men of counsel. Othus, king of Persia, turned the Jews into Hierapolis. The great Alexander is born in Macedonia. And Dionysius is slain in Syracuse. The Romans overcome the Gauls in which fighting one of the Gauls asked Marcus Valerius, a Tribune of Rome, to fight with him in a single battle, body for body. And while they fought, a raven sat upon Valerius' right shoulder and continually pecked at the eyes of the Frenchman, thus the Roman gained the victory and the name. He was afterward called Corvinus, for a raven is corvus in Latin. Corvinus was consul for twenty-four years after that deed. Plato, the philosopher, lived for 78 years; in such great reverence that I doubted long after his death whether he should be accounted among the gods or among demigods. Plato was most excellent among them.\nSocrates was called Plato due to his broad chest and wide brow. Plato was born in Athens. In Tullius, Book 1, Chapter 10, it is written: While Plato was a child and lay in his cradle, bees sat on his lips, and the gods said he would shine in the sweetness of eloquence. In Valerius, Book 1, Chapter 4: That night when Plato was set to learn from Socrates, he believed a swan sat on his knees. In Plutarch, Book 7, Section 7: In Plato's first lesson in literature, he was taught by Denys. In Plutarch, Lib. septimo, Plato in wrestling with Ariston, Argus, did not despise the craft of puture. He feigned himself proficient in divinations and gestures. He trusted in his ending and telling as old women use, and would become a fighting man. But Socrates forbade him. In Valerius, 8, ca. 7: Socrates died last, and Plato turned to the teaching of those who followed Pythagoras' doctrine and worshipped them not only for their knowledge.\nBut after that, he went to Theodorus of Cyrene and learned geometry there. He learned the prophecies of the prophets, but the acceptance of times prevented him from being in the time of the prophets. Augustine, in De Civitate Dei (book 8, chapter 11), states that Plato was born about a hundred years after the death of Jeremiah the prophet. Around sixty years after Plato's death, the books of the prophets came into Egypt during the pilgrimage of Plato. Plato could not have seen Jeremiah, who had been dead long before, nor read the untranslated books of prophecy in Greek. Nevertheless, many things were found in Plato's books that agreed with the sayings of the prophets.\n\nAugustine, in Libro 16 (book 20) and Confessionum (before the end), says that the Gospel of John was found in Plato's books, to that place tenebrae non comprehendebant - that is, darkness did not know light. For the apostle said that such philosophers were lost in their thoughts. I would not be surprised if it was written thus.\nIn books of holy fathers, after departing from Egypt, Plato came to Italy and followed Carantinus, who held Pythagoras' teachings. Permenes stayed with them and gathered their sayings. Some moved these three wise men to Sicily through various opportunities. One reason was that he came to see the story of nature and the reason for Mount Etna's burning. Another reason was that he came at the behest of Dionysius the tyrant to support Dion and the grace granted by Dionysius.\n\nJeronimo contra Ion: Plato was, and for his scholars, should feel no other liking but for things they should learn.\n\nMarcus, third book: Plato said that there are two deaths by one death - the soul forsakes the body by one, and by the other, while in the body, the soul forsakes and despises bodily likings, wrath and anger, and unskillful doings. This should be the desire of philosophers.\n\nSeneca, On Anger, third book: Plato was once angry with his servant and heated him from his kettle and made his shoulders naked.\nand he only acted when he understood that he was angry. He raised his hand and stood as if to strike. Then one of his friends, Pseusippus, asked him why he stood thus and what he was doing and thinking. He answered and said, \"I am about to punish a man and am angry and worthy of punishment myself. Pray, said he. Strike this servant lest I strike him more than necessary because of my anger.\" No man is in another's power who is not in his own. Helmande said that Plato used to title his books by the names of his masters, for they would be more authoritative otherwise by the names of scholars that he loved. Plato is said to have died for shame, unable to grapple with the question of shipmen. I believe it is truer, as Maximus says, that these two men were often together, wise and nobly speaking, and also because of their close friendship. For it is certain that noble and worthy men had many names. Plutarch [or Pol] envied Plato's learning and loquaciousness and feigned.\nFlamanus the philosopher, in his book \"de vestigijs philosophorum,\" relates the following tale about Plato: Though many men claim that Plato willingly yielded up his spirit at the age of ninety-nine, or forty-nine times nine, Valerius in the ninth book, chapter ten, section thirteen, records otherwise. Homer could not answer the question and died in shame. Gregory of Nazianzus, commenting on the Apostle's words, \"The wisdom of this world is foolishness before God,\" stated that Plato walked along the seashore and, when shipmen saw him, laughed at him in scorn.\n\n\"What have you said?\" they asked him.\n\n\"All that we have taken, we have nothing,\" they replied, \"and all that we have nothing, we take.\"\n\nThey were dressed in rags and had slaughtered all they could take, yet they had nothing that they had acquired. Plato pondered the fish and marveled, eating nothing and sleeping nothing. He found the solution to the question so compelling that he died. (Valerius, fourth book)\nPlato heard that his disciple Zenocrates had spoken evil of him and greatly despised him. But Plato took no heed of this complaint. The judge asked him why he gave no credence to the tale. Plato replied, \"It is not worthy of belief that one who has loved me so long did not love me in return. But the judge swore that he had heard such tales from Zenocrates himself. Plato answered and said that Zenocrates would never tell such tales. However, it seemed fitting for such tales to be told to Valerius in his seventh book.\n\nAfter Plato, his nephew Pseusippus came in his place, and after him Zenocrates, Plato's favorite student who was well-loved in the school called Academy. Therefore, those who came after them were called Academics. They were also called Platonists. Valerius in his tenth book speaks of this Zenocrates. It is read of this Zenocrates that a fair woman of Athens received money and undertook to make him lie with her.\nShe came to him at night and lay by his side in his bed, but she could not in any way make him relent chastity. Younglings scorned her. She could not make the philosopher relent from his chastity. I made no conversation. She spoke of an image, not of a man, named Jerome against the Ionian doctrine. Zenocrates left the men of Athens with only three horses of Tricolonian laws to worship father and mother and the greater gods. In the hanged and laughing, he said, \"The greater the thieves are punished the less.\" Valerius Livius 6, in the end. Also, there was a young man of Athens named Pollemus, otherwise called Pollemius, who was lecherous. He had pleasure and joy not only in his evil deeds but also in evil looseness and infamy. One time he came from a feast not after the going down of the sun but after the sun rising, anointed with ointments and adorned with garlands and royally clothed, entered the school in this manner, full of noble doctors, and sat down there to scorn the fair speech of the doctors.\nhis drunkenness eventually provoked indignation in every man, but Zenocrates did not change his demeanor. Instead, he left the topic he had been speaking about and turned to the topic of sobriety and patience. Polemius was compelled to listen, and first he drew his arm, which he had kept steadfastly without his mantle, and then he threw down the garland of his head. In the end, he abandoned all his evil looks. From a foul boiler and cauldron, a great philosopher was made. After Plato came Aristotle, a noble man of fame, learning, and great wit. However, he was not as noble a speaker as Plato. But he surpassed many in the craft of fair utterance and showed to all others the way to speak. He founded the sect called parrhesiastica. For he used to dispute wandering and walking while Plato lived. Aristotle gathered many disciples into his heresy.\nmade books of all manner of philosophy and yielded certain horses and rules in all manner of philosophy. Nethes, passing all others, brought logic into his rightful possession. This is called the philosopher, as it were, he who brings the price of philosophers. So Rome is called the city, and Maro the poet, and Aristotle the philosopher. Nethes, some men believed, was the son of a demon, for he was swifter and wiser than others and desired great worship. By many cunning tricks, he won and took worship before all others. Aristotle, among other things, taught eloquence, fair and noble speech, as is particularly seen in his comments on Homer and in his works \"Troy,\" which he bequeathed to Alexander, and in his dialogues of poets and his treatise on rhetoric. Aristotle, at the age of eighteen, was sent to Athens and learned there from Socrates for three years. And when Socrates was dead, he remained with Plato for twenty years until Plato died. Plato called him \"the favorite\" of Plato.\nAristotle showed us how to read and would often say, \"Let us go to the readers' place.\" When Aristotle was absent, Plato would exclaim, \"Understanding is gone.\" The audience is dead. He lived for 24 years after Plato's death. At times, he taught Alexander, at other times traveling with him into many lands, at times making books, and at times teaching disciples. He lived for a total of 87 years. He made Alexander rebuild Stagira, which Philip had destroyed. Therefore, the men of that city honor a feast day in Aristotle's worship, and this feast is called Aristotileya. The month in which this feast is held they call Stagirites. Aristotle died in Chalcis and was brought to Stagira. When Alexander was at war with the Persians, Aristotle was engrossed in philosophy and wrote a history of two hundred and fifty laws. Aristotle put many things related to philosophy and ethics. That is, the perfect wealth is not in worldly riches. Also, to philosophize, he put the fifth.\nAristotle, in \"De caelo et mundo\" and other books, referred to the fifth body above the four elements as the \"celestial\" or \"firmament.\" He posed dialectical problems in physics and natural philosophy in 400 books, as well as problems in perspective and metaphysics. A problem, in this context, is a difficult question. Perspective is the science that deals specifically with sight, teaching how things appear to be different from their actual shape or size, either larger or smaller, even or crooked, or otherwise shaped than they seem. Aristotle also established statutes to justify the cities of Greece, which Philip used to determine and end disputes among the Greeks. He left behind his son Nicomachus, his daughter Pythias, and numerous disciples, including Theophrastus, who was highly renowned.\nAristotle wrote the book of spousals. He made a thousand books and valued truth over popularity and abandoning openly known facts. Averroes praised him well in his third book, Metaphysics. Rabbi Moses I, in chapter 4, and Algazel in book 8, chapter 3, also praised him. This is the man who moved academia more with the strength of reason than with strong winds. Plato raised doubts effectively about almost everything. Pliny, in his book, says that the great Alexander burned with curiosity about the kinds of beasts and sent many thousands of men from Greece, Asia, and Thrace to Aristotle who fed wild and tame beasts and birds, hunted, and kept all kinds of beasts in cages, ponds, and fish weirs, because he wanted to know all things that come forth in nature. Aristotle examined them all quickly and made about fifty volumes.\nPliny, in his Natural History (Book 2), relates that some people claim Aristotle wrote his books briefly and difficultly out of envy and vain glory. Others assert that he did so to cater to students, as the pursuit of knowledge requires hard work. Be advised that everything with life and sensation is referred to as a beast.\n\nAristotle, upon his impending death, wished his subtle books to be buried with him, as those who came after him would derive no benefit from them. I do not know by what power or craft I speak, not through wonder of witchcraft, that the sepulcher has so appropriated itself to that place surrounding it that no one may enter it now.\n\nSome men assert that antecedent Christ will know that place and look upon and see the hidden books. But who dares believe such uncertain and doubtful things? Regarding the death of Aristotle.\nNausazus in his trice upon that word of the apostle: \"The wisdom of this is folly before God,\" and said that in Greece, at a place called the Black Bridge, the sea ebbs and flows as if at one and the same place. Aristotle came and wanted to know the cause and observed it for a long time, but could not find the cause. In great indignation, he spoke to the water and said, \"I cannot comprehend and take you; you shall take me,\" and he fell into the water and drowned.\n\nNausazus was comforted by the sinelle and taught his scholars how to live and come to God and be with God without end. In the end, his hand began to tremble, and the apple faded.\n\nThen follows in the story Aristotle's successor, who was named Theophrastus, and had that name for his noble speaking of God, so says the master of this history. This Theophrastus wrote a book on marriage and called the book Theophrastus Aureolus. There is a dispute about it.\nI.ernius speaks frequently in the text about the book against Ioninianus, which Theophrastus wrote. He also composed another book on friendship, placing it before all other things for men. I say that this Theophrastus accused nature because it gave longer life to other beasts than to mankind. It is written there that friends love well and do not test whether they are loved. Also, it is written that loving men have blind judgments.\n\nThe Romans arranged a battle against the Samnites, who were between Campania and Apulia and had armor of gold and silver. The cause of the battle was the land of Campania, which is the best and most fertile. The chief city thereof is Capua, which is peer to Rome and Carthage in greatness and abundance. Lucius Papirius, dictator or orator of Rome, was sent against the Samnites, and he ordered Quintus Fabius, master of the horsemen, not to engage in battle while he was on the way. Nevertheless, Quintus saw and found occasion.\nand fought well and defeated the Samnites. Due to this, the dictator condemned him for fighting against his orders in his absence. Nevertheless, he was delivered and saved by great favor from knights of the people.\n\nSuch great strife arose against Papirius that he was later in a place called Furcula Caedus. The Samnites had the Romans cornered in narrow ways and overcame them with such great shame that they preferred to keep them alive in shame and servitude rather than kill them. They forced them to discard their armor and cloaks and go on a long retreat under the hillside, offering them a condition. If the Romans had held to this condition, they would have become bondmen to the Samnites.\n\nThe duke and leader of the Samnites, Poncius, had ordered a pass. This place is closed with hills on either side and has a plain in the middle between them, with narrow entrance and exit. Poncius had sent some of his knights\nclothed as herdsmen who kept beasts, and they should answer the host of Romans who would pass and ask about the samplings where they were, and the knights would answer that the samplings had passed to besiege a city called Lucrecia, which was allied with the Romans. When the Romans heard that they were swiftly entering the valley of Furecole, as if to hasten to the relief of the besieged city, but in the meantime the samplings' knights and others cut down trees and blocked the entrance and outgoings of the valley, and went up to the tops of the hills. Thus, the Romans were compelled by necessity to ask for peace from the Samplings, other than a battle of knights. Then Poncius the duke answered and said, \"Now the battle is done and granted peace on this condition that the Romans should yield up their clothing and armor and go naked, save for their precious horsemen of the Romans.\" The following year, at the behest of the senators, the dictator humiliated the Romans.\nAfter that victory, a great pestilence fell upon Rome, causing death and lightning. The city mourned for the dead and the sick. They consulted the books of Sibylle, the wise woman, and sent to Epidaurus, a city in Greece, to fetch a statue of Asclepius. He was believed to be the god of medicine and showed himself to his worshippers in the form of a serpent.\n\nOrocius also reports that the wives of Rome, in their love for their husbands, prepared love potions which were in fact poison. A maidservant who knew of this warned the senators, but the wives were compelled to drink of the same poison. Many of them fell down dead suddenly. Two hundred wives and seventy others in Britain were affected. His wife Marcia was clever and skilled in many crafts. She made the law, called the Marcian law.\n\nLook further into this in the first book, chapter on laws (de legibus).\n\nAlso, regarding Marcia...\nAfter her husband's death, she ruled for some time. Sicillius succeeded her, followed by Kimarus Dauius, who was very cruel but was eventually devoured by a beast. Arsanius, also known as Xerxes Ochus, was the king of Persia for 14 years and reigned for four. In his first year, Jadus, bishop of the Jews, prospered. Philip, king of Macedonia, died by the treason of one Pansania. Trogus, in book nine, writes that this Philip was more eager about deeds of war than about feasts and yielded more to the desire for riches than to keep them. He robbed continually yet was always in need and loved mercy and falsehood equally well and was untrustworthy in his speech. He feigned friendliness and paid well when he was angry, and was angry when he was paid well. He stirred up anger between parties and gained favor on both sides.\n\nTrogus, in book seven, writes that when he had first overcome the men of Athens, he released the prisoners out of goodwill, but then he married Olympiada.\nNeoptolemus, the daughter of Molosses, received Alexander the Great in marriage. They launched an assault on the city of Matthona, and there Alexander's right eye was struck out by an arrow. But this wound did not slow him down in battle or make him any less fierce against his enemies. In the end, the city was taken, and Alexander showed mercy to its inhabitants. Trogus, in Book Eight: This Philip was an enemy of human freedom. He kindled fire in Thebes and helped the lesser against the greater, bringing both under his control. He made two brothers, kings of Thrace, subjects of his arbitration to judge fairly between them and make a final peace. He made his brother-in-law, Alexander, a young man of twenty, use the more bound to him and his service after his death. Trogus, in Book 14: At one point, Philip waged war against the Syrians. He defeated them more with guile and deceit than with virtue.\nAnd he had with him twenty thousand women and twenty thousand beasts, along with twenty thousand noble mares, to populate Macedonia as if to establish a new community. At one time, he turned from the Thebans in Greece who warned him not to pass, and was wounded in his thigh mysteriously, causing his horse to be slain beneath him. He avenged them that day solemnly, but he seemed neither more joyful towards his own men nor more stern towards those who had been defeated. Instead, he sent the prisoners back and restored three hundred wise men who had been expelled. All these wise men, when five of them were accused of the transgression, declared that they were all equally involved in the deed. Philip raised an army of two hundred thousand foot soldiers and fifty thousand horsemen to wage war in the Kingdom of Persia. He appointed Attalus as duke and commander of this army. This duke's sister, Olympiada, was Philip's wife, but was later put away.\nand forsake / \u00b6 Therfor whan Philip sate atte feste of spousayle without wardcorpses Pansa\u2223nia a noble yong man slough him right there \u00b6 The cause therof was this\u00b7 Atthalus had dispitefully scorned this pa\u0304sania and done hym greete vylenye firste pryuely and after openly in a grete feste and reuel & he complayned ofte to Philip of the de\u2223spite that atthalus had done hym and had none ame\u0304des\u00b7 therfor he tourned his wrath and was wroth with philippe and slough hym in that maner for vengeance of that dede \u00b6 Olimpia\u00a6da philippes wyf and alysaunder philippes sonne were hadde in suspection and not holden all gyltles of that dede \u00b6 Olimpia\u2223da for that she was forsaken\u00b7 and Alysaunder for the despyte in that was done to his moder And specially for philip ofte repre\u00a6ued his sone alysander for his moder was so forsake\u0304 & was oft in point to rese on hym with his swerde And therfor Alysander exiled. dwellyd a while with his vncle in epyrus Treuisa This lande is tracia and was somtyme the land of Epyrotes / It foloweth in\nThis story relates that after Panasia's hanging, Olympias was crowned with gold and her body was burned on her husband's body. Truth be told, this practice was once common in various lands to burn noble bodies upon their deaths and keep their ashes reverently in place. The story continues with the hanging of Cleopatra, sister of Philip. This Philip was once warned and saved himself from chariot violence. Therefore, he destroyed all chariots and chariots in his kingdom and avoided that place called chariot in Boecia. However, he did not escape Pansania's sword. The hilt of that sword bore an engraving of a chariot. (Pol. Lib. 6.6)\n\nWhile Philip was ordering his host, he forbade all men any kind of carriage that went upon wheels and commanded every ten-foot man to carry stones and ropes with them. In summertime, he made men carry meat and flour and querns on their necks for thirty days. (Trogus)\nprimo\nTHe grete Alysaunder whan his fader was dede\u00b7 bygan to regne after his fader in macedonia in his xx. yere of age & regned but xij yere and sex monethes / He was gretter than his fader both in vyces and in vertues / Netheles his fader was the wyser man of counseylle / but the sonne was the gretter man of herte \u00b6 The fader wold ofte kepe secrete and ouercome his owne wrath\u00b7 the sonne vsed not to seche loue nowther the maner of wreche / eyther loued wel wine and were both good deynkers The fader wold slee but his enemyes and the sonne wold slee both his enemyes and his frendes \u00b6 The fader wold be loued but the sonne had leuer be drad. they were of one byleue / the fa\u2223der yaue him to skylful largenes of yeftes / and the sonne yaue him to lechery Vynceu\u0304 libro quinto The yere of othus kynge of pers xv of philip kyng of macedoine xij and of nectanabus kyng of egypt xvij. othus occupyed egypte and put oute nec\u2223tanabus\u00b7 If this nectanabus drad werre and bataylle he wold not araye and gadre his hoost\u00b7 neyther\nOrdeyn guns of war, but he would go secretly into a private place and take with him a basin of clear water and make ships and men of wax, to the likeness of a ship in the sea, so that they seemed to move and be alive. He would also take a yard of hollow reed, within which he would speak and call upon gods above and below. He would then find a way to drown his wax ship in the basin. And so it would happen that by drenching of the wax and the tapestries that were burning, his enemies would be drenched in the sea. He was once told that Indians, Persians, Arabs, and other nations had conspired against him. He broke out laughing and went to perform his craft. And he knew by that that he would be overcome, but if flight might help him. Suddenly he bade farewell and took all the precious riches he had and came to Macedonia, saying that he was an astronomer. Philip the king was unaware of this.\nCountry occupied by Nectanabus through war and enchantment, his fantastical gate winning the Queen Olympias' love. He lay with her, assuming the likeness of Jupiter, horned and by her side. When the queen was with child, many birds flew about Philip, who was then engaged in war. Among the birds, a hen laid an egg in Philip's lap. When the egg was knocked from his lap to the ground, a dragon leapt out of the shell and circled around. While it tried to enter the shell from which it had emerged, it died instantly.\n\nAntiphon, a noble divine being, was then asked about the significance of this event. He replied, \"Philip will father a son who will travel around the world, but he will die before returning.\" A dragon signifies a real beast, and an egg has the shape of the world.\n\nLater, while Olympias was giving birth, the earth shook and rumbled, and Quintus Curcius Albus observed and interpreted the signs of two great empires of Europe and Asia.\nA child named Alysaundre is born, with fair hair and fair eyes, one yellow the other black. Ieronimus, Epistola 85. Alysaundre cannot leave the manners, vices, and lechery of his master Leonides. In which he was indulged when he was lord of the world. And therefore, his father Philip replaced Leonides with Aristotle as Alysaundre's master. Seneca. Alysaundre later had Leonides put to lions to be devoured.\n\nWhen Alysaundre was twenty-five years old, he took great pleasure and joy in being among men of arms and riding horses, acting knightly. One day, when Philip was absent, Alysaundre asked Nectanabus to teach him his craft, and he granted it. They gathered near a deep water pit. Alysaundre threw the witch into the same pit. When he was mortally wounded, he asked Alysaundre why he had done so.\n\nThy craft [to Alysaundre], said Alysaundre, is to blame for it; I warned not this change. There thou lie [to the witch], and shouldst.\nNectanabus spoke and answered, saying, \"No man can escape his own destiny. Nectanabus spoke, and he was a witch, and therefore he should not be believed. But it would be a shame for a Christian man to believe this false prophecy of a witch. For from every shape that a man is shaped in this world to fall into, God save him if it is his will. Then it follows in the story that Nectanabus spoke, saying, 'I know well by this craft that my own son will kill me.' Alysander asked, 'Are you my father?' He told Alysander all things in order, and he died immediately after. Alysander ordered him to be buried and told his mother of all this. At that time, Philip gave great thought to who should be his heir and king after him. He received an answer from Appolynus Delphicus that whoever might ride his horse, Bucephalus, without falling or hurting it, should be his heir and lord of the world. Alysander heard of this from Philip about his perilous and biting horse.\"\nIn the ring of lions, Alexander took the horse by the mane and led him out, then mounted and rode him without harm. Philip heard this and worshipped Alexander as lord of the world. In his fifteenth year, Alexander fought in chariots and won the victory, capturing the city of Methone that his father had lost. When he returned home, Persian messengers brought a challenge for tribute that they were accustomed to pay for land and water. Alexander challenged the king of Persia, declaring, \"The elements that are common to all men and beasts.\" He bade Darius leave and cease from unskilful warfare. In a homely and special company, Alexander heard a sweet harp and plucked the strings, saying, \"It is better to pluck strings than to harden my heart. To ease than to be chivalrous. To indulge in lechery than to practice virtue. To delight in bestial liking than to be manly.\" However, histories say that Antigonus opposed him.\nAlysander broke the harp that gave him great delight here. He says it is now your turn to reign. Be ashamed to allow women's liking to reign in a king's body. Tullius: While Alysander gained favor from men through money gifts, his father wrote to him in this manner: What error has led you to believe that you could have them loyal to you, whom you have won over with money? He who receives is the worse and more ready to wait for gifts. He takes heed of him as if he were a servant and a giver of gifts, not as a king.\n\nThe twenty-fourth king of Persia, Arsanes, son of Darius, began to reign in the second year of Alysander and reigned for six years. Trogus, book 11: Then Alysander cleverly quelled many strife that had begun and went to Corinth. He began to renew the war in Persia that his father had left unfinished.\nHad begun, he had gathered the Lacedaemonians and the Athenians who were in rebellion due to Demosthenes. Then the Athenians, with the Flemen, yielded themselves to Darius, king of Persia. He distributed his heritage among his friends and believed that Asia was now entirely under his control. Therefore, he bade the knights spare the lives of the Asians. He left the duller men to keep his kingdom. Macedonian and had with him the sharpest-witted men. Old Meon, who was sixty years old and had traveled with his father, he made masters and leaders of his host. For they put their hope in brains and not in feet, and trusted in victory and not in flight. In Alexander's host were 31,000 foot soldiers and 5,000 horsemen. Therefore, it was doubted whether it was more wonderful that Alexander could conquer the world with such a small army, or that he dared to face him with such little strength.\n\nPeter 196\n\nAlexander passed the Hellespont and overcame Darius' dukes and leaders who had assembled against him.\nGranicus / After passing through Lydia via Sardes, which is located between the two Frigyes (Trogus, book 11), Alexander heard of Darius' approaching army and was alarmed by the size of the encampments. He ascended Mount Taurus, 50 furlongs away, and took command. He arrived at the Thareses, filled with sweet wine and powder or dust, and threw himself into a nearby spring. However, his strength began to wane, and he would have died had he not drunk from Philip the Physician's hand. Darius had previously given Philip a large sum of money to assassinate Alexander, and Alexander had letters confirming this. / Four days later, Alexander recovered. Darius crossed the Euphrates River at Mount Taurus with 4,000 infantrymen and 100,000 horsemen and set out.\nThere was strong fighting between the two kings, and either was wounded. Darius fled quickly, leaving behind 4,000 foot soldiers and 10,000 horsemen. Over 30,000 were taken prisoner. His castles and walled towns were destroyed. Darius' mother, wife, and two sisters were captured, but their lives were spared and they were taken for new marriages. Alexander then began to live lecherously and loved Roxana, whom he had taken captive, and married her. He then desired to be king of the east and went to Syria.\n\nA suggestion was made to Alexander by Saraballah that the Jews would be less rebellious if their power were divided. They built a temple on the hill Mot Gazarim, which lasted until its destruction by the Romans. Manasseh, who had married Alexander's daughter and was the bishop's brother, was ordained as bishop there.\n\nWhile Alexander was in Syria, many eastern kings came against him with their crowns and diadems. Some of them are mentioned in Trogius Book 11.\nHe took to his company and named some of them his kingdoms, putting new ones in their place and putting gentlemen down and uncivil ones in their place. Among these, he put one of the gentlemen and made an uncivil man lord of Sidon. This lord, who had previously worked for them, maintained pitches and orchards and gardens, so that men should take heed and trust in their noble deeds rather than their great blood. Trogus, lib. 18: At that time Alisader filled the ditches and took the city of Tyre and crucified all who dwelt there. Trogus, lib. 81: Sometimes there were many chariots in that city of Tyre and they conspired to gather and slay her lords who had long been victors and all her free men. They occupied her houses and married her wives and begot free children, though he himself was bound. Nevertheless, one chariot of so many thousands hid his lord, whom he called Straton, and saved him kindly. Then the chariots came together to challenge each other to see which of them might first see the sun rising on the morrow.\nHe should be her king. This good man warned his lord Strakon of this deed, and Strakon dismissed the man, telling him that when they were all assembled in the field and looked eastward toward the sun, he should look westward. He did so and showed him wonderfully the light of the sunbeams shining on the highest towers of the city. But they seemed that this manner of behavior came from no foolish man's wit, and they asked urgently who had counseled this deed. He knew then that it was his lord, not until it was known how greatly the wit of lords surpassed that of men, even the old and their children. Strakon was chosen king. This behavior of men was commonly used in every land up to Alexander's time. He took the city and spared all who were within except Strakon's blood. Iosus li 11. Then Alexander wrote to Iadus, prince of priests in Jerusalem, commanding him to prepare victuals and tribute for him, which he was accustomed to pay to Darius the king. Iadus warned and refused, for he had sworn to Darius to pay.\n\"hym [a tribute], therefore Alexander was displeased with the Jews. Peter the Librarian/196. Then Alexander went forth and took the city Gaza, which he had besieged for two months. From there he went toward Jerusalem. Iadas the Bishop, as he had been taught in his sleep, arrayed himself in bishop's attire and appeared against King Alexander with other priests, showing him the prophecy of Daniel. In this prophecy, it was said that one of the Greeks would destroy the power of the Persians, and that by God's doing and so Iadas obtained the king's grace and release from the tribute for seven years. Trogus, in Book 11, relates that he won Rodos and Egypt without battle. Then he went to Jupiter Ammon to inquire about him and the omens of things to come and also of his own birth. For his mother Olympias was known to Philip. Philip, in the last time of his life, publicly declared that Alexander was not his son and therefore he forsook him.\"\n\"Olympyada, keep away from him. Alexander desired to obtain legitimacy and birth from a god and also to free himself from his mother's shadow. Alexander gave bribes to the bishops and informed them of his desired answer, then entered Jupiter's temple and was worshipped as if he were the son of a god. Therefore, he grew more proud and uncontrollable, losing the appearance of humility he had learned in letters. He then went to Egypt and built the city of Alexandria. He passed forth and waged war on the city of Samaritans and conquered it, giving it to the Macedonians to inhabit. The Samaritans had killed one Andromachus, whom Alexander had left to govern the country.\n\nAugustus, Caesar for the gods, at that time Alexander asked a thief named Dionysides, who was captured at sea, why he robbed the sea. He answered steadfastly, \"For the same sky that you rob the whole world wide, but I do it with a small ship, therefore I am called a thief, and you do it with a great one.\"\"\nYou are called an emperor, but the difference between us is only misfortune and unhappiness. If Alexander had been taken captive, he should have been called a thief. And if the people were ready to obey Dionysus' command, Dionysus would have been an emperor. You impugn the laws, and you say that little fortune, poverty, and scarcity of riches make me a thief. Great pride and covetousness that cannot be fulfilled make one a thief. If my fortune and riches were taken away, I would be better than I am now. The more fortune and riches you have, the worse you will be. Alexander marveled at your steadfastness and said, \"I will try if you will be the better, if your fortune changes, so that after this you will not blame fortune but your own manners for your transgressions and mistakes.\" When Syria was conquered, Alexander and Darius came together to fight. Darius sent letters.\nTo Alisaunder, in this manner, Darius, king and cousin of the gods, sends his servant Alisander, charging and commanding you to return to my servants those of your fathers who still lie in your mother's lap. I send you a scourge and a purse with gold. The scourge signifies that you should take heed to your learning, and the ball suits your age for play. The money may relieve you on your way, but you must obey my commands and do as I have commanded. I will send men to scourge you and bind you, and bring you before my lordship and majesty. These words made the lords who were with Alisander sore abashed and afraid. Then Alisander answered them and said, \"Why are you abashed by these words, which have more of brag and boast than of trust and truth? It is the manner of the feeblest hounds to bark most, and the less might they have, the faster they bark.\n\nAlisander, king of.\nKing and lord of lords and kinsman of the goddess sends greetings to Darius. You have set me up as a scourge, a ball, and money of gold therewith. I know that you have conveniently granted me all things, for it is fitting that I use a scourge among my subjects. The roundness of the ball signifies that I shall be lord and emperor of all the wide world. The gold that you have sent me requires me lordship of all your riches and treasure. The great pride that wealth instills in us makes us have the greater will to wage war against the [---].\n\nTrogus, Book 11: At last, Darius was overcome and fled to Babylon, and by letters he prayed Alexander to reason with his men who had been taken prisoners. But Alexander challenged not only the money but the entire kingdom. After Darius, he offered his daughter to Alexander and urged him to deliver him his own person and come meekly and receive as the victor decrees. Then Darius had no hope of peace and came against Alexander with 300,000 men.\n\"Foot men and a company of horsemen met him. It was told to him on the way that his wife was dead in Alexandria's ward, and that Alexander had buried her not for love but for his own sake. Therefore, Darius wrote to him for the third time, thanking him for being courteous to all his men and doing them no contempt or envy. He offered him the larger part of his kingdom up to the Euphrates and his daughter with 30 million talents for the ransom of his other men who were prisoners. Alexander answered, \"Thanking from enemies is in vain. It is not necessary to flatter in the midst of war more than I have promised. I will arrange his shelter. Either yield to me, Alexander said Darius, who speaks so boldly, or do not suffer two kings who are great like me.\" Alexander went privately into Darius' tents and met him happily. I am Alexander's messenger, and I bring these tidings. I hold him no king. He will slowly lead him into battle.\"\nAlysander said, \"I am his messenger.\" Darius brought him into the supper where Alysander drank from every vessel offered to him and put it in his bosom. When Darius was warned of this, he was angry and reproved Alysander as a thief. This was a custom in Alisander's court, and so I assumed it was the same. And thus, the king was appeased, and the noise ceased.\n\nBut one who was at the feast knew Alysander, and Alysander was soon aware and fled immediately, sloughing a Persian child who held his horse at the gate and passed the River. Darius followed Alysander, but Alysander ordered that none of his men should pass the River, and that they should give way and let the Persians pass. Trogus, in Book V undecimus, records strong fighting, and at last, Darius began to flee. Alisander's knights pursued and took great prizes for thirty days. Then the rich city of Persepolis, which was the chief city of Persia, was taken, but Darius.\nFled with many wounds and his cousins placed him in the bonds of gold, but at last Darius died, and Alexander buried him with great solemnity and worship. (Trogus, Book 1) And also King Alexander of Epirus, that is Thrace, but Antipater was also born lowly. (Trogus, Book 1) Moreover, Zephiron, Alexander's steward, with thirty thousand fought against the Sytes and were all destroyed. When Alexander had heard these tidings, he made three days great mourning and sorrow. Then his knights thought that he would return to his own country. However, Alexander comforted his knights to travel and conquer strange lands of the east, saying that he sought not Darius' body but his kingdom and his land. (Trogus, Book 1) Soon after, he won the Mardes and the Hircanes. Talestris, the queen of the Amazons, with three hundred women met Alexander and came thirty-five journeys among cruel men to have children by King Alexander. The sight and coming of her was wonderful to all manner of men, and especially for the message that she bore.\nAfter living there for thirteen days, she looked like she had not been there at all and left. Netheses Alisaunder's story relates that Alisaunder asked for tribute from the queen of the Amazons, and she responded in this manner: \"Your wit is remarkable that you would fight with women. If fortune favors us and we overcome you, you will be shamed forevermore. If you overcome us, you gain little respect from your victory over women.\" (Trogus, book 12\n\nAfter this, Alisaunder took the clothing and diadem of the king of Persia, as if he intended to pass into the manner and use of Macedonia. He did this to avoid appearing to have trespassed in this act. He also instructed his friends to wear long clothes of gold. He divided the nights among the company of flutes and provided noble food and drink, lest fasting destroyed lechery. He called his meals diverse plays and had no thought that great riches were lost through such behavior and not gained or won.\nMen began to have indignation towards him because he forsook the usage and manners of his ancestors. He allowed knights to marry women who were prisoners, as they would take and endure the trials of chivalry more easily and think less of their own country. He believed Macedonia should be stronger, for young knights to come after their fathers and use deeds of knighthood within the bounds of their birth, and be worth more afterward if they pitched their tents as it were in their own cradles. Alexander also ordered feeding for his children, armor for the young ones, and wages for the fathers. If the fathers died, the sons would receive the wages of the fathers, and so his childhood would be as it were knighthood and chivalry. However, when the parties were chased, Alexander was cruel among his own men and hated most if any of his men spoke to him disrespectfully. He executed one permanent old man who was next to the king and his son.\nPhilip turned and destroyed the manners and customs of the country and of his ancestors. Fearing news of this deed reaching Macedonia, Alexander ordered some of his friends to go there and report their victories and great deeds. He instructed men to write letters and made the messengers bring him the letters privately, as he wanted to know the will of all those who would send letters, rewarding the true and punishing the false ones in far-off lands. Pol- Alexander was often drunk and cruel among his men. It happened once that he gave judgment against one of the greatest of his palaces, and he immediately called out, \"But for me, I used to call from the lesser to the greater.\" The tyrant, who was already drunk, turned into more madness and said, \"From whom and to whom are you calling?\" \"From Alexander the drunken one,\" he replied.\nAlysander, subduing the people at the foot of Mount Caucasus, built the city Alexandria on the river Tanais. He built twelve cities, each named Alexandria, in various kingdoms and lands: Pontus, Syria, Egypt, Troas at the Tigris, and Staurus. In the walls of these cities, he had written in Greek letters, \"Alexander, Jupiter's cousin.\" (Trogus, Book Twelve)\n\nThe men within the waters called the Palus Maeotis sent a letter to Alexander in this manner: \"If the possession of your body were equal to the desire of your soul, the world could not contain you. Do you not know that trees that grow for a long time rot away in a little while? Therefore, beware lest you fall while taking aim with your bow.\"\n\n(Trogus, Book Twelve)\nSmall beasts and birds and rust destroy iron; there is nothing so strong and steadfast that it cannot be brought into peril and that by a feeble thing and of little worth. What causes this to us? We come never into your land, we may serve no man and we keep not to reign. And you have joy in pursuing thieves and you are every nation's thief. What need have you for riches that make you the more needy to desire more riches? To victory is the cause of battle; no man suffers gladly an alien lord. And if you are God, you should give men benefits and gifts and take nothing from anyone's own. If you are a man, think what you are; you might have friends among those you have not harmed, and those you have overcome you might have in suspicion. Between a bondman and his lord there is no manner of friendship though they be in peace. One day at a feast among Alexander's trusty friends there was speech of the deeds of Philip the king's father. Alisaundre began to boast and make himself more worthy than his.\nFather and a great number of people were present at Alexander's island, but Olitus, an old and wise man, trusted in the king's friendship and prayed the father. Alexander then released him for the great praising, but afterwards, when the king's anger had subsided, Olitus remembered the person who had caused his death and the festival time. He was filled with such great sorrow that he desired to die. Tears flowed from his eyes, and he wept bitterly. Then he embraced the dead body and felt the wounds, pulling out the shaft and showing a willingness to wound himself with it.\n\nFor Olitus was Alexander's Norse sister's husband. This sorrow lasted for four days, and Calisthenes, Alexander's teacher under Aristotle, alleviated it with great diligence.\n\n[Trogus, Book Twelve]\n\nBut not long after this, for Calisthenes, the philosopher, would not accept his manner and attire, Alexander considered Olitus a false spy and struck him with his own hand. He threw the blow of his body into a [unknown].\n\"Pythagoras held out a hand to him, but one Lysimachus, a gentleman and nobleman, gave him poison for relief from his sorrow. Angered by this deed, Alexander ordered that Lysimachus be fed to a lion. But Alexander was moved by the sight of Lysimachus wrapping a cloth around his hand and placing it in the lion's mouth when the lion rose and shook off the tongue and slough. Moved by this, Alexander came to love him more. (Source: Solinus) After this, Alexander came to the hills of Casyopia, where the children of the ten tribes of Israel were confined and prayed for permission to leave. When Alexander understood that they were confined there because of their sin, and that it was prophesied that they should not leave, Alexander confined them more tightly and prevented their departure with stones and pitch. Realizing that human wisdom was insufficient to accomplish this deed, he prayed to God of Israel to fulfill this task. And the hills' copes came together and closed the place.\"\nAfter about ten years of his reign, Alexander went to India and had his knights' armor gilded. Then he led his host towards the noble city of Nysa. There, with a sudden movement of the hill, his host was moved to cry out to the almighty God with holy cries. Afterwards, he went to the hills called Montes Dedaly, which were in the kingdom of Queen Cleopatra. Unable to resist him in battle, she let him lie by her side and ransomed the kingdom. The son she had by Alexander was named Alisander and became Emperor of India after his mother. However, the queen was called the king's harlot while she was alive. Later, Alisander came to a wonderfully sharp stone. Many people fled there for refuge. At that stone, Hercules was forbidden to proceed.\nAfter passing this point, Alexander would not proceed further, but Alexander crossed the Hercules' pillars and gates with great trouble and danger, compelling the people to yield to his majesty. Following this, Alexander fought with Porus, king of India. Porus' horse, Bucephalas, was slain by Alexander, but Porus himself was wounded extensively and taken prisoner. Alexander restored him to his kingdom. Porus was so overcome with sorrow that he would not eat or allow his wounds to be tended.\n\nWhen Alexander had gone around the last cliff of the ocean, he arrayed himself for war in the land of the Brahmans. They sent him a letter: \"We have heard of your battles and victories, but what can suffice the whole world? We have no riches for which to wage war against us. All our good is common to us all. Food is our riches. Clothing and scanty supplies we have instead of gold and great array. Our women are not dressed to please. Great array is a burden among us and not.\"\nOur women desire no more beauty than what they have by nature. Our dry ditches and dens serve us in place of our herberow while we live and in place of our graves when we are dead. If we have a king, it is not for doing right but for the honesty of nature. Among us there are neither dominions nor pleas, for we do not think that redress is needed by pleas or by dominion. We desire no more than reason of nature asks for. We hold necessary that which we know is measurable and not too much. Equality of poverty makes us all rich. Our people have one law and do nothing against the law of nature. We use no traffic that would make us covetous. We shun and forsake foul sleuth and lechery. We do nothing that needs punishing. It is unlawful for us to wound the hills with culture and with share. We use no gluttony or outrage of meat and drink and therefore we are not sick. We dwell in dry ditches, heaven finds us keeping, and earth finds us bedding. We are no warriors.\nWe make peace with good living, not with strength. No father follows the office of his sons' death. We seek no plays and japes; it is pleasing to us to behold the firmament and the stars of heaven. We are men of simple speech. It is common to us all not to lie. God is our God, for he delights in words and in deeds by a manner of likeness of love. He is a word spirit and thought and is not pleased with worldly riches but with holy works and thankfulness of his grace. Rono Alexandri: If it is as you say, Dindimus Bragmans are alone accounted in the number and tale of mankind. They account wrongfully all the deeds that we do. They account grave the benefit that God has granted to the help of mankind. Help and service of crafts they account sinful, and at last they destroy the laws of living. Then either they say, they are gods, or that they have envy of God and because of that they blame the fairest of creatures. Response.\nWe are not at home in this world but journeying from home / we do not dwell here but are making our way back home. We are not burdened with the charge of sins / but are free from such charges. We draw near to our own kind and hasten homeward / we do not say that we are gods, we have no envy of God / but we say that we will not misuse God's goodness. We do not say that all things are seemly that are lawful / God has put the use of things in man's freedom, not he who leaves the worse and follows the better is not God but he is made God's friend. When the swelling of wealth has boiled up pride, then you forget that you are men and say that God cares not for kindred, you build temples for yourselves in which you shed blood. Therefore I call you wood for you do not know what you do, and if you despise God wittingly then you hold in the sin of sacrilege.\n\nEpistola Alexandri\n\nYou call yourself a man of wealth because you dwell there now.\nMan cannot come to the living and doing of / you praise the living and doing of\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English and may require further research for accurate translation and context.)\nyou are poor, yet they are wealthy, but in perpetual prison. For they have no use for riches. But they are without riches, just as law of kind does to you as prison does to them. You till neither gardens nor fields, for the kind does not deem it safe to give you that which lives by roots. So you must necessarily live, for you may not sail into other lands to obtain livelihood. Sometimes beasts lived by roots, just as you do. Therefore, it is good to live in good rule and in abundance and not in scarcity and meagreness. Blindness and poverty should be noble virtues alone. Blindness, for he sees not what he covets, and poverty, for he has not what he desires. I grant that your women are not attractively dressed. You have neither skill nor wealth. It is no wonder that your great need and meagreness and foul sight and nakedness cause you to have no laws and no men to ask for them in any land.\nNeither grant mercy therein, you accord with fish and unskillful beasts. A human soul in various times for various reasons is able to do various kinds of actions. A soul can be changed and transformed with the changing of heaven and is wise in a clear day and dull and heavy when the day is dim and cloudy. The reason of wits is changeable in many ways, and it is not only due to diversity of other things but also due to diversity of ages. Therefore, childhood is mild and young men are willing and old men are soft and weaken. All wits are pleased with things that belong to their own feeling. Truly, you may know how wits have liking in things that belong to their own feeling if you pay heed to how the sight has liking for fair form and color, the hearing for sweet voices and sounds, the nose for sweet odor and smells, the mouth for sweet taste and savors, the touch for hot and cold, dry and wet, and hard or soft, but hardness is known by many wits, for it is known.\nThe elements yield us matter of wits and of all that we feel. The human body's stature is made from the elements, which elements should provide benefits for their own party and give us special help and support through their own dispensation. If you will not use the benefits that we have from the elements, which benefits have been sown, you will be accused of pride, for you forsake gifts, either from envy, for they are given by him who is better than you. Responso dindimi,\n\nYou wage wars and battles and wage war outwardly against men, for you have not overcome your enemies within, but we bragmans have overcome the inner battles of our own members and remain securely and have no battles outwardly. We behold the firmament and the stars of heaven and their birds sing and we are held and fed with leaves and fruit of trees. We drink water and sing songs in worship of God and take heed and think of the.\nWe are paid with few words and are quickly silent, holding our peace. You say what should be done but do not do it yourself. Your wit and wisdom are in your lips. You are hungry and thirsty for gold; you need houses and servants. You crave reverence and worship. Water quenches our natural thirst, but gold does not heal your wounds nor restrain your covetousness, but makes it more. Therefore, it is openly known that the thirst and hunger for gold comes from a natural need. When we once had it, it would have quenched such hunger and thirst. One calamus fled from us to you; we despised him, and you worship him. Then Alexander sent Oneisctius to Dindimus, who lay in a wood on the banks of the trees, with these words: \"Alexander, the great god Jupiter's son and lord of the world, charges and commands that you come to him without delay. If you come, he will give you many great gifts. If you do not come, you will lose your head and your life.\" Dindimus remained still and...\nSothfast answers him in this manner: God gives men light and does no one wrong. He prevents manslaughter and there is no strife or war. But Alexander shall die, and if he is no god. What he promises to me is not necessary for me. I need no such things. I go freely wherever I please. If Alexander strikes off my head and kills me, he cannot kill my soul. The groaning of those who suffer wrong is the beginning of pain and torment for those who do the wrong. Tell Alexander that I fear not my death. If he wants to take anything from me, let him come to me. Then Alexander left off all pomp and boasting and came to Dindimus' feast. We said to him, \"Why disturb our peace? What do you want? We have nothing. & what we have is not necessary for you.\" We worship God and love men. We care not for gold. We despise death. You love gold and hate men and despise God. Then Alexander said, \"Teach me the wisdom and knowledge that you have received from God.\" Then Dindimus answered, \"You have not wherewith to teach.\"\nTo do such a gift, for your soul is full of covetousness; how shall I suffice to the one to whom all the world suffices not? God has made the little one, and though you desire all the world, it needs you to have at last as little land as you see me lying on other than yourself, sit on. If you learn this wisdom of me, all you shall have, though you desire nothing; for covetousness is the mother of poverty. God is my friend. I have heaven for my roof, the earth in place of my bed, the river finds me drink, and the wood is my meat and board. Flesh of beasts rots not within my guttes. I am not burial places of dead bodies. I live as I am made. I know God's privies. For God wills that I be a partaker of his works.\n\nIf you say that I am more and wish to slay, if you kill me I go to God and you cannot escape his hand.\n\nIf Alexander said that you come from God and live in a place of peace and rest, I live in great fear and affright, my own.\nwardens I fear I fear my friends more than my enemies I cannot leave them nor trust them to others A day I grieve men and I am grieved at night and dread extremely if I kill him whom I fear then I am sorry and full of woe And if I am easy and soft then I am despised. And if I would dwell in valleys and dens, I might not endure. Alexander offered to Dindimus gold, silver, clothes, food, and oil And Dindimus said to him may you make the birds that sing here better with gold and silver if you can't why do you make me worse than the birds and make me receive things that cannot help me but of a free man make me a bondservant but I would not wrong you This oil I will receive And when Dindimus had said so, he threw the oil into a fire of wood and sang an anthem to God Almighty Alexander saw that and went his way\n\nAfter this, around the eleventh year of his kingdom, Alexander passed by the eastern ocean, and the bishop of the\nThe bishop was clad in wild beast skins and said they should enter the place if they were clean and not defile themselves by women. Instead, they should remove her clothes and her adornments. The trees were a hundred feet high. Alexander said it often rained there. But the priest denied this and said neither rain nor birds nor wild beasts had ever been seen there. Instead, the trees wept during eclipses of the sun and the moon. The priests took apples from these trees and lived for five hundred years. When the beam of the sun touched the tree of the sun and the beam of the moon touched the tree of the moon, the tree would shake and answer to those standing around. Alexander wanted to sacrifice to the trees, but the priest said, \"It is not lawful to light incense or build fires in this place nor to sacrifice beasts.\" Alexander fell down and clung to and kissed the tree trunks and heard the sun rise.\nof the tree that speaks in the language of India. And even in the month rising, he heard of the tree that speaks in the language of Greece, which was to be lord of all the world around and would never return to his own country. Therefore, he advised him not to go to Babylon, for if he went there, he would not be killed with an egg but with venom. The second year after, he also heard that his mother would die in great misery and his sisters would live long in great wealth. Peter 197: Alysander informed his master Aristotle of this and other wonders of India.\n\nMany stories tell that when Alysander's knights went about the precious places of India, there was one who greatly blamed Alysander's greed. He sent him a little stone with an eye by his knights and said that his lord, without debt, was like that stone in all manner of points. And when that stone was brought, it marveled for a long time on which side of the stone that likeness.\nThe stone should be placed in a balance and it weighed up against whatever could be placed on the other side until a balance was achieved. And the stone weighed lightly now. Eutropius, Lucius Papirius, dictator of Rome, was chosen among all Romans to withstand Hannibal and put him off, if he would come into Italy toward his own country. Messengers from the western lands of Africa, Spain, and Italy came to Byblos to yield themselves to his lordship and majesty. However, he hoped thereby to be made holy king of the whole world, and for great liking and joy he forgot the answer of the sun and moon and went to Byblos to speak with these messengers. Trogus, in book twelve, records this.\n\nAdditionally, the stewards whom he had appointed wardens and keepers of provinces and lands met him there. They were severely accused by men of lands and provinces and he had them hanged in the sight of the messengers who had come out.\nAlexander took Darius's daughter in marriage and married noble maidens of the country to Macedonian men. He left the old men and took younglings with him. He received his mother's letters about Antipater's deceit and treason in Macedonia. He saw that the king had killed his men and had not been rewarded for his great labors. Fearing that worse was yet to come, he ordered his son Cassander to poison the king with venom. The strength and potency of this venom were so violent and binding that no brass, iron, or any other metal could hold it, only the hoof of a horse's foot could hold it. At a banquet in Thessalonica, the physician was serving great dishes of food and drink. Alexander was poisoned and groaned as if he had been struck through the body with a sword. He feared the touch of Manes' hand as much as hard woods. He asked for a tool to take his own life in remedy for his sorrow. His friends believed that he had eaten unhealthy food.\nAt Soper caused his weakness. Peter of Anhalt, 197. Alexander then lost his speech and wrote his last will, refusing to let one man hear of his whole kingdom for I should come after him from no man, but he chose twelve young men who were his companions in youth, successors of his kingdom. However, this ordinance did not last long. For four of them reigned, and the others were abandoned. This is recorded in Daniel Trogus, Book 12. When Alexander's friends saw that he would die, they asked him who should be his heir and emperor after him. The most worthy replied that he was so strong and great-hearted, though he had a son, Hercules, and a brother, Arides, and saw also his wife Roxane with a child. He forgot about them and ordained that the worthiest should be his successor and emperor. He saw also that from this manner of speaking and acting might come great strife and envy. When he could no longer speak, he took the ring from his finger and gave it to Perdicca. Perdicca took it.\n\"Should be his successor, Alexander died in the year of his reign eighteen, and the year of his age thirty-four. Strange men mourned for his death as if he were her father, and those next to him rejoiced as if her enemy had been overcome. Darius ordered his death not to put his enemy before him, but to find him with mildness, as it were the mildness of his son. His friends prayed to Jupiter and had an answer, and arranged to bury him in Egypt. Philosophers came to gather and said, \"Alexander has made a treasure of gold, but now the contrary is true.\" One said, \"Yesterday the world was too small for him, and now four ells is enough.\" Another said, \"Yesterday he had the people at his heels, and now the people have him at theirs.\" Another said, \"Yesterday he had a host, today it deserts him.\" Another said, \"That yesterday he bore down men, and this day he is brought down under the earth.\" Petrus 197. After the great Alexander, in the four parts of the world, reigning.\"\nFour kings ruled in the west in Macedonia, Greece: Philip Arrhidaios, Alexander's brother; Antigonus in the north of Asia and Pontus; Seleucus Nicanor in Coele-Syria and Babylon; and after Nicanor, the kings who succeeded him were all named Antiochus. In the singular, they were all called Antiochus. The kings who succeeded him were Antiochus Theos, Antiochus Gallus, Antiochus the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes. In the south of Egypt, Ptolemy Lagus, the son of Lagos, ruled for forty years after Alexander. Kings with the name Ptolemy followed him and were called Ptolemaic. Among them were Ptolemy Philadelphia, Ptolemy Euergetes, Ptolemy Philopator, also known as Eupator, Ptolemy Epiphanes, and Ptolemy Philometor, Euergetes.\n\nPtolemy Lagus ruled in Egypt for forty years and was called the Savior. He added Syria to his kingdom and waged war with the Jews who were idle on the holy day. He took prisoners from them and sold them. In his reign, Jadus died.\nBishop of I Jews, after Iadus his son, was Onias, bishop. After him, Simon the legitimate, his brother Eleazar. This Tholomeus was so strong that he restored Ptolemy, king of Epurtes, to his kingdom again, after his enemies had put him out. He overcame Demetrius Antigonus' son and restored some of the kingdom to Salnicus, king of Syria; for the kingdom had been called Salnicus before. Agathocles ruled tyrannically in Syracuse; of his wonderful beginning, I read in Trogus' books. Tholomeus took Jerusalem by deceit and guile and took many Jews prisoner, selling them for greed. Theophratus the philosopher was so named for his noble speaking of God Almighty. Theophratus and Menandrus are in their prime. From this year, the history is called the kingdom of the Greeks, regnum Greekorum. Around this time, Seleneus, king of Syria, built Antioch, Leodicia, and Selencia. The great Simon, son of Onias, is in his prosperity and is called the legitimate one for his righteous belief.\nThe Tarantines greatly revered the messengers of Rome, so they allied with Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, bringing with him 40,000 infantry, 7,000 cavalry, and 20 oliphants against the Romans. However, Pyrrhus was defeated in the third battle and returned to his own country. After this, the Tarantines and the Carthaginians waged war against the Romans and raised the war elephants known as the Punic Wars. In the first battle, Pyrrhus overcame the Romans and occupied Italy, extending as far as the city of Praeneste, which is 18 miles from Rome. He sent the prisoners taken alive without ransom and buried all the dead. When he beheld them lying with grievous wounds and stern, terrible, and cruel, he raised his hand and said that he could be lord of the world if he had such knights. Pyrrus offered the fourth part of his kingdom he had gained to Fabricius, a Roman messenger, to join him and be on his side. Fabricius refused.\nPirrus sent one cinquaintesimo Trogus Decimo Septimo, but he found no man's houses that would receive his gifts, and was put off. And Titus Cyenas came again and said to Pirrus that he had seen the country of kings. He added that nearly all who were there were such as Pirrus was held among his own men. In the second battle, Pirrus was overcome, and his Olympians were slain, along with twenty thousand of his men. As Isoder says, the Romans ordered young soldiers to sit behind horses. These young men lightly dismounted in the fight and clawed and gouged the Olympians in the face with horse combs, filling them down and dying right there. Pirrus was overcome and went to Taras, where he later was slain. Valerius.\n\nPirrus Fabricius had castles near Gedera. Pirrus Philo came to Fabricius and promised him that he would take his lord if he would give him a suitable reward.\n\nThen this...\nFabricius bound this Phician and sent him to his lord and messengers to warn him of the treason and of the falsehood. This is Fabricius, harder to be turned out of honesty than is the sun from its course. Titus. Pirrus was praised by the Tarentines to wage war against the Romans. He asked of Apollo what kind the battle should have. Apollo answered him Amphibolyce, that is, he who gives ambiguous answers. It may happen to Pirrus to defeat the Romans. Pirrus was encouraged by this answer and came to Eraclea, the city of Samnium. There, on the first day, the Romans were afraid of the horrible greatness and shape and smell of Olympiantes and fled away in fear. But in the second battle, Pirrus was severely wounded in his arm and went his way then. In many places of Italy, blood sprang and ran out of wells, and rain of milk came down from heaven. Selencus, king of Syria, took many Jews into the cities.\nHis kingdom granted them great worship, as the Greeks had Eleazar's brother, Simon, as bishop of the Jews. The Romans built benevolently in Sapmu2. About this time, Moridunus, the cruel son of Dius, reigned in Britain. His mother was called Tangustela and was Dius's concubine. Moridunus committed many cruel deeds and was eventually eaten by a great beast of the sea. He left behind five sons. The first was called Gorbonianus, who loved righteousness and reigned for a while before dying. Then the second son, Archgallo, ruled cruelly and was eventually overthrown by the people. The third son, Elidurus, a mild and soft man, was made king and ruled for five years of his kingdom. He hunted in a wood called Calcum, now called Caltras, near York. About the city Acluit, he found his brother Archgallo, who had been overthrown from his kingdom, and kept him secretly in his chamber. He feigned illness and summoned the lords of the land, compelling them to come to him.\nrestore his brother to the kingdom / Then Archgalus reigned for ten years and died. / Then Elydurus was restored to the kingdom again. / But his two other brothers Vygenius and Peridurus waged war with him and imprisoned him in Tynouantum, which is London. / They each ruled in turn and both died at last. / Then Elydurus was taken out of prison and restored to the kingdom for the third time and lived in peace until his death. / After him, 23 kings ruled among the Britons, each in turn. / Among them, King Bladgar ruled, who surpassed all his predecessors in music and melody. He was called the god of minstrels. / After him, Heli ruled for forty years and left three noble sons alive after him. / Ptolemy Philadelphia, the second king of Egypt, ruled for 83 years. / I am told that he overcame his father and had in his host 200,000 foot soldiers, 20,000 horses, and 4,000 elephants. / Peter delivered the Jews who were in captivity.\nEgypt and let them go free six thousand by the thousand, and paid to their lords for every poll twenty drams of silver, that is twenty-five shillings of our money, and sent the vessels that were consecrated by the Jews to Eleazar, bishop of the Jews. By counsel of Demetrius, who was warden of the libraries, he sent messengers to Eleazar, asking that he would send him wise men of the Jews who would translate Moses' law from Hebrew into Greek. Then Eleazar sent to the king of every tribe seven men who were scribes and twelve, but the scripture often speaks not of the little number if it is odd over the great. These are called the seventy who translated holy scripture from Hebrew into Greek. They found in that translation anything concerning the Trinity. They did not speak of it, but translated it in a discreet manner, lest we should suppose that they spoke of it.\nThey found six names of God and set one, Angelus Magnus Consilii, an angel of great counsel. They fulfilled this work in three score days and ten. It seems that St. Augustine, in City of God, Book 10, Chapter 42, understands that these seventy departed each by himself in a chariot and translated the law without discord in words or sentences. Jerome holds that they all were enclosed in one house other than they came together the Saturday, and examined and corrected their work, not in words or sentences, nor in the setting of words. And though there were others in the time of the New Testament who translated holy writ from Hebrew into Greek, Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion, and the fifth translation, the author is unknown. The seventy were set before all others. In our time, one Jerome.\nA wise man and learned in three languages translated holy scripture from Hebrew into Latin. The Jews consider his translation to be the truest. However, the holy church does not deem anyone to be placed before the authority of so many men. Some men wanted to amend the translation of the seventy by books of Hebrew, but they dared not withdraw what the seventies had more than the Hebrews. Instead, they made corrections like uncivil vandals. They were also called Obolites to show that there is more in the Hebrew books. The seventies marked with marks called Astarisces what the Hebrews had more than they, shaped as stars. Tholomae, sextus libri. I am told that this Tholomae had seventy thousand books in his library. Petrus, cap. decimo quinto. Of various translations, it is now necessary to speak at once. Before the incarnation of our Lord, three hundred forty-one years and seventeen, the seventies who tore holy writ from Hebrew were prospering. Also after that.\nThe ascent of our Lord was 164 years in the time of Adrian. In the princes' time of Aquila, a translation was made. Three and fifty years later, in the princes' time of Theodosius, Theodosius was prospering, and Symmachus made a translation. After eight years, the fifth translation was found in Jerusalem and is called the common translation, as the translator is unknown. After eighteen years in the princes' time of Alaric, Origenes made a translation with signs called Astaryches and Obelus, and later he made another translation with such signs. Many were translated from Hebrew into Greek, but Jerome translated from Hebrew into Latin, and his translation is held in nearly every place, except in the Sater Eutropius.\n\nThe Romans fought the first battle, which is called the Punic War, against the Carthaginians, before the Africans, the Trues, the men of Africa.\nThe Romans called the battles against the Carthaginians and the Carthaginians \"Punic Wars\" and \"Carthaginian War.\" The Romans had not moved their army outside Italy before this time, but to determine the exact number and sum of Romans, they paid a certain amount and were accounted for. They found two hundred thousand four score thousand twelve thousand three hundred and forty-two soldiers. The battle never ceased since the city was first built. The Romans fought continuously for five years against Hiero, king of Sicily, and against the Carthaginians. The Romans then gave the first battle in Africa its name. Its leader was Marcus Regulus, consul of Rome. They first took their ships, chased them, and eventually took three dukes of Africa and defeated their host, capturing many.\nolympians sent twenty-seven thousand prisoners to Rome, among whom were those captured at River Brigada. They brought a great serpent and sent its skin to Rome as a great wonder. The skin was sixty feet long. The Carthaginians of Africa were overcome and asked for peace. Marcus Regulus refused any peace, but on harsh conditions. The Carthaginians, with Hannibal, king of Lacedaemonia, overcame Marcus Regulus and his host in the end, leaving only two Romans to escape and flee. Thirty thousand were killed. Marcus Regulus and five hundred prisoners were held long in bonds.\n\nLater, the Romans overcame the Carthaginians in war both at sea and on land, killing two hundred thousand and six thousand six hundred of their enemies. Ten olympians were taken, and the Carthaginians sent Marcus Regulus to Rome and begged that they would change prisoners.\n\nAugustine, City of God, Book I. Neither Neptune nor Minerva was sworn that if they asked, they should not.\ndoo/ Regulus should turn again to Carthage. He went forth and drove his wife from his bed as if, and in the counsel of Senators, he advised against his own message. He said it was not profitable for the commonwealth of Rome to exchange so many noble prisoners for such an old man as he was. The Romans acted according to his counsel. \u00b6 Nevertheless, he was not compelled to go again, but the Romans counseled him specifically to abide at Rome. But because he had sworn at Carthage to come again if he could not have authority from the honest burghers of the city of Rome after he was a prisoner, he chose to go again and went again there. The Africans imprisoned him in a narrow tree that was full of pitfalls within four sharp nails and stripped him of the lid of his eyes, making him stand there and wake to the end of his life. Petrus 168 \u00b6 Tholomeus fought against Antiochus, the king of Syria. But afterward, they were confederated to gather for Antiochus. Antiochus wedded Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy, and Tholomeus.\nDaughter and forsook her husband Laodyces, but at last Laodyces had mercy on her husband and came to him again. She punished him and his son, whom he had begotten on Berenice, and made her own son Antiochus king of Syria. \u00b6 A penny of silver is first minted in Rome.\n\nHolomes II, Philadelphus, the brother of Ptolemy Euergetes, was the third king of Egypt and reigned for twenty-five years. This was due to Berenice's husband and son being killed, and Syria, Coele-Syria, and a part of Asia being devastated, which grieved Antiochus Galerius. But when he heard that the princes of Egypt had conspired against him in his absence, he turned back to Egypt and brought with him great wealth and two thousand six hundred mammettes. \u00b6 Antiochus Galerius left two sons after him, Seleucus and the great Antiochus, but at last Seleucus was killed and his brother Antiochus ruled in Syria for six and thirty years and fought afterward with Ptolemy Philopator, king of Egypt, and fled and came close to being taken. Ennius the poet is born at Tarentum.\nCato the quester brought you to Rome. A quester is one who collected tribute for Rome, and the doorkeeper was once also called a quester. The wardens of the treasure were also called questers. But now charlatans and parasites are called questers.\n\nFollowing in the history, Ennius passed the hills Alpes and were slain by Romans. These Gauls had a leader commonly called Brytomand. They made an oath and swore that they would never remove their girdles of knighthood until they reached the capital of Rome. This occurred because when they were overcome, Enulus the consul put them to death in the capitol. That year, the great Antiochus began to reign in Syria. Tholomaeus Eupator, otherwise called Philopator, the son of Ptolemy, reigned in Egypt for seventeen years. In his time were done the deeds recorded of the first Maccabees. This Tholomaeus, for his evil living, was called Philopator, for he left behind deeds of knighthood and gave himself to lechery, children's niceties, man slaughter, and slew his own sons.\nPeer spent the night in brothels and the day in feasts. At last, he discarded his sister and wife, giving himself over entirely to courtesans and harlots. Therefore, the great Antiochus was enraged and determined to conquer Egypt, despite being hindered by a Greek-hired host. At last, this Tholomeus was killed and left a five-year-old child to rule the kingdom he had begotten on his sister. Then, his courtesans were hanged one by one. In that battle, the Romans were more overcome than victorious and suffered more harm than they had inflicted. Hannibal, a nine-year-old son of Hamilcar, had sworn at the altars of gods to give the Romans a battle as soon as he could. Then, in his twentieth year and eighth month, Hannibal besieged Saguntum, the fairest city of Spain and most friendly to the Romans. The Romans sent a messenger to\nHanibal prayed to leave the siege due to a treaty between him and the citizens of Saguntum. This prayer was disregarded, and the messenger was sent to Africa to confirm the treaty's breach. However, they discovered it was in vain, and he returned to Rome. In the meantime, Saguntum was destroyed in this manner: Saguntum was greatly distressed by the siege and the severe hunger. One of Hanibal's knights, a friend of the city, advised the men to surrender with all the gold and silver, and other riches, and they would be allowed to live. But they refused and took counsel, making a great fire and throwing in all the gold, silver, and themselves in the end.\n\nWhen the city was destroyed, Hanibal left his brother Hasdrubal in Spain and led an army of 100,000 foot soldiers and 10,000 horsemen, along with 40 elephants, over the Alps in springtime. No one had passed before, and they entered Italy.\nCornelius Scipio, consul of Rome, waged war in Spain. Orosius. Hannibal passed the Pyrenees and made a way through the iron-wielding people of Gaul. He arrived at the Alps nineteen days after crossing the Pyrenees. There, he was blocked for four days by the Gauls, but he made his way through with iron and fire. Near Appeninus, Hannibal was blocked by snow for two days. There, he lost many men, including elephants and other beasts. Trebis Pirenus is a high hill in Spain, and many high hills in that region are called the Pyrenees. The Alps, which are high hills in Italy, are also called Appeninian Alps, as though they were penetrating deeply. Eutropius. The Romans marveled at wondrous and marvelous things, for among the Alps it seemed that the sun fought with the moon. Among the Capenes, it seemed that two moons had risen among the Falistes. It seemed that heaven was clouded. Then, when they heard the approach of Hannibal and Scipio.\nScipio was sent to Spain. Hannibal met him there and defeated him first at Ticinum and later at the River Crema. At the third encounter, he defeated Sempronus and his host from Sicilia. At the fourth, he defeated Flaminius, the consul, and twenty-five thousand of his host, taking six thousand prisoners. The fighting was so fierce that the combatants did not know the earth was shaking while they fought and destroyed cities and shattered hills. (Eutropius, Book III)\n\nAt the fifth encounter, Fabius Maximus delayed his engagement and defeated him.\n\nThe sixth time, Lucius Emilius Paulus, Publius Terentius Varro, and Fabius Maximus were sent against Hannibal. But Fabius Maximus warned them that Hannibal was so fierce and cruel in battle that they would never overcome him except by delaying the battle and the fighting. They were impatient and disregarded the counsel. They were defeated at Cannae, a strait of Apulia.\n\nThere, the wind and the sea were against them.\ngrauel that was a reered with the win\u00a6de halpe wel hanybal there were slayne xl / M / knightes of roma\u00a6yns and fyue thousand of peeres of consuls and of Senatours were deed owther I take It is no doubte tho had be the last daye of the state of Rome yf hanybal couth as wele haue vsed the vyctorye as he couth wynne it in fyghtynge\u00b7 R\u00b7 Hadde he gone anone after the vyctorye for to take the cyte \u00b6Titus There was soo grete slaughter / of Romayns\u00b7 that hanybal bad his men spare the Romaynes\u00b7 \u00b6 Eutropius Varro the consul torned to Rome with fyfty horsmen and no moo / \u00b6 The Sena\u2223tours preysed hem wel for he had nought disparagyde the com\u2223mente of Rome he shaued neuer his berde nor his heede he ete ne\u00a6uer lyggyng he wold haue no worship til he sawe\u00b7 wreche on ha\u00a6nybal Tho it was neuer seen byfore bonde men and me\u0304 of wer\u00a6re made free\u00b7 theues and mansleers and prysonners were made knyghtes Orocius \u00b6Also poletarij that were ordeyned to gete childer were than made knyghtes who that sawe than the cheual\u00a6rye of Rome myght\nbe we shameful. For then, neither the knights nor the senators were wise or skilled in any craft. Eutropius and Hannibal offered them their prisoners as ransom. The Romans answered and said that the armed citizens who could be taken were not necessary for the city. Therefore, Hannibal released some of the prisoners and sold some into the hands of other lands. He took three bushels of gold rings that were taken from the hands of the Roman knights as a token of victory.\n\nThe common people of Rome were so impoverished and bare that they plundered the temples of brass and iron to make armor from them. The armor that was offered in temples and dedicated to their goddesses as they used to do after their victories was taken away again due to great need and misfortune. Moreover, they lacked sailors to manage their ships and their treasury did not suffice for the wages of soldiers. Therefore, the consuls and the senators decreed that every man should say the great oath.\nThecommons in worship and in duty shall pass their shares and be bearing of charge in help of the city. And so they ordained that every man in his degree should offer all his gold into the common treasure, taking one ring for himself and another for his wife. He should offer a campanule of gold for his son and a penny for every daughter, the greatest beginning first. Then there was so much money brought and offered that the wardens could not write down the names of those bringing money and gold. In the time of the troubled Rome, there was a set-up with so many misfortunes that the senators took them to read for fear of fleeing from Italy and seeking other places to dwell in. Then the gods who asked counsel of Apollo answered the Romans and said that they should be saved if they could get the god who is called the mother of sorrows. Therefore messengers were sent to Phrygia to fetch her.\nGoddess named Sibyl and the messenger asked counsel of Apollo. Apollo advised him to seek help from Attalus, king of Asia Minor, to obtain this image. Apollo also advised him that when the image came to Rome, it should first be brought to the finest house in the city.\n\nAt that time, Scipio Nasica was chosen as the best man of Rome. He met with the image, accompanied by a great multitude of women. The image was named Numen Matris Pessimus. Sibyl was also present, who was understood to be the mother of all goddesses. She was also known as Bretnica, mother of Hilles, and Holy Frygia. She was particularly worshipped in the wood of Frygia, which was called Idea.\n\nOvidius in the Fasti states that from this event, the Romans held a festival every year on the fourth day of April. When her image was brought from Frygia, it was washed in the river called Amnis. Hannibal, in the tenth year of his coming, moved it.\nHostes from Campania immediately to the River, at the third stone, which is three miles from Rome. Hannibal rode out with noble horsemen and swiftly went to the gate of Rome, called Porta Collina. The consuls did not withdraw from fighting until the ranks were arranged on both sides. It rained heavily with hailstones, making the hosts so frightened that they could not hold their weapons. They fought in their tents. When it cleared and the weather was fair, they frequently went out into the field and frequently a great tempest followed, compelling them to flee. Eutropius, the men usually sent to Spain, either Scipio or overcame Hasdrubal. There, the host of Africa lost five and thirty thousand. Philip, king of Macedonia, beheaded Hannibal to help the Romans. The island Sardonia defeated the Romans. Therefore, dukes and leaders were sent to four places in Macedonia against Philip, to Spain against Hasdrubal, against Sardonia, and in Italy.\nAgainst Hannibal, therefore, the Roman consul, Lucius Aemilius Paulus, made peace with Attalus, king of Asia, and campaigned in Macedonia. He overcame Philip the king and took Sicily and thirty-six cities. He also destroyed sixty-two cities and came to Rome with great joy. For fear of him, Hannibal, who was only four miles from Rome, fled to Campania. That year in Spain, Scipio, who had been victorious for a long time, was killed by his brother Asdrubal. However, the army remained intact and undamaged. Therefore, the other Scipio, Publius Cornelius Scipio, the noblest man nearly of all the Romans, was sent to Spain in his twenty-fourth year. The senators and Romans had urged him to leave Italy out of fear. This Scipio drew his sword and forbade them, saying, \"Do not speak so boldly. I will defend the city and country.\" Then Scipio went forth and took Carthage in Spain. There was great wealth and a large army. He surrendered the pledges of the Carthaginians.\nSpain sent Magon's brother Hasdrubal, a prisoner to Rome, along with a fair maiden among others. As a mild father, he gave her to his own spouse for marriage and granted her a dowry. For this act, nearly all of Spain turned against Scipio. During this time, Fabius Maximus besieged Tarentum and killed Cartaginalis in Italy. Hasdrubal was not displeased that Spain could no longer oppose Scipio, so he sent for his brother Astrabal to come from Spain with all he had. But the consuls of Rome set ambushes for him, and he defended himself nobly. However, they eventually killed him, and 85,000 of his men were dead, along with 40,000 Roman citizens who had been found and rounded up. Hasdrubal was deeply saddened and fled to Brucia.\nThe great Scipio was sent out of Spain to Egypt, after the death of Josephus, the fifth king of Egypt, the son of Ptolemy Eupater. He ruled for twenty-four years. Trogus in book three relates that, when he was five years old, Ptolemy began to reign. Messares of Alexandria petitioned the Romans to take charge of the child and defend the Egyptian kingdom, as Philip, king of Macedonia, and Antiochus, king of Syria, had agreed, in effect, to divide the Egyptian kingdom between them. The Romans welcomed this message and immediately dispatched messengers to the same kings, urging them to keep out of Egypt.\n\nPtolemy grew into a strong young man and sent one Scopas, a duke of his, into Syria to make it a subject of his rule. But not long after, Antiochus overcame Scopas and became a friend to the Jews. Eutropius in book three also records that, after this, the great Antiochus became Ptolemy's friend and married his daughter Cleopatra as his wife, granting her the kingdom in place of her father.\ndower in Syria and Phoenicia. Therefore, either king had jews. But Onias, the rightful Simon's son, was bishop and warned against paying the tribute and counseled that none should be paid. He was granted forgiveness of the tribute for the seven years and, in addition, was made ruler of his kingdom and treasurer of tributes for life, twenty-two years. Josephus, in the twelfth book, chapter four. Josephus intended to test the wisdom of his younger son, Hilcanus, who was twelve years old, and had taken his brother's daughter in marriage. He gave him three hundred yokes of oxen to plow and sow in wildernesses, far from home, and hid the reins that the oxen should follow, so they would return home and bring back the reins. The child said, \"no,\" but let the sand and grains of wheat be for the plowmen's food and the hides of the oxen for the tanners to work with other oxen. The father wondered at this and sent him in his place to worship the feast of King Ptolemy, for he had a great affection for him.\nA newborn son was presented to his father, who offered him great riches for his upkeep by the way, and gifts to give to the king's son. But the child replied, \"I can live frugally, and less cost would suffice for me.\" He requested letters be sent to Arion, the procurator of Alexandria, asking him to lend me as much as needed. The father hoped that ten talents would be sufficient to honor the king with his son, and begged Arion in his letters to lend the talents to his son.\n\nHircanus arrived with the letters to Arion. Hircanus demanded a thousand talents, but Arion would only grant ten. Hircanus imprisoned him. Arion's wife immediately went to the king and reported the incident. The king asked Hircanus why he had treated such a servant in such a manner, unable to distinguish between the small and the great.\n\nArion heard that the king allowed Hircanus to answer and face the consequences of his actions. He delivered a thousand talents to Hircanus.\nAnd he bought from merchants a hundred children, lettered and a hundred maidens, each for a talent. When the day of the feast arrived, Hircanus, because he was young, was set last among the wise men. The bare bones that other men had left were mockingly placed before Hircanus.\n\nOne Tryphon, a Iapian, saw this and said openly before the king, \"Lord king, how this child has eaten the flesh of so many bones. His father, who is your receiver and treasurer in Syria, plundered the child. Why he had so many bones before him.\"\n\nThe king replied cleverly, \"Child, for hounds ate the bones with the flesh, as your guests did today. But men who are accustomed and taught spare the bones, as you see that I do.\"\n\nIn the morning, Hircanus asked each of the kings' friends how much they would give the king's son. The one who would give the most answered and said, scarcely ten talents.\n\nThen Hircanus feigned sorrow and took a talent from him.\nThe man presented one hundred maiden children to the queen, each with a talent in hand. Every man praised him well. Therefore, the king showed him great honor and made him rich, sending him back to his father with letters of commendation and prayers. However, his father was angry about the great gifts he had given. Moreover, his elder brothers had amassed much gold, silver, or other metals. There were three kinds of talents; the least weighed less than a talent of flame. Jordan was crossed and he gathered there the king's tribute of foreign nations for many years. Outside of it, he frequently pursued the Arabs while Seleneus ruled in Syria. When Seleneus was dead, Hircanus feared Antiochus Epiphanes' cruelty and mutilated himself with his own hand. About the first year of this Tholomeus the Great Sage, who had nobly born him and performed many great deeds in Spain, was made consul and sent to Africa. He made Ammorus duke of Thebans and Syphax king of the Massyles.\nWhen Hanibal heard that she was close to all of Italy, he abandoned it. In the seventeenth year of his coming into Italy, Hanibal was confronted by men of Carthage to return home. He returned from Italy, sore weeping. And when Hanibal returned, he destroyed the peace that the Carthaginians had made with Scipio. The terms of the peace were such: the Carthaginians should have only thirty ships, and they should pound in silver by the pound (a pound being a unit of weight). They should also send home all prisoners and release banished men they had taken. Hanibal had sent three spies to spy on Scipio's camps. These spies were taken and held captive near the camps. Then Scipio sent them back home. There was fierce fighting between these two dukes, but Scipio emerged victorious. Hanibal was narrowly escaped. A peace was granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio turned again to Rome and was afterward called Africanus. In this way, the second Punic War ended in his time. That year, Plantus died at Rome.\nWhen in need of a baker for hire for hunger and scarcity of corn, and he had the opportunity, he wrote fables and recited them. After the second Punic war was completed, the Battle of Macedon ensued, which was against King Titus Quinctius. Hannibal was overcome, and he led away the two sons of Macedonia and Lacedaemonia as prisoners before his chariot. He took them back to Rome, where Hannibal had taken and sold them in Greece, and allowed their heads to be displayed as a sign of releasing them from bondage. The Romans were at war with the great Antiochus, king of Syria, because he had destroyed the kingdoms near him, and also because he allied himself with Hannibal, who had departed from Africa. Eutropius (4.1)\n\nAntiochus saw that Hannibal often spoke with Rome's messengers and suspected him. He no longer wished to keep him in his council. If he called him to consult, it was not because he suspected him and feared abandoning him, but because he wanted to consult with him. However, Hannibal always advised war against the Romans.\nTo abide and said that the Romans could not be overcome except in their own country. Outside their own country, they could not be overcome, but at home they were brutal and easily overcome. It requires more wisdom to wrestle against those who have been overcome and do not speak out, than against those who openly resist. But his counsel was often good and effective. However, it was not allowed by the king, who suspected him and feared making bagatelles who did not want him to be allowed by the king. Therefore, the king's host was overcome both at sea and on land.\n\nAntiochus the king thought he did not follow Hanbal's counsel and made Hanbal a private counselor. Eutropius, book four, \u00b6For Philip, king of Macedonia, helped the Romans against Antiochus and his son Demetrius, who was a prisoner. Scipio Nasica, the great Scipio called Africanus, overcame Hanbal in battle both at sea and on land. There he earned a surname and was called Asiagenus of Asia.\nThat was over me. Antiochus the king gave his younger son Antiochus Epiphanes to the Romans as a hostage, pledging for his elder son Seleucus. He made a peace treaty that he would leave Europe and Asia Minor and remain within the hills of Mount Taurus. He also agreed to hand over Hannibal to the Romans, as Hannibal had incited and counseled war against Rome. Therefore, Hannibal fled to the kingdom of Prusia, king of Bithynia. Trogus, in Book Thirty-Second, relates:\n\nDuring the same period, when Attalus, the brother of Syria, was to overcome Prusia, Hannibal helped Prusia by a new ruse in battle. He had various means and serpents concealed in earthen jars and threw them into the enemy's ships in the midst of the battle, causing the enemies to retreat immediately.\n\nThe Romans heard of this and sent messengers, asking for Hannibal to be handed over to them. But Hannibal drank poison from his own ring and died at Nicomedia.\nCertainly, he never sat at supper outside battles. He was among many beautiful fair maidens and never left his chastity. He was never betrayed by the imaginations of his own men nor of his enemies.\n\nOrosius, in book 4, says that the island called Insula Vulcani, which island had never before risen up from the sea at Sicily that year that Hannibal died, is still there today.\n\nAccording to Polybius, book 6, of Hannibal it is written that when Antiochus the king showed him his host royally arrayed with gold and with silver and with other rich array and asked him if all that sufficed to the Romans. Hannibal replied, \"It is enough, though the Romans are the most covetous towards me in life, but he understood easily and quickly, for he understood the prayer and not the strength of the host.\"\n\nPlenius, in book octavius, caesarum octavus, Hannibal often, when he had the mastery, compelled prisoners of Rome to fight upon the grave with strong beasts and promised one that he would deliver him if he won.\nHanibal threw down an elephant. When the beast was cast, Hanibal sent horsemen to slay the man right there. (Polibius, Book 1) Hanibal said that he was not worthy of life, one who could be compelled to fight with beasts. But I believe truly that Hanibal slew the man out of great envy, for he would not have a Roman have such a great name and worship for a deed greater than mine, which he had not heard of before. (Also, he would not defame the beasts by the strength of which he had often feared his enemies.) (Eutropius, Book 4) In that year: Scipio Africanus died at Utica. He had long been exiled from Rome, an unkind city to him. (Valerius) When Scipio was accused of taking money among the Senators, he answered and said, \"When I had conquered Africa and made it subject and under your power, I took nothing from it but the name Africanus. Also, the riches of Africa did not make me covetous, nor did the riches of Asia make my brother Scipio covetous.\" For either of us was richer than the other.\nEnuye more than money. Scipio saw once a child gayly arrayed and said, \"I wonder not that he arrays his child well; it helps him more than does his sword.\"\n\nValerius Emilia, Scipio's wife, was so beautiful that, though she knew her husband loved one of her bondwomen, she would not shame her lord, conqueror of Africa, with jealousy and anger. She abstained from vengeance and wreaking vengeance so much that she made her bondwoman free and married her well when her lord was dead.\n\nPol.\n\nScipio died and ordered such a writing on his tomb: \"It is a great enemy to warriors to remember sloth and lechery.\" He pleaded so strongly with the people that all the array of its form was sold, and benches, forms, and all manner of subtlety were done away with. And so he brought in that men should stand and not sit among the Romans. R. Auctors say that the theater was a place shaped like half a circle, and in the middle of it was a little.\nHow those were called, see na. In those plays, poets and actors performed in a pulpit, rehearsing poems, gestures, and songs. And without musicians, they created the doing and the deeds they spoke of in her gestures and songs with bending and winding and setting and stopping of her landing her body. Augustine, in the first book, chapter thirty-first, writes of these plays called ludi Scenici. They were first ordered by the devil's exhortation, for men should be excited to such deeds when they might hear in the theater what gods had done in such a manner. Augustine, in the fourth book, chapter twenty-five, writes:\n\nBut passing the time, a clown named Titus Latinus was warned by a dream that he should tell the Senators that they should restore and renew the plays called ludi Scenici, the plays of the theater. For he was warned twice and did nothing, he lost his own son.\n\nAnd for he was warned the third time and did nothing, he fell into a grievous sickness until he warned the senators then.\nHe was suddenly overwhelmed / When the wonder was seen, the Senators spent four such monies as they warned Peter 204. The great Selencus Sother, the great Antiochus' son, ruled in Syria and Asia for twelve years, for his father was killed in Perse in the temple of Jupiter Naos and thrown out. Holofernes, the son of Onias, reigned in Egypt for thirty-five years. Simon's son was priest and bishop, and bought the priesthood of Apollonius, duke of Fenicia. Selencus heard of this and sent Elyodorus to investigate. And when he entered to plunder the temple, two young men arose from a hidden place and slew him there. It seems that Josephus means that they were angels in human likeness. According to 2 Maccabees, a fearsome horseman showed him the likeness of Ishus, the son of Seleucus. In the third year of Ptolemy III, one Aristobulus, a Jew and a student of Aristotle's, wrote to Ptolemy a declaration and explanation.\nMoises in Eutropius' fourth book: In that year, Philip, king of Macedonia, died, and his son Perses rebelled against the Romans. But Emilius Paulus, consul of Rome, overcame him in a strong battle. He promised that the Macedonians would be free, making it seem that the Romans were warring for righteousness and not for money.\n\nTrogus in book thirty-three: In this battle, Minucius Cato's son, while fighting valiantly, fell from his horse and fought on foot. He defended a great man and wielded his sword among his enemies' swords in sight of both armies. He received many wounds and retreated to his own side. Other men took inspiration from his bravery and fought courageously. His bravery was the cause of the victory. Perses was captured, and afterwards, Macedonia became a part of the Romans' domain from the first Craneus to this Perses. This land had been ruled by five and thirty kings in eight hundred years and four.\nTwenty Ysid library sixth, this Emilius Paulus brought first books to Rome from Greece. Afterward, Julius Caesar charged Marcus Varro with this task for making him a library. Among Christian men, Pamphilus the martyr gathered a library of books from him. Eusebius writes that he had thirty thousand volumes in his library. Theologian Origen surpassed all who came before him. Jerome says that he read six thousand volumes of Origen's books. But Augustine surpassed the trouble of reading them all; for scarcely can a man read all his books. Antiochus Epiphanes ruled in Syria and Asia around 110 BCE. He is the one who was pledged at Rome for his father's debt, but he heard speak of his brother Nicetes and hoped for the kingship of Syria. He ruled as regent for his brother Selencus when his brother was dead. This year\nhis sister, given to Tholomeus as wife, for he wished to rejoice in Egypt when he saw the opportunity; / Then he went into Egypt once, pretending it was to see his sister and newswas; / But he arranged for Tholomeus to be slain while he sat at table. However, the Egyptians drove him away because he should not be their king; / But he returned after two years and besieged Alexandria. The senators and people of Rome charged and commanded him, \"Thou shalt not pass this circle until thou hast given thy answer.\" If the people of Rome so decreed, Antiochus replied, \"I go.\" Then he turned to the Jews and did much harm; / Therefore, Bishop Onias' son Simon went into Egypt and gained the king's favor there and built a temple, saying that in this deed he fulfilled Isaiah's prophecy that said, \"The altar of our Lord shall be in Egypt, and the mind of him shall be at the end of it.\" This temple lasted for two hundred years and fifty into the time of Vespasian, who destroyed that temple.\nCythus also became bishop, as it is said, and his two brothers Is and John struggled before Antiochus for the bishopric. To please Antiochus, they adopted the customs and practices of Myisleans. Therefore, Jesus was called Iason and John was named Menelaus, following the example of many Jews brought in. They established harlot houses and places for young men to use in Jerusalem. They left them uncircumcised and called themselves Antiochenes. Antiochus made Iason bishop and later removed him, making Menelaus bishop instead. Menelaus advised Andronicus to kill Iason because he followed Antiochus to Antiochia to fulfill his purposes. Therefore, the king was angry and had Andronicus killed.\n\nAt that time, Antiochus sold Iason the bishopric and priesthood. The fire of the sacrifice, which had burned before under water, consumed seven hundred.\nyere Antyochus toke Ierusalem by treson of the cytezeins and toke thens ten thousand cytezeyns and compellyd the Iewes to maumetrye and slough hem that wolde not / he offred swynes flessh and toke away the holy vessel\u00b7 the mete bord and the stone with the lanternes and the temple clothes and sette Iupiter olim\u00a6picus ymage euen in the temple and forbade the sacryfyce of moyses lawe & in the tour of sion. he put men of macedonia that hated the Iewes in this antyochus tyme the seuen brether were slayne. and her owne moder \u00b6That tyme Mathatias preest in the cyte modyn by helpe of his fyue sonnes awreked the lawes of her forfaders / Iudas that was eleped machabeus for the pris and the maystrye he was capteyne amonge them and leder\n\u00b6 Petrus 207 \u00b6 Machatias taught the Iewes to fyght on the saturday for the lawe and the people shold not be loste / but he ruled the peple one yere and dyed afterward and made his sone Symon as it were fader and counseylour and Iudas machabe\u2223us leder of the hoost Ennyus the poete dyed in\nThe evil Articularis is buried in Scipio's tomb. Judas Maccabeus kept the laws of his ancestors for three years and he defeated Appolonius, duke of Samaria, and later fought with his sword against Antiochus. Antiochus went to Persia because the tribute was unpaid. And Judas Maccabeus overcame Antiochus' leaders Lysias, who revealed young Antiochus and Tholomeus, Gorgias, and Nicanor. He cleansed and renewed the temple, and its grass, branches, and bushes grew back. The third rededication of the temple was done in Judas' time in the month of December, which is named Eucennia, and lasted thereafter. Antiochus was shamefully chased out of Persia and heard that his princes were overcome in Judea. He threatened the Jews and immediately was taken with an unnamed enemy and was filled with great sorrow and fell from his chariot. The stench of him disgusted all the host. Then he realized and knew that this sorrow had befallen him because he had defiled the temple.\nIerusalem. He declared that he would be Jewish and deliver the Jews, making them equal to the men of Athens. He also said that man should be subject to God and not exalt himself, even to God, and so he died in the mountains. Antiochus Epiphanes, the son of Antiochus, ruled after his father and gathered an army of one hundred thousand foot soldiers, twenty thousand horsemen, and twenty-three elephants. He showed them the use of grapes and figs to sharpen them for battle.\n\nDemetrius Sotherus, the son of Demetrius, left the city of Rome and occupied the coastal cities to reign in Asia and Syria. He reigned there for twelve years. He came to Rome in childhood to accuse his uncle Antiochus Epiphanes, who had put him out of the way. He went back and many received him as their lord and king. The host of Syria would side with Lysias. And the young Antiochus, who was about to reign, Alcimus made high priest of Onias. Machabees were accused by him.\nDemetrius, of many kinds and deeds, was therefore sent with Bachides to destroy the Jews. But Judas withstood them, preventing their success. Therefore, Alkimius turned again to King Nicator, who was sent against Judas. Alkimius was killed, and his head and right hand were hung toward Jerusalem, for he had proudly spoken. Judas was connected in friendship with the Romans, and the covenant was written in tables of brass. Judas Maccabeus was killed by Bachides and Alkimius, and his brother Jonatas took his place and led the Jews for nineteen years.\n\nWhile Alkimius began to destroy God's houses and the works of prophets, he was struck with a palsy and died. Bachides returned to the king, and for two years the land was in quiet and peace. Alexander Antiochus Epiphanes, his son, occupied Tolomayda and Achon and confederated with him Jonatas, overthrowing Demetrius the king and reigned nine years in Syria and Asia. He married Cleopatra, the daughter of Ptolemy. Demetrius.\nDemetrius, having fled to Crete to his mother when his father was slain, returned and gathered strength, occupying the seacoast lands. Tholomeus gave him his daughter Cleopatra in marriage, whom he had previously given to Alexander; thus Tholomeus treacherously entered Antiochia and took hold of the two diadems of Egypt and Asia. Alexander was overcome by him and fled to Arabia with Antiochus to his mother's relatives. However, the king of Arabia feared Tholomeus' strength and sent Alexander's head to him. Tholomeus died three days after this, and Demetrius ruled. Ionathas was accused to Demetrius for winning the tournament in Jerusalem, but he sent great gifts to Demetrius and gained his favor, thus renewing the principate and priesthood. Then Demetrius was assured that the land would be at peace in his own hand. He allowed his host to return home to their own places and remained with a foreign host.\nThe people had indignation against the king, and Jonas sent three thousand chosen men to chase the traitors. At last, one Tryphon, once a friend of Alexander's, was brought to Arabia and presented them with Antiochus Alessander's son, whom they crowned king. He fought against Demetrius and overcame him, chasing him away. Antiochus made his brother Simon duke and leader. After that, Jonas renewed friendship with the Romans and with the Spartiates (Eutropius, Book 4). / The third Punic War arose because the men of Carthage had destroyed their ships and armor. They thought they were dead, and they lacked both brass and iron. They made armor of gold and silver and made two dukes and leaders: Hannibal the young Scipio and the new Scipio. Carthage was destroyed about seven hundred years after it was first built. R / That is truly the account.\nFrom King Dionysius' time. She ordered her two sons thrown into the fire, and the last queen of Carthage met with the same end as the first. \u00b6 In Book Twenty-Nine, Chapter Sixteen of Augustine's \"City of God,\" when the third Punic War ended, Marcus Cato advised that Carthage should be destroyed. However, Scipio Nasica advocated against this and refused to consent. He believed that fear was necessary for citizens, just as a guardian is necessary for a child. When Carthage was destroyed, many misfortunes ensued: cruel strife, treason, theft and robbery, killing of citizens, and excessive sorrow. The Romans lost the honor of virtues and the respect for laws, suffering more cruelty and sorrow from their own neighbors and citizens than from foreign enemies. Scipio recognized this and refused to consent to Carthage's destruction, as he wanted to prevent the outrage.\nShould be chased by fear. Holomeus Euergetes ruled in Egypt for nineteen years, and the young Scipio was made consul twice and conquered the Numantians, making them subjects in a strong battle in Spain. The Romans claimed they had escaped and did not have control. Scipio asked a knight named Tiresias why the city was once so strong that it could not be overcome and destroyed. Petrus (Tryphon) desired to reign and plotted to kill Antyochus, but he feared Ionas, who would defend Antyochus. Therefore, he deceived Ionas and killed him and his two sons as well. Later, he slew the young Antiochus and ruled in his place in Asia. Simon rose up in place of his brother Ionas and made an alliance with Demetrius, the king, out of hatred for Tryphon. But Demetrius went to the Medes to get help to wage war against Tryphon. He was captured and later killed by Arsaces, king of Persia. After him, his son Antiochus ruled.\nReigned nine years in Syria. He first made friendship with Simon, then pursued Triphon, who was fleeing by the sea side into Antiochia. But eventually, he broke the covenant of friendship made with Simon. Simon renewed his friendship with the Spartiates, who were the Lacedaemonians, and sent a shield of gold worth a thousand mnaas. Trueis a type of ancient currency. Mnaa is a unit of this currency and weighs sixty shekels. A shekel is a full unit among the Hebrews, Greeks, and Latins. A shekel is taken for a quarter of a unit in Hebrew holy books, and for a full unit in pagan Greek and Latin books. Such friendship was made between the Jews and the Romans that Lucius, consul of Rome, wrote to the kingdoms of the eastern lands, charging them not to harm the Jews. Attalus, king of Asia, made the people of Rome citizens of his kingdom. Peter 2 had married Simon's daughter, who was betrothed to the feast and killed Simon and his two sons. However, John, Simon's son, survived.\nThat which overcame the Hirkanes was called Hirkanus. He took Jerusalem, pursued Tholomeus, and besieged him. This was the seventh year that Tholomeus had placed John the mother and her two sons on the walls of the city, making them bleed before John's eyes. John left the city and the siege and went his way. Antiochus Ptolemy, king of Syria, besieged Jerusalem. Therefore, John Hirkanus opened two of the eight treasure places that stood around his sepulcher and took three thousand talents. He gave Antiochus one hundred talents to leave and used the rest to create places of refuge for the poor to ease the people's grumbling about the opening of the sepulcher. John the bishop overcame the Hirkanes and made an alliance with the Romans (Orosius, Book Five). At that time, there was a great multitude of flies in Africa. They ate and destroyed corn, grass, and tree rinds. In the end, they were driven into the sea of Africa and were thrown up in great numbers.\nHeaps of bodies were left along the cliffs that smelled so foul and so intensely that they killed both beasts and birds. At Munidia, 4,000 men were slain. At Carthage, 200,000 men were killed. And at Utica, 30,000 knights of Rome who were left to guard the country were dead. Carthage was rebuilt by the best of the Roman senators twelve years after it was destroyed. Burgesses of Rome were brought there. Antiochus reigned for three years in Asia and twelve years elsewhere. Johan Hyrkanus destroyed Samaria, but Herod rebuilt it and named it Sebaste. A duke of the Gauls went against the Romans with 100,000 and 460,000 men of arms and was defeated in the bridge of ships they had built over the Roman waters. Marcus Terentius Varro, who was both a philosopher, poet, and writer of stories, was born in Rome. In Orosius, Book Five, and Augustine, Book Three. The hill Mount Etna erupted, passing what was usual.\nso that it set the city of Carthage on fire and undid the lords of ships that came near and burned the bowels of men who were near and choked them with hot iron. Therefore, the Romans relinquished Carthage's tribute for ten years.\n\nThough Holofernes, the son of Cleopatra, reigned in Egypt for seventeen years, Marcus Tullius Cicero was born in the vulcanian manner. Valerius He kept beasts in his youth and ruled the pyre of Rome in his elder years. / It is wonderful that he despised letters / and was himself a plentiful well of letters. / This was a noble speaker in all manner of tongues of wit and wisdom and chief speaker with tongue. He assuaged all doubts clearly. At my request, he once explained how he came to have such fair speech. Noble and facundous, he said, it is a great gift from almighty God. Who knew how he should have had such fair manner of speaking? He wrote all the gestures of Troy subtly, as they might sometimes be closed in a note, and had no equal.\nmoney and borrowed from one Scilla, but he was angry when the bargain was made. Then Cythero was moved and denied all that he had received, saying, \"If I buy and how say you, I shall know the truth of that which you put to me. And afterward, when he had bought the hows, it was put against him. You are unwise, he said, if you do not know that buyers abandon what they wish to buy and make it seem as though they had nothing to do with it, so that they might not deny it. He turned it to his advantage and to laughter and not to blame and to trifling. He always behaved in this manner, that whenever any foul thing was put against him, he might not deny it, he would put it off with a merry answer. Ieronimus said to Nepos in this manner, about one person to Tullius: Demosthenes, the one who was not first pleader, he has called him one who is not pleading alone. Tullius wrote many books, as he says, in the second book on divination, Four Books to the Academics, Five Tusculans, Six Annunciations of the Sibyl.\nTitle: De Senectute, De Amicicia, De Rhetorica, De Officis, De Republica\n\nA battle took place 601 years after the founding of Rome between Sertorius and Pompeius.\n\nOn one side, 600 knights fought; on the other, an equal number. The first battle lasted until night. The following morning, a knight of Pompeius perceived that he had slain his own brother and despised the battle. Overwhelmed by sorrow for the deed, he took his own life and avenged his brother by slaying his body.\n\nPetru\u0304s, in the third chapter:\n\nIohan Hircanus died 33 years into his dukedom and left behind his wife, a noble speaker, and five sons to rule the Jews. The eldest was named Aristobolus, who could not endure his mother ruling over him. He imprisoned his mother and his three younger brothers and starved them to death. He reigned as king and bishop for only one year before being killed in battle. His brother Antygonus succeeded him. However, Aristobolus had him killed when he arrived with an army.\nOut of the Jewry and instead took his sister as his wife, for he would not lie by her. Thus, the kingdom of Judah was restored again, from the time of Sedecias to that of Aristobulus IV, in the year 152 Petrus chapter 5.\n\nWhen this Aristobulus was dead, his wife, who had no child by him, took his elder brother Alexander Iamneus out of confinement and made him king. This was a wicked man who slew his own second brother and kept the third brother alive in hiding for five years. He slew fifty thousand old men because they criticized his vices and evil deeds. At one time, he asked how he could please the Jews and was answered that he could if he were dead. Then he hanged forty score (i.e., 480) married men and their wives and children.\n\nJosephus says that he died in the last year of his reign, which was the 27th year, and left two sons alive: Hircanus and Aristobulus. He knew that they were hated by the Jews and made his wife Alexandria queen of the Jews. She had often before won the love of the people because she often abated (i.e., lessened) their burdens.\nMarius, while duke of Rome and six-time consul after defeating Jugurtha in Munidia, slew two hundred thousand rebels who came against the Romans and took forty thousand prisoners. He did this with the help of Catulus. Tholomeus Alexander and Cassius went to Cyprus. Lucretius, the poet, was born there and later drank love potions and went mad. Nethesis wrote some books between his bouts of madness. He killed himself with his own hand in the forty-fourth year of his life, and Cythero later amended his books. In Eutropius' fifth book, the kingdom of Syria fell and came under Roman rule. The social war began in Italy, as the Pelignes strongly contended against the Romans for four years. Two consuls and porans were killed in this war. Tholomeus Saturninus, put out by his own mother, bled out among the Arusines during a festival.\nout of new wounds / And the earth was shaken seven days with great hailstones mixed with shards / Among the samaritans and benevolents, the earth opened and a ley of fire was stretched up into heaven / Also beasts that were wont to live among men forsook stables and lowing and bleating mountains / Also hounds forsook the company of mankind / Orosius, Book Five / In a plain of Campania, there were seen, as it were, shields and hosts of fighting men gathered for many days, and the noise and hurling together of armor was heard / And afterwards, the forrows and traces of men and horses were seen / Not long after the battle called bellum sociale / began the battle called bellum civile. Two Germanic brothers began that battle. Each of them was named Gracchus Agrippa / In that law, it was of old time that the senators should not interfere with any deed concerning men's fields / that he had while he was living / but the fields outside, without any plea, should fall to the next of kin / but the gentlemen disregarded this.\notherwise, they held and occupied fields of many men. Therefore, one Gracchus, on a day of prayers when all things should be asked that should be restored were asked openly, declared that the fields that had been restored should again be returned to the people. Therefore, the gentlemen were moved and angry, and they slaughtered two hundred people with feet and goatskins of chairs and threw them into the Tiber. Gracchus was killed, and his body was long unreburied. Also, Sulla, the consul, went to Campania to destroy all the relief of the battle, called the Social War. Then Marius, who had been consul six times, now desired to be consul for the seventh time and proposed to undertake the campaign. He turned again against the city with four legions and entered the city, slaughtering Marius' messenger and asking for brands to set the city on fire and besieged Marius within the capitol. At last, Marius devised a means to move the commando of horsemen to help him at that time. And in the end, he urged bondmen to acts of arms for the hope of pardon.\nMarius went up to the Capitol and had many of his men slain. He nearly escaped, but was found among morions (soldiers) and sprays (standard bearers) by Herodes. Herodes sent him to Silla, who then sent him to the Curiones, his worst enemies, who imprisoned him. It seemed that gods came to him and were with him there, striking him with awe and fear, causing him to fall to the ground and bid Marius go his way. Lucan speaks of this event in Book Two. Marius was hidden in the bushes of the marshy more, where Titus could not find him. This Marius was delivered by the help of the goddess Marica, who was worshiped there. He took with him his companion Cynna and caused great harm to the Romans in many ways, gaining the office of consul for the seventh time but holding it for only thirteen days at that time from the first day of January, when consuls receive office.\nMarius, the first consul after his release from prison, passed into Africa and gathered support from all sides. He returned to Rome with the intention of destroying the commonwealth. Marius divided his forces into four parties. One party, consisting of three legions, he took command of himself. Carbo led the second, Sertorius the third, and Cinna the fourth. Sertorius fought strongly against Pompey. Marius and Cinna entered the city and slaughtered many senators.\n\nMarius made Octavius, the consul's head, be struck off and displayed it in the Forum, the common place of Rome. There, things were set up for men to see and wonder at. The Bourgeys, a customary crowd, would stand and look about, telling their merry tales. Lucanus states that, at a great feast in the field called Marcius, Marius had the heads of his enemies, including Gaius Gellius, set up.\n\nTherefore, Catulus, the consul, drank poison and Jupiter's own bishop, Merula, cut his veins and bled him to death. Marius also ordered this.\nThat no man should be spared even if he asked for mercy in his own presence, but if he offered a token of mercy himself, the senators and gentlemen of Rome went to Greece and begged Silla the consul for help, as Rome was on the brink of being lost. At that time, Silla had defeated Archelaus Metridas, the duke, and killed one hundred thousand men at Athens. Archelaus hid himself naked for three days in deep watery marshes. When this was known, Archelaus begged for peace, and Silla agreed, allowing him to face the less dangerous civil battle against Marius. Silla returned to Rome and slaughtered and exiled countless thousands of men. Quintus Catulus openly asked him, \"With whom shall we live if we kill armed men in battle and unarmed men in peace?\" (Augustine, Book Three, Chapter Twenty, 4). Therefore, Silla's right was opened to take vengeance for all old grudges.\nIn the combat with Rome, Marius' weakness caused more men to perish than him. Both suffered great losses. Eutropius describes this civil battle which lasted ten years and destroyed over one hundred thousand men and fifty thousand without senators, consuls, pretors, and equites. Therefore, take note of the six battles among the Romans. Each battle was called bellum civile.\n\nIn the first battle, Marius fought against the city.\nIn the second battle, Silla fought against Marius and his supporters.\nIn the third battle, Sertorius fought against Pompey.\nIn the fourth battle, Catilina fought against the commander.\nIn the fifth battle, Lepidus fought against Catulus.\nThe sixth battle was between Iulius and Pompey.\n\nAfter this, Sylla returned and took back the mastery of Metellus Numidicus (Trogus, Book 37). Metellus Numidicus, Metellus' son, was the king of Pontus and rebelled against the Romans for six and forty years. If it sometimes seemed that he was overcome, he would regain strength.\narises again with more might and strength. This was delivered by his kinfolk from the affairs of his own mother, who had killed her five sons. This youngling was taken to wardens to keep. They set him upon a wild horse and compelled him to play and to ride. While he ruled the horse over its elders, his wardens prepared poison to give him to drink. The wise child feared this and drank often of medicines of treacle. By these remedies, he was saved from the peril of poison in his youth, so that he might not die by poison when he would have died by poison in his elder years.\n\nThen, after poison, he feared Ire and feigned that he would go hunting. So, for seven years he came neither into city nor small town. Therefore, all that time he had no roof over his head, but walked and lay by night in hills and mountains. There he traveled often with wild beasts and took them with swift running and fought with them. Sometimes for the sake of enduring the hardships of travel.\n\nAlso, when he came of age...\nKing Alexander chastised the Scites who could not be overcome through cunning. He occupied Pontus and Macedonia. Leaving his kingdom, he took some friends with him and went into Asia. He explored the lands and countries of that region and returned to his kingdom, where he found a little son born to Laodyce, his wife and sister, by an adulterer while he was absent in other lands. Therefore, Laodyce plotted poison for Metridas upon his return. However, she was warned by a maidservant, and Alexander took revenge on the perpetrators. In winter, he refused to attend feasts but instead stayed in the field, riding his horse in racing or engaging in great feats of strength. He made his host perform such laborious tasks to make them accustomed to being steadfast and courageous when they would fight. He waged war in Galacia and despised the Roman manners.\nMetridas, Metridas' second wife, shielded her husband's head for love of him and rode to help him if he fell into peril. Her husband was overcome by Pompey and fled. She accompanied him among cruel nations. / Pompey, as often as the highest consuls Sylla and Pompey overcame Metridas, seemed the more mighty and strong, for he occupied Babylon and Asia, pacified the Scythians, made Capadocia and Armenia subjects, and extended his kingdom to India. He came to Ephesus and slaughtered all the Romans in Asia in one day. / Then he sent Archelaus, who was the duke before him, into Greece with a hundred thousand fighting men, enabling him to conquer Greece. / At last, he was held by his own son, Sextus (or Pharnaces), and drank poison willingly, for he wished to die. But it did not grieve him. / Therefore, a knight from Gaul, whom he had wronged, was asked to kill him and put an end to his life immediately.\n\nAfter his death, Pompey made Tigranes king.\nKing of Syria and burned the temple of Jerusalem,\nPtolemy XII ruled for thirty years in Egypt. In his time, Plautus the great poet and rhetorician flourished in Rome. Sylla, the consul, died at Rome after his victory over Metellus,\nNichomedes, king of Bithynia, made the Romans his heirs when he died. When he was dead, Metellus broke the peace and waged war in Bithynia and in Asia Minor. Two consuls of Rome were sent against him; he defeated one of them, but was defeated by the other who followed after him and killed him and his hundred thousand fighting men. Sabina, daughter of Alexander, reigned for nine years among the Jews and slew and outlawed many Jews by the counsel of the Pharisees. The sect of the Pharisees existed at that time. Virgil, born near Mantua, saw marauders and pirates plunder and rob all the sea, so that the Romans, who were victors of the whole world,\n\n(Note: This text appears to be a fragment of an ancient historical document, likely written in Latin or another ancient language. While some words are missing or unclear, the overall meaning is relatively clear. I have made some corrections to the text based on context and common Latin words, but have tried to remain faithful to the original content. However, I cannot guarantee 100% accuracy, as the text is incomplete and some words are missing or unclear.)\nPompeius, without doubt, took action against these thieves lastly. Pompeius then waged battle against Metridas and Tigranes, king of Armenia, for he had supported and aided Metridas, who was against the Romans, and had received and saved him when he had fled from the Romans. Therefore, Pompeius overcame Metridas in battle by night and destroyed his castles and tents, killing forty thousand of his men, and forced Tigranes to surrender himself. Tigranes paid tribute of six thousand talents of silver to Pompeius because he had instigated war without cause against the Romans. Pompeius then overcame Metridas. Metridas then fled with his wife, but not long afterward, he turned cruel towards his own men and slew his two sons. Farthyrd, one of his sons, took note of his brothers' fates and became fierce. He sent a host against him, but Farthyrd besieged his own father in Gofforn. The father begged for mercy, but the son would not listen. Metridas then prayed to his gods.\nSome Faraces might have heard the same voice of his own sons. Then he gave his wife and daughters poison to drink and killed them in that manner, for he could not die by poison. He prayed a knight of Galilee to kill him, and the knight did so immediately. Metrodas died in the year of his age 70, and the year of his kingdom 60.\n\nAfter Pompey overcame the Alans, the men of Hiberia, Syria, and Arabia, in Libya (Book 1) -\n\nThe year of Ptolemy was sixty. Oracius the poet Satiricus and Liricus were born at Venusia, a city of Italy.\n\nTake heed that a poet is called Liricus, and some poet is called Satiricus. The name Satiricus comes from the word satis, as you know. For the matter that he speaks of, he touches it fully.\n\nHe specifically called Oracius, Percius, and Juvenalis Petrus \"Satirici.\"\n\nWhen Alexander was dead, he ordained his eldest son Hircans to be king and bishop.\n\nLater, the two living sons Hircans and Aristobulus struggled for the empire and divided it.\nRomana's occasion to wage war in Judea, that is, the Jews. Therefore, Pompeius came and took Jerusalem within the third month, and he sold fourteen thousand Jewish captives and took the others in exchange. He threw down the walls of Jerusalem even with the ground and handed Herod the priesthood, leading Aristobulus and his two sons in chains to Rome. Staurus was left in charge of Syria. Pompeius had been strongest in battles before this, but he had quartered his horses in the porches and other places of the temple; he never gained favor in warfare afterward. And so he fought no more. But he was overcome. (Eutropius, Book Six)\n\nAfter this was done, Pompeius, having fought valiantly with twenty-two kings, went into Asia and brought an end to the old battle in the eastern lands. Metridas' sons went before his chariot, and Tigraues' sons also. Oracius Flaccus was born at Venusia. Sergius Catilina, a nobleman of good birth but evil and cunning in mind and will, conspired with some great men.\nRight strong to destroy the country and though Iulius Gaius pleaded for himself and defended his party, Nethelles in Tullius' Cythero during the consuls' time, Marcus Cato pleaded against him and so he was put out of the city and soon afterward slain in battle. Also, his companions were taken by Antonius, another consul, and imprisoned to their lives' end. Salustius made a book about them. The book is named \"The Catiline Conspiracy.\" Titus Livius, the writer of stories, is born and Virgil learns at Cremona. Gaius Iulius Caesar is made consul, and Gaul was allotted to him, as well as Illyricum, which is Greece with ten tribes. Iulius fought ten years against the Germans and Gauls in many hard battles. The Gauls are called the men of Gaul. Gaul is closed with three noble waters: the Rhine, the Rhone, and the sea of Ocean. Though Gaul and France are often considered a separate land and country, nevertheless, as we speak commonly of France, it is here eastward and toward the Sea of Britain and of England westward.\nIn the story, Julius Caesar made hard battles against the Germans and the Galles, destroying 400,000 and 40,000 Germans who passed the Rhine to win Gaul. He then built a bridge and crossed the Rhine, defeating Suevia. He then won all of Gaul and took pledges from the Britons, making them tributaries. Among his great deeds, he fought evil three times. Beda records this year as being sixty years before the incarnation. This year, Julius Caesar came to conquer Britain in the following way: While Julius the consul was engaged against the Germans and the Galles, who were to be dealt with only by the River Rhine, he set sail with a fleet of 100 ships and 30 with sails and oars, and sailed into Britain. There, he was first met with hard fighting, and afterward in a great tempest that filled against him. He lost many ships and horses and turned back to Gaul. He sent certain legions of knights into Ireland and repaired his ships. Forty ships were broken in the great tempest.\nWhile he went against the Britons and was overcome at the first battle. Labienus the consul was wounded and died right there, Venneth at the second battle. Iulius chased the Britons. For the Britons had pitched sharp stakes in the River Thames. There Iulius had landed. The stakes were great, shaped like a man, and received forty pegs. He then went and occupied the strong city Cassibala.\n\nThen Cesar went into Gaul and was set with hard battles, named it after his own name Ludgate. His brother Cassibelanus ruled after him, for Lucius left behind two sons still alive, Andragius and Teiumcius. But when they came of age, Cassibelanus gave to Andragius the city Trynouantum with the duchy of Kent. He gave Teiumcius the duchy of Cornwall. That one traveled into Britain and was twice put out, but while the king and Andragius were at great strife, Andragius, new in wrestling, sent for Iulius.\nCesar and he came and wanted the land, making Cassibelanus a tributary king. Cassibelanus lived seven years after Julius was alive. Crassus and Pompeius followed, and after Gabinius' death, Crassus was sent to rule Syria to chastise the rebels. For Crassus' journey, he took two thousand talents from the Jerusalem temple; Pompeius spared them. Therefore, Crassus, fighting against the Parthians, was overcome and taken. The Parthians melted gold and poured it in his throat, saying, \"Thou Roman, thou art a thirsty one for gold. Now drink gold in full.\"\n\nCleopatra, the daughter of Ptolemy, denies the king of Egypt, was Empress of Egypt for twenty-two years. Two years before Julius Caesar, she served five years under Julius, and fifteen years after Octavian Augustus.\n\nA battle began between Julius and his father-in-law Pompeius in this way, according to Giraldus. For Julius, having traveled for ten years and conquered Gaul, Germany, and Britain, he asked for the honors that were due him.\ndewe was prevented from great victories and noble deeds / But Cato and Marcellus, the consuls, forbade him and urged him to leave the thousand for putting Julius Caesar and his host aside. They were made three dictators in Rome. / For if there arose any discord between the two, the third would rectify it. / It happened that these three were to govern Pompeius, Julius, and Marcus Crassus; of these, Pompeius, who was an old man, left Emerita to govern the commune of Trescia in the twenty-fifth chapter of the first book. / It is written in the story that after the knights of Rome reached the age of sixty, they should not be compelled to acts of war, but they should be at home and have certain livelihood. And they were called knights of the equestrian order, that is, taken out of acts of war. / Then it follows in the story that he was taken and lost by guile and treason. / Julius was sent into the western lands and lived there for five years to subdue the Gauls and the Allobrogues.\nBurgoyne submitted himself to the dignity of holding the office for five years by his own authority against the Britons and Gauls. When he was coming to Rome, he sent to Pompeius, whose daughter he had married, requesting that he should arrange for a triumph, which is the honor that a victor of Rome should have upon his return to Rome after a victory. However, since Julius had held the dignity by his own authority for longer than he should have, Pompeius warned him. This made Julius angry, and he went to the city before Pompeius. [Eutropius, Book VI]\n\nPompeius, with the support of the senators and consuls, feared for his safety and fled to Greece, where he prepared a battle against Julius Caesar. [Orosius, Book VI]\n\nJulius entered the city of Rome as if it were an empty city and broke into the common treasury. [Eutropius, Book VI]\n\nJulius took four thousand pounds of gold and sixty-six of silver. [Orosius, Book VI]\nHe took four thousand pounds, ten thousand pounds, and distributed it among his knights.\nAnd in likeness of peace, he occupied everyone and went into Spain. There he destroyed Pompeius' strength and chased him. Pompeius would not follow and pursue the chase at night. Therefore, Julius said that Pompeius could not take the victory, and that day only he might have been overcome. After that, they fought in Thessaly. Pompeius' shield had 40,000 foot soldiers and 600 horsemen in the left wing. Five hundred were in the right wing, and all the help of the eastern side with the nobility of the praetors and consuls. Caesar had not fully thirty thousand horsemen in his shield. In the battle, Pompeius' host fled, and his tents were destroyed. He himself fled to the young Ptolemy, king of Egypt, and asked for help, for he was besieged by the Senators to be his tutor and ward. Nevertheless, the king followed more happiness and fortune than friendship and let Pompeius go. He sent his head and ring to Julius. When\nIulius saw the head and the ring wept tears better and went forthwith to Alexandria. Thomas raised triumphal archways. Caesar was overwhelmed by the strength of his enemies and entered a boat so heavily laden with men following him that it sank and was terrified. Caesar swam three hundred paces with one hand and held Charters with the other above the water and reached a ship. There he was comforted immediately and took all the kings easily in battle at sea. But the Alexandrians prayed for their king's life, and Julius granted it and charged him to rather seek the friendship of the Romans than acts of war. Nevertheless, as he was free, he gave Caesar a battle. But he and his host were soon destroyed. Caesar took the kingdom for a woman named Cleopatra and lived with her two years in lechery. Hugo, chapter Ianas. At that time, Julius amended the calendar and found the cause of the leap year R. The Romans, like the Hebrews, began this.\nher year marches to Numa Pompilius / And Numa assigned January and February to the year in an uncertain manner / but the year was not fully amended until Julius time / Quintilis, the fifth month after March, was later named July in honor of Julius Caesar, as he was born in that month or died in it, having accomplished great deeds and victories. For such a mighty one, Augustus, was named in honor of Augustus Caesar / Eutropius / Caesar, having driven Fannius and Pompey from Egypt, overcame Pompey again at Pharsalus. Then he went to Rome and became consul for the third time. / He went to Africa and in battle overcame the noble dukes Scipio and Porcius Cato, and Iuba, king of Mauritania, and they killed themselves afterwards / Seneca, Epistle 26 & Polibius, Book 7, Chapter 6, speaks of how he drank poison and stabbed himself in the breast, but he heard of Pompey's death and read Plato's books on immortality and saw in that book that the soul cannot die, so he wounded him instead.\nself but his friends counseled him to live and a leech did his cure to his wounds, but when they were all healed and so glorious. First, for his friends counseled him to live under Julius Caesar the victor. The third option for he took his own life out of envy, for he would not endure and see Julius' wealth and his joy. And so it seems that Caton took his own life out of restlessness and folly, for he would not endure anguish and disease, not honorably to behold and escape a foul manner of doing. Here take heed of many Catos that were in Rome among the Romans; one was Cato the Quaestor, he brought Ennius the poet out of Tarentum into Rome. Another was Mennis Cato, who fought wonderfully against the Greeks in Paulus Emilius' time. Another was Marcus Porcius Cato, called Uticensis, for he took his own life at a city called Utica in Africa. Of him we speak now at this time; and in this case, this was Tiberius Gracchus Cato. Of him speaks Jerome in Epistola ad Neposianum and says that him.\nThis was a philosopher of the Stoic sect, called Stoa of Athena. He was not ashamed to learn letters as an old man, nor was he deprived of hope and trust to progress. The first philosopher of this sect was named Zeno. According to the story, Cato made a great science of virtues and manners, which is called Cato's ethics. From this, a little metrical book for children was drawn, called Cato. After a year, Caesar went back to Rome and became consul for the fourth time. Soon after, he went to Spain where Pompey's sons had raised strong battles in the last battle there. Caesar was so near being overcome that his men fled, and he was on the verge of taking his own life, lest in his old age he fall into the hands of children, after great worship and joy and great deeds of chivalry. Caesar was then sixty-five years old. At last, his men turned the tide.\nIulius went to Rome and was proclaimed emperor. One day, when the senators were to gather at the capitol, Iulius went there and was stabbed. Iulius went towards the capitol and received letters that were supposed to be about his death. The messenger who brought the letters said that he would be dead if he came that day among the crowd. Iulius then spoke with an astronomer, who said that Iulius should die in the Kalends (January 1). Iulius replied, \"Today are the Kalends, but they have not yet passed. I would be found a liar.\" Then Iulius went to the capitol and was killed with the common people or brawlers. The first of March, but there seemed no wound in his body. However, the letters were found in his hand after his death. Peter took a hundred days and took [something].\nThe letter C of this name Cesar was taken away. The night before his death, his chamber windows were so grim and sternly opened that Julius rose from his bed, believing the hour had struck. The day after his death, there appeared three suns in the east, converging into one, signifying that the lordships of the three parts of the world would come under one prince's rule. Furthermore, it signified that all the world would know the Trinity, three persons and one God. An ox spoke to a plowman in the suburbs of Rome, saying it was being needlessly pricked and driven. In short, the ox predicted that men would fail more than oxen, either way. In Julius' pillar, now called St. Peter's, is set a little stone R. Many men wrote many things in praise of this day he entered the city. He ordered his knights to wear costly armor, as they would need it.\ndefende he in more manly fashion for fear of such great loss / There was never a man more noble than he in battle by his leading / there were slain eleven hundred forty-two thousand enemies of his outside the battles called bella ciuilia. For he would not write the name of those slain in civil battles / Bella ciuile is a battle among the Romans themselves / Iulius fought fifty times with banner displayed / Also no man wrote faster than he / no man read faster than he / Also he used to endite four manner pystles and letters at once. And whom he made subject by arms he overcame them more by mildness / Also there was no day in all his hard wars and battles that he would not write read other than plenius / Plenius Iulius Caesar's hand was as able to the pen as to the sword but no man governed the commote better than he in all his great lordship / he bade never sleep man but one Domicius / to whom he had given his life before / He took him once in a.\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a transcription of an old document with some errors, such as missing letters and incorrect formatting. The text has been corrected to the best of my ability while maintaining the original content. However, some parts of the text may still contain errors or inconsistencies due to the age and condition of the original document.)\n\"Caius Battaille gave him life and bade him renounce arms, then he fought against him in a battle. He said to his knights, \"It is to me to give an unkind man his life; I have never been so angry with a man that I would not forgive, if I saw a suitable occasion. Julius was of great patience. In his coming to Rome after a great victory, knights of Rome said in his hearing, and he was never the angrier. Julius Caesar said, \"Hail, king and queen, and you, queen of Bithynia, you were once woman of all men, now you are made man of all women.\" (Pol. III.3)\n\nCaesar was deeply distressed by his baldness and his hair failed him on the crown and the forehead. He would bend his head from the pole toward the forehead.\"\nA knight from Rome, who was cowardly before Julius, said to Julius, \"It is lighter for you to make the nothings balled than for me to do anything cowardly in the host of Rome. Also, there were famous books and murky gestures made openly in defiance of him, which he endured patiently. One despised him and his mother's kin and called him Bakar. He took no offense at this. Therefore, Cythero, in praise of him, says, \"Julius could not forget but only injury and wrong. Plenius Cesar came once to Julius' school and Tullius rose against him. Julius forbade him, saying, \"Arise not against me; for wit and wisdom are better than might and strength.\" Shall I not arise against the conqueror of the world?\" Tullius replied, \"You have won a more worshipful crown and price than it is to stretch out of the bounds of the Roman empire because of that word, Julius. Therefore, Julius ordained a law that he who reads another's book should not arise against anyone.\" Valerius Acius the [unclear]\nA poet named Aroos was not against Julius Caesar. When Julius came into the college of poets and asked him why he sat in the presence of such a great lord, the younger man replied that he would rise before the greater one and come to his place, but wit and wisdom pass all. Julius allowed his saying, and a man and a maiden were brought before him who were most like him of any children alive. Julius held them together and gave them great gifts, and sent them away with such verses:\n\nShow all one cheer, and peers gone in fear,\nLet no misfortune have price of your living.\nNo spray, no noise of downs lays,\nBe ye of cheer in fear without any guile.\n\nThe conspiracy of Catiline came out at the best consul's time and was condemned. Neither for the nobility of the person who had committed the crime, nor for Julius Caesar's royal speaking, who was his patron and advocate, did they plead. For Marcus Cato pleaded.\nAnd he toiled for the wellbeing of his own, nothing turned out that he might arrange new battles, desiring triumph and worship as a victor of Rome. Cesar valued diligence, sobriety, steadfastness, sternness. He did not strive against riches or treachery, but against strength with strength, against the sober man with honesty. He desired to be good more than to seem good. When Cassibelanus was dead in Britain and buried at York, his new tenant was king after him, Tennyson. Tennyson was duke of Cornwall and Ludde's son, and Andragius his brother. Andragius went with Julius Caesar to Rome.\n\nWhen Julius Caesar was eighteen years old, Octavianus was sent with two consuls to pursue Marcus Antonius, who was then considered an open enemy to the commonwealth. For he made insurrection against the Senators and against them who had slain Julius Caesar.\nOctavian was a Roman, the son of Octavius, a senator, and came from the Julian family, which was descended from Aeneas through his mother, Julia. Octavian was Julius Caesar's nephew and adopted son, and Caesar named him his heir in his will. Octavian defeated Mark Antony at Mutina, and both consuls died as a result. Octavian made peace with Antony at the request of Leptidus, who was Antony's master of the horse. Antony fled, and Octavian came to Rome at the age of 20 and took the dictatorship, making himself consul through force. He ruled for six months and ten days, from March to the first of October, during which time he ruled jointly with Antony for twelve years and forty-four years in total. He brought the entire world under one principate and lordship. Just as the kings of Rome bore the name Julius Caesar and were called Caesars.\nThey who came after Octavianus Augustus were called Augusti, not only because of Augere, that is, to increase or make more, for he made more and enriched the common prosperity. But he was born in the month of Augustus, other than that.\n\nFor he had expelled the Senators and chased Brutus and Cassius. He went to Antonius' palaces in the hope of reaching an accord with him, as Antonius was then in his 71st year. Augustinus, in the third book of De Civitate Dei, chapter three, writes: \"Tullius had protected and tenderly kept Octavianus in his youth against the malice of Antonius, hoping that he would help much in the service of the gods and the common prosperity of Rome. Octavianus did not let Antonius harm Tullius, as it were, by a kind of agreement of accord. Then, when Antonius wanted to silence Tullius because he had written much against him, Tullius answered in verse and said:\n\n\"Nothing, Antonius, that you write shall necessarily endure.\"\n\nEutropius then relates that Octavianus, with Antonius, put an end to them.\nSlough Iulius Caesar. Both Brutus and Cassius and a great multitude of others killed him. Afterward, they divided his pyre between them. Augustus held Spain, Gaul, and Italy. Antonius held the eastern lands.\n\nValerius, in his fourth book, records that Porcia, the great daughter of Cato, when she heard that her husband Brutus had been slain, took burning coals in her mouth. Some say that Ovidius Naso, the poet, was born at Pelusium. Salustius the advocate and writer of stories died at Rome.\n\nTerence had always been married to Terencia, but Cythero had, by diverse means, put Salustius aside and forsaken him. Therefore, Cythero made gestures in reproof of Salustius.\n\nIn his first book, Isidorus records that Salustius was the master of plays. Herodes Ascolanita reigned in Judea for six and thirty years. His father was Antipater of Idumea, and his mother was from Arabia.\n\nWhen Hircanus Aristobulus, brother of Herodes, and Antipater, this Herodes' father, had been friends and had enjoyed the favor of Julius Caesar, as they had before under Pompey, Hircanus.\nHerod was confirmed as king in the kingdom of the Jews, but with the condition that he should not be called a king. Antipater of Idumea was accused before Julius for great treachery. The women of his four wounds were publicly displayed, leading Julius to make him the procurector of the Jews. Later, his second son Herod, who was afterward called Asculapius because he restored the city of Ascalon, was made procurector of Galilee when Antipater was killed through the malice of Venus. Herod had such great favor from Antony that of the procurectors, he made him and his brothers four princes. At last, this Herod followed Antony to Rome and, with his help, was declared king of the Jews and crowned in the Capitol in the presence of Emperor Augustus. However, Herod was then sent with two dukes of Rome to take possession of his kingdom. But Antigonus, who had occupied the kingdom of the Jews in the meantime with the help of the Parthians, wounded one of the Roman dukes, preventing Herod from reigning beforehand.\nIn the fourth year, but with the help of Antony, who was then at Athens, Jerusalem was besieged for five months. And Antonius aided me in marrying Mariamme, who was the daughter of Herodias, the wife of Herodias's brother Herod Archelaus. Herodias, who was living with Philip at that time, later became Herod's wife, who was Philip's brother.\n\nStrife arose between Mariamme, Herod's wife, and Salome, Herod's sister. And Herod, on the advice of his sister, first executed Herodias's husband, the bishop Herodias, and then executed Ionas, Mariamme's brother, whom Herod had made bishop against God's law in his seventeenth year. And then he executed Mariamme and the husband of his sister Salome and took their hands.\nLayne by his sister Salome. But after the death of Mariamme, Herod fell into madness, behaving like a man who was sometimes lunatic, and took back his wife Herodias and her son Antipater. He sent Alexander and Aristobulus, the sons of Mariamne, to Rome to learn. But he later killed them. Herod also left behind many wise works; for he honored the temple and rebuilt Samaria, renaming it Sebaste in honor of Caesar. He built a temple around the well of Jordan. He completed the building of Caesarea in Palestine in honor of Caesar. He placed a golden eagle, large and heavy, on the temple gate that was called Speciosa, in honor of the Romans. But the Jews bore a heavy burden and took it in evil.\n\nAntony divorced his wife Cleopatra, Caesar's sister, and married the queen of Egypt. By desire to reign in Rome, that woman moved Antony to wage a civil battle.\nAgainst Octavianus, Petrus was defeated at Actium in Greece. Petrus was not present for that battle; Antonius had sent him back to the king of Arabia at Cleopatra's request, so that he could regain his kingdom, whether it had been defeated or not. (Eutropius, Book VII)\n\nAntonius, when he was defeated at Actium, fled to Egypt. There he took his own life, for he saw no hope of help or support. Cleopatra made herself beautiful and met with Augustus, intending to seduce him. But she was unsuccessful and was put in custody. She escaped and hid herself in the tomb of her husband Antonius and died by the poison of an asp that she had taken with her.\n\nLater, Egypt fell to the flames. Petrus ruled for 78 years after this. Afterward, Augustus enlarged Herod's kingdom, for he had wisely provided for him during his journey to Egypt. Some account of the first year of Augustus' entire kingdom from this point onward. For afterward, he reigned alone. Bede, in his \"Super Danielem,\" relates this as follows:\nThat time Marcus Terentius Varro died, at the age of 80, and Virgil died at Brundusium, when he was about 50. Varro was buried in Naples with a writing on his tomb that often used necromancy. Therefore, Alblood the sorcerer was taken up from the pit, and the city was filled with sorcerers without remedy, until the golden sorcerer was put back in the pit again. It is also said there, that Virgil closed his orchard and asked whether he should be shaped as a bird to take birds, or as a fly to take and kill flies. He told this to his grandson Tuctus, by the command of Augustus, who amended Virgil's book, Aeneid, on such a condition that they should put nothing more to it. This year, the mother of Saint Mary Christ is mentioned.\n\"Anna, daughter of Isaachar of the lineage of Levi, was the mother of Mary, the mother of Jesus. Jerome states that Anna had two sisters. From Anna came Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist. Anna was first married to Joachim and had by him Mary, the mother of Jesus. She was later married to Cleophas and had by him James the Less, also known as Alpheus, Simon Cananaeus (Judas Thaddeus), and Joseph, also called Barsabas. According to Eusebius in Book 2, Chapter 2, James the Less was called the Lord's brother, as he was the son of Joseph, the husband of Mary. However, this is not commonly held. Anna was also married to Salome and had by him James and John, the Evangelist. The first Mary, the mother of Jesus, was married to Cleophas, the brother of Joseph of Arimathea and Alpheus.\"\nIn the one forty-first year of Augustus, in the seventh month, September, on the eleventh day of the moon, the twenty-fourth day of September, on a Thursday, John the Baptist was conceived. Two hundred days later, on a Friday, he was born. He went before Christ in his conception, birth, baptism, preaching, and death; for he must decrease, and Christ must increase. A woman carries a child from conception to birth for two hundred and seventy-five days. Christ had in his mother's womb the same number of days. However, not all women carry children for such a long time, as Saint Augustine means in City of God, Book Four, Chapter Five. John had two days less in his mother's womb. John was born when the day began to shorten or wane, and Christ when the day began to lengthen. John was buried without a head, and no bone of Christ was broken.\n\n[Explicit Book Three]\nOctavianus.\nAugustus began to reign in Marche, in the beginning of his 41st year, in the year of Herods 37, in the third year of the Olympiad nineteen and ten after the building of the City of Rome, 7 BC, five years and after the conception of John the Baptist. The sixth month, the 25th day of March, in a Friday, the twelfth day of the moon, in Indiction at Nazareth in Galilee, Christ was conceived of the virgin Marie, Joseph's spouse. The Greeks used to perform certain mighty and strong deeds at the feet of their hands, which they called such deeds and plays. The first five years of such deeds and plays they named the first Olympiad. The second five years, the second Olympiad. The third five years, the third Olympiad, and so forth of all others. Since Christ was conceived in the twelfth indiction, that is, the meaning of twelve years of the indiction. Therefore, take heed that the indiction is the time of fifteen years, for when the Romans had won many provinces and lands.\nhad of every land that they had won three kinds of tribute in five years and called it the 15th indiction. In the first/5/ year of the indiction, the Romans paid brass for making armor. In the second/5/ year, they paid silver for paying knights. In the third and last five years of indiction, they paid gold to the Roman treasury. Peter, Christ was conceived in soul and flesh so that the shape of his limbs and body could not be seen with the human eye. So ends the 5th age of the world, as it were the age troubled with care and sorrow from the transition of Jews to Christ, from March before the burning of the temple, which was done in Hades to March in the 41st year of Augustus, under the 14th Gnaeus, and is called 5 BC and 41. Bede says 5 BC and 45. Elporicius says 5 BC, four score and 9. But the most reliable account of all says 5 BC, 89 and 10. For Isidore in his 5th book has one leper Ptolemy Filopator between them.\nThomas Epiphanes and Thomas Eugegetes the second, and often he ruled as Thomas the Successor, in the second reign after his mother was killed, eight years after her death and in the sixth age of the world. The beginning of the age is not certain, neither in generations nor in years. It will end, as it were, by death, marking the last age of the world. Some men say that the sixth age of the world began at the incarnation of Christ, by which incarnation Christ visited us and came down from heaven. Some account it from the birth of Christ. And for the authority of the apostle, when a sufficient amount of time had passed, God sent his Son born of a woman. Some account it from Christ's baptism, for then the virtue was given to the water to bring forth children spiritually when the circumcision began to cease. Some account it from Christ's Passion, then the gate of paradise was opened. The years from the beginning of the world were the twenty-fourth day of April, in which day the world began.\nThe incarnation of Christ occurred five thousand and two hundred years ago, according to Origen. But the common calculation is five thousand and 204 years, four months, and sixteen. Marcius says five thousand years and nine. The first Adam sinned on a Friday and died the same Friday after 930 years and 10 days. And in the same hour of the Friday, the second Adam, that is Christ, took flesh and blood and ended his fasting and suffered death for mankind. In the same hour of the Friday that Adam was expelled from paradise, the thief was brought into paradise. (Marianus, Book 2) It is not against this that the holy church holds that the first Adam was made of earth on the ninth day before April. And Christ was conceived on the seventh day before April for the night of the eighth day before the first day of April that comes after the day that Eve was made is now made by Christ's passion. The eighth day before April of his first part is made.\nThe text describes the events leading up to Christ's suffering, which occurred nine days before April. The text states that Christ suffered for three periods before April: the ninth day, the eighth day, and the seventh day before April. This can be explained by the fact that each year, the letter of the day changes in the calendar, as there is one more letter than weeks in a year.\n\nThe text also mentions that the Friday before April, which was the beginning of the world, was the seventeenth day before April. Adam was created on this day, and it is significant that Christ suffered and died on a Friday, which holds great authority in the Church. Saint Augustine is quoted as saying that no reasonable man disagrees with Christian writings, and no man can disagree with the Church.\n\nFurthermore, Saint Augustine states that Christ lay in the earth for three days and three nights, but not entirely.\nFor forty hours, Christ lay in the grave on the first day, beginning from the end of the first day and continuing into the night that preceded the second day. Christ spent the entire second day and the first part of the third day in the grave. According to St. Augustine, each of these three days had its own night. The night that fell between Saturday and Sunday of the Resurrection is mentioned by St. Augustine as having occurred on both Saturday and Sunday.\n\nAfter conceiving and traveling three months to Zachary's city, which was four miles from Jerusalem, Mary served her cousin Elizabeth until she gave birth to her child. Following this, Mary returned to her own house in Nazareth.\n\nAccording to Luke, Joseph was reluctant to take Mary as his wife publicly at this time.\nhis wife remained pregnant until an angel instructed him to take her without fear, as she was found to be with child. \u00b6\n\nDuring that time, a decree came from Caesar Augustus to census the entire world. Peter the Caesar wished to know the number of lands subject to Rome, as well as the cities and the number of polities in each city. He ordered a census to be taken in Subarbe, Citied, and had a child. \u00b6\n\nThen, at the end of the 41st year of Augustus, on a Saturday night following the day that was the 12th year of Mary's age, Jesus was born in Bethlehem. Seven days after his birth, on a Sunday, he was circumcised. The Epiphany, the twelfth day after his birth, fell on a Friday, the sixth day of January. Then, the kings came to worship him. Forty days after his nativity, on a Thursday, the second day of February, Jesus was presented in the temple. \u00b6\n\nAfter being warned by an angel in a dream, Joseph fled into Egypt.\nAnd Joseph stayed in Egypt with her for six years until Herod's death. Herod intended to kill all the children because he wanted to ensure his security among other rulers. When Christ entered Egypt, the Magi overthrew and filled down R.\n\nFive days before April, on the Friday, was the night on which Christ was conceived, and nine months and sixteen days later, Christ was born. This period of nine months and six days was assigned to women who had recently given birth, although not all women gave birth within this time. As of John the Baptist and Mary, they had one day less than Christ in their mother's womb.\n\nRegarding the coming of the years of Christ and the reigns of kings, their beginnings and ends are uncertain, and there are often great doubts in accounting for them.\nThe Romans, as well as the years of our Lord, began what year He was baptized, what year Christ suffered death. Authors speak differently; therefore, take heed by Beda's loore, Libro de Temporibus. The Romans, before Numa Pompilius' time, began the year in March, as the Hebrews do. But from Numa's time, they added two months to the year, Ianjuary and February. The Romans began the year in the beginning of Ianjuary, and the Holy Church in the western lands followed them in the common calendar and in the year most used.\n\nBut the Greeks, who established Olympia, began the year from the shortest day of winter.\n\nThe Hebrews began the year when the day and night were of equal length, for that time the world was first made.\n\nThe Egyptians began the year from Herust.\n\nMen of the eastern lands, such as Arabs and Caldeis, began the year after the gathering of wine and corn and fruit, when the tithes were brought into the temple in the beginning of October.\nThe day and night are equally long in harvest time as it now seems, and the fifth day of the month among them was the first month. January was the fourth. / It is said that various men have various beginnings of years, and yet over that comes various years by some chance that falls and begins in different times of the year. That we most use as yet is of years of kings. We account the years of our Lord in two ways: other by His birth or by His age. / And also, since Christ was born at the end of the year that we use by the sun, He had only seven days of the first year of His birth from the nativity. In the first year of His age, He fulfilled almost two years of His birth. Therefore, the years of the birth of our Lord by the course of the sun are nearly four and thirty years and a half, and the years of His age are nearly three and thirty.\nyear and a half, and he was baptized in his 1/2 year of age, and the 31/2 year of his birth, to account for that year with the last party, who was almost a year and a half older. It is true that Christ preached for four years, specifically three and a half years, according to the Gospel of St. John. And so Christ suffered death in the 33rd year of his age and in the 36th year of his birth. Then, in the 24th year of Octavianus, in which Christ was born, the march began and ended. Therefore, that year began in the third year of Olympiad 96 and ended in the fourth year of the same Olympiad, in the month of March. Christ's first year of his birth began and ended with certainty but rarely, and therefore it is hard to account them with the Olympiads or with the years of our Lord, for they often begin in one year of the Olympiads and end in another. The kingdom of Augustus is accounted in March. And Christ begins his first year of his birth at the end of Augustus' 24th year, then the 41st.\nThe year of Augustus begins in the first year of the Christian age and the 41st year of Augustus in the second year of the Christian age, and is the 44th year in the third year. When our Lord was born, a well of oil sprang up by Judea from Tiber, and it ran all day. A circle was seen around the sun. The True Cross Knights of Rome, who had left arms after sixty years, were called the knights of the equestrian order, and they spent what they had in a tavern beyond the Tiber. Therefore, that tavern was called taberna emeritoria. The golden image that Romulus had set up in his palaces fell down and said it would not fall until a maid bore a child. The temple of peace was destroyed in Rome. And Jerome, on that word, \"light has arisen for the righteous,\" says that all the sodomites in the world were destroyed. Peter, while Herod was preparing for the death of the children, was summoned by Caesar to Rome to answer to the charges brought by his own sons.\nIn this time, there were three Herods of great evil deeds. The first was Herod Asclepias, named after the city Ascalon because he fully plundered it. It was during his reign that Christ was born and the children were massacred, with Christ suffering death. The third was Herod Agrippa, son of Aristobulus. Aristobulus was the first son of Herod Agrippa.\n\nThis Herod Agrippa imprisoned James and Peter. Therefore, the people were filled with anger and made Alison and Aristobulus, the sons of Herod Agrippa, sleep with their father's concubines while they discussed their father's death. They were then put away and went to Caesar to report the wrongs done to them.\n\nMeanwhile, the three kings came to Jerusalem and did not return to Herod by the same road, and a few days later, the three kings came to Herod.\nThe birth of Cand was accorded to his sons, and therefore he was bolder, holding the kingdom secure and keeping the children of Bethlem, from those who were eighteen months to two years old, including his own children. Among these, one of his own children was killed, perhaps taken for nursing. But Methodius says that this was done by God's own decree and His order, for he who had reigned over so many men, their children should also be subject to his own children. For his sons Aristobulus and Alisaundre were suspected, as they had plotted with their father Barbout to cut their father's throat while he was showing mercy, and said that I should not trust an old man whose hair was turning gray, for he had already killed his own sons. Additionally, he was planning to put his son Herodes Antipas on the throne and favored and loved Herodes Agrippa and his sister.\nHerodias, as father, should have designated his eldest son Antipater to the kingdom. Antipater was angry and poisoned his own sons, saying, \"I was a swine and slew my own sons.\" At times, he was proselytized. Then, in the story, when Herodias was thirty-six years old and ten, he fell ill with a strong fever. He was tormented by intense itching that would not cease, with swelling of the feet infested with worms that wriggled and burst out of his private harness with an unbearable stench that could not be endured with puffing and blowing and great haste of breath, with a painful and strong cough frequently breaking out of sore throats. Then physicians bathed him in oil, and he was born anew as if he were dead, but he continued to peel an apple and eat it with all other food. He took the knife and would have struck himself, but one of his cousins prevented him. By the cousin's cry, tidings and noise of the king's death spread. In prison, Antipater heard this and rejoiced greatly.\nPetrus was slain in the year that John the Evangelist was born. Herod after the slaying of his sons had the welling out of the rotting of his private stones and died wretchedly in the year of his kingdom seventeen and thirty. He was most unwelcome and sought to make the Jews mourn and reckon of kindred of other nations, which were written in books in the most precious libraries of the temple. Herod commanded all such books to be burned. Neither Hadasah at home had such books or such genealogies in mind, and by them she came to us related.\n\nPetrus and Idumea divided the other half of the Jewish people and took Galilee for Herod Antipas, Iturea and Diocasides for his brother Philip. Archelaus was made dyarchus but never monarchus, but by common speech and by his own boast. Dyarchus is he that has two halves, other the half of a kingdom, and monarch is he that has the whole.\nA king is he who holds the fourth part of a kingdom. In the story, the year Christ returned from Egypt, the child Jesus was found in the temple, sitting and disputing with the doctors. Archelaus was often accused by the Jews and expelled from Judea. In his place, the Jews appointed four kings, called tetrarchs. The year Cesar Augustus died in Campania in the month of September, having reigned for 41 and a half years and being 66 years old. He was killed by the treason of his wife Livia, either by poison or as some men meant. Nevertheless, the seven and a half years following are accounted to the kingdom of Octavian Augustus. [Eutropius, Book VII]\n\nAugustus was so loved among foreign nations that the Scythians and Jews, who did not know the name of the Romans, sent him messengers and gifts. Many kings built cities in his honor.\nCaesar called the cities Cesareas, and kings went out of their own lands, dressed as lords of Rome, and rode in chariots. In the end, he incited such war and strife that he would never wage war without a just cause. He claimed it was the doing of a proud and light-witted man, who sought to incite strife and disorder for the sake of worship and laurel leaves, without any fruit. He also said that no war should be initiated without a cause and great profit, lest great boasts be won with little profit, like a golden fishhook. The debt for this could not be repaid by any catching of fish. He was also mild to the citizens, true to his friends, and eager to receive friendship, and true and steadfast in keeping it. He was knowledgeable in art and science, and particularly skilled in eloquent speech. He was so eager that no day should escape him, that he would read, write, or declare righteousness.\n\nCicero, De Officiis I\n\nHe initiated this letter first.\nX I wrote therefore for C, R, S, and he found it skillfully, for its figure is like the cross of Christ that was born in his time. Eutropius He enclosed the city of Rome with fair houses and had joy to say I found a city of brick and I leave a city of marble. He was fair in all his body but his eyes were fairest of all. But so great and so fair a man was not without vices and sin. For he was angry and could not endure wrathful and privately envious and openly displeasing, covetous of lordship and a player at dice. And though he was a great eater and drinker of wine yet he abstained from sleep and used lechery. So that name and fame were counted of it among the common people.\n\nFor he was accustomed to lie between twelve such who would easily assent to sin and between twelve maidens also, and he sent away his wife Scribonia. And he wedded one Livia as it were by grant and assent of her husband. His sons were Tiberius and Drusus, and though he was ambitious and would have made himself a god.\nbut he forsook it and would not assent, and asked counsel of Sibilla Tibur. Augustine, in Book X, Chapter 24, writes, \"/ The first letters of the verses speak this meaning: / Iesus Christ, God's son, save us. / Mark: / Heaven opened, and Caesar saw a fair maid and heard this voice: / This is the altar of God's son. / And Caesar fell down to the earth on the floor of his chamber. There was afterward built a church of Our Lady and is called in Ara Coeli, that is, in the altar of heaven. / Tiberius told Augustus that he spoke much of evil through him every day. / And he answered and said, \"We take no indignation though men speak evil of us. / It is now to us that they can do us no harm.\" / Pol, Book III, Chapter 13: / Antonius despised Augustus' kin in the maternal line and called him barkus by nature. / And Augustus loved and let the same Antonius be married to his sister. / Also once, for the shortness of his body, he was called a dwarf. / I must needs call him a tyrant.\nAnd I were a tyrant, he said you would not call me so. It was said in Rome that no man should be done to death, neither penetrated into the city. Also sometimes one came to Rome who was most like Augustus in all manner of points and was brought before Augustus. And Augustus addressed him and said, \"Say, young man, was your mother ever in Rome?\" \"No,\" he replied. \"But my father was often there.\" Augustus was not angry therefore but made him rich and sent him away. Seneca on clemency. When Cynnas threatened your fame, the founder, my enemy, in pavilions and tents, saved your life. I granted him the rents and riches and made him my friend. Now I give your life to my enemy. And now to the traitor and murderer. From this day forth between us friendship shall begin. Now let us strive whether I have given you your life by a better faith than you owe me, or you owe me better faith than your life is saved by. Afterward he made him consul and held him his trusted friend. And at last\nCesar was made heir to Marc. A man cried out and said, \"I will not be held unwilling, uncivil Cesar, victor and emperor.\" Cesar, having come from the victory at Actium, encountered a man with a popinjay on his head who taught it to say, \"Hail Cesar, victor and emperor.\" The emperor marveled and bought the parrot for twenty thousand denarii. He also bought a star and marveled at it. A beggar found a crow and taught it to speak, saying the same salutation. When it had finished, Cesar passed by and heard it and said, \"We have such salutations at home.\" The crow lamented, \"Alas, all is lost, travel and cost.\" Cesar laughed and bought the crow last of all. A Greek, a great poet, used to compose noble verses in praise of Cesar. He wrote and gave them to Cesar. When Cesar had often received such praise without payment, Cesar made an end to the poet's praises and gave to the poet who had praised him the poem that he had written.\nSemblant and with voices, they offered to give Caesar money. All men laughed and had good game. Caesar bade his speaker give the Greeks a great deal of money. (Eutropius, Book VII) At last Caesar died at Nola in Campania, and all men cried and said, \"May God have mercy, that he had never been born, or had never died.\" The man was like a god in battle; no one was more gracious or more skilled in peace. (Politicus, Book VI) Augustus would say the same counsel against the enemy, that is, against sickness, for they were more overcome by hunger than by war. He made his sons run and use casting, and he made his daughters use wool crafts to spin on a distaff and make bread, for they would need to live by craft if necessary. Tiberius was Augustus' stepson. He wedded his daughter and made her reign with him in the month of September, in which month Augustus had died. Tiberius reigned for three and twenty years and some days. (Eutropius) This first governed the empire with.\nA greet Shepherd should share his flock, not swell them. This was wise and gracious in arms. A man of great learning and casting aside, looking and knowing what he didn't want, he made it seem so. To those he loved, he made it appear he was angry. To those he hated, he seemed goodly. He would suddenly and without warning call counsellors near, but minstrels called him Tiberius Mercury, for he was often wine-drunk. Also, due to some letters Pilate sent, he wished to be worshipped as an almighty god. But the Senators said no. Therefore, he exiled many of the elder men and chose new counsellors, leaving only two of them in good health before he was Emperor. He was wise and ready in arms. But later, he was disturbed by...\nmessengers reported that in provinces and in lands, men's tongues and hearts should be made one. I asked why he did so; he answered and said that in doing so, he spared the people, for procurators had previously lopped off heads as an example of one who was wounded and would not drive away the flies that sat on his wounds. Then came one of his friends and drove away the flies for he was weary. The emperor learned of this craftsman's skill, and asked to strike off the head of the craftsman, for if this craft were known, gold and other precious metals would be of no value. Ovidius Naso the poet died in the island Pontus, besides the Euphrates, and made the Romans angry with him because he encouraged young men to love wives too much. Therefore, he said in his book, \"The Master,\" I am told, that at last Ovidius lay by the emperor's side, and for that reason, he was exiled.\nPilatus was born in the Jewry of his father Judea and lived there. I have read of many wonders concerning a king named Tiberius, who took a soldier's daughter Pilate as his wife and had a son named after her. This son and Pilate were of the same age. But this lawful son held mastery over Pilate in every place, which made Pilate angry and he slew his own brother. Therefore, the father who was the king demanded that he pay tribute to the Romans every year. At the same time, the king's son often fought and quarreled.\n\nTherefore, the Romans deemed Pilatus profitable to the empire for subduing forward men and stern, and sent him to the island of Pontus to be a judge to chastise men who would not receive or suffer any judge among them. But that harsh Pilatus chastised them with punishments, whippings, and fair orders, therefore he was named Pontius Pilate.\nHerod Antipas took joy in his wickedness and sent messages and gifts to him, making him prince under him in Judea. But Pilate, at last, amassed much money and went to Rome without informing Herod to receive the office of Tiberius that he held from Herod. Therefore, Herod and Pilate were enemies at the time of Christ's passion, when Pilate sent Jesus clothed in white to Herod. At that time, Tiberius Caesar, who was the emperor, had a severe illness and heard that in Jerusalem there was a healer who healed sick men only with a word, one who was before crucified. The aforementioned Volusianus took a clever plan and learned of a noble woman named Veronica. So he brought her to Rome, along with her linen cloth in which she had the print and likeness of our Lord's face. The emperor beheld this cloth and was healed immediately. When the emperor knew that Pilate had condemned Christ, Pilate was taken into custody by the emperor's command.\nWhile wearing that cloak, but at last, by God's will and the counsel of some Christians, the cloak was taken from him, and then he was put in prison. There, he mutilated himself with his own hands. In the previous year, look within the Gospel of Pilate for the account of Peter. At that time, there were three sects of Jews in Judea, separated and living apart from the common dwelling of other men. The sects were the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes. The Pharisees were and wore harsh clothing and scanty food and drink. They interpreted Moses' law according to their order and statutes. They bore scrolls in their foreheads and in their left arms and called the scrolls phylacteries. In the phylacteries were written the Ten Commandments in memory of the law. They also had large phylacteries, bound with thorns, which pricked them as their bodies rose from death to life. The Sadducees denied the resurrection of bodies from death to life and said that they believed that souls died with the bodies. They healed only according to the law.\nThe Saducees consisted of five books. They considered themselves righteous but were cruel and incompatible among themselves. They called themselves Saducees, living nearly as religious men and abandoning marriage. However, they were false, as they believed no woman was faithful to her husband. Their clothes were always clean, and they had no certain city before sunrise. They spoke nothing unlawful and worshipped the sun when it rose. They spoke not at their meals. They hated others as if for swearing. They took no one into their sect unless by the evidence of one year, and if they took one of their women with sin, they expelled him, making him eat grass as beasts do in penance to his life's end. Though ten of them sat together, none of them would speak a word without first making them a pit and letting their clothes fall around them, and when they had cackled, they would fill the pit again with the same earth. It seemed to me that they did wrong to the sun by doing this, and when they had cackled, they would fill the pit again with the same earth.\nThey had dug up from the same pit those who lived longest of all men, for they lived sparsely and consumed no surfeit of food and drink. They believed that all souls were created at the beginning and placed in bodies when the time was right. Some of them would tell what was to come, for they resembled evil doings and despised riches. Here land and what they had was common among them all. They made no bargains among themselves but each had freely of other what he needed. They wore no hosen or clothing other than what they were given or tore and spent. They practiced hospitality. They had one manner of food. They prayed before and after eating. In her house was never heard a cry or noise. None of them should give without the order of the common expenses. They held all their laws stronger than any other. He who should be received to abide among them should, after his year of trial, swear to keep faith to God, righteousness to men.\nobedience to princes. If he happened to be above and over others, he should not misuse his power and might in damage and wrong of subjects, but he should chastise liars with all his might. A court should consist of no less than one hundred persons, and their decision should stand firm and not be changed. From the fifty-fifth year of Tiberius to the first year of Adam, sixty years and one were accounted as years of grace, and so by his tale, the sixtieth year of Tiberius was the beginning of the year of grace, sixty-one. But the seventies say that from Adam to the fifteenth year of Tiberius, one hundred and twenty-five baptized Christ on the sixth day of January, the day of the showing of our Lord. And that day, the twelfth month, he turned water into wine. Therefore, in old books, that day is called the day of showings in the plural, for that day filled many diverse showings and had diverse names. In the same day, in different years, there were done three great showings: the first, the Epiphany, and is a name made of epiphaneia, for the first manifestation.\nthat is a boule and phanos, the second theophania, made of theos (god) and phanos (showing), in the baptism of Christ by a dove. The third theophania, bethe (house) and phanos (showing), made in an hour by the turning of water into wine. And some men mean that the miracle of the five loves and two fishes and heete (heat) fagephania (made of fagyn, eat, and phanos, showing), was done in feeding of men. Also, the second year, as Luke and Jerome say, Christ began the thirty-third year, so the Gospel says Jesus began, according to Criostimus Marianus. And coming of the holy church. Eusebius in Ecclesiastical History. Meneth, that then Christ became one and thirty years old, and as much from nativity to the passion time, then Christ - the Monday next after his baptism.\nLadied into the wilderness by the spirit, and began his fasting and fasted for forty days. He ended his fasting on a Friday, the fifteenth day of February. That day he overcame the devil who had tempted him; on that same day the devil had overcome and supplanted Adam the first man.\n\nThe next Easter, according to true lore, he drove and chased merchants and traders out of the temple. In the same year after that, he called and chose his disciples: Andrew, Peter, Philip, and Bartholomew.\n\nThe next year after, he turned water into wine in a twelve-day span. And afterwards, according to Bede, Christ and his disciples were baptized in the Jordan. And the next Easter after John was imprisoned.\n\nAlso, on a holy feast day, Christ healed a man who had been bedridden for eight and thirty years. And in the same year, he went up to the hill, there he chose the twelve apostles and sent them to preach.\n\nIt seems that three Gospel writers who relate the deeds of Christ leave almost untold the events of one year after the imprisonment of John the Baptist.\nBefore John the Evangelist speaks less of other things and tells of how Jesus turned water into wine, Nicodemus came to him by night and how Jesus drove out the sellers of the temple. After the third Easter, John was ordered to be imprisoned for a year. At the fourth Easter, Christ suffered death. Peter's cross was numbered as the eleventh in Ecclesiastes, that is, in Samaria. His head was buried at Jerusalem beside Herod's house. For fear that he might arise from death, Myrrhineans divided his bones and threw them abroad. During the time of Julian the Apostate, they had envy towards the miracles he performed. And they gathered his bones together and burned them, and quenched the ashes with wine. That deed some men now account as the second martyrdom of the dead man. They did not know what they did. In the feast of his nativity, while they gathered his bones together and burned them as far forth as they might. And while Myrrhineans gathered John's bones.\nThe men of Jerusalem were mixed among them and took a great deal of the bones, among which was the finger that John showed Christ. Afterward, Saint Tekla brought that finger to the Alps, in Lombardy. That finger is now in the Moris Monastery. However, the bones were sent to Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria. In Marcian's prince's time, John warned two monks of his head's location and told them where it lay. The monks were from the lands and had come to Jerusalem to pray. Nevertheless, the head was long lost due to unknown reasons and was hidden in a den in Phoenicia until John pointed out where his head lay to mark its location. Some say it is not the feast of John's beheading but of the gathering of the bones and their burning. Then Theodosius the emperor brought the head to Constantinople, and later it was brought into France and is often shown to.\npilgrims at Amyens\nChrist suffered for seven days before April / Cassiodorus says that day was a great eclipse of the sun / So extreme that none such was before or after / the white sun-day priests in the temple had stirrings & noises of places\nThen they heard a voice break out suddenly near the temple that said pass out of these segregations\nAlso that year about Pentecost, the apostles ordained the lesser James, Alpheus' son, bishop of Jerusalem / he sang the first mass among them & ruled the bishopric at Jerusalem for thirty years / seven deacons were ordained: Stephen, Philip, Procorus, Nychamor, Timon, and Peramenes / Nicholas, he should have but he made his wife come to all who wanted her.\nEusebius in Ecclesiastical History, Book III\nThis Nicholas had a fair wife and was blamed by the apostles as though he were jealous. He brought forth his wife, and if any man would lie with her, he would allow it, in simple and innocent doing, though some.\nFollowed various lechery, yet Nicholas did not, in despising of jealousy, and not by will to teach men to desire fleshly liking, especially for his sons and daughters, who lived chaste to their lives' end. He also had four surnames and is named Jacob Alpheus, for he was Alpheus' son, lord in holiness and in face. So, many were deceived by the resemblance of the two. Therefore, Judas gave the Jews a sign of a kiss lest they be deceived in taking of Christ. He is also called the lesser James, for the other was Zebedee's son. Though he was younger than he, he was rather called by Christ. He is called the more James, and this manner is used in the Church of Rome and in many religions. So, he that comes first is called the more. He is called righteous for the worthiness of passing holiness. This was always holy and chaste from the time that he was first born. He never drank wine nor side nor tasted meat. It never came on his head. He had leave to enter in.\nThe holiest place in the temple: The first thing a man sang at mass was on Good Friday, when Christ died. He swore never to eat again until Christ rose. The people found it strange that the day turned white. Matthias was chosen and made an Apostle in place of Judas the traitor. In a story, though the author is unknown, a man owed a debt of marriage to another. The woman dreamed that she had given birth to an evil son who would betray his own people. The child was born and named Judas. His father and mother were distressed, some wanting to kill him and others to raise him up. They put him in a small basket as a compromise and set him adrift in the sea. He came to an island called Sicily. There, the queen of the island had no children and found the basket and the child. She pretended to be pregnant and gave birth in public. But later, the queen truly conceived and gave birth to a child by another man.\nWhen King Iudas grew up, Iudas often provoked him, making him weep frequently, but it was all for nothing. In the end, Iudas fled to Jerusalem with men who were subject to him, and brought them before Pilate, who was the judge at that time. Since Iudas had great favor with Pilate for reasons similar to this, one day Pilate looked out of his palace into Ruben's orchard, where Ruben truly was Iudas' father. Pilate took a liking to the apples in the orchard, so he sent Iudas to gather them. Ruben then came and met Iudas, and after a struggle and blows, Iudas struck Ruben with a stone and mortally wounded his own father. However, Iudas escaped secretly after committing this evil deed. Therefore, people believed that Ruben had suddenly died. Then Pilate gave Iudas all of Ruben's possessions, and Iudas gave Cyborea to be his wife. In a day, Cyborea made a great lament before Iudas about her wretched and sorrowful life, lamenting how she had cast her young son into the stream.\nShe lost her husband suddenly and was married against her will. It was known that Judas had killed his own father and married his own mother. Therefore, by the counsel of Cybele, Judas followed Christ, and his transgressions were forgiven. Judas became a follower of Christ. In that year, Peter the Apostle, John's brother from the province of Galilee, of the street Bethsaida, began to hold the bishop's see in the eastern lands and was bishop there for four years, singing masses and saying the Lord's Prayer. Jerome of Illustrious Men. When Peter came to Antiochia and was bishop there for seven years, he then came to Rome and was there for five and twenty years and seven months. Paul was converted and was with the disciples in Damascus after receiving Christianity from Ananias. Then he went again to Damascus and stayed there three years, during which holy writ calls \"many days.\" He was let down over the wall in a basket and came into Jerusalem to see Peter and was with him for fifteen days.\nAfterward, he came to the countries of Syria, Cilicia, and Asia, and was there. When the fourteen years were completed, he went to the apostles in Jerusalem. Then, when he had been summoned, he went to the emperor in Rome. Outside the city, he hired a common man and taught him the words of life. Among those he taught was Seneca, Nero's master, who visited Paul not only with his mouth but also with letters and letters. Persius the poet was born. Tiberius Caesar died, poisoned with venom, in the year of his age thirty-seven, as it were, the first day of October. In the sixth chapter of Peter, Tiberius knew that he would die and called for his news before other noblemen. He ordered that his news be ordained a successor the following morning and prayed first to his goddesses. He ordered by himself to place before his own news the one who came first to him the following morning.\nTiberius was warned privately to come first in every way, but he was reckless and would not come until he had eaten. Gaius came first, and King Cymbeline of the Britons had died, leaving behind him two sons, Guiderius and Arviragus. Guiderius obtained the kingdom and warned Tiberius. Thus, the Romans rose against him.\n\nGaius Tiberius, called Galerius, was the new emperor, born in the host. He was named after a knight's leg, and Galerius was an idle man, who cleansed Tiberius' shame and was called the god of heaven and earth. He lay with his own sister and got a daughter by her. Later, he laid with that daughter. In the first year of his empire, he released Herodes Agrippa from prison.\nHad imprisoned Herod Agrippa in the second year of his kingdom, he exiled Herod Antipas and his wife Herodias. Herod Agrippa accused them. The earth swallowed the woman who tumbled down, but in the third year of his empire, Herod Agrippa exiled Pilate, the Jewish leader, and sent him to Vandal Slewa to kill himself there, and was bound to a great stone and thrown into the Tiber. Ill spirits rejoiced with him, and illness, pestilence, and great rainfall occurred around that place.\n\nTherefore, the Romans drew him out of the Tiber and threw him into the Rhone at Vienna. That place was then granted the place of crucifixion. Also, it was called Via Appia, which is a way, and Via Iehenne, which is the valley of the children of poverty.\n\nBut a pestilence filled that place as well, and the men of the area buried him at Bosporus. And there, the people of the countryside were afraid and hid his body in a pit that was surrounded by hills.\n\nThere is yet...\nIn the Ecclesiastical History, it is recorded that the Jews accused Pilate to Tiberius, and that Pilate was born in Lugdunum in France. Either account can be believed, without implying that he was born there after the Jewish accusation, or that after Volusianus returned from Jerusalem, he called him out of exile for harsher punishment. Eusebius and Bede bear witness.\n\nClaudius ruled for about fifteen years. His deeds were marked by excessive drinking and lechery. He attempted to pass a law to excuse those who followed him, but for some reason he spared it and fell into great danger.\n\nJosephus, in Book Twenty, records that Claudius had three wives. His first wife was Claudia Procula, whom he married, and they had a son named Britannicus and a daughter named Octavia. His third wife was Agrippina the Elder's daughter, and she bore him a son named Nero. Claudius married his daughter Octavia to Nero.\nFor Love of Agrippina, Claudius took the throne from his father. Therefore, Agrippina poisoned Claudius so that her son Nero would become Emperor. After Nero's ascension, he repaid his mother by poisoning Britannicus and killing his wife Octavia. Regarding Messalina, Juvenal's Satiricus speaks, stating that she was publicly expelled and remarried, not fully satisfied with her previous actions. Beda, in Book 1, Chapter 4, relates that in that year, a great famine struck Syria and Judea. Helena, the queen of Adiabenes, came to Jerusalem and bought corn to support the needy Christians in Jerusalem. Her son's burial site was still visible there, leading many to believe that this was the burial place of Helena, Constantine's mother. According to some accounts, she was called Helena and renamed the city.\nThings: Peter and the power came to Jerusalem to speak with Peter about the gospel. In the fifteenth day of July, the Apostles were departed into all the world. Then Peter came to Rome and sent Marcial to Lyonica and Appollinaris to Raven, and Marcus to Egypt. This Marcus, of Levitical descent, was Peter's son by baptism and disciple, and came to Rome with Peter. At the prayer of Christian men, he wrote the gospel that Peter allowed and approved, and took it to be read in churches. Then Marcus was sent to Aquileya, where he converted many. At last, he was sent to Alexandria in Egypt, and there he was put to death. Around the year 303 AD, he was translated and brought from Alexandria to Venice. This piece of his robe once belonged to him, lest he should be made priest or bishop, but God's order and the mastery and authority of Peter made him bishop of Alexandria. Bede, Book 1, Chapter 5.\n\nKing Guiderius reigned among the Britons.\nClaudius Caesar warned the Romans about tributes in Britain, so Claudius Caesar came and conquered Britain as if without battle and great noise of grumbling was raised in Britain, as it seems, for its men who fled were not restored again. He came to an Island there, called Iulius Caesar's Dare not Come, nor any man after him. The Isles orchards that are beyond Britain in the sea of Ocean, he made subject to the emperor of Rome and turned back to Rome in the sixth month after he had gone out and gave his son the name Britannicus. Lelius Hamo, a leader of Claudius, slew King Guiderius at Porchester. Hamo died before Hamo's Haven, which was so called by his name, now Hampton. Then Claudius, after various battles, took Arviragus Guiderius' brother to his grace and brought his daughter Genuyssa from Rome and married her to King Arviragus. For he wanted to make the place of the marriage solemn, he called it Claudiocestra by his own name. Claudiocestra, he called it in British speech, that is, Claudius.\nAfter that, it was called Gloucester and Glocesteria, and held the name of the Duke of Demetria. Claudius Caesar is said to have met him at Gloucester. Then Claudius sent legions of knights into Ireland, but he turned back to Rome, and Arviragus refused to be subject to the Romans. Therefore, Vespasian, a duke of Rome, was sent and made king of the kingdom, and the island next to Britain in the south was made subject to the Roman empire. Herod Agrippa, when he had persecuted some of the holy church, came to Caesarea to make sacrifices in honor of Caesar. There, an angel struck him down and he said to his friends, \"Behold, I who was called a god, am now truly bound by chains of death.\" So he died. Herod Agrippa was the son of Herod Agrippa I and his sister Herodias was his oldest step-daughter. Herodias' brother was Aristobulus.\nHerod Agrippa, a man of great heart, had a close friendship with Drusus, Tiberius Caesar's son. He sought the Romans' favor greatly, out of deep gratitude to Drusus. But Drusus died suddenly, and Tiberius Caesar was sorry that he had dismissed all of Drusus' servants from his presence, lest Drusus' death be a reminder to them. Therefore, it was fortunate that Herod Agrippa returned to Judea, appearing despondent and in need, shutting himself in a tower to die of hunger. But at the request of his sister Herodias, he was released by Herod Antipas. Herod Antipas reproved him at an opportune moment for the good he had done him, which angered Herod Agrippa, and he went to Tiberius Caesar to seek his grace once more and lived with Gaius Germanicus' son. In time, he sat with Gaius in his chariot and wished aloud that Tiberius and Sejanus were dead, so that Gaius might become emperor. The charioteer heard.\nThat and warned the emperor. Therefore, Agrippa was imprisoned for six months until the death of Tiberius Caesar. While Agrippa was in prison, one of his prisoners, skilled in divining, warned him that he would soon be released from prison and would become a king, causing envy among his friends. This diviner divined while he saw an owl sitting on a tree, and Agrippa listened and said that as soon as he saw a similar bird perched above him, he would die five days later.\n\nWhen Tiberius was dead, Gaius delivered Agrippa and gave him the tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias, and crowned and called him king. Therefore, his sister Herodias was angry and had great indignation because her husband Herod Antipas, the tetrarch, had not obtained the title of king for him. She incited her husband Herod Antipas to go to Gaius and buy the title of king, but Gaius was warned in advance by letters from Agrippa and had Herod Antipas imprisoned in France instead.\nAgrippa's sister chose where she would go again and follow her husband. She wanted to be exiled with her husband and declared she would not leave him in his misery, which she had shared. Thus, the third tetrarchy was taken from Herod Antipas and given to Herod Agrippa. Herod Agrippa was made great and returned to Judea.\n\nLater, at Caesarea, as previously mentioned, he showed favor to James and imprisoned Peter. He played the part of a king at Cesarea and was swallowed by worms and died. He left behind two other sons and a half-brother beyond the Jordan, his son Herod Agrippa was not called Herod but only Agrippa.\n\nChristian men fled from Judea later when the city was about to be taken and destroyed. Saint Mary, our Lord's mother, died in her eighty-third year, having been fourteen when she gave birth and living with her son for thirty-three years. Afterward, she was taken. (Sixteen years later, as some say, and thus she was sixty-nine when she died.)\nHennes, when she was sixty and more years old, for men say that the apostles preached after Christ in the Ivy League and in the countries around it for about twelve years. Philip the apostle was nailed to the cross in the city of Hierapolis in the year of his age thirty-eight. Lazarus, the first bishop of Cyprus, died in his second death and had twenty-four years between his two deaths. Felix, procurator of the Jews, was sent by Claudius before this; Paul was accused and appealed for his offense to the emperor; at that time there were many false prophets, such as Egesipus (in the second book). Also at that time there were many cunning sword men in Jerusalem and were mixed among the people, killing many men so subtly and so privately that no man could see them. Therefore, many men went into the wilderness to refute and support each other. Claudius died at Rome in his own palaces. The year of his age was thirty-six, as it were, in the month of March.\nFor his wife Agrippina poisoned him to eliminate Britannicus, her own son, and make Nero emperor. Nero, Domitius's son and Agrippina's sister's child, had married Claudia's daughter and ruled for almost fourteen years. This was most curious and cunning, as he enjoyed and took pleasure in being openly called the prince of harpers. He also had great fondness for the sweetness of his voice, abstaining from all food and drink that were not good for his voice. He not only did this but also often ended his song. He was entirely ruled and led by the musicians' leading and counsel. And because he was most covetous of all emperors, he would say, \"He who is above all has need of all, but it did not grieve him to give musicians all that he had.\" He gave them all the worshipful shoes of silver. He fished with golden nets. The nets were drawn with ropes of red silk. For this, I wish to see...\nNero set Rome ablaze, and it burned for seven nights and eight days. He wept and sang the tales of Troy.\n\nNero was lecherous and wed a man as his wife, only to become another man's husband. He allowed his mother's womb to be cut open, desiring to see the place of his conception. Martinus the Physician reproached him for defiling his own mother.\n\nNero replied, \"But you make me carry a child. Everyone will be dead when it is born.\" They plied him with drinks, making him drink from a frog. In the end, after much sorrow and grief, he gave birth and cast up a frog.\n\nThe physicians claimed that the child was born prematurely, explaining its unappealing and monstrous appearance. Nero kept the frog in a tower to the end of his life. Some believe that Lateran derives its name from this frog, as \"later\" is Latin for \"lot\" and \"an\" is a diminutive suffix.\nNero hid other unknown things in English and ran in Latin: \"A frog in English, and he made a heaven a hundred feet high. He bored and tiled it with many small holes, and it was raised up with four scored pillars and ten of marble stone. He let water fall upon it, which dropped down like rain from heaven. He made also a lamp burning by day that shone a downward way, as if it were the sun. And he set a mirror with precious stones that shone by night, as if it were the moon. But all these were suddenly destroyed by God's ordinance, so that neither a trace nor a crumb was ever found. He also made a chariot with four wheels drawn upon that heaven, and a great noise was heard, as if it were the noise of a great thunder. But God Almighty sent a great wind that threw the chariot into the river. Nero slew many noble men, including Octavian's wife Livia and his own mother Agrippina, as well as his sister and his wife. He also killed Seneca.\"\nphilosopher Lucanus, called the servant of Cordus, came to Nero and asked for a reward for having been Nero's servant. He had chosen the place under which tree he would be hanged. Seneca asked why he deserved that manner of death. Nero made one hesitant about Seneca and saw that he was very afraid. Nero said, \"As much as you are afraid of this sword, I am afraid of the same thing. And yet I am as afraid of it now as I was when I was a child.\" Therefore, Seneca chose the manner of his death and asked to be bathed in another man's blood and to die in that man's place. In a way, he had earned the name Seneca, for Seneca in Latin means \"he who kills himself.\" Seneca had two brothers: one, Iulius Galerus, the best declamator of all; he took his own life with his own hand. The other brother, Iulius Mela, the father of Lucanus, also took his life when he had completed his book.\nThe harm and damage of strife and discord between citizens brought Polius to Nero's attention. Yet, by Nero's order, he was slain through the cutting of his veins, as it is said. Some are bold and hardy to despise Seneca, but I think they doubt, for he is worthy to be numbered among the holy saints. This Seneca had noble wit to learn and to teach, and had great studying and great knowledge of things, nearly all matters of wisdom and science. He had written treatises on poetry and nearly all kinds of philosophy. In every doing, he was a good and true keeper of virtues and enemy of vices and sins. It seemed that he made worlds of gold and brought gods into agreement with mankind. He also wrote \"De Beneficis,\" \"De Clemencia,\" \"Declamations,\" \"Tragedies,\" \"Quaestiones,\" and \"De Tusculanas.\" \"De Casibus Fortuitis\" was written by Seneca as well. Jerome referred to him in \"De Viris Illustribus,\" and Paul was called to Rome and there is a record to the effect.\nPeople who came found Bishop Peter occupied in prayers and preaching. Martin of Cletus is written that he wrote first in his letters, signing and applying the blessing, \"This much pilgrimage do to holy saints and especially to the apostles.\" He took sight by the blood that ran from the spear's point at Christ's side. And so it is believed in Christ and was taught by the Apostles. He went to Caesarea in Cappadocia and lived, died. R.\n\nThere were more poets than satirists. Poet has the name of feigning, and Virgil was one, especially in his \"Eneid.\" Our Juvonal, or Juvenalis, is said to be \"saturicus,\" that is, full of satire, or reproving. They spoke against me and evil living, and there were three such persons: Oraces, Iulius, and Juvenalis. Isidore 8.7.\n\nThe office of a poet is to tell things that are true in deed by other means and changing with flourishing and fair manner of speaking.\nPoets believed temples were fairer than other houses and statues more beautiful than other bodies, so they thought gods should be worshiped with beauty and nobility. Therefore, some poets were called divine for they made their poems about gods. Lucanus was not considered a poet when he wrote three stories of the strife of Cyteseus, but if it was by the manner of blending poets, the last James Bishop of Jerome was slain six days before April, thirty-three years after the passion of our Lord. First, the Jews stoned James for anger so they might not kill Paul, and afterward they struck out his brain with a shepherd's staff. Eusebius in Ecclesiastical History recorded it and allowed it to be read in churches. Linus, the bishop, suffered death at Rome six days before December. After him, Cletus was his successor for twelve years. Peter went to Rome to withstand and put off Simon Magus, who came from the Samaritans. Peter had arrived before him.\nPeter and Paul's persecution of Galilee grieved him deeply, and for this reason, he longed to abandon Rome, where he had suffered for a long time. He set a date for his departure into heaven, and when that day arrived, he summoned all the might of his witchcraft. Those who were with him said that Christ had never performed such a deed, but at Peter's request, he found a way to escape Nero's tyranny. He met Christ at the city gate and asked, \"Lord, do you go to Rome to be nailed to the cross again? Then, and for the harm you have done, the senators deemed you an enemy and fled four miles from the city. They slowed him down by having a slave of theirs, whom he had freed, hold him back. The year of his own age was two and thirty when Peter suffered death. Two and fifteen years later, Clement governed the holy church under Peter while he was alive. He was bishop for twenty-one years and twelve.\nClement, with Linus and Cletus, lived for nine years after Linus, as he was exiled. This Clement, as a wise man, was careful to avoid the danger that might follow if everyone made him a successor, due to the example of Peter, and so he resigned his dignity to Linus and later to Cletus. Clement wrote many letters of Christian law and made Linus and Cletus bishops before him. This Clement was the first to be elected after Peter and the third in order for Linus and Cletus. Between Peter and him, his body was thrown into the sand, and in the mind of that victory, King Marius placed a stone in that place, which is now called Wessex or Westmerlia. William of Malmesbury doubts that this stone was placed there in memory of Marius the king, as it is written in the British book. Afterwards.\nMarius the king granted land in the last ends of Scotland, called Catenasy, to Rodicus and his men who had been overcome. This is mentioned in the last chapter of the first book. Galba Servius reigned for seven months after Nero, chosen by the Spaniards and the Gallic people in the year of his age thirty-six and had been a senator of noble birth. His private life was noble and he had often been consul, often proconsul, often duke, and leader of great battles. He made one son, a noble young man, his adopted son and heir. However, both were deceased by the wayside during the campaign. Otho Lucius reigned for three months. When he heard that an Emperor had been made in Gaul by the religious followers of Germany, he raised armies called the civil wars and had victories in three of the first battles. In the fourth battle, when he saw his men wavering and falling to the ground, he said he was not worthy for Cyllus' battle to rise for him, and so he killed himself. Vitelius reigned after.\nOtho ruled for about seven months and was strong and noble, but he was such a glutton that he ate three to five times a day some days. At one supper, two thousand fish and seven thousand birds were set before him. It is written that Vespasianus should reign and kill his brother Sabinus. Vespasianus, however, had him hidden away in a cell. Dukes who were with Vespasianus drew him out and he was publicly and naked dragged through the city. He held up his head high and a sharp sword was placed under his chin. All men threw dirt and stones on him and he was thrown into the Tiber. Vespasianus ruled for about eight years. He was known for being generous with money but did not take it unjustly. He forgave wrongs easily and lightly took charge of legal matters and philosophical disputes. This was once set up by Nero to chastise the Jews. Nero's death was heard there, and he left his son Titus behind and returned to Rome. He fought manfully in two hundred and thirty battles against his enemies.\nenemyes in Germany and Illyria. In Polibius, third book, chapter 14, an old man named Buculus cried out despairingly and said, \"The fox may change his skin but not his will.\" Vespasian's covetousness was never lessened, even in his old age. He made provinces of the kingdoms Achaea, Lydia, Rhodes, Samos, Tracia, and Sicilia. He appointed stewards to govern these lands, which were mostly under kings who were friends and subjects of the Romans.\n\nA decade passes between the Passion of Our Lord and Vespasian's time, as it is stated before in the prologue.\n\nJerusalem was taken by Titus. The temple was burned and thrown down to the ground.\n\nJosephus, Seventh Book:\n\nThe same month and day that it was first burned, according to the calendars, was the eighteenth day of September, the year after Solomon first built it, 140 years after its construction.\nThe second building that existed at that time was seven hundred and nineteen years old. But Martin and others claim that it was taken during the eastern time. Egesippus relates that in this burning and destruction, one hundred thousand Jews were killed with the sword and hunger. One hundred thousand were taken prisoners and sold for thirty pieces of silver for a penny, and ninety thousand thousand fled and shifted and departed. Jerome I. In that time, there were so many people at Jerusalem, for in the eastern time they came to the temple from all Judea. Josephus, in Book Seven: It is no wonder that so great a number of Jews were killed and taken captive during Nero's reign, for he despised that temple with all his might. Cestius the prefect, as he had learned from bishops, wrote to Nero that on one holy day, twenty-five thousand men and seven hundred thousand people, besides those who were polluted and persons with women who had no leave to offer, were found at Jerusalem.\nBishops counted this number by the number of hosts offered, which was two hundred thousand and sixty-five thousand. Every ten persons offered one host. In this fighting, the Romans had knowledge and strength. The Jews had foolishness and wickedness. For the time was dry, and Vaspasian went to the city Iotapaten and stopped all the water conduits. But Josephus was within and found a clever trick and hung wet cloths on the town walls. And because of the cloths, those outside thought and believed that those inside had no lack of water to drink, while they had plenty of water to wash their clothes. Then Vaspasian disturbed the wall with a stroke of an engine, but Josephus hung sacks full of straw against the strokes of the engine and so the strokes were lessened, and the walls were saved. Hard things are better withstood with soft things than with hard, but the Romans built huts to long poles and pitched ropes.\nof the Sicilians, but Josephus threw burning oil upon them and killed all their engineers. Vespasian wanted to come, and he was severely wounded in the heel. After that, Josephus showed such great strength in casting and shooting from Titus' side that the noose around one Josephus' neck was struck by a stone and flew over the third furlong. A woman who was with child was struck so hard that the child was knocked out of her womb and flew over half a furlong. When Titus had broken the second wall, Josephus was found hiding among the osiers and was hidden there for three days. Those who found him despised him in this way. \"While it is not convenient, not livable, nor seemly for you to live, your life will be filled with persecution and loss. It will be the pain of servitude and bondage. Remember Moses; he was preferable to be scraped out of the book of life than to live longer than the people. Also, David would rather have been taken in his own wretchedness than live and see the people perish. Who desired nothing, said Josephus, if it were lawful.\"\nTo be delivered and unwilling to be bound, but he who loosens the bonds and none other, does wrong to the lord. As our lord's true servants, we keep what he has taken from us while it is his will. Unkind is he who wishes to go elsewhere and longer remain bound to whom he is bound. This was true of Abraham, Jacob, Moses, and David, who prayed to be delivered from prison, but none of them released themselves from all holy saints. If it is good to live, it is sacrilege to abandon it unrightfully. If it is glorious to die in battle, I wish it not. And if it is good to fight for the country, for the people, and for the cities, and die in battle, I put forth my head to be struck if the enemy demands it by the law of battle. Neither do I flatter myself if it is for sparing, be he my brother. I had rather die by their hands than my own. If you say that it is sweet to die for freedom, I will not say it is sweet, but it is sweet to die.\nfor we drew lots among us all, determining who would die first and last and so on. The one who was to die first was to be killed by the one who was to die next. And so it went on, one after another. The condition pleased them all, and it happened that they were all dead except for Josephus and one other. Then Josephus advised his companion to abandon his lot. By doing so, he escaped danger at home and was brought to Vespasian.\n\nIn book 6 of Josephus, it is recorded that at last Vespasian was called to be emperor, and his son Titus was left at the siege of Jerusalem. And the next day, with six hundred horsemen, Titus went to see the city without any insignia, intending to encourage the Jews to come out and then block them in behind. He steeled himself and rode through the company of Jews, coming to his own men and, for great fear, frequently urged them to be on their guard against treachery and deceit. Then the first wall was breached.\nBroke with an engine and Titus counseled his men to fight weaker foes; that is a victory for him who is overcome. But on the Jewish side, Simon and John objected. Then fearsome cruelty and hunger prevailed in the city. People begged and sold what they had, and roasted and set, and dressed food. Men ate skinny hides of shields and cast out herbs that clung to the walls and filth. Men sought old, dirty hides of Addres and cared for horses to have food. It was lighter to obtain mercy among enemies than among her and imprisonment without and hunger within and fear on every side. Titus built a new wall that enclosed the city for forty furlonges and the tents and pavilions ten furlonges, and wards and watches were set that no man should escape. At last, the hunger increased so much that the one who bore the dead man to his burial was often buried instead. There was such great hunger.\nThe stench of dead men filled the ground of the city, causing the carrion birds to frequently offer mercy. But many fled to the Romans. When they met the Romans, there was no strength left to eat or to resist their meeting. Some of those who had fled to the Romans were opened again against Titus, and their wombs and bowels were slit, offering no way outward or inward. The Romans searched houses thoroughly if anything was found, and anyone who warned was immediately killed. Wives caught their husbands' mouths, fathers their own children's mouths. If any door was knocked upon, I believed that some man had eaten within it. Therefore, the houses were immediately searched.\nThe poor men were robbed, and the rich were accused for her money as if they would betray the city and were slain: Egesippus in the sixth book and Josephus in the seventh, with thieves. Quite ones, thy mother, and pay her what you have of hers, and turn again to your private place, that you come from sometime. I did as mildness would allow, do we now as hunger constrains. Thus she set and roasted her own son and ate some and kept some. But men who made strife came there by the smell of the burnt flesh, but the woman stilled them and spoke to them in this manner: \"Be still, I was covetous and unkind. I have kept you your part. She spoke to the part that was left in this manner: \"My own son, thou art kind to me, thou lengest my life, thou checkest them that would me smite, they that come to slay me, are now my friends, and gestures moved them that he gave up his hands in heaven's ward and said, 'we can help her own children, but these men devour their own children.' Then destroy us.\nAmong the Romans, there was one of the Cirians named Sabinus, an orphaned man and valiant in heart and worthy of praise without end. He was black in complexion and small in stature, but a noble soul shone through his virtues in that small body. He went first with his companions upon the wall and drove away the Jews. But in the end, he was betrayed and not recognized, and was struck down with arrows and stones. But he defended himself with his shield and fought on his knees, wounding many men, for he was full of arrows and ammunition, and was shot through with arrows in every part and died in that place. Euseppus reports that in the end, the engines were turned toward the temple, but it helped little. But in the end, they burned the temple walls, which were held with gold.\n\nJosephus relates that this destructive and devastating of the city and people was for the death and slaughter of James the rightful one. But more truly, it was for the slaughter of Christ, as the Gospel states. They should not have done this.\nOne stone upon another for you do not know the time of visitation, but the Lord will not the death of a sinful man, but he wills that the sinful man lead a good life. And for the Jews should have no excuse, neither challenge nor cause to say that Almighty God took vengeance of them unwarned. Therefore, Almighty God waited forty years if they would amend and were warned often by the preaching of the Apostles through dreadful signs and tokens. Eusebius and Josephus in the seventh book \u00b6 About a year before the destruction of the city, the likeness of a fiery sword was seen hanging in the air above the temple. In that Eastern time, a heifer that should be offered in the temple lowed. Also, the eastern gate of that temple was so heavy of sound brass that twenty men were busy lifting it, and yet many nights the iron bars were broken and the gate opened by itself as if willfully. So that unless it might be closed afterward. \u00b6 Also, hosts of armed men were seen in the clouds, and chariots flew in the air.\nWith sixty-eight priests entered the temple at night and heard a voice that said, \"Go we hence, pass we out of these segues.\" Also, Jesus Ananias, a Uplandish man four years before the destruction of the city, came to the sacrifice of the dedication of the temple. He began to cry in the language of the country and said, \"A voice out of the east, a voice out of the west, a voice out of four winds. Wo wo; wo is to Jerusalem and the temple, he cried, day and night, and ceased not for weeping nor for fervent prayer. But he was brought before Albinus, the justice of Rome, and was harshly and cruelly scourged. Yet he did not yield nor cease until the last day of the destruction. And that day he went upon the wall and repeated the same cry and added to it, saying, \"Wo is me also.\" He was immediately struck by a stone from a sling and died.\n\nMarianus in Book 1 says that when the temple was burned, the floor of it was plowed as a rebuke and contempt for the Jews.\n\nJerome in the prologue.\nWhen Jerusalem was destroyed, Titus went to Rome and brought with him Josephus the Jew, who wrote twenty books for Domitianus, called \"Libri Antiquitatum\" or \"The Books of the Old.\" In these books, he says that Jesus was a wise man who performed many wonderful works and deeds. He was the doctor and teacher of the Jews and other men, and was ultimately killed out of envy. Three days after his death, he appeared to his disciples. Vaspasian died in the flux around his own town, near the Sabines, in the year of his age sixty-six. He is said to have stood up when he was about to die and said, \"It is fitting for an emperor to pass, for Geron in Tiberius has passed.\" Appolinaris, Peter's disciple, suffered death in Ravenna. Every year on his feast day, ravens' crows and choirs come together there from every side, as if by some kind of convention. And on that day, by custom, they are given a feast.\nCarey of a dead horse. Therefore, some men mean that because of this, the city is called Ravensburg in ducal speech, according to Eutropius. Titus reigned after his father for about three years. This was a most noble speaker of Latin and wrote causes in Latin and poems and gestes in Greek. Those who were convicted of conspiracy against him were afterward reconciled with him as if they had been friends. Pol. Lib. Ter. Cap. 14. This was so generous of heart that he purged and cleansed the covetousness of his father, and was therefore called the love and the liking of mankind. Also, he always had the manner that no man who asked him why he would be generous beyond what he could perform should say that he went sorrowfully from the answer of a prince. Once, at a supper, he thought of that saw and also thought that he who that day gave no gift in help of any man and was sorry and said, \"Alas, my friends, this day I have lost.\" In the time of his death, he was born under a lucky star and looked up into heaven and said that he did not need to think.\nof none of his deeds but one. But what deceit it was, nobody knew. Around that time died Julius, bishop of Cenomannens. I am told that he was Simon the leper, the man that Christ healed. He received Christ in his house and lodged him after the Ascension of our Lord. He was bishop of Cenomannes, ordained by the Apostles or their disciples. He was a noble man of virtues. And he raised three men from death to life. Some men mean that this is he who is mentioned as the man who prays for good lodging by the way, for Christ was lodged in his house. But it seems more likely that it is the other Julius, of whom it is certain written that Unwittingly, he slew both his father and mother.\n\nJulian was a young man and went hunting. He chased an heart and the heart turned its face to him and said, \"You chase me and you shall slay both thy own father and mother.\" Julian was filled with fear and to avoid this prophecy, forsook and left all that he had.\nput myself in the service of a great prince in a far land, care for him nobly both in battle and at home in his palace, and have him made a knight and marry a castellana, a widow, whom his lord gave me as wife. Then my father and mother searched for Julian in every land, and it happened in the end that they came to Julian's own castle. And when Julian's wife had spoken with them, she knew well that they were her husband's father and mother and received them kindly, making them rest in their son's bed and going herself to church early in the morning. Julian came home early and found them both asleep together in his bed, believing that another man had lain there with his wife. He struck them both through and went out, meeting his wife there. Then he knew that he had killed both his own father and mother. Farewell, my dear sister, I said, for I shall never rest again. I know if God will take my penance and forgive me.\nmy sin. God forbade she that I should forsake him in this manner, in woe and in sorrow, and be pertinent with him in joy and in wealth. Then they went forth to Gyders and made a hospital by a river where it passed, and succored poor men. Long after, in frost time, Julian was heard a voice crying and praying over the poor man who was near death for cold, and brought him into his house and made fire and set him by it. But for all the fire, the man was never the hand that warmed him with clothes. And within a little while, this seemed so cold and a wretched man was white and fair and stood up into the air and spoke to his host Julian and said, \"Iulian, Iulian, Our lord Jesus Christ sent the word by me that he has received thy penance.\" And soon afterward, both Julian and his wife went all to our lord to find eternal rest.\n\nDomicianus Vaspisanus reigned for fifty years and five months. His wife was first called Augusta, and first he named himself god and lord. This forbade the geldinge of men and plantinge of vines.\nIn the city of Rome, many senators were exiled, and mathematicians and philosophers were expelled from the city of Rome. He built a temple to Rome, which is called the Pantheon, and was built in honor of all goddesses. Now, there is the church of Our Lady called Santa Maria Rotonda, which is Saint Mary the Round. At one time, it had the victory over the Germans and the Danes, and was so proud of this that it would not allow any image to be set up in its worship, but only of pure gold. Trueisus, the mathematician, did nothing manly as a man should, but only bore the name of the emperor. He ordered himself a daily idleness and used himself to catch flies and skewer them with a sharp point. One asked if any man was there with the emperor. His chamberlain, Metellus-Taxil, replied. Eusebius called him Cletus, but he surpassed him in his chronicle. Damasus the Pope writes this.\nI. Jerome, in his chronicle of bishops of Rome, stated that Cletus was Roman and Anacletus Greek, and in many other respects, Eusebius' chronicle varies from those of other men. This Anacletus ordered that priests should be worshiped before other men and not disturbed or harassed. Eutropius, Cornelia, the chief maiden of the temple of Vesta, was convicted of lechery and buried lest enemies of the faith would wrongfully accuse him. When the schismatics were reconciled and returned home, John the Evangelist returned to Ephesus from the island of Patmos. Coelius Marius, son of Marius, was nurtured at Rome from childhood and reigned in Britain, paying tribute to the Romans and living in peace. Some men suppose that he built the city of Colchester, which is the chief city of East Saxons. Ulpius Crinitus Trajan was born in Spain and ruled as emperor for nineteen years. Among his friends, he was free of heart and active in military deeds and easy in disposition.\nThe governing of citizens and the mighty in reigning over cities and towns. He chastised the Danes, Scythians, Sarmatians, Hiberes, Colches, and Arabs. He ordered a naval expedition of his friends for he wished to be sold by them and know how they fared. He greeted no man, he did no thing wrongfully to have the more escheat. And there came a widow weeping and took him by the foot and prayed him that he would do right and justice for those who had slain her son. \"I shall do the right, said the emperor, when I return.\" What said she if thou never come again? Then said she, \"Thou art a deceit to me; and thou shalt receive as thou deservest by thy own deeds.\" And so it is fraudulent not to yield what is due, as these words indicate. And he, therefore, did right and justice for the widow. And thus, he was worthy to have an image in Rome. Also, at one time Trajan's son rode on a wild horse and slew a widow's son. Therefore, Trajan gave his own son to the widow for her son. And because of this...\nAlexander came after him and was pope for ten years. He ordained that holy water should be blessed with salt and sprinkled on Christian men, and so forth, up to these words, \"hoc est &c.\" He also ordained that water should be mixed with the wine in the chalice to represent the body of Christ and the blood of the holy chalice. He also said that the host should be made of the finest bread and that the scarcer this host was, the better it was. Simon, who was called Simeon, also climbed onto the cross in the church of Jerusalem. And all men, while he was being tortured, cried out loudly, \"Jesus.\"\n\nAfter his death, his heart was cut into small pieces. In every piece was found the name \"Jesus\" written in gold letters. The second Pliny the Elder, a plebeian and a writer of stories, was in his service. He was master to Trajan, the emperor. And despite this, he wrote:\n\nYet he could not prevent the knighthood and chivalry that he always used from persecuting and oppressing Christian men.\nSeven and thirty books of the story of creation in which he describes the world and all that is in it. He eventually went to investigate and inquire about the cause of the grave matter in the sea strand, which is covered with heaps of gravel as it is said. After the passion of Alexander, Pope Sixtus was pope almost eleven years old. He instituted the Trisagion, that is, \"Holy, holy, holy\" should be sung at mass, and the corporals should not be of silk nor sendal but clean linen clothes not dyed, and no woman should handle towels of the altar. And though men read that Alexander suffered death in Adrian's time and met an heart having between his horns the crucifix which said to him that his wife and his children should suffer much woe and sorrow. And after this he was baptized and his wife and his children, and he had a new name and was named Cassiodorus. Trajan died in the flux in Selencia in the year of his age, lxij. His bones were in a golden urn.\nAdrianus Helius Traianus, his cousin, was Emperor for twenty-one years and ten months. He was proficient in Greek and Latin and established a library of remarkable works in Athens. He was skilled in music, medicine, painting, sculpture, and metal casting.\n\nWhen books of our faith were written by Quadratus, the disciple of The apostle, and should not be condemned without proof brought against them, he made many laws. However, he harbored great envy towards the noble looms and renown of Traianus. As a result, he abandoned the provinces that Traianus had ruled over, such as Syria, Mesopotamia, and Armenia, and intended to leave Dacia. However, his friends dissuaded him from this plan. Additionally, Adrianus conquered the Jews.\nthat were eftsones yet rebell and chaced hem oute of ierl\u0304m And put therinne men of other nacions suffred his passion is within the northe walles of the cyte of Ierl\u0304m / whiche was to fore that tyme withoute the walles / In this Adrianus tyme the philosopher secundus was flouryng whiche put hym self to silence & wold not speke to his lyues ende. And the cause of his scilence was this / he had and comforte him for to haue to doo with her / nay moder sayd he it is not sitting to me to defowle that place from whiche I cam of / why / sayd she / who art thou. I am sayd he secundus thy sonne / And whan his moder herd that she deyde forthwith for shame and sorowe / Thenne he sa\u00a6we and vnderstode that his moder was deede by his defauland tand made grete doole and sorowe / and auowed neuer to speke after / and soo he neuer spak after but lyued as a dwold not spfasted to fore cester. And that noman sholde synge masse to fore the hour of vndern - & that men shold singe thre masses with gloria in excelsis on crystemas\nThat Eustace, formerly called Placidas, was martyred, along with his wife and children. At that time, the three maidens Fides, Spes, and Caritas, and their mother Sapientia, were martyred in Rome. Illyricum was flourishing. He was the second after seventy to translate holy writ from Hebrew into Greek.\n\nAfter the passion of Telephorus, the Greek philosopher Ignatius of Athens, was pope for four years. He ordered the clergy to be arranged in order and degree. He also decreed that no bishop should condemn his suffragan without being present and hearing him.\n\nAntonius Pius, with his sons Aurelius and Lucius, ruled for twenty-two years. He had such a reputation that in his entire kingdom, he withheld the caesarships of his deputies and forgave debts. Therefore, he was called the father of the country. He often said, \"I would rather save one citizen than conquer a thousand enemies.\" Marcus Antonius was told this by his wife.\nPhysicians of Caldea killed a man and anointed Faustina's body with his blood, ending her sorrow. Many men from strange nations took pieces of her armor and placed the causes of her strife upon Antonius, ready to stand against his order and judgment. In his time, Polycarp, bishop of Ephesus, who was a disciple of John the Evangelist, came to Rome and converted many men from their heresy. He was later burned in his own church. After Pius V, Pope for five years, prayed, Hermes wrote the book called Pastor. In it, he wrote that the previous day should not be held sacred except on a Sunday, as an angel showed him in the clothing of a fisherman. From Ninus, King of Assyria, to the time of the whole lordship of Emperors, this world is described in 42 books. His disciple Justin abridged those books. Justin was a pleader and a writer of histories. Additionally, Justin wrote the book De christiana religione.\nAntonius Pius, during his papacy for approximately ten years, ordered clerics to be shaved and have no long locks. Galen the physician, born in Pergamum, flourished in Rome. He explained the works of Hippocrates and not only those, but also produced many volumes of his own. According to Me, he lived to be one hundred and forty for his reasonable abstinence. He never ate or drank to excess, nor did he eat raw fruit. He always had a sweet-smelling breath. He died of old age. Ptolemy, a skilled mathematician, was in his prime. He made significant advancements in astronomy, surpassing what had been done before his time. Among his works are Almagest, Perspectiva, and Quadripertitum and Centilogium. Among his proverbs, two are famous and noble: \"He is highest among men who never regrets, who holds the world in his hand.\" And other men were not improved by him.\nMarcus Antonius Verus and Lucius Commodus, the sons of Antonius Pius, ruled for eighteen years after their father's reign. These two were both united by kinship, as Marcus Antonius Verus had married Antonius Pius' daughter, and Lucius Commodus had married Marcus Antonius' daughter. Thus, the Romans began to have two emperors. Marcus Antonius was never proud, nor did anything that might happen to him affect his demeanor, whether it was a cause for sorrow or joy. He remained steadfast and sad from childhood, never changing his expression. After the battle in which he defeated the Germans, he showed no desire to give his silver and golden vessels or those of his wife to provinces, lands, or senators. Instead, when the victory was won, he recovered all of that and much more, paying the price of the value to those who were willing to return what they had bought or received to wed. He was not angry with those who refused to return what they had bought or received.\nreceived to wedded him; he released many with him, burning in the midst of the city. Cruel laws he tempered with new ordinances & constitutions. In his time, Egesippus flourished, the writer of stories and of the destruction of Jerusalem. His book was written in Greek and Ambrose translated it into Latin. Many martyrs prayed that they might pass after them, and her prayer was heard. In this emperor's time, Wadestroyed destroyed it. In a time, the emperor fought against the Quades, and his men failed badly for water. God Almighty sent them rain from heaven. But the contrary happened: what lightening feared, the Germans and Sarmates. About the first year of Marcus Lucius Coelius, his son began to reign in Britain. Coelius and Alf, he sent letters to Elentherius the pope for the reception of Christianity. And his request was granted. The Britons held and kept the faith holy and believed unto Dyocletian's time. After Anicetus's successor was pope for nine years, he ordered that a man or a nun should not handle the [altar].\ntowallies of the auther neither made sense in the senate that no wife should be held lawful except she was blessed by a priest. After other elders held a man in dignity be degraded nor put out of his state and degree except he was lawfully accused before hand, and he said that our savior knew well that Judas was a thief and his traitor, but for he was not accused he was not put down, but all that he died in the meantime among the apostles was allowed and stood firm and stable. Also, this pope at the praying of Lucius, king of Britain, sent Forganus and Damian to christen the king and people and made bishops and archbishops in place of flamens and Amysbishops had in place of archbishops and bishops. And this Christianity lasted in Britain 200 years and sixteen unto Diocletian's time when St. Albon was martyred.\n\nAfter Marcus Lucius Commodus was emperor, thirteen years, this Commodus was unprofitable to all things and gave himself entirely to lechery and harlotry. He made...\nIn September, many senators and Christian men named the month after his own name. He was defamed by his wife's cunning and fought in the Amphitheater with short sword men in the service of the goddess Vesta. He was eventually strangled and died with great anger, being deemed an enemy of mankind.\n\nTrebonianus / Amphitheater is a high, round place to watch around / Then it follows that she was baptized and called Eugenius, made a monk. And when the Abbot died, Eugenius was made Abbot in his place.\n\nAt last, a woman named Melancia cast a lecherous eye upon Eugenius and wanted him to lie with her. Since Eugenius would not consent, Melancia accused him and said that he would have lain with her against her will. Therefore, Eugenius was taken and brought to her father Philip. Then she tore and ripped off her clothes and showed that she was his own daughter Eugenia. She also showed that Prothus and Iacinctus were castrated. When her father saw this, he...\nsaw that he was christened with all his men / And Melicia, who had been defamed, was suddenly burned with a stroke of lightning: After Eltherius Victor was pope for ten years. He then sent letters to Theophilus of Alexandria and to all the brethren who were there, instructing them to convene a council to decide on the date for the observance of yesterday.\n\nMarianus' men from the eastern lands held the council on the fourteenth day of the moon, on whatever day it fell in the month of March.\n\nIn this council and synod were Pope Victor and Narcisus, patriarch of Jerusalem, and Hirenius, bishop of Lugdium. It was decreed there that the observance should be held on the first Sunday after the fourteenth day of the first month, which is March.\n\nAfter Commodus Hiliarius Pertinax was Emperor for six months. He was succeeded by Julius Severus of Africa, from the country called Tripolis, who ruled for sixteen years. This was the first time an emperor was made from Africa.\n& steygh vp by dyuerse offices and dygnytees vnto he was empe\u2223rour / He was right skars and sterne of kynde / he ouercome the parthes and the arabes. and therfor he was callyd perthicus and arabicus / he made a wall in brytayne that stretcheth six score my\u00a6le and tweyne vnto the see / and he deyde at york \u00b6 Beda libro 1 This seuerus gouerned the comynte myghtly / & with grete tra\u00a6uayl\u00b7 And atte last he wente in to brytayne and made a wall of turues and not of stones as somme men wene and departed bry\u00a6tayne by that wal / he dalf vp turnes of the grounde and made vp an high wal / soo that to fore the wal is the dyche that the turues were doluen oute / therupon ben pyght stronge poles and stakes of tree / he strengthed ofte that wal with many toures & deyde afterwarde at york and lefte after hym twey sones basia\u2223nus and geta / But geta was Iuged for a comyn enemy and put to deth / basian{us} was callid antoni{us} & had the kyngdo\u0304 / Gaufr Luci{us} kyng of brito\u0304s dei\nand albania that ben the north side of englond\nand Scotland He made the wal ayenst fulgencius kynge of pyctes & fought afterward at york and was slayn & buryed there and lefte after hym two sones / one hete geta. his moder was of Rome. that other heet bassianus and his moder was of brytayne. Therfor was gre\u00a6te fyghtyng bytwene the two bretheren and geta was slayne & bassianus had the kyngdome Gaufr The brytons chose bas\u00a6sianus for his moder was bryton / but the romains chese geta by cause his moder was a romayn / & so they fought and geta was slayn R \u00b6 But eutropius sayth in the story of rome! that geta was slayn atte cyte edessa whan he fought ayenst the parthes\n\u00b6But gaufr / in the story of brytons sayth that geta was slayn of one caransius a tyraunt that frayed with hym / Symachus was tho in his floures\u00b7 translated holy wrytte oute of hebrue in to grue he was of the samarytes & tor\u2223ned vnto the Iewes lawe & was\u00b7 made proselitus that is whan he is torned fro another lawe to the Iewes lawe / Eusebius libro sexto / That tyme was narcisus flowryng bisshop of\nIerlmon It is written that he was a right true judge and steadfast, and would not bend but always hold the truth and give true sentences. Therefore, three men who were culpable in themselves feigned a blame and accused the bishop and brought forth themselves as witnesses. The first prayed that the fire of hell must burn him, but it was true that he said, the second prayed that the king's evil must destroy the second witness by the king's evil, the third saw how his laws sped and dreaded that every Christian man of twelve years old and above should every year receive the sacrament and be held on the following day. He made many simple errors and epistles, and so begins the legend on Childermass day and begins \"Zelus quoitendat\" and so forth, also of the beheading of St. John.\n\nEusebius in Book Six \u00b6 St. Leonides Or\nIn following the example of his father, but by the order of God and the care of his mother, the child was kept to great profit for many men, for she hid the child.\nThe child wrote a letter to his father asking to be allowed to wear the clothes he had prepared to go out the next day, as he was being kept at home against his will by his mother. He begged his father to be steadfast and continue what he had begun. While still a little child, he often asked his father questions, inquiring about how the Holy Writ was given to us by the inspiration of the Holy Ghost and what counsel of God was hidden in the Holy Writ in simple language and words. It is said that when the child was eight years old, as previously mentioned, his father's possessions were taken by thieves. He and his widowed mother and his eight brothers were left in great poverty and distress. At Alexandria, he ran a grammar school to support himself and his family. However, among other things, he turned men to the Christian faith, helped and comforted those in need, and brought relief to the afflicted.\nHe was led to death for the faith of the holy church. He spent much waking and fasting. He followed the saying of the Gospel that counsels one should not have two coats or care for the day that comes tomorrow. So, if he knew anyone who kept their own livestock to live by, he refused them and would not have them in his company. He went for many years without hose or shoes, as the Gospel says. Some are called those who kept themselves for the kingdom of God. Therefore, not only because of chastity but also because he should preach to men and women privately.\n\nMamam and seven maidens who wrote various books and matters as he gave them to read from Origen's books, four thousand volumes without epistles that he had written.\n\nIt was a proverb of him. Such was his learning, such was his life. He slept upon no bed. He tasted neither flesh nor wine. Gerald of Origen was nearly the greatest of holy writers in so many ways. And, as all the Latin translated the Bible into Greek, he also founded it.\namen. The translations of other doctors of Aquila, of Symachus and Theodocion, contained more than what was in Hebrew. He made a sign that read \"And when he passed well near all other doctors in his other books, he passed himself over Cantica Canticorum. He spoke a thousand treatises in church and made expositions without number, which he called Themos. If anyone who followed him put error against us, he should take heed that the great Homerus slept sometimes. For in a long work, it is lawful for which book he held in low regard, both the worse of the sun and the worst of the Holy Ghost. And there he said that cast will sometimes, through his great mercy, save the angels that fill down from heaven. He laid down for himself the verse of the Sowdestroyed. He himself, Origen, wrote a letter to Fabian, the pope of Rome, and made amends for having written such things privately and had him come before he had corrected and amended them. My friends said he had done this for me. If I hold my peace.\nI shall be held guilty and if I answer, I shall be considered an enemy. Either condition is difficult, but of the two, I shall choose the lighter. Around this time, the fifth translation was discovered in a town at Jericho. This translation is called the Vulgate. Basianus Antonius Severus reigned for seven years after his father. He was known as Marcus Aurelius and Caracalla in Rome, and for the clothing he gave out at Rome. These baths made at Rome are called Caracallas. He was a wicked man and more shameless than his father. He took his own stepmother Juliana as his wife. The circumstances of his death, according to authors, are uncertain. While Basianus ruled, Carus came and chased the Romans out of the island if they would make him king. Then he killed Basianus and brought out of Sicily and other lands those who had been exiled. Carus had them restored.\nVictory and I, Vortigern, lived in Albania, which is Scotland. There, we mixed with Britons and dwelt there for a long time. The senators of Rome heard of this and sent Allectus with three legions into Britain to kill the tyrant Carausius. He was slain, and Allectus reigned for three years, restoring Britain once again to Roman power. After this, Asclepiodotus, Duke of Cornwall, was made king. Three years later, he killed Allectus at London, and many thousands of Romans perished. After London was long besieged, Venodotes, men of North Wales, filled in Gallus, Allectus' fellow, and killed him within London at a breach. This place is called after him and is called Galgebro.\n\nBeda, Libro I.c.6, follows Eutropius in the story of Rome and calls Asclepiodotus the prefect of the praetorian guard.\n\nEutropius Opilius Macrinus, prefect of the praetorian guard, became emperor after Bassianus, as it were.\nAnd thenne after Archdeas was slain, his son was also. After Calixtus was pope for five years, he established the fasting of the four seasons of the year for abundance of corn and fruit. He made a church yard at Rome in a place called Via Apia, now called Cimiterio Calixto. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, who was held the son of Caracalla, was emperor for two years. He spared no manner of lechery. At last he was slain in a striking of knights. Aurelius Alexander was emperor for thirteen years. He was so cruel in the corrections of the law of chivalry that he undid whole legions that made grumbling and strife. His assistant was one Ulpian, a cunning man of law. He was slain at Magons in Alamania in a striking of knights. In his time, the sixth translation was found at Nicopolis in Palestina of holy write. Marcus Calixtus the pope was martyred in Alexanders time. And the first Urban was pope after him for eight years.\nHe ordered that the offering of Christian men should only be spent in the use of the holy church and in the aid of needy Christian men, for they are the vows of Christian men and the price of sin. In his time, the Church of Rome began first to have lands and rents, and with the profit thereof, he found notaries and clerks to write the lives and deeds of holy saints. Before this time, the Church lived as the Apostles did, and received only money to the use, martyred with him in Aurelius' time. After him, Poncianus was pope for five years and was martyred at Sardinia. He was buried there. I say that Siriacus was pope after Poncianus for one year but resigned the papacy against the will of the clergy. One Antherus was made pope. He went to Agrippina, now called Cologne, with an army of about eleven thousand maidens whom he had converted nearly all. He is not set in the book of reckoning of popes. The cardinals believed that he had left the papacy unharmed.\nAfter Aurelius was slain at Magonces, Maximinus Iulius was made emperor without the authority of the senate and ruled for three years. He pursued the holy church, particularly for Origenes. Maximinus was eventually killed at Aquileia. Gordianus was emperor for six years and was killed by Phelip, a prefect of the praetorian guard, not far from Rome, after Gordianus had defeated the Parthians. Fabian became pope after Antherus and reigned for five years. When the pope was dead, this occurred by the roadside, and he spoke with his friends. Suddenly, a man suddenly came down and sat on his head and said, \"You shall be consecrated bishop of Rome.\" He was chosen by divine ordinance and ordained as bishop and consecrated with oil in holy churches. He desired to be pope and became an heretic, denying that a sinful man could be saved. Therefore, a council of sixty bishops was formed. At that time, Africanus the writer, called Paradoxus, was flourishing. He went to Alexandria.\nOccupied the master chair after Origenes. At that time, he ruled in Britain for thirty years, until the coming of Constantius. Philip and his son Philip were emperor for seven years. This was the first time he openly acknowledged his sin and was penitent before all the people the day before. His son was a Christian man, but he was so stern of heart that no man could make him laugh. One time, a thousand years later, Rome was rebuilt. And for the solemnity of the occasion, Philip ordered the slaughter of beasts innumerable in a round place called the great circus. He staged plays in Mars' field for three days and three nights for the people who woke early. Fabian, the pope, was martyred in Decius' consulship. After him, Cornelius was pope for three years. He decreed that no one else should be challenged regarding the pope, except for the right faith of the holy church. He also decreed that no priest should put his cause before another man's judgment, but it should be appealed to the court of Rome. Additionally, at the prayer of St. Lucina, he made this decree.\nIn this pope's time, the Greeks had stolen the bodies of the apostles to bring them into Greece. But demons, who dwelled in mawnlands, were compelled by the power of God and cried, \"Help ye men of Rome, for our gods have been taken from you.\" Christians understood that this was spoken of the apostles and misinterpreted it as referring to their own gods.\n\nTherefore, misbelievers and Christians gathered them all together in one line by one consent and pursued the Greeks. The Greeks were afraid and threw the bodies of the apostles into a pit at a place called Catacumbas. When the bodies were taken out of that place, it was doubtful whether those were Peter's and Paul's bones.\n\nThen, Christians began to pray and fast.\nReuelacion and a showing of God that the greater bones were the fisher bones. The fisher was Peter Philip the older, who was slain at Verona. Philip the younger came again and Temperor came against him in Rome and was slain at Verona by his fraud and guile. Then the younger Philip slew his lord for love of Mary and not treacherously. Decius persecuted Christian men and was emperor for three years. He wanted to crown his son Decius as emperor but his son would not, and said, \"I fear that I shall forget to be a son if I am made emperor and subject and obedient to the emperor. My father shall be emperor.\" \"My empire shall be subject to be governed by the emperor.\"\n\nOrigen says that Decius was emperor for three years and three months. But Eusebius, Beda, and Cassiodorus state that he began to reign in the year after the building of Rome, according to the martyrology. It seems that he reigned for sixteen years.\nThat is, during the time of Decius as reported and read there, some men supposed that the sixteen years and two years of Galerius would restore the eighteen years lacking in the chronicles of Eusebius and Bede, from the twenty-fifth year of Tiberius Caesar to our time. Here, take note that the elder Decius, who slew Philip and became emperor after him, was indeed emperor, as stated. However, the younger Decius was Caesar, not emperor. Between these two Decii, both were emperors and popes, as Gallus and Volusianus. After them, Valerian with his son Galenius reigned for five years. In her time, five popes and Laurence the deacon, as well as Pope Stephen, were martyred. It seems that Galenius had two names, for he was also called Decius, and that Decius under whom Laurence was martyred was Decius Caesar, not Decius the emperor. It often happens that some were Caesars and not Augusti or emperors. Some were first Caesars and later became emperors.\nAugustus and then emperors, in the first year of Decius, the Seven Sleepers began to sleep in Mount Celsius and slept for two hundred years. They awoke about the last time of Theodosius. Around that time, Antonius, the famous monk, was born in Egypt. Cornelius was pope and martyred, followed by Lucius who reigned for three years. Abdon and Sennen were also martyred, and Saint Agatha suffered in Catania. The yearned passion of Perpetua and Felicity occurred during the reigns of Decius and Valerian. They were tormented by a demon after Lawrence's passion and died in that miserable condition. Gallus and his son Volusianus ruled for two years. They went out of Rome, and Emilianus slew them and took their lives with injustice. In his time, a pestilence spread throughout the world. Origenes died and was buried in Tyre at the age of 70.\n\nValerianus and his son Gallienus ruled for fifteen years. First, he showed great reverence for holy saints, to such an extent that I believed his house was a church of the gods.\nAfterward, he was displeased by a witch and began to hate the faith of Christ's men. Then he began to pursue Christian men. God's help was against him, and he was taken by King Sapor of Persia. His eyes were put out, and he was held in a despised bondage until his life ended. He was forced to stoop to the ground, and the king was to place his foot on his back when he leaped onto his horse. Around that year, Decius, who was called Galenus, became cruel and stern. Paul the first hermit went into the wilderness and lived there for sixty years, as Jerome writes in the Lives of the Fathers. After Lucius Stephen was pope for three years, he decreed that ministers of the holy church should not wear holy vestments in the common use every day. Stephen was slain while saying his mass. The second Cyprian was a man of law and a plebeian afterward, and later he was bishop of Carthage. He was martyred on the same day that Cornelius the pope was martyred, but not the same year.\nIn the same year, Aftmartred Sixtus was a priest and was later martyred with Felicissimus and Agapitus during Decius' time, according to the martyrology, which is more reliable than the accounts of unknown authors. Galenus Tempers, Decius also mentions this: Sixtus went to Spain at one point and found there two young men, Vincent and Lawrence, who were his cousins and well-educated. He took charge of them and brought Lawrence back to Rome, while Vincent returned to Spain and was martyred under Dacianus the Judge's rule. After Sixtus was martyred, Denys, a monk, was pope for six years and departed this life and the church yards. He assigned a priest to every parish. After Denys, Felix was pope for four years. Eugenia Prothus and Jacinctus were martyred in Rome at that time. During the flourishing of Gregory Nazianzenus, there was an abundance of fish, and through his prayers, the pond became dry and bore corn and fruit. Also, a church was to be built in a certain place, but the place was unsuitable.\nIn the east was a scarcely narrow passage, and on the west side, a great rock and a great river. Gregory prayed in a night. And on the morrow, it was discovered that the rock had receded beyond the elbows, and he had to turn aside to Apollo's temple. But when he was gone from the temple, the priest of the temple, who knew he could gain much by the answers the maiden gave, found she gave no more answers. The priest offered a hasty sacrifice, and it was said to him in a dream that he might not return without Gregory's leave.\n\nWhen the priest heard this, he immediately went to Gregory and purchased a letter from him in these words: \"Gregory sends greetings to Apollo. I permit you to return to your place and do as you were wont to do. This letter was set up in Apollo's temple. And Apollo gave answer as was his custom.\"\n\nWhen the priest saw that, he went to Gregory and begged him to make him a crystened man. And at last, when Gregory was dead, he became bishop after him.\nClaudius the Second reigned for one year and some months. He defeated the Goths and died. After him, his brother Quintilus was killed on the fifteenth day in Aquila. After that, Felx became pope for six years. He ordered that the first fruits should be blessed upon the altar. Also, he buried three hundred and sixty martyrs with his own hands.\n\nAurelianus of Denmark ruled for five years and some months. He was like great Alexander or Julius. For, as Alexander conquered the Gauls and Germans in twelve years, and Julius in ten years fought against the cities for four years, so in these four years, the lordship of Rome was restored. In his first reign, the state of the holy church began with scandals and disease and strife in the holy church. This Aurelianus defeated the Goths five times. This was the first among Romans to use clothes of gold. He wore a diadem on his head and called the city Genalium by his own name Aurelian. He was martyred and killed many holy men.\nAfter Constantine's death, Taciatus ruled for six months in Constantinople. He was then slain in Pontus. After him, there were several rulers, one in Tharsis and another. Anatolius, bishop of Alexandria in Laodicia, made two men, one named Maneas and another of evil, co-rulers.\n\nManeas made Celus king of Britain and married his daughter. Celus ruled for six years and some months. He conquered Gaul, which was previously out of their hands, and restored it. He allowed the Gauls and Pannones to use vines. When he had almost set everything in peace, he said that in a short time I would have no need for knights. In the end, he was drowned.\n\nDioclysian, the son of Dalmatas, was first consul and then made emperor. He ruled for twenty years. Immediately, he was attacked by Aprus in a gathering of knights and swore that without his treason and...\nGaius Numerianus had not been slain. This man was frequently commanded to be worshipped as if he were an almighty god. He wore clothes holyed as Judges and had a retinue. This Gaius Herculius Maximianus took one of them and made him his fellow in the kingdom. This Herculius was stern and would not submit to Augustus. He later defeated a great multitude of chariots and yielded.\n\nDiocletianus made Constantius governor by the two Augusti and Diocletianus and Maximianus, and by the two Caesars Constantius and Galerius. The one who is Augustus is great, and for he desired the greater affinity, Diocletianus made Constantius forsake his wife and wed Theodora, the stepdaughter of Herculius. He made Galerius marry his daughter and forsake his wife. And at last Diocletianus and Maximianus left the pyre by their free will and began to be philosophers. Then Constantius and Galerius divided the empire between them. Illyricum and the eastern lands fell to Galerius, and the western lands to Constantius. However, he\nIn this period, Constantius held Italy and Spain with France, granting Galerius other lands, including Greece. Galerius then appointed two Caesars, Maximinus in the East and Severus in Italy. During this time, Diocletian plotted against Constantinus, the son of Helena. However, Constantinus was aware of this deceit and fled to his father. In that year, St. George of Capadocia, a tribune in Percia, was martyred at the city of Diospolis, now called Lydda. He was persecuted under Diocletian. According to his legend, this writing is called the Apocryphal Acts of George. Apocryphal is a writing of uncertain authorship because the author is unknown.\n\nAfter George's martyrdom, Marcellinus served as pope for eight years. Diocletian then summoned him, dressed himself in imperial robes, threw powder and dust on his own head, and submitted himself to the judgment and sentence of the bishops.\n\nThereafter,\nBishops said you had forsaken him and Peter had done the same, regarded as no one else but went out and wept bitterly and sorely. Therefore, judge yourself. And I said he who judges that I be deposed and seated. I curse all those who bury my body in holy burials.\n\nAfterward, he recognized before Diocletianus that he was a Christian man, and so he was beheaded. His body lay unburied in the street for thirty days. And St. Peter appeared to Marcellus the priest, who was pope after Marcellinus, in this manner:\n\nMarcellus, why do you not bury my body? By which he understood Marcellinus' body had not been buried. Have you not read that every man who loves and makes him shall be made high?\n\nThen bury him quickly by me. Let burials not separate us; for one grace has made us kin. Besides, Constans and Augustus slew sixty thousand Alamans. For he was besieged within the city and taken late by a rope over the wall, unaware. Galerius was overcome by Narses and fled.\nDyoclysianus received him with great boost and triumph, so that Dyoclysianus ran before Galerius' chariot for many miles, dressed as an emperor. After the death of Marcellinus, the pope - he reigned for five years. He ordained fifty cardinals for the service of Christening and burying Maximianus the emperor. Maximianus made him keep beasts, as he would not sacrifice to idols. One night, his clerks led him out of the stable, and in the broodway he consecrated a house and made a church from it. Maximianus turned the church into a stable and imprisoned Marcellus there, as he should continue to keep beasts. Marcellus died there. After him, Eusebius the physician was pope for eight months. According to the chronicles of Eusebius and Bede, the eighth year of Dyoclysianus was the first year of the great persecution that took place under Dyoclysianus in the east and Maximianus in the west.\npersecution was greatest and longest, lasting for ten years continuously. Though Diocletian and Maximian left and yielded up the pyre in the third year of this persecution, as it is said beforehand, the persecution that had begun did not cease before the seventh year of the great Constantine. I am told that this persecution was so cruel and great that churches and books of God's law were broken, and within one month in various places of the world there were 17,000 called Quatuorcoronati. Also Vincent, George, and Pantaleon; Vitalis, Modestus, Cyprian, and Justina; Cosmas and Damian; and the child Barala; Fidis and Euphena Lucia; Anastasia, Agneis, Gorgonius, and all in one city in Phrygia. At that time, Saint Albans was martyred in Britain. Fortunatus, a pious Christian man, was covered by his learning and took upon himself the habit of a clerk and came before the judge and was condemned to death. He covered many people with his cloak.\nthat was dressed by his prayers, afterward on the top of the hill where he died, he made a well spring out of the earth by his prayers. And turned the torturers who should kill him to the faith of the holy church. He was martyred fiercely by the city Verolanium, which is called Verlamium or Walynghestre in English.\n\nBeda: At that time, Arian heresy arose, which infected not only the great lands of the world but also the islands, which are always ready to hear new things and hold nothing certain.\n\nDiocletian and Maximian abandoned temples and led a private life, one at Nicomedia and the other at Milan.\n\nMelchiades was pope for four years. He forbade fasting on Sundays and Thursdays for penance to be worshiped on those days.\n\nGalerius was emperor for one year and ordained two caesars' months, France.\n\nWhile Constantine did nobly and bore himself mightily, and the knights of the praetorian guard at Rome took Maxentius' son and called him Augustus, then Galerius Augustus sent for him.\nSeverus had made Cesar with all his host against him in Rome. Severus besieged the city and was betrayed by the falsehood of his own knights, and fled to Ravenna. There, Herculius Maxentius' father, Herodes, learned of this and tried to become emperor. And he did his best to prove Maxentius' strength and power. Therefore, he and Galerius comforted Diocletianus to take and frighten Maxentius. They went into Gaul to reclaim Perusia from Constantine, who had married his daughter. But he was betrayed by the same daughter, Fausta, Constantine's wife, and fled to Marselle, where he was killed. Then, Galerius sent letters, which he called \"pestilence letters.\" The men of the palace he called \"spadones,\" or \"held men.\" When Galerius had pursued Maxentius for ten years, his breast rotted within him. Because physicians could not endure the stench of him, he often had them removed. In a time, a...\nA physician told him [these words] and then he died. After Melchia\u0434\u0435k anointed him in his anointing, he delivered the city of Rome from the pestilence of the dragon. Through his prayer, he raised a dead bull to live. He overcame the Jews in disputes. He made the first great eighty [people] a priority. He had the names of poor men, widows, fatherless, and orphans children written in a book and found what they needed. He ordered to fast on Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays. He also ordered that Thursdays should be worshiped like Sundays, for Christ had instituted the sacrament of his body on that day. And on a Thursday, he ascended into heaven and saw in his sleep the sign of the cross shining like late fire. Angels stood beside him and said, \"Constantine, Toicanta.\" That is, \"By your sign, Constantine.\"\n\nThen he awoke and painted the sign and token that he had seen in the banners and pennons of his knights.\n\nAt last, Maxentius was overcome at the bridge\n(1,000,000 soldiers)\nAnd\nConstantine went to Rome and made the sign of the cross in the right hands of the images that the senators had raised in his triumph and victory. He wrote underneath, \"This is the sign and token of that god of life who cannot be overcome.\" Constantine went out of Britain to the temple of Rome. Then Octavius, duke of the Jews, disturbed the kingdom in Britain and took the throne. Constantine heard of this and sent his mother Helena with three legions of knights against Octavius. However, they encountered various happenings, and at different times one had the mastery and the other did not. Anand gytes ruled in between. Octavius reigned until the time of Gratian and Valentinian emperors. After Maxentius was overcome, Constantine was afflicted with a strong leprosy or misery, as it is written in the legends of the saints in Silvestris' life. Some suppose that Constantine was afflicted with misery for the wrongs of persecution and tyranny that he had committed.\nVsespas searched out and comforted Christian men during that persecution under Silvester. But without a doubt, the reason he was rejoicing is certain: Silvester himself had instigated it. (Gir, supra) By the counsel of the senators and the bishops of Misophylum, three small children were brought forward who were to be slain, and Constantine was to be washed in the warm blood of the children to heal him of his leprosy. When the king saw the mothers of the children weeping and making great sorrow, he said, \"The dignity of the pyre comes from the well of mercy.\" It is believed that he should have died by slaying a child in battle. (De legenda sancti Silvestri) Then it would have been a great sin to save the children's lives instead of getting a cruel life through the death of innocent children. (And yet it is not certain)\n\nThat night, however, it is certain that we would not be saved, but it is certain that if we were, it would be a cruel life.\nAfter Peter and Paul appeared to him and said, \"For thou were aggrieved and astonished, and sparedst not to shed the children's blood. Take this course: Send after Silvestre, who hides himself in the Mount Sapaudia, and bring him to you. And when he was brought, he showed the king the images of the apostles Peter and Paul, who had appeared to him in his sleep. Then he fasted for eight days and made him a catechumen. He was baptized last and learned that he had seen Christ.\n\nConstantine, the catechumen, is he who learns the faith of the holy church and is willing to be baptized.\n\nBut Ambrose and Jerome, in a chronicle, tell that Constantine remained with his baptism to his last days, so that he might be baptized in the Jordan.\n\nThen when Constantine was baptized, he ordered the prisons to be opened and let the prisoners go out. Temples and idols were destroyed, and church doors opened, old churches repaired, and new churches built. He granted freedom and privileges to the churches.\nOrdered that the bishop of Rome should be highest of all bishops and yield the tithe deed of all his possessions to churches, but at the repairing of the first earth and bare clay to the work on his shoulders. From that time forward, due to the great riches that the church of Rome had, it became more secular and had more secular business than spiritual devotion. Therefore, it is written that when Constantine made the gift and shed in the holy church, therefore Jerome in the lives of the fathers says, \"Since the holy church increased in possessions, it was decreed in virtues.\" Also, the emperor in the Lateran palace built a church in John's name and made therein a font of porphyry stone and adorned it within with silver. And in the middle of it was a pillar that bore a golden vessel with a burning balm perpetually. In the Legend of Silvester, Silvester consecrated this.\nThe image of our savior was painted on the wall by God's own hand, not by any human deed. This image was yet, up to this time, only Silvester's order to remain in all churches with stone altars, but in that church he steadfastly placed an altar of wood. It is said that Peter and his successors sang masses upon that altar. For the holy church was so strongly persecuted at that time that the bishop had no certain dwelling in the city of Rome, but they sang masses in hollow caves and dens where they could best upon the wooden altar which was in Britain. Helen heard how her son was faring and sent him letters and prayed for him much because he had forsaken matrimony. But she did not pray to him in that he worshiped and believed in a man nailed to the cross. The emperor wrote again to his mother that she should bring masters of Jews so that the truth might be known by disputation. Then Helen brought forth seventy wise men of the Jews.\nI Jews and Sylluseter come against them. And two wise men, who were neither Jews nor Christian men, were appointed by common consent to determine the truth. Then the Jews were overcome. And after they had long disputed, one of the Jews spoke certain wild words before the bull. The bull died immediately. Then men reproved Sylluseter and he said, \"It is not God's name that I invoked. For God gives and takes away life, as it is written. I shall sleep and I shall make things live and be a living one. But this has named the devils name that can only destroy and not give life. For lions and wild beasts can sleep. But they cannot make the things they sleep among live, and the judges believed all in Christ. Then Constantine sent his mother Helena to Jerusalem to bring the two of them in the form of his son's bridle and the third in the image of the cross. And she threw the fourth nail into the Adriatic Sea, which was beforehand a sword. So it has been since that time the Feast of the Invention of the Holy Cross has been celebrated.\nholden\u00b7 thenne themperour wente from Rome to bysan\u2223us and callyd after his owne name constantinople and made fayr that cyte feir howses and chirches and with d\nIn the begynnyng of holy chirche were but thre patriarkes as it were in stede of Abraham. Ysaac and Iacob. One was at an\u00a6tiochia in asia Another was in Allexandria in Affryca / And the thyrdde was at Rome in europa / these thre peter halowed. by his owne sittynge / In tweyne thcallyd pope as the chyef fader / And the right of the patriarke was torned to constantinople as it were to the second Rome The othAnd it is supposed that the cause therof was for wycked cristen men shold be take in to the lond of mysbyleuyd men. and soo it sholde folo\u00a6we that they shold lese the hooly places \u00b6 Eusebius in historia ecclesiastica libro decimo Constantynus dyde to god almygh\u2223tyes passembled in the Synode of nycena by commaun\u2223dement of constantyn and by counseylle of siluestre for to decla\u2223re the fayth of holy chirche \u00b6 Many of hem playned eche vpon other and put vp\nThe emperor should judge them for doing them right. The emperor saw that the holy church, for which the bishops had come, could easily bring an end to all such causes and complaints. But he secretly burned all the bills of those who made complaints and said, \"God has ordained you as if you were gods, to judge yourselves. But in the holy church among yourselves, treat of your errors and defects so that nothing is known outside that is unworthy of God. If I saw, I would do the same.\n\nWhen this was said, he threw the bills into the fire and burned them. That year Saint Martin was born. In the fifteenth year, he was made a catechumen, that is, one who learns the faith of the holy church. In the sixteenth year, he was made a knight. And two years after that, under Julian, he was knighted again. In the Council of Nicaea, there were one hundred and eighteen bishops. This was made sixteen days before the month of July.\nThe city of Nicaea in Bythinia. This council was convened against the Arians, Fotmos, and Sabellians. Saint Nicholas was present at this synod. It was decreed that the fasting of Lent should begin six days earlier than it is currently observed. This was for three reasons: the first reason being that our fasting should be linked to the time of Christ's passion; the second reason being that Pamphilus wrote the story of the ecclesiastical history during this time in Africa. He was driven there and the bishop of the place would not receive him until he had made clear books of the faith and delivered them as a pledge of his true faith. Juvenalis the priest wrote the gospels for the church of Rome in verses of six feet. After Silvester, Marcus was pope for eight months. He ordered Bishop Hostiensis to use a pall and also to sanctify the pope. Marcus, Bishop of Alexandria and other bishops of Egypt attended the Council of Nicaea. In this epistle, Athanasius learned that his books had been published.\nAfter Marcus Julius was pope for sixteen years, he was exiled during the second reign of Constantine. In Constantinople, the bones of St. Andrew the apostle and St. Luke the evangelist were translated. Great Constantine died at Nychomedia. Jerome was born. In Jerome's \"Historia Tripartita,\" it is recorded that in his last days, Constantine was baptized by Eusebius, the bishop of Nychomedia, who was an Arian. However, this is understood to refer to the second Constantine. Constantine's son, named Gregory, wrote in his register to Maurice the emperor and approved of Constantine. Ambrose, on the fourteenth psalm, called him a man of great merit and virtue, and allowed him before God. Hydatius in his chronicle records that he made a gracious end. The Greeks also celebrate a feast day for him on the eleventh of May.\n\nConstantius the Great\nconstantyns sonne regned after his faders deth with his bretheren Constantyn and Constant six and twenty yere / he was byspronge with Arrius heresie and dyspysed chirches and chaced Crysten men and exyled Iulius the pope fourten yere / and chaced athanasius bisshop of Alexan\u2223dria as it were in to al the world That yere Arrius the heretik by helpe of themperour And tourned by constancius place for to clense his bely \u00b6 / And he voyded oute his bowels & so he dyed there mescheuously \u00b6 That yere Iulius the pope by\u2223gan to come agayne oute of the countrey of cerso warned by an aungel that he sholde translate clements body / And while he dyde as the angel bad / the see withdrewe hym as he wabylded a chirche / And anone the buriels that was lefbylded a chirche / That yere paule the fyrst heremyte deyde in egypte the yere of his age an honderd / and .xiij\n\u00b6 Eusebius in historia eccl\nscoler that hete Arsemus he hadde trespaced and dand fledde and hidde hym in hydynge pla\u2223ces / Athanasius his enemyAnd the strengthe and\nThen he could not find a safe place in the entire kingdom of Constantius. He went to the lands of Constantine the Great and was troubled by the River Nile. A man was sent to capture him, and Athanasius was there and turned his boat around towards the cliff, as if asked by Athanasius who sat in his boat, \"If I had seen Athanasius, would I have passed by so soon?\" said Athanasius, and thus his enemy was deceived and passed on. Sapor, king of Persia, besieged the city of Nisibis for two months, and his horses' ears were withered from great distress.\n\nSaint Nicholas died. He was anointed with oil at his head, and there was a well of water at his feet. At last, his bones were translated to Myra in the year 1467 of our Lord.\n\nAfter Julius Liberius was appointed pope, Felix was ordained pope. This Felix convened a council with eighty-four bishops. There he condemned and deposed two priests, Ursacius and Valens, and reconciled Liberius, who seemed more inclined towards the Arians.\nThenne Liberius, overcome with the grief of exiling and glad for being pope again, assented to heresy and put down Fanus Paulus and Lawrence violently. He favored Felician. Liberius forbade it, but Felix was martyred. Great men in Rome died. Antonius the monk died in Egypt in the year of his age one hundred and five. Seynt Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, was conspired against by the bishop of Arles and Arrian was exiled for three years in Frigia, where he wrote noble books. Hilary had intended to come again to Poitiers. Marc \"I often say of this Hilary that the lion said to him at the council of bishops, 'You are a lion, but not of the lineage of Judas.' \" In the council of bishops, no one rose against Leon in Hilary's time, but if Liberius, the pope who favored heretics or some falsely called popes, were alive when Constantius was dead, Iulianus Apostata martyred Pygmeus the priest who had been his master before. Iohan and Paulus and Quiriacus that.\nHe is Judas, bishop of Jerusalem, for he found the cross. According to the 15th book of the three-part history of Julian, Constantius the Great's brother had two sons: Gallus and Julian. But when Constantius the Great died, his son Constantine became emperor and made Gallus caesar. However, due to suspicions of Gallus' great wisdom, he was killed at Histria. Therefore, Julian, Gallus' brother, was also killed and became a monk, taking three scarves with him. A woman brought him to keep them above with ashes. But Julian took the gold and gave it to the woman in return for the ashes. Once the gold was taken away, Julian could not be convicted due to the presence of witnesses. Therefore, Julian took the gold and went to Rome, where he did so much that he became consul. Eventually, he gained the empire and was emperor. In his childhood, Julian learned necromancy when his master was absent.\nradde in his bookes of that craft And there cam byfore hym a grete multitude of fendes And and made the signe of the crosse\u00b7 And anone alle the fendes vanysshed away / And soo he tolde his mayster whan he cam home\u00b7 And his mayhated moost the signe of the crosse Iulianus cam to Rome and a fen\u00a6de shewed hym to hym by thAnd promised hym thempyre yf he wold forsake cristen fayth / And soo it was don \u00b6 Thenne constancius made hym cesar & sente hym in to Fraunce there he dyde many vyctoryes / and gate a crowne of laureal that henge bytwene two pylers & brake the rope that the crowne henge by & was ryally crowned with that crowen\u00b7 They that sawe that tolde that it was a token that he shold be emperour Whanne consta\u0304cius was dede Iulianus was made emperour / & he fonded to plese al men \u00b6Therfor in the begynnyng of his empyre he graunted that euery man sholde holde what fayth be wolde. But he destroyed the signe of the crosse with al that bsupposed therby for to gete to hym moost grace of\nfendes / Thenne he opened\nAnd they sacrificed to Mammon, saying that the victory of Christ's cross lasts without end. But Julian said that this was a sign of the constraining of Christ's law. And the bishop Calcedonius was old and reprimanded Julian sharply. The man of Galilee said that Julian could not save himself from blindness; the bishop replied that he had been a witness to my sight, that I should not see the private parts of all men. At Antioch, he gathered the holy vessels and defiled them with the filth of his arms. Immediately worms sprang forth from them, and Julian was never able to be delivered from them while he was alive. His steward also urinated in the vessels of the church and said, \"Behold, in what vessels is Maris served.\" His mouth became his anus instead of his lower end. Additionally, for hatred of Christian men, Julian began to build the temple of Jerusalem upon it.\nI. Julian built all that was standing a day, the earth shaking threw it down at night. Also, fire came out of the temple and destroyed much people. And on the night after the sign of the cross was seen upon all men's clothes.\n\nII. Julian expelled from his court eunuchs, who were called Barbarians and cooks. Eunuchs for his wife were dead, and he had married none other after her. He dismissed cooks because he used simple methods and kept eunuchs because one could serve many men. He wrote many books and blamed them in them, both his own and those of eunuchs and barbers. He acted as a philosopher and not as a prince: In that he blamed princes, he did not act as a philosopher.\n\nIII. Against, when demons had promised him victory over the Persians, his sophists asked a Christian man this: What does your god now suppose, O carpenter? The Christian man answered and said, He makes a burial for your master Julian.\n\nIV. Julian went into Persia and came upon Chalcedon, besieging the king of the country. He left behind some of the knights that were with him.\npreferred to him / For he believed that the great Alexander's soul was placed in his body by the meeting of Pythagoras and Plato, who said that the souls of mankind pass from bodies to bodies. But a sudden dart pierced through his side and ended his life.\n\nEutropius and Orosius, in book six, relate that Julian went into Persia and was taken captive in wild places through the cunning and deceit of an outlaw. There he was in the same room with Trajan, enduring the agony of thirst and heat of the sun. An enemy's horseman then struck him with a spear and he died. It is also said then. We send to those we eat. But you send to us such as beasts eat. Then Julian said, \"When I return from Persia to Victores, I will so destroy this city that it will bear more heads than corn.\" Then Basilius prayed for the salvation of the city. And in the midst of the angels, in the middle of the church, he saw a great multitude of angels. In their midst, a woman sat on a throne.\nMercurius, called to me is the knight who will take revenge for me and my son against Julianus, the one who despises God. Mercurius was a Christian knight whom Julianus had killed for the faith of the holy church and was recently buried in the church where this vision was seen. Another time, Mercurius took his weapon and appeared again against Julianus and struck him in the middle of his body and vanished. Julianus drew out the blood from his sides and threw it abroad and said, \"Thou Galilee, thou hast overcome; now I shall forsake thee.\" Basilius woke up and found Mercurius' spear all bloody in the same church and his armor set in the same place. It was foretold that after Julianus, Ionianus was emperor for eight months. Maius, a Christian, had commanded that Christian knights should do penance to Magna Mater or forsake their knighthood. But this one, the bondman, broke that bond. When the knights said that he was a Christian and would be emperor,\nWhen all the knights were made Christian men, a large part of Mesopotamia was given to King Sapor of Persia as tribute, after his death. Whether it was due to the unpleasant smell of his new lime and heavy chamber, or the excessive number of cooling fires for the extreme cold.\n\nUlpian and his brother Valens ruled in Illyria. They were noble and courteous. When the host attempted to give him a fellow from the temple, he answered and said, \"Knight, it was yours to yield Funarius, the roper, who had a rope to sell. Five knights could not wrest the rope from his hand. Therefore, he was worthy of knighthood.\"\n\nDuring Valens' reign, his wife admired Justina, and Valens married Justina. He issued a law that every man should marry two wives. In Valens' time, the earth quaked throughout the world, and the sea rose and passed over the hills, destroying all.\nAfter Liberius Damasus, in the nineteenth year of his pontificate, became a notable maker of meter and wrote verses on tombs of holy saints. He also ordered that psalms should be recited daily and nightly in the choir, with one verse on one side and the other verse on the opposite side. The \"Gloria Patri\" was to be recited at the end of each psalm.\n\nThrough the encouragement of this pope, Jerome translated the Bible from Hebrew into Latin. He also revised the Psalter of the seventy interpreters, which was used in most churches. This Psalter was then revised and translated anew by Damasus the pope, who ordered it to be sung in Rome and in the churches of France. For this reason, it is called the Gallican Psalter.\n\nHowever, Damasus made a third translation of the Psalter word for word. In the year that Saint Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, died, he added \"Laudamus te,\" \"Benedicimus te,\" \"Adoramus te,\" and so on.\nSaint Dymas of Alexandria, who lost his eyes before the age of five, heard in the church the Gospel's words: \"What man cannot do, God cannot do.\" Saint Dymas was so eager about the light of his soul that he had a thorough understanding of seven arts and was made a doctor. He authored and had many books copied by notaries and writers.\n\nSaint Martin was made bishop of Tours when he was sixty-one years old and served as bishop there for twenty-five years. The great Basil, bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, had passed away. Among his other great virtuous deeds, he reconciled a young man to Almighty God who had dedicated himself to the devil for the love of a woman. And Joseph, a Jew, was the most skilled of all physicians. Basil extended Joseph's life by one day and converted him to the faith of the Holy Church. Joseph then established the rule of monks and many other holy treatises.\n\nSaint Ambrose, a man of consular rank, was speaking to the people when he was made bishop.\nIn this time, Melane was born / His father was named Calpurnius, who was a priest and the son of Dun Patrick's mother, Conches, Martin's sister from Gallia, now France. In his conversion, he was named Suat. Saint German called him Magnonius. Celestinus the pope named him Patrik, that is, father of the cities.\n\nValentinianus Augustus strongly opposed the messengers of the Saracens who recited this verse: \"I have said I will keep my ways that I may not transgress in my tongue.\"\n\nPambo claimed he did not fulfill this verse in nine and forty years.\n\nThe two Marcies, one from Egypt and the other from Alexandria, were both noble men in abstinence.\n\nA woman, pregnant at the time, falsely accused one of them and said that he had brought her to childbirth, but she could never deliver a child until she confessed.\nArsenius was a senator of Rome, proficient in the languages of Latin and Greek. He made himself a monk. In a time, he heard a voice that told him, \"Arsenius, flee from men and keep silence, and you shall be saved.\" He spent the entire night in prayer until he saw the sun rise early by morning. Then he grew weary and called out, \"Evil servant, come forth.\" He rested a little, for it was expected of a monk to fight against temptations to sleep one hour in the night and day.\n\nIn a time, his father's testament was brought to him. In it, he was named his father's heir. He answered and said, \"I am afraid to face my father. How could he, who is dead before me, make me his heir?\"\n\nHe would not easily meet or speak gladly with any man. Nor did he send letters, and he commonly fled their company. He said that he could not be with God and men at the same time.\nArsenius neither asked lightly about holy writ, but about steering of the soul and temptations. He was eager to speak, yet he was a noble clerk and knowledgeable in questions of holy writ. In due course, he went down to speak with an old man from Egypt to dispel his doubts. Some men said to him, \"How can you be Arsenius, who claimed to have learned both Latin and Greek, but could never master the ABCs of this boy?\" While Arsenius dwelt in the palaces of Rome, no one wore better clothes than he. As a monk, none were covered more frugally than he. He had a long beard that reached his middle, and he lived in the older Theodocian palaces for forty years after, and in the wilderness for another five. Paphnutius the abbot took secular clothing and habit and covered a common woman named Theosebeia. He prayed three times to the Lord that He would show him to whom he was similar on earth. Paphnutius the pastor would not see his mother in the earth for him, as he was a celibate. Paphnutius the abbot bore a stone in his mouth for three years.\nHe would learn to be still and keep silence. He would not sleep at night if he had any quarrel with any man or any man with him. Thomas Mose was once prayed for to come and judge a brother who had transgressed. He took and bore a pan full of grain and judged others' sins while paying no heed to his own. The father Monius went to visit a brother who was sick and, through his prayers, made the son stand still until he had finished all his duties. Also, he often blessed the grain that was brought to him, which was sown in fields, and the fields produced more corn and fruit as a result. Abbess Sara was thirteen years old when she was impugned and tempted by a demon. But she would not assent. Sara prayed not that the temptation should pass from her, but that God would give her grace to withstand it. Then the spirit of fornication appeared to her and said, \"Sara, you have overcome me.\" \"Nay,\" she replied, \"I have not overcome you, but my lord Jesus saves them that trust in him.\"\nOvercome the Enemies brought forth an army, and it was headed by Athanasius, for what use he had cut off that army, and he brought forth Arsenius, who had both his arms, and showed them both how [and asked] the other men where they had that other arm they showed there. Also, his enemies hired a woman who would say that she had often lodged Athanasius.\n\nThabbot Euarius Macharius, a disciple, wrote the \"vitas patrum\" in Egypt, as Genadius says in his book \"de viris illustribus.\" Valens, with his brother sons Gratian and Valentinian, was Emperor for four years. His brother Hetere Valentinian. Valens was re-baptized against the Arians, and pursued Christian men and issued a law that monks should perform military duties or be beaten with statues. And then, the Gothes sent word to Valens to have Christian bishops teach them the true belief, and he sent bishops to the Arians. Therefore, all the Gothes were infected and deceived.\nTherefore, by the rightful judgment of the goddess, the knights of Rome were overcome by the Goths. And Valens was chased out of Antiochia and was wounded with an arrow and fled into a house, and there was burned he and all his houses, and had no burial.\n\nOracianus, when he had ruled with his father Valentinianus the Elder and with his brother Valens, then, after the death of his brother, he ruled with Valentinianus the Younger and Theodosius of Spain for six years. Beda, in Book 1, Chapter 19, records this.\n\nGracianus, when he saw that Theodosius overthrew the Syrians, the Alans, the Huns, and the Goths with great battles and strength, and made many captives and of the Gnostics, and that heresy bore his name. Theophilus was Bishop of Alexandria in his time. And in Damasus' time, the creed that is sung on Sundays in the church was made. After Damasus, Siricinus was pope for fifteen years. He convened a council at Constantinople of three hundred and fifty bishops to declare the matter.\nFaith of the holy church against heretics. Gaufredus and Aluric, king of the Britons, prayed to Maximus, the new ruler of Helen, and asked him to take the kingdom of Britain and his daughter, as he had no more children.\n\nConanus, the new king's cast for king and was angry therefore, and was at strife with Maximus. But at Lacor, he and all the armed knights marched for war in the province Armorica, which is little Britain. Maximus fought with Conanus and overcame him, as he was put out of the third part of them.\n\nEutr and Band went on into France and made France and Germany subjects by cruel battles. They slew Graciaferd and fled to Lugdunum, besieged in Aquilia. There they put to death Gaufredus and Alfred.\n\nIn the meantime, Conanus, duke of little Britain, had no desire to wed Frenchmen's daughters and sent to Dinotus, king of Cornwall, for wives for his people. Anon he sent his daughter Ursula with 10,000 virgins. Some of them were drowned in the sea by the plague.\nAnd some of them were cast into strange lands. The cursed dukes Guanius and Melga enslaved many of them because they would not consent to their lechery. Guanius was king of the Huns and Melga was king of the Picts. Gracianus and Valentinianus had sent them to the sea coasts to kill the followers of Maximus the tyrant. After these two cursed dukes Guanius and Melga saw that Maximus had led all the knights out of Britain, and that Britain was empty and helpless, without the strength of knights. Then they gathered the Irish and occupied Albania, which is Scotland. Maximus the tyrant heard of this and sent two legions of knights with Gracianus, a knight who longed for Rome, to chase the aforementioned cursed dukes into Ireland. But this Gracianus heard that Maximus had been slain. He made himself king of Britain. However, due to his tyrannical rule, he was slain by his own people. In his place, Constantinus, a knight from the lowest ranks, was chosen.\nworthiness of his virtue, but for the hope of his name alone, he went into Gaul and caused great harm to the people of Trier. Therefore, by command of Honorius Augustus, Constantius the Earl was sent into Gaul to confront Constantinus, the son of Geroncius, whom the Earl had made Caesar.\n\nTheodosius Gratianus, when his father was slain, ruled with his mother. She was warned in her sleep, nearly every night, in his books. Therefore, it is reported that he had a candlestick made by hand, so that the oil would last and he could make kind labor by his strength. He was also like Trajan in all points, meek and mild and soft to men and subject to God. But he would easily become angry. Therefore, he was taught by a philosopher that he should say softly when he began to become angry, and order forty and twenty letters to be prepared, so that his thoughts would be occupied in something else and his anger would subside in passing of time. In a time he would.\nA person entered the quarters of the clerks at Melan to hear mass, and Ambrose forbade him until he had completed his penance for the death of the thirty knights he had slain in Constantinople in a fit of rage. Therefore, the emperor did penance and decreed a law that the domain of princes, upon assumption of power through death, should remain vacant for thirty days without a living successor, and that one should die three days before the other.\n\nValentinian Augustus, feeling remorse for his life due to Arbogates' cruelty, lamented that he should have been spared the persecution of the heretics and was sorry for his words. He took silence upon himself to atone for that sin with the sparing of speech. Archadius Theodosius, upon his father's death, reigned for fourteen years and held the eastern lands. His brother Honorius held the western lands.\n\nClaudian, the poet, was flourishing at that time. Conatus, bishop of Epirus, spat in a dragon's mouth and slayed it. Six wounds in his body should not receive any.\nIn that year, Pelagius the Briton, with the help of Julian, Bishop of Campania, who had previously relinquished his bishopric, propagated his heresy. Pelagius taught that a man's will and freedom of choice without God's grace were sufficient, contradicting Adam's condition and that of all other men. He also claimed that children are born sinless, like Adam before the fall, and that it was unnecessary to baptize them to cleanse them of sin but only to worship them with the sacrament of adoption. True adoption is the making of children in this way: if a man takes a child not his own and raises him, nurtures him, and acknowledges him as his own, then Pelagius was unsure of what he himself said, for the child born without sin is God's child verily. The story then continues with St. Augustine and other holy fathers traveling.\nManly opposed such heretics, but they could not convert them, according to Prosper in his verses of the sixth foot. Some men supposed that Pelagius was abbot of the famous abbey of Bangor, which was ten miles from Chester (or Caerleon). In that abbey, it is said, there were once two thousand monks who kissed the peace at Mass and anointed the sick with holy oil. Pelagius the heretic and his followers were also condemned by him. He also cursed Archadius, the emperor, because he was supporting the removal of John Chrysostom for the empress Eudoxia had procured his removal. Around that year, St. Alexis the confessor died in Rome. Benedictus in his book \"de viris inlustribus\" can explain the meaning of holy writ, which rules that are still famous among holy doctors. Honorius ruled when his brother Archadius was dead, with his brother's son.\nTheodosius in his 15th year / This was so mild that when I reproved him for not punishing those who were rebellious to him, he answered and said, \"God will allow me to raise the dead to live.\" (Eutropius, Book X) / The host of the Goths was slain in Tuscia, and their leader Ragadasius came with 20,000 Goths / and had asked a place from Honorius for himself and his men to dwell in / And he granted it to him in Gaul / / And as he went there, he was besieged by some of the emperor's dukes in a hard battle that fell upon him unexpectedly on the east day, but he took heart and strength and overcame his enemies who so pursued them. And there he left his path that he had begun and turned again to Rome / And he destroyed all that he came across with iron and with fire / and took the city of Rome and set it on fire / / Nevertheless, he let it be proclaimed that men should spare all those who fled, and that his men should take prisoners and spare shedding of blood / / Paulus, Book XI // And so Rome was...\nAfter the building of the brook, taken by the Goths a thousand and 126 years after. Following this, the Roman consulat left in the east, and the Romans began to reign in Britain, having ruled there since Julius Caesar's time, approximately four hundred and seventy-seven years. Eutropius\n\nThe third day after Rome was taken, Alaric left the city and destroyed the province around it. He went to Cicilia and lost many ships and was suddenly dead. There, the Goths, through prisoners, diverted the river Basentus from its channel and buried their king with great riches in the middle of the channel. They then turned the river back into its own channel. Then, the Goths took the lying king Alaric as their own and went back to Rome, destroying all that was left. At this time, lightning destroyed the noble places of Rome so that enemies could not burn them. God was despised in the entire city. Men cried out to Christ and said that such misfortunes had befallen the city because the holy places had been desecrated.\nplaces of Goddess Forgengedyd and Altarid, but the Goths took one gallas placidus. Thedocius daughter and Honorius sister were married to her own king. She was so prophetic to the common people that the Goths made peace with the Romans and left Rome and went to Gamaliel. Orosius went abroad and was the first to bring the relics of Saint Mary to Constantius. Gallia placida was married to him before to Athulphus. On her death, Constantius succeeded Valentinianianus, who ruled the empire for a long time. After Innocentius (Zosimius) was pope for two years and six months, he decreed that a bondman should not be a clerk or a soldier, and that the holy taper should be veiled on Easter Eve. After Zosimius, Boniface was pope for four years. He decreed that no woman should wash or handle the towels of the altar nor do incense in the censer.\n\nThe death of Maximus the tyrant, the knight who longed for Rome, was known, as was the death of Constantius.\nThe enemy leaders Guanius and Melga approached Britain with Scotts and Norweys, burning and pillaging the kingdom of Britain from sea to sea. In response, the Britons sought help from the Romans and pledged allegiance to them. Honorius dispatched a legion that defeated their enemies and taught the Britons how to build a wall across the Irish Sea to keep their enemies at bay. The legion returned, and the men of the island were unprepared for such great craft and built a wall of turf instead, which proved unproductive from Penulton to the city. The men should have defended themselves by the help of the wall, but enemies came by water and destroyed them, taking prayers from year to year as they had done before. Then, the Romans sent a legion, well-armed, to chase the enemies and build a wall of stone to urge the Britons to leave their cowardice and niceties behind and take armor and courage as men should, for they were occupied on other fronts and could no longer come from so far.\nThe Romans built a wall on the common and expensive coasts, and the Britons gave them their strength and armor. They constructed towers on the cliffs of the ocean and kept enemies at bay. The Romans wished the Britons farewell, warning them they would never return. Gildas \u00b6\n\nWhen the Romans had departed, the Scots and Picts began to break free from their prisons. The Scots and Picts disagreed in manners but agreed in clothing, faith, and desire for shedding blood. They ravaged the lands of Britain more boldly than before. The remnants of the loud were driven out of their houses and given to theft and robbery. For the entire kingdom was bare and without sustenance.\n\nAfter Boniface Celestinus had been pope for ten years, he decreed that the psalm \"Judge me, O God, and discern my cause\" should be recited before entering battle.\nThe mass. At the beginning of the mass, the verse \"Et introibo ad altare\" of the same Psalm should be said. This is he who first sent St. Patrick to convert Ireland and sent Palladius, a deacon of Rome, to convert the Scots in the ninth year of his papacy, with the help of Theodosius the emperor and Cyril, bishop of Alexandria. The third great council of three hundred bishops was held at Ephesus against Nestorius the heretic. There it was decreed that in Christ there is one person and two natures, the divine and the human. About that time, Jerome the priest died at Bethlehem at the age of 86. A host was sent out from Rome into Spain at that time and caused much harm in the temple.\n\nThe young Theodosius, Archadius' son, reigned with his daughter's husband Valentinianus for 26 years. The kingdom of the Franks began in his time under Ferramundus.\nsone of martomirus as it is sayde to fore honde of prouynces in the fyrst booke capitulo gallia \u00b6Thenne theodo\u00a6sius knewe that his eme honorius was dede and toke valentinia\u00a6nus the sone of his aunt galla placida and made hym cesar and sente hym with his moder galla placida for to gouerne the eeste londes\u00b7 these two ouercome Iohan that werryd in thempyre And they were merciful to Aecius the noble knyght\u00b7 for by his wytte and sleyght the hunes were torned that had purposed to warre mithe\u0304pire of the west londes / Then\u0304e bonefacius the noble knightthat we spak of to fore honde toke hede that he myght not sewrly holde Affryca ayenst valentinianus & his noble knyght Aecius / therfore he prayde the wandals and the Alanes that had occupyed spayne to fore honde for to come in to Affrica with her kynge giserichus and he come anone and destroyed Affrica / and defowled the feyth of holy chirche \u00b6 In that tyme of tem\u00a6pest deyde saynt Austyn / the yere of his age four score and six / He made soo many bookes that the metre\nis this who says he lied, that said he had read all his books. This Gisericus king of Vandalism, though he overcame the Spaniards and Romans in the meantime, yet he reigned in Africa for thirty years, according to Eusebius' chronicle.\n\nAfter Gisericus, his daughter's husband Omericus reigned for eight years. And he, too, closed churches and outlawed three hundred bishops. Therefore, by God's righteous judgment, he was filled with worms and died soon.\n\nAfter him, Gisericus' brother's son Guttamundus reigned for twelve years. In the twelfth year of his reign, he opened churches and reconciled those who were outlawed.\n\nAfter him, the previously mentioned Homericus brother Thrasamundus reigned for forty-two years.\n\nAfter him, his son Hilderycus, with Valentinianus' daughter, reigned for eight years.\n\nOne Glomerarius the tyrant, who had disturbed Ireland and Britain, put him out of his kingdom and reigned in Africa for three years. And so, from the beginning of the persecution of the Vandals, which began in Gisericus' time.\nAfter Celestinus VI was pope for nine years, around 1452. And, as Guadius states, he ordered the compilation of annals of emperors and bishops. At that time, Orcius of Spain was in his prime. He came to Rome after St. Augustine's death and wrote seven books against heretics, titled \"De Ormesta,\" which is about the wretchedness of this world. At that time, Theodosia, daughter of Emperor Theodosius, and Valentinian's wife, came out of Jerusalem and appeared to the Jews in the likeness of Moses on the island of Crete. She promised them she would lead them dry-footed to the promised land. Then, many of them were drowned, and the others converted to Christianity.\n\nAfter Leo X was pope for twenty-one years, he was the holiest of all men. He said Mass five times and sometimes offered it more than once a day.\n\nOne day, a woman kissed his hand, and the pope felt it.\nIn this pope's time, under Marcianus the prince, a council of six hundred bishops was formed in Caladonia against one enticing abbot of Constantinople and one discordant bishop of Alexandria. They denied that Christ was truly flesh and rejected the resurrection at the day of judgment. Pope Leo wrote a letter of the true faith to send to this council and placed it upon St. Peter's altar. He fasted for forty days and prayed to Peter that if anything needed amending, he would do so. This occurred twice.\nIn this pope's time, during Theodosius' last tenure at Ephesus, on Mount Celius, the Seven Sleepers awoke and rose up. The faith in the Resurrection was greatly confirmed and strengthened by this event. In Decius Caesar's time, these men hid and fled into a cave to escape the persecution inflicted upon Christians. They slept for two hundred years. At last, they awoke due to God's power and sent a servant into the city with money to buy food and investigate the state of the persecution. Old money shown revealed they had slept for approximately two hundred years. The faith in the Resurrection was confirmed, as Denyas denied, and they began to sleep again in the presence of Theodosius the emperor. Around that time, Athaulf, king of the Huns, governed Denmark.\nPannonia and his host numbered two hundred thousand, aiding against the Romans of nations he had subjugated. He advanced nearly all the way across the western land to Aluerne. This man was born to disgrace and sent a letter to the Goths with these words: \"It humbles my pride; I am a hundred leagues in length and seventy in breadth. There was a strong battle; no old story tells of a battle so great.\n\nIt is recorded in the life of St. Germanus that while King Athaulf was waging war in Gaul, he besieged the city of Treves at one time. At that time, St. Lupus was bishop. St. Lupus went to the walls of this city under siege and cried out and asked, \"Who are you that afflict us so?\" The answer came back, \"I am Athaulf, God's scourge. I said, 'I am the wolf that destroys the Lord's flock.' Lupus is a wolf.' Then, immediately, the gates were opened, and the enemy was scattered through God's might, fleeing from gate to gate. He besieged Aquilia next.\nThe pope, named Leo, fasted and prayed for three days and three nights in St. Peter's Church. He addressed his men, saying, \"Whoever comes after me, come in God's name.\" When he approached King Athalaric, the king dismounted from his horse and fell to the pope's feet, praying for what he wanted. The king granted his request, allowing him to leave Italy and release all prisoners. Afterward, when the king was reproached and reasoned with about why the lord of the world threatened him, the pope replied, \"I saw in his right hand a menace directed towards me. Then, King Athalaric left Italy and went into Pannonia, where he died soon after. This is how it happened.\n\nTo Aetius, the third consul, we report the troubles and the drought at sea. Two kinds of carens resulted from this: we were either slain with weapons or drowned. But it was in vain that they wrote thus. At that time, Aetius was occupied in Gaul with hard war against King Athalaric, Gaufridus, and Beda. In the meantime.\nThe forsaid hunger increased strongly among the Britons, compelling many of them to yield to their enemies, the Teutons. Some of them came out from hills and woods, trusting in God Almighty, and chased out the Picts as well as they could. For a time, the enemy was pinned down and made them a place to dwell within their reach, that is, the southern side of Northumberland and Slough. At that time, famine and great pestilence prevailed at Constantinople, with the walls of the city collapsing, taking down seven and fifty towers, and killing many thousands of beasts.\n\nGaufredus and Alfredus [then] took counsel and sent Gayelynus, the Archbishop, into Armorica, that is, little Britain, to Aldroenus, who was the fourth ruler there after Conanus. The bishop declared to him the misery and sorrow of the Britons and brought with him Constantinus, the king's brother, along with many others.\nThousands of armed men. He made him king. Constantinus had three sons: the eldest, named Constant; he made him a monk at Winchester at St. Amphibalus' church. The other two were Aurelius and Uter; he gave them to Guidelinus, the bishop, to nurse and teach.\n\nConstantinus ruled for ten years and was later killed by a Pictish traitor in his service. Vortiger, a consul of the Jews, desired the kingdom and took Constant from Winchester, making him king because he was dull and slow-witted.\n\nImmediately, Vortiger had one hundred Picts from Albania (Scotland) and made them wardens of the king's body. And they understood that Vortiger desired to betray Constant and brought his head to Vortiger.\n\nSince Vortiger wanted to remain guiltless and not culpable for that deed, he feigned great sorrow and made all the hundred Picts beholden to him.\nBefore the lords of the land ended, he was crowned king. When this was known, the wardens who kept brothers Aurelius and Vardred fled with the children to the king of Armorica, that is little Britain.\n\nExplicit liber quartus.\n\nMarcianus married Theodosius' sister and became emperor for seven years. In his first term, the Council of Chalcedon was convened against Eutices and Dioscorus, as it is said beforehand. At the end of this, Marcianus was killed at Constantinople by a conspiracy of his own men.\n\nAnd the Huns and Vandals destroyed the cities of Gaul that stood on the Rhine. At that time, Vortigern ruled in Britain. And then such great abundance of corn and fruit arose that no such abundance had been seen in any time before. And with that abundance, lechery and pestilence of all evil doing began to increase cruelly, not only in secular men, but also in the flock of our Lord and in the herds and governors of the flock of our Lord, who were both strong and great: so that every man sharpened his spear against.\nthe true man/ against the trials of Britain,/ and they entice them with drunkenness, fighting staff and envy. Suddenly, such great pestilence fell upon the wicked men that those who were left alive could hardly stand, and on the other side, he feared the coming of Aurelius Ambrose, for he had heard that he had prepared his ships to cross the sea. Therefore, he was persuaded to summon the Saxons, noble men of war and strong in battle. Beda writes,/ Then, the Saxons, strong in arms and having no place to dwell, were prayed by the Britons to come into Britain in three long ships they called Obilas. They received a place to dwell on the eastern side, on the island Thanet beside Kent, as if to fight for the country, but it was more for fighting and war against the country of the Wessex kings. Almost all the land that lies northward over the sea Ocean of Britain is called Germany. For it brings forth so much people, Germany comes from germinare, that is, to germinate.\nTo borrow and bring forth, therefore, as water bowls are cut and hew the fatness of the earth should suffice for the life of the other part, and the Germans relieve that land which is their ancestral homeland: the Lombards Italy, and the Normans Gallia. First, two brothers emerge from Germany: Engistus and Horsus, with a little strength, and they were worshippers of Woden. As they came from Woden, so did most of the kings' lineages of strange nations originate from this Woden. Since the Saxons held him as a god, they named the fourth day of the week Woden's day in his honor, and the sixth day Friday in honor of his wife Freya. They did this by sacrilege evermore.\n\nBeda, Book I /\n\nThree of the strongest people of Germany came into Britain: Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. Among the Jutes came the Kentish men and the men of the Isle of Wight, and those who dwell against the Isle of Wight. Among the Saxons came the East Saxons, the South Saxons, and the West Saxons.\nThe Angles and Middle Angles, who had jurisdiction over the middle part of England, extended from the River Ribble on the west, near Chester, to the Severn, and so forth to Bristol, and eastward towards the sea. They also included the men of Northumberland, Horsa and Engistus, who were their leaders. To identify the borders of these countries, refer to the first chapter 51 in Henry's second book. These men sailed into Britain and defeated the enemies of Britain. The enemies had gathered at Stanford, which is forty miles south of Lincoln. When the Picts and Scots used long spears and sand axes, Gaufredus and Vortigern gained victory with the help of the Saxons. Engistus received a land grant from them and built a castle named Thongcastle.\nfor him was granted as much land to build on a castle as a thrust could encompass. Therefore, Engystus cut down a bullhide and had it clipped around that place \u00b6 Beda, Book 1 Then news came home of the goodness of the land of Britain and of the weakness of the men who dwelt therein \u00b6 Then a greater navy was sent to increase the number of Saxons, and they took on the war according to the covenant that they should fight for the country, and the Britons should provide them with food and wages \u00b6 Willelmus de Regibus, Book 1 \u00b6 Then, at the second time, the Saxons came with sixteen ships, and they brought with them Engystus's daughter, a wonderful fair maiden, marvelous to behold for men. The king Vortigern beheld her often and asked that she should serve him in place of his butler. And the king asked her to be his wife, and urged her father towards it, as though it were against his will, and she knew in place of a gift to give him. And consented that Engystus should send her.\nhis sone \u00b6 Gaufredus and Alfredus \u00b6 This weddynge was made and the kynge put awaye his lawful wyf / on the whiche he had goten thre noble yonglynges. vortimerus catigirnus and pascencius \u00b6 Beda libro primo \u00b6 Thenne the saxons conspyred with the pyc\u2223tes that they hadde put oute to fore honde / and torned for to fyght ayenst her felawes the brytons / Ano fyrst they axed more corne for it was not yeue hem / They destroyed the contray and slouwe the bisshops and the peple \u00b6 Gaufredus and Alfredus Thenne the Band counceyleden the kynge for to forsake the Saxons / And by cause he wolde not assente / they toke his sonne vortimerus and made hym kynge. \u00b6 Willelmus de Re\u2223gibus libro primo / \u00b6 After the seuenth yere of the confede\u2223racion he fought ayenst the Angles ofte in smal bataylles. but fyue sithes sharply with al the company Henricus / & gaufred The fyrste of these bataylles was vpon the Ryuer derwont / and the seconde vpon the forde Epiford \u00b6 There horsus and ca\u2223tagirnus wounded eche other The thyrdde was don by\nHelpe of Saint Germain three times, All praise be to God. And the fourth battle was on the Sea Bryne, there the Saxons fled into the Isle Thanet. When these battles were done, Vortimer died by the poison of his stepmother Rowena. But William says that when Vortimer had fought twenty years manfully against the Angles, he was taken by the hand of destiny. Ganfredus and Alfredus. When Vortimer was dead, Vortigern was again restored to the kingdom. Then, in hope of peace, both Britons and Angles came to Gyders by the abbey Ambrosius on the first day of May, to transact a new kind of treason. And when he cried in English, \"Have no regard for your sexes,\" then at once they should kill their fellow Britons with knives that they had hidden in their hosen, and it was done so. But Eldol, duke of Gloucester, took up a stake and defended himself manfully and killed seventeen Saxons. But the Saxons would not kill Vortigern, but they received his reason nobly.\nBrytannus and he went into the western country of Wales and stayed at Genoren on the River Guania in the hill Claudius. There Aurelius Ambrosius came after him and burned him in his own tour. But William says that Engystus, through treason and deceit, urged his daughter's husband Vortiger to give her to him. When the guests had well drunk, by cunning they were made to fight and kill each other. Then the Britons were slain and the king was taken and sentenced for the three eastern provinces. Also William writes in Book 1 and Henry in Book 2. It is told that St. German fled and he pursued him. And afterwards, he was burned in his tour with fire that came down from heaven. Then the Britons raised a host.\nAurelius Ambrosius defeated Horsa and Hengest in Kent. But Gaffar in his British book states that after Aurelius Ambrosius returned from beyond the sea, he burned Vortigern in his own tower. And then he passed through Humberside and had Engystus beheaded at Congisburg, sparing his son Octa besieged at York. After this, he overcame Pascentius and so Aurelius died. One Pascentius had hired Copia, as it were, a leech, to perform the deed. It is written in St. German's legend that Vortigern warned St. German lodging and an herd who kept the kings beasts. They saw a sign from God. And lodged St. German and slowly slaughtered a calf for his supper. The aforementioned herd and took the aforementioned herd and made him king. Then all were astonished for wonder. And from that time forth, the kings of Bernicia were not of Vortigern's line, and it is said that Bamburis successors come from this herd's kin who were kings on that side of Wales.\n\nWhat is said here of Vortigern's end?\nIt is uncertain how to keep the story whole. Furthermore, what is said of the pond of the two dragons, white and red, and Vortigern, contained in the British book. I would add this to the story if I supposed it to be true.\n\nValentinianus Augustus' time is recorded in the reigns of Theodosius and Marcian, according to Eutropius. He feared the fortune of Aetius and Patricius and had them killed at Carthage. The western empire fell with him. But in the same year, Valentinianus was killed by Aetius' friends in the field, twelve days before April. The day after, Maximus took the empire of Rome. He heard that Geiseric, king of the Vandals, was coming out of Africa. He arrested him and prevented his flight. However, Geiseric came to the city of Rome. Leo the pope met him and pleased him, sparing burning and slaughter, and took prisoners and riches.\nAmong the prisoners, Augusta was taken captive by Gaiseric. She had pleaded with Gaiseric to commit the cursed deed during the journey back to Africa. Gaiseric destroyed the noble cities of Nola and Capua in Campania. According to Gregory in Libro Dialogorum, Paulinus, bishop of Nola, having spent all that he had on ransoms, went to Africa and offered himself as a slave for the reason of a widow's son. He became his lord's gardener and excelled in his office, converting his lord to Christianity and winning freedom for men of his nation.\n\nIn Marcian's first year, Horsus and Engystus fought against the Britons in a place called Aglystorp, where Lupus, bishop, was present. Through their holy prayers, the tempest at sea abated, and they destroyed the heresy and taught by showing miracles and living holy lives. They healed the place.\nHis lodging, with all that delivered him from burning,/ when other men's things were burned with fire,/ Then he went with the Britons against the Cryed and overcame the enemy without shedding blood, and so returned and turned home again. But heresy began to spring up again. He prayed Valentinianus at Ravenna for men of Armorica, that is little Britain, and died,/ and by the emperor's decree, was to be buried at his own church.\n\nAfter Marcianus, Leo reigned for fifteen years. In his first year, Vortimer, Vortigern's son, died in a stronghold. Engistus, with his son Osca, gathered strength and brought together his knights and men of arms that were scattered and departed, and they fought strongly against the Britons at Crecenford. Of them were slain four dukes and four thousand others. He chased the other party out of Kent to London, and they never returned to Kent again. His brother Hoel and Engistus ruled in Kent for forty-two years.\nHeresy of the Acephelans began to spread, and they again said the counsel of Calcydonenses. The Acephelans are said to be men without a head, for their author is unknown. After Leo I (Hilary) was pope for seven years, Engystus and his son Osca, at Wytpysflete, were slowly killed, but one who ate him was spared. After Simplicius was pope for five years, he ordered that no clerk should receive the investiture of his benefice or his office from a lewd man's hand.\n\nThen Temperor reigned for seventeen years. In his time, Childeric IV, the fourth king of the Frisians, died. After him, Clovis Lewis reigned for thirty years. This was in the fifth year of his kingdom, while he led his host and should fight against a great number of Alamans. He looked into heaven and said, \"Lord Jesus Christ, whom my wife worships, if you give me this day the victory, I will be baptized in your name.\" The Alamans fled, and he and his two sisters and three thousand of his men were baptized.\nOn an earlier day of Saint Remigius, bishop of Reims. And they had no chrism. Lo, a down brought them in his bill a vial with chrism. The bishop anointed the king with it. That vial is kept in the church of Reims. With that chrism, the kings were anointed. Shortly after this, while the king was going to battle against Alaric, Remigius took a flask full of holy wine and promised him victory, saying, \"Go forth as long as this wine lasts.\" Then the king and his servants drank, and the wine failed nowhere. \"Then he conquered Guyana and passed the river Leyre and triumphantly led me with virtue and strength to battle. Therefore, the king was glad with all and prepared himself to pass the ford of the River Vinces. But the water began to rise hugely. And a hind appeared suddenly and passed the water before the king and showed him the ford. Then the king made the kingdom of France stretch out to the high hills of Aragon, which are called the Montes Pyrenees.\" Therefore.\nEmperor Anastasius heard of his name and sent him a crown of gold richly set with precious stones, along with a cloak and a girdle. From that time, he was assigned to be consul and Augustus for the common profit of the empire. And he was clothed in a consular gown. From that time, the Roman empire, which had once been transferred to Constantinople, began to decline day by day. And the kingdom of France began to spread and grow more and more.\n\nWhen Gis\u00e9ric, king of the Vandals, was dead, his elder son, Huneric, ruled in Africa for eight years due to the cunning of foreign nations. He began to behave mildly towards Christian men at first, but in the end, he commanded that hot plates be placed on the breasts of holy maidens, as they should know that bishops and clerics had lain with them. He also put a great multitude of Christian men in a strict prison, so that they would let vinegar and foul ordure fall upon each other. It seemed that the stench of this surpassed all other pain around that time.\nSaints Medard and Gildard, bishops of Rouen, were confessors; they were brothers from the same womb, born and died on the same day. (Henry, Libro secundo)\n\nElle and his three sons Cymen, Plentyger, and Cyssa came to Britain with three ships the year after the first coming of the Angles. They subdued many Britons, leading many into the woods. Andrewsleger then occupied the south.\n\nSaint Banabas' body was found in a cave. His disciple John had hidden it there with the Gospel of Matthew, the first of Christ's disciples in Rome, and was the first bishop made there. (That year, Engystus died in Kent, 32 years after his coming to England. He spent his time both with fraud and strength, preferring cruelty to lawfulness. After him, his son was King Osce, who ruled for forty-two years. He defended the kingdom and made it no more subject to his father's kingdom, extending his father's boundaries. Eutropius, Libro quarto)\n\nAlso, in the same year, Vortigern was king. (Eutropius, Libro quarto)\nDuring the imperial era, Aurelius Ambrose used the purple in Britain. After the fighting against the Saxons, he was left alive and no Romans remained. He conquered the Saxon victors and from that time on, one Saxon ruler followed another, organizing solemn Lenten services called the Rogations against the earthquakes, tempests of weather, and wild beasts that afflicted the people at that time. This is mentioned in Paulus' first book. Around that time, Agrimundus, the first king of the Lombards, was born at Burghwold. He turned the spear he held in his hand towards the children, and one of them held the reins and pulled him out of the pond and quickly did him honor. After Agrimundus' death, for his nobility, he was chosen as king and ruled the Lombards well for a long time. Because he was taken from the battlefield, they named him Lamisso. In their language, a pond is called lama.\n/ Of hym it is sayde that whan the Awerned the longobardes to passe one of her owne Ryuers This lamissand slough her ryght thcouenaunt he ordeyned passage for his men / That yere Zeno the emperour sente theodericus to fyghte ayenst\none odawerred in ytaly fourten yere This theode\u2223ricus was the kynges sone of gothes and was delyuerd to Zeno in pledge. whan the couenaunt of pees was made / thenne whan theodericus was eyghten yere olde he passed bulgaria and panno\u00a6nia and fedde hym and his in the lese of Aquylya \u00b6 Thenne Odaacer mette hym with alle the power of ytaly and was ouer come of hym Therfor he torned agayne to Rome and was put of by the Romaynes and wente to Rauen and there he was be\u2223sieged thre yere and slaine right there \u00b6 Thenne theodericus co\u2223me to Rome and was gladly resseyued and wedded AndelAnd maryed his doughters and his susters to kynges that dwellyd there aboute Soo that wel nygh al ytaly was ioyned to hym by suche affy\u2223nyte\nANastasius was emperour seuen and twenty yere \u00b6In his first yere seynt\nPatrik, the first bishop of Ireland, was born in the year of his own age, six and twenty. In the time of Aurelius Ambrosius, who was then king of Britain, there were Abbot Columba, also known as Kolunkillus, and Saint Bryde. Saint Bryde outlived Patrick for sixty years. They were buried in Down, in the city of Dymeus, as if in a den, with three chambers. Their bodies were first discovered in the year of the coming of Sir John, the second son of King Henry, to Ireland. On their tombs, these verses were written:\n\nIn dungeon, they lie,\nWho in one tomb are heaped,\nBrigid, Patrick, and Columba, the pious.\n\nMen say that this first Patrick, among his other wonderful works and deeds, did three great things. One is that he drove all the venomous beasts out of Ireland with his staff. The second is that he prayed, and it was granted to him by Almighty God.\nthat none Irish man should endure the coming of Antichrist. The third wonder concerns his purgatory. But this is more applicable to the last Patrick, who was abbot and not bishop. He was around the year 800 AD. The land was Ireland, and he died in the abbey of Glastenbewshaw at St. Michael's Mount in Monte Gargano. The year of our Lord 446 began the kingdom of the eastern Angles under Offa. Of him, all the eastern Angles are called Angles and now we call them Fenians and Fianna.\n\nBeda, author of the Book of Leinster, was born. King Clodoveus was his godfather and took him out of cold water.\n\nWhen Gelasius was dead, Anastasius was pope for two years. He decreed that no clerk should leave his service in anger without saying Mass in holy church, but only the Mass.\n\nAlso, this pope cursed Anastasius the emperor. After Anastasius, Symmachus was pope for fifteen years. With him was ordained another pope named Laurentius. In that strife, there were many manslaughters in the city.\nIn the dome of Theodoric of Reims, the king decided that the pope should be Symachus. He loved the clergy and helped the people, so Paschasius, a cardinal, decreed that every Sunday and at Mass, this was done. Some men believed that the following in this hymn referred to this Symachus, but others believed that St. Hilary made all that followed in the hymn. In that year, Remigius, a doctor of the Franks and bishop of Reims, died. An hermit, born in this manner, lived. This hermit had lost his eyes and sight, often weeping in his beads, and prayed to his mother that when the child should be weaned, the child might wash the hermit's eyes with the mother's milk and thus regain his sight. Then, from his childhood, Remigius lived in a closet until he was twenty-two years old. After that, he was made bishop of Reims and was so mild that wild sparrows would take milk from him and make a noble young British man their nestling.\nother. Lotharius, king of Poitiers, was poisoned with venom and died. He was buried by his brother Aurelius in Coria Gigantum, or Stonehenge. After Hormisdas was pope for eight years, he reconciled the Greeks and ordered the clergy according to rule. He left a beam of silver worth a thousand pounds and sixty in St. Peter's Church. He also sent letters to Anastasius the emperor, urging him to abandon error, and commanded the emperor to amend himself. Therefore, he was later besieged by his enemies and struck by lightning, and died.\n\nOsca Engystus' son reigned after him for twenty-two years in the kingdom of Counterbury, which was the kingdom\nBede says that Justin the Elder was emperor for eight years, but others say ten. At the instance of Hormisdas the pope, Justin reconciled the bishops that Anastasius had exiled for the sake of the holy church, and ordained the German bishop.\nCapna was Pope Justin's messenger at that time. This is the year after the coming of the Angles / 701. This year began the reign of Cynheard, Cand's son, who landed in three ships and allowed the Arians peace. Or he would have fled. And when he heard that his messengers were reverently received, when they returned, he maintained the authority of the senators of Rome through good deeds. Therefore, he expelled him from Rome and had him put in prison and exiled. He was famous without reproach and first learned the Latin language at Rome. And there, he was received graciously in every country of the wide world. She made a writing to be granted, made in meter, in this manner:\n\nElpes was mighty,\nMajestic and strong,\nIn the East she dwelt,\nA goddess among gods.\n\nBut Theoderic the tyrant did not escape the punishment. He died suddenly at Ravenna, forty score and ten days after he had fulfilled his tyranny in that holy man, Boethius.\n\nOne soldier saw him boil and stew in Vulcan's cauldron on the Isle of Luparis.\n\"Beside Sicilia, there he boils, as it were, in a cauldron. That year, St. Bride the maid died in Ireland. After John the Fourth, Felix was pope for four years; he was St. Gregory's father. He ordained that sick men should be anointed with holy oil passed out of this life, and cursed the patriarch of Constantinople. Also that year, Abbot Denisius Exiguus began to compile his computus at Rome. He was the first, or the only one, to attend to the errors of that computus. And afterward, Marianus the monk closed in Magoncia, as touched upon in the beginning of the first book in the third preface.\n\nIn that year, Justinian I issued new laws on his sister's behalf, ruling for eight years and gathering the laws of the Romans, which were written in nearly two thousand books and three hundred thousand verses in long writing and unprofitable. He collected them into a volume of twelve books and called that volume the Code of Justinian. He also made digests and departed them in three volumes. He did many edicts.\"\nby myself and Bilisarchus, the duke, at the existence of Theodora Augusta, he did many cruel deeds. He exiled the pope after Felix Boniface was pope for two years and some days: he ordered that clerks and lewd men should be departed while the mass is singing. After Boniface II, John I was pope for two years and four months. After the second John, the first Agapetus was pope for one year. He ordered that a procession should be made on Sunday, and went to Constantinople to Justininianus and died there. But he was born in Rome, Cerdicus, the first king of the West Saxons, died when he had reigned for seven years and was exiled. This made Theodora Augusta press for him not to restore Anthemius, patriarch of Constantinople, who had been condemned of heresy beforehand. That year Saint David was born, he was bishop of Menevia, which is now called Saint David in Wales. After Severius, Virgilius was pope for nine years, he ordered that the mass should be.\n\"Said towards the eastern end of the church. And in the end, as his predecessor was pursued by the press because Anathemius the patriarch was not restored, he was drawn and hauled all day, scorned and beaten at Constantinople, and finally died in exile. In his time, Belisarius patrician delivered Rome from the Gothic takeover. Also in his time, the bishop Irad of Theophilus, archdeacon, entered into an evil manner with the papacy, for he procured the exiling of his predecessor Silverius in order to be pope himself. But since he was deeply repentant, he was exiled for the faith and died in exile.\n\nHenricus, in the second book,\n\nThis was the tenth year of Cand's victory. First, on the River Glue and afterwards four times on the River Douglas, which is in the country of the Jews. Now that River is called Donglys in English, and that River runs under the city of Wigan, which is ten miles from the River Mersey in Lancashire.\n\nHenricus, the sixth\"\nBatall was on the River Basa, the seventh beside London, in the wood, not false, worthy of praise. He maintained the contrary, which was going downward, and comforted men's hearts to fight courageously in battle. And at last, he slew nine hundred of his enemies in the siege of Badenhill.\n\nRedan and unwilling to him, they gave him Hampshire and Somerset and called that country Wessex. He made faith and swore to him. Also, it is read in the Chronicles of England that Morgan le Fay desired to reign, but granted him other towns for her consent and restored his province. And she crowned him king of Britons. But the Isle of Wight left to resist the new rule of Cerdic.\n\nHowever, the story of the Britons tells afterward that Morgan and Mordred slew each other and were slain and buried in the Vale of Avalon beside Glastonbury. Afterward, their bodies and those of his wife Guinevere were found in the second Henry's time and translated into the church around the year of our Lord eleven hundred.\n\"hundred and forty-fourth chapter, tenth eighty-eighth / According to Gerald's distinction, Arthur was the only one who lived and possessed Artus' bones. Among all chroniclers, Geoffrey alone extols him so much that it is wondered how it could be true that he made the king of France a subject. If he had killed Lucius in Italy, the procurator of Themiscyra, and if he had not spoken of the great deeds and the great voyage of Romans' Frenchmen and Saxons-and yet, according to Geoffrey, he says that he slew Lucius Hiberius, the procurator of Themiscyra. However, according to all Roman stories, no Lucius was the procurator of Themiscyra at that time. Furthermore, none of the books speak of Arthur's reign or birth. I find it more wonderful that Geoffrey extols so much one who, according to all the old, famous, and true writers, \"\nstories make of it well, nearly not mentioning but this is the manner of every nation, to over praise one of the same nation: the Romans, their Octavianus; Englishmen, their Richard; Frenchmen, their Charles; and the Britons, their Arthur. It often happens, as Josephus says, for the fairness of history or for the pleasure of the readers, either to praise or to flatter. Then Gaufredus in his British book says that Arthur, when he should die, granted the diadem of his kingdom to his cousin Constantine, the son of Cador, duke of Cornwall. He fought often with Mordred's sons and slew them. Four years after he had reigned, he died. And after him, Aurelius Conanus held the kingdom three years. After him, Vortiporius reigned four years. After him, Malgo ruled for some time; he was fair, strong, large, free to the Britons, and loved strife.\nThe Saxons were alarmed by his unsteadfastness and sent to King Africanus Gurmundus, requesting that he make him subject and praying that he would come out of Ireland. Gurmundus and the Saxons joined forces, and Chreticus from Cite to Cite besieged him at last in Sissetre. They defeated him and his Britons and drove them into Wales over Severn. They destroyed London with iron and fire. From that time forward, the Britons lost the entire kingdom of Britain. Chilpericus, the seventh king of France, reigned for 24 years after his father Lotharius. That year marked the beginning of the kingdom of Northumberland under Ida, the son of the kings of Northumberland. Ida reigned for twelve years in Bernicia. He had many sons. Bernicia is the northern part of Northumberland and stretches to the Scottish sea. Look more there for lechery that he filled in.\nIn a City of Sicilia, there was an Archdeacon named Theophilus. He was held in such high regard under the Bishop that when the Bishop died, all men cried out that he was worthy to become Bishop. The Bishop paid him handsomely with his Archdeaconry and preferred him over others. However, the man who was made Bishop wrongfully ousted him from his Archdeaconry.\n\nTheophilus then fell into great distress. He hired a Hebrew on the condition that he would attend the worship he had forsaken. The Hebrew also made Theophilus perform the devil's rites and wrote a charter with Theophilus' own blood. Thus, Theophilus regained his Archdeaconry the next day. However, he later regretted his actions and prayed to Our Lady for help and salvation. With her help, he managed to retrieve his charter and seek forgiveness for his sins.\n\nThen, Theophilus confessed his transgressions and the entire nature of his actions publicly before the Bishop and the people.\nThen all the people wondered and worshiped and thanked Christ and our lady. And Theophilus died three days later in the same place where our lady returned his chartre to him. After Vigilius, Pelagius I was pope that year. That year, Totila, king of the Goths, was in Italy. He passed through Campania and by St. Benedict's abbey and besieged Rome strongly, taking it at last by night and entering through the gate called Porta Hostili. To spare the Romans some cruelty, he had trumpets blown. Also, Totila wanted to know if St. Benedict had a spirit of prophecy and sent one of his knights as a king to see him. The knight quickly returned and said, \"This is not yours.\" Afterward, Totila himself fell down before the holy man and would not rise until the holy man lifted him up with his own hand and said, \"You have done much harm. Now rest. You will enter Rome and pass the sea and reign for nine years.\"\nAnd after that day he was less cruel. Narses Patricius was sent by Augustus and overcame him in battle. Cassiodorus, who was once King Theodorus, Chauncelor, consul, and then senator and monk at Rome, expounded clearly the satter. Henry, king of Wessex, died, and his son Ceaulinus was king after him for three and twenty years in Gloucester and Surrey and into the hills, mountains, and wildernes of Wales. William, king of the Mercians, was exiled and died in exile.\n\nIn the first year, Elle's son Edwin reigned, and they agreed and said \"alleluya\" must be sung from that time when these children came. But the grace of Byrne came not to King Elle but to his son King Edwy.\n\nIn the meantime, Idas' eldest son Adda reigned seven years in Bernicia, and Claspa reigned five years in both provinces of Deira and Bernicia. Paulus libri parcelled.\nAnd the Longobards prayed to their king Andoenus to hold a solemn great feast for his son Alboinus. The king answered and said that it was not the custom among them for a king's son to sit at feast even with his father, but if he had to face an enemy king.\n\nAlboinus heard this and took with him forty young men and went boldly to the king of the Gepids, whose son he had killed in battle, and asked for armor from him. There he was warmly received and seated at the table in the place of the son he had killed. The king looked at the man and the place and sighed deeply and said, \"This place is mine.\" But to anger the Longobards with disparaging words, he said, \"Go into the field where your brother was slain. And there you may test how strongly these mares can kick.\"\n\nThen the Gepids armed themselves for battle and the Longobards seized the hilts.\nHer own swords but the king leapt over the lord and sat among the strife and said, \"It is not an honest victory to slay a great man in his hostelry. He gave his slain son's armor to him who had slain him and sent him with peace to his father again. Wil, the son of Ethelbert, was the one slain. Ethelbert, son of Ermenric, ruled over the Kentishmen for five and fifty years, according to Bede. But another chronicle says three and fifty years. In his youth, he was scorned and disgraced by kings who lived near him, for he was overcome in two battles and saved himself within his own borders. But when he grew older, he brought all the kings who were near him under his yoke. Then he wedded a French woman named Berta. By the example of one Leuthard, a bishop who came with Berta, he was greatly exhorted to leave and forsake his wild manners. At last he heard St. Augustine preach the lore of holy fathers and forsook.\nHis cursed laws and made good laws in the language of the land. In these laws, he promised rewards to good men and penalties to evil men and wicked. After the year that he had received the faith of the holy church, Martin was pope for one and twenty years. After Pelagius, the third John was pope for thirteen years. At that time, Priscian, the grammarian of Caesarea, was in his prime at Constantinople. He made noble books not only of grammar but also described the whole world in a book that he called Cosmagraphia. It is said of him, as Huguccio in the chapter edo edes tells, that he became an apostate and forsook the faith for the love of his disciple Julian. Also at that time, one Arator, a subdeacon of Rome and a wonderful poet, made the book Actus Apostolorum entirely in verses of six feet. And Saint Brendan Abbot of Ireland was in his prime at that time. Of him are read many wonders, and especially of his purgatory, which is in the western part of I. Also at that time, Saint Stephen's bones were brought to Rome and laid by Saint Lawrence.\nin the same place, the Chronicles of Rome and legends of holy saints tell that when St. Stephen's bones were brought there, St. Lawrence's bones turned on their side. They had faced forward towards his hand, but then he turned him to give way to his fellow saint, St. Stephen.\n\nAfter Justin II, Justinian ruled for eleven years. He despised the poor and plundered the senators. He gave in to avarice so much that he had coffers of iron made to hold his treasure. In the end, he fell into Pelagian heresy and lost reason and good mind. But he appointed a mild man named Tiberius to govern the empire.\n\nIn the first year of this prince, a priest and abbot named Columba came out of Ireland to preach to the northern Picts, who had separated from the southern Picts by high hills and valleys. The southern Picts had been converted to Christianity by Ninian, the bishop of the Britons' nation, and he was sent there because of that. But he was first taught properly.\nAt Rome, his see was at Candida Casa. That is where he lies and rests. Then, that see belonged to the men of Brenicia. Marianus, in the second book. Badius, a mighty king, ruled among them then. Beda [refers to it]. After Columba came to the north Picts and received from them the island Iona, which was as it were of five means to build there an abbey, which was head of all the abbeys that were built. Therefore, the island always has him who is abbot and priest to rule and govern them. So, all the people and bishops are subject to that Abbot and priest in a manner not used elsewhere. And this was an example of their first doctor Columba, who was not bishop but priest and monk. After his coming, he died and was buried there, leaving behind noble disciples. But they were in doubt about the eastern term and followed the cycles for a hundred years and fifty into the year of grace seven hundred and fifty.\n\nThen came to them one Egbertus, a priest.\nAn English nation that had long been exiled in Italy. It was no wonder that the decrees of synods of the Eastern time had not yet reached them. Paulus, the Patrician of Narses, was sent by Justinian into Italy and took control. Totila, king of the Goths, restored the empire, but the Romans were so envious of him that they urged Justinian to send Narses to Italy and said it was better for the Romans to serve the Greeks than the Goths. In Italy, therefore, Narses was made emperor. The emperor Tiberius II was deposed, and Longinus was placed in Narses' stead. The empress Sophia Augusta sent a scornful message to Narses, urging him to return to Constantinople and find costly and woolen threads with his women's wit. Narses replied that he would weave such a web for the empress that she would never have to the end of her life. Then he went to Naples in Campania.\nThe Longobards received the message to leave the poverty-stricken fields of Pannonia and move into the wealthy lands of Italy. They complied, and the Longobards entered Italy the morrow after Easter, in the year of our Lord 568. At that time, the kingdom of Italy was freed from the yoke of Constantinople. The Romans were later ruled by Patricius. Alboin, king of the Longobards, assaulted Italy. Fiery hosts were seen in the heavens, casting human blood as if it were lightning. Therefore, Gregory speaks in the \"Onliyme\". Similarly, in Liguria, there were wonderous tokens seen in houses, doors, and clothes. If anyone tried to wash them away, they became more visible. After a year, in men's channels, a horn-like growth sprouted at the nether end. Following this, a burning fire appeared and consumed men in the span of three days. Thus, men fled and left behind only houses, with no inhabitants remaining in the fields or vineyards.\nThe Longobards, named for their long beards, shaved the hair from their heads, but kept locks hanging down to the mouth. They wore large clothes, specifically linen cloaks, as English Saxons did, with broad laces adorned with various colors. They wore high shoes with slits to the knee, laced with thongs. In the first year of her coming, King Alboinus besieged the city of Papye for three years and took it at last, occupying all of Italy.\n\nIn the second book of Paulus, when King Alboinus rode in at the eastern gate of the city of Papye, the horse he sat on fell down beneath him in the middle of the gate. It could not be raised, despite being prodded.\nWith spores until the king had revoked and released a harsh oath that he had made. He had made his oath that all those who would not yield would be slain with swords. Then Albuinus ruled in Italy for three years and six months and died there ultimately by the treason of his wife in this manner. This Albuinus dwelt in Pannonia at one time and overcame the spies, and also their king, and made him a cup of the king's shoulder for him to drink from. That kind of cup is called a \"Scala\" among them and \"pathera\" in Latin. He also married Rosamunda, the same king's daughter. At the city of Verona in Italy, at a great feast, he made his wife Rosamunda drink from that cup whether she would or not, and prayed her to drink with her father. She had great indignation at this and avoided the time when the king was out and lay privately in the bed of a damsel. A duke of the king, who was particularly loved, came to that bed and supposed that she had been the damsel, and lay with her.\nThen she spoke to the duke and said, \"Did you not know what you have done? You have certainly committed an act that will result in the death of my husband Albuinus, the king. Or you will be killed by his sword, and he will hold the king so fast that it cannot be drawn out of the scabbard, as the king would not be able to help himself when others come to kill him. Then, when the king was killed, the assassin fled and went with the queen to Ravenna. After they had stayed there for a while, Rosamunda saw a very handsome young man who was the city's prefect. She loved him foolishly and, because of her love, gave her husband poison to drink. The duke felt the effects of the poison and, without delay, drew his sword and made his wife drink it as well. They both died in this way. However, some people say that when Rosamunda was killed, a man named Parideus, who knew of the first conspiracy, came out of Ravenna to Constantinople.\nIn the presence of the emperor, Leon cast off his cloak. The emperor ordered both his eyes to be put out. But Leon did not turn back to the city. The emperor sent for two knights privately and feigned a secret conversation with them. The emperor sent them horses and his brother Cutha. However, they chased Leon and captured two of his dukes, William of Bedford, and took from them the cities of Lygauburgh, Eglesburgh, Besington, and Evesham, and they were both killed in the same year. At that time, Saint German, bishop of Paris, a nobleman and full of miracles, began to grow old and weak in body but remained soft and sweet in speech. He wrote the life of Saint Martin in four books in six-foot verse, and later became bishop of Tours.\n\nIn the seventh year of Emperor Justin, the great cycle of the eastern time was fulfilled, which contains five hundred years and two and thirty from Christ's Passion. According to Marianus, 560. But from the beginning:\n\nIn the presence of the emperor, Leon shed his cloak. The emperor ordered both his eyes to be put out. But Leon did not turn back to the city. The emperor sent for two knights privately and feigned a secret conversation with them. The emperor sent them horses and his brother Cutha. However, they chased Leon and captured two of his dukes, William of Bedford and [name], and took from them the cities of Lygauburgh, Eglesburgh, Besington, and Evesham, and they were both killed in the same year. At that time, Saint German, bishop of Paris, a nobleman and full of miracles, began to grow old and weak in body but remained soft and sweet in speech. He wrote the life of Saint Martin in four books in six-foot verse, and later became bishop of Tours.\n\nIn the seventh year of Emperor Justin, the great cycle of the eastern time was fulfilled, which contains five hundred years and two and thirty from Christ's Passion. According to Marianus.\nIn the world, around 5,000 years after some men suppose, Tiberius Constantinus was Emperor for seven years. He was the mildest of all men and gave the treasury of the palaces to the people, which led his wife to blame him often. Men say that he answered her thus: \"I trust in our lord that money will not fail us at our need if we put our treasure in heaven.\" Then he passed by a day beside the imperial palaces at Constantinople and saw a cross carved in marble pavement. He seemed not worthy to tread upon it with his feet, especially upon that which should be printed on the foreheads of mankind. He took up that stone and saw another cross in the same way. After him, the first Pope ruled for four years. He brought many thousands of measures of wheat in ships from Egypt and delivered the city of Rome from famine.\nThe misery of hunger while King Albinus besieged that city. Therefore, they wrote in his tomb in this manner: / Father Benet, thou Benet, thou livest in great mind, / Title of virtues, fair Marynus. / In that year, Ceaulinus, king of Wessex, overcame the Britons and took from them the famous city Gloucester.\n\nMauricius was emperor for twenty-one years, a good and steadfast man of belief. He overcame the Persians and their armies. But in the end, he disagreed with St. Gregory. So he spoke much evil of him and plotted to do him to death. / And then a man was seen in Rome clothed in monk's garb, drawing a sword in his hand, who cried out to all the city in this manner: Mauricius shall be slain.\n\nThe emperor heard this and amended his evil deeds, praying that he would withdraw that doom. Our Lord appeared to Mauricius in his sleep and said: / Wilt thou that I spare thee? Either after this life, Lord said he, thou lovest wretches that are here in misery. / yielded me here.\nThen, when Mauricius was in the eastern lands and sought to prevent his knights from theft and robbery by withholding wages, the knights were moved and elected Emperor Foca against him. Foca killed Mauricius and his three sons while he fled to an island. (Marianus, Book 2)\n\nThat year Ceaulinus and his son Cutha fought against the Britons at Fechalage, but Cutha was killed there and Ceaulinus took the victory. (Beda, Book 1)\n\nElle, king of Deira died after reigning for one and thirty years. Ethelbertus, his son, ruled both Deira and Bernicia finely for a certain time. (Beda, Book 1)\n\nThat year, in France, three brothers were born: Ado, Bado, and Dado. Dado was also called Audenus. (Paulus, Book 4)\n\nAbout this time, Gundobad, king of France, went hunting in a wood, and his men were dispersed here and there on every side. The king grew very sleepy and lay down to sleep.\nThe king slept in a most precious lap with him. Then a little beast crept out of the king's mouth and wanted to pass a little brook that was nearby. The secretary remained in the beast's place for a while and returned the same way, entering the king's mouth with the sword. After some time, the king woke up and told his secretary about the strange dream he had. The king said he had crossed an iron bridge and found great treasure in a hill.\n\nThe secretary told the king what he had seen and done. They both went to gather and dug great treasure from that hill's cave. Some of the treasure the king made into a great covering, like a shrine, intending to send it to Jerusalem, but was prevented from doing so. Instead, he placed it over the body of St. Marcel in the city of Cologne.\n\nBeda, in Book One, writes about the holy father Columbanus with St. Gall and other noble disciples leaving Ireland and building the abbey of Luxeuil by the side of Theodoricus the [Bishop].\nKing / but he was driven thence by Brunhild, the queen, and came to Germany. He built many abbeys there that are still famous and received irksome men as monks. Columbanus left Gallus and came to Italy and built the Abbey of Bobbio. That year such great rain fell that Tiber washed the walls of Rome. He raised up a great multitude of serpents and one great dragon. The stench of them killed many men in the city. Also, a pestilence came in the channels of men at the lower end, which slowed Pelagius the pope. That pestilence was so deadly that it slowed men in their way, at meals, playing, and in talking. Of it comes the saying \"when one feels it.\"\n\nGod help you and when he opens his mouth to make a cross,\nFor this pestilence, St. Gregory, archdeacon of Rome, ordained seven forms of penance to be said on St. Mark's day.\nHe set the clergy in the first, abbots and monks in the second, abbesses in the third.\nWith their menchons in the fourth childre in the fifteenth, lewdmen. In the sixth, widows and the seventh, wives. Beda, Libro primo capitulo visesimo tercio: \u00b6Gregory was pope for thirteen years, six months and ten days. He made many noble deeds. Of these, forty-two homilies, homilies on the Gospels of the Lord, moral homilies on Job, a homily on the beginning and end of Ezekiel, Registrum pastorale, dialogues and built an abbey in his own houses. In all the churches of Rome, he ordained fasting every day in Lent for forgiveness of sins. \u00b6Also, he ordered the heads and limbs of nuns to be cut off. & in the canon of the mass, he put \"Dies que nostros in tua pace disposas\" and so forth. & Also, he was the first of all popes who called himself and wrote in bulls: Servus servorum Dei, that is, servant of the servants of God. & Also, he ordained in the Synod and council at Rome that the ministers of the altar should take heed to preaching and not to singing. & said that while me asketh a sweet wise question:\nThe holy service sets apart the life of the singer, and though he pleases the people with his voice, Saint Gregory had Bachiters and enemies who would have burned his books after his death. But his deacon pers swore upon the book and by peril of his soul and witnesses of his own death that his books were inspired by the Holy Ghost. In that year, Ceaulinus, king of Wessex and Ordya, was slain. After him, Calfridus, the son of his brother Cuthulphus, ruled strongly for forty-two years. He was very strong and desired great worship and destroyed the Britons more than all the Anglian princes, making them tributaries. He had by his wife Acta, king Ella's daughter, seven sons and one daughter named Ebba. Two of his sons were named Oswald and Oswin. Columba died at this time, who was an abbot and bought in his abbey in the Isle of Iona. Beda, in Book Three, Chapter Three, and Beda, in Book Five. [9] He\nhadde a name made of acella and columba and was callyd Colunkillus \u00b6Beda libro primo capitulo visesimo tercio \u00b6Also that yere the grete gregory sente Austyn the Monke to preche the word of god to englysshmen / And Austyn was aferd and drad in the wey and torned agayne to seynt gregory / And gre\u00a6gory comforted hym and sente hym with lettres to the bisshop are latensis that he shold helpe austyn in what that hym neded\u00b7 The tenoure of thylke lettres and of other lettres that were sente to the kynge of kente and also answers that seynt gregore gafe to Austyns questions ben wreton in Registro gregorij and in beda Paulus libro quinto Also that yere the longobardes by nyght assayled seint benettes abbay in the mount cassinus / but the mon\u00a6kes fledde to Rome & toke with hem the book of the holy rule & a weyght of brede for the iourneye and a mesure of wyn that he\u00a6re euinia\u00b7 Of this meschyef benette warued hem byfore honde & prayde god and had it graunted vnnethe that men of that place sholde be sauf / In the Riuer\nIn that year, at the Isle of Thanet, the host of Rome saw mermaids in likenesses of men and women, who were seen from the morrow to the mid-point. That year, Augustine came to the eastern side of Kent in the Isle and brought some interpreters with him from the land of France, by the counsel of Gregory. Saint Augustine sent these interpreters to King Ethelbert, in the sixty-third year of his kingdom, and said they had come from Rome for the salvation and redemption of the king and his realm. The king heard this, and had heard beforehand of the Christian faith. For he had a Christian queen, a Frenchwoman, and had received her from her father and mother on the condition that she should use and keep the Christian faith.\n\nAfter some days, the king went to that isle. But he spoke with them outside the walls. In this, he used the superstitions of the superstitious men, and on his coming they raised up the banner of the cross with a crucifix painted on a table.\nand they sang the litany and preached the word of life. Then the king spoke to them and said, \"It is fair that you promise, but since it is new, I cannot yet assent. And because you have come from far for my sake, we shall spare you and find things necessary for your livelihood. We grant you your faith as many as you may have. When they heard this, they went with a procession to the city and sang alleluia and prayed, \"Lord, we pray thee in all thy mercy that thy wrath be taken from this city.\" And so they entered the city of Canterbury, where they led their lives as holy fathers did in the beginning of the holy church - in fasting, in wakefulness, in prayer, and in preaching of God's word and singing masses and being anointed in the eastern side of the city in the old church of St. Martin, until the king was converted, and a great number of his people. The king was converted and gave his doctor a place for the bishops' see at Christ's church with many possessions.\nBuilt the tabernacle of St. Peter and Paul on the eastern side of the city. Austin and his successors, as well as the kings of Kent, were accustomed to be buried there. In the meantime, Austin went to Archbishop Arelatus and was consecrated Archbishop for him. Gregory confirmed this and sent helpers to Austin - Mellitus, Justus, and Paulinus, along with books and relics of holy saints and answers to St. Austin's questions. Such were the answers that the Church of Rome used for all good things that fell to them, so that they should be distributed among four parties: one to the bishop and his men to find herbs and such as they needed; the second to the clergy; the third to the poor; the fourth to the repair of churches. To those who lived in common, all things are common. And what remains is asked, why are there so many diverse usages in churches? It is answered in this way: what you know is yours.\nMost pleasants thing to God Almighty are gathered in churches of England. Things are not loved for the place but the places are loved for good things. Colwulf, son of Cutha Ceaulinus, brother, reigned in Wessex for fourteen years. At that time, in the suburbs of Constantinople, Gregorius, bishops and doctors of the Britons, came together in a place called Austins Oak, or Austins Strength. This place is in the march of the Welsh and of the West Saxons. And there he charged them that they should preach God's word to the Angles with him. They also should amend some errors among themselves, especially concerning the customs of the eastern time. And they openly declared which party should be held in judgment. Then a blind man from the Anglo-Saxon nation was brought forth. He was healed and received his sight by Austins prayer for the Britons failed in that deed. When the Britons saw that the blind man had received his sight, they acknowledged.\nThat St. Austyn's way was true / But they said they couldn't forsake their old customs without the consent of those who used the same. Then, a synod was convened. Seven bishops of Britons attended, along with the wisest men of the famous abbey of Bangor. They first consulted a hermit, advising them to consent to Austyn if they found him meek and mild, as Christ's disciple should be. They wanted to know if Austyn would rise against them when they came to the synod. Austyn sat quietly in the bishops' chair and did not rise. Therefore, they abandoned him in great anger. Then, St. Austyn said, \"Grant me your consent specifically in three things: if you will not consent to me in the other matters, consent to me and keep the eastern day in due time and give the Christian faith in the manner of the Church of Rome, and preach God's word to the Angles. As for the other matter, you may amend it among yourselves.\" But they refused. Then, St. Austyn, by inspiration, warned them and said, \"Those who will not.\"\nAfter Maurice's death, Focas reigned for eight years. Ethelfrid, king of Northumbria, fought against Edan, king of the Scots, at Deesstan and achieved a triumphant victory. However, Theobald, the king's brother, was slain, along with the host of all who bore Beda's second book. In that year, Saint Austyn, while he had baptized ten thousand Englishmen in the western River Swale beside York, knew he would die. He appointed Lawrence as his successor while still alive, for the benefit of the Church in England, which was still rude and boisterous. He did this following the example of Saint Peter, who appointed Clement as his helper and successor. Additionally, he appointed Mellitus as bishop of the East Saxons. The River Thames separates them and Kent.\nChiefly in London, Ethelbert king of Kent built St. Paul's church, intended to be the cathedral church, and the bishops say R [Another chronicle states that Ethelbert king of East Anglia built Paul's church in London. He made Justus bishop in Canterbury, at Dover which is now called Rochester. And first it was called Rufus' dwelling, and is by the west, Dorobernia, that is Canterbury, three and twenty miles, In the city of Rochester, King Ethelbert allowed the building of a church of St. Andrew. Also, the great Gregory died that year. After him, Gammianus was pope for two years. He ordained that the hours of the day should be rung at chime and blamed him. And crowned with olive and called herself mercy and promised him that he would prosper well if he would take her as his spouse. From that day forward, John was the more merciful. Therefore, St. John's hospitalers call poor men lords. Also, this John had the poor men's land make.\n\"Great joy. Now men have been made right as angels without strife. At a time when the gospel was being read, the people went out of the church to talk and tell tales. He went out also and sat among them, saying, \"Where is the sheep? There the shepherd shall be. Then go into the church, and I will go with you. Or if you stay here, I will stay with you. And after that he taught them to stand at church in Mass time, saying, \"Lord Jesus, you give generously and I distribute. Look, who shall have the mastery? After Sylvanus the third Boniface was pope for eight months and twenty days. He ordered that no clothes should be laid upon the altar but white clothes. After the third Boniface, the fourth Boniface was pope for seven years. He purchased from Emperor Augustus that St. Peter's church at Rome should be head of all the churches in the world. For the church of Constantinople called itself the first. Also, he purchased that\"\nPantheon might be consecrated for the worship of all saints. Pantheon was once the church dedicated to the goddess Cybele and Neptune. Their enemies frequently slaughtered Christian men there. Therefore, every year, two days before November, the pope sang there, and the people assembled. He also decreed that no bishop should deal with the new election of his successor until three days after his death. Monks were permitted to use the office of preaching and absolution.\n\nAbout that time, the Tunica Domini Inconsultis, or our Lord's robe without any semblance, was discovered in the Valley of Josaphat in a marble chest by Gregory, bishop of Antiochia, and brought to Jerusalem. R.\n\nIf this is true, it seems that it could not have been displayed in public before Tiberius Caesar and could not be condemned while he wore it without semblance. Tunica Christi Inconsultis. If Pilate had this robe with him in Rome, it seems that it was not.\nAfterward, they took the Kentel and brought it to the Vale of Josaphat, where it was found. It seems Pilate had not left the Kentel in Rome at that time. Bringing the Kentel from Rome to the Vale of Josaphat was no more difficult than bringing it from Jerusalem to Rome. Therefore, it is plausible that Pilate had the Kentel at Rome. The same Kentel was found in the Vale of Josaphat (Beda, Libro Secundo). In that year, Ethelfrid, king of Northumbria, destroyed a thousand and all who lived by their own hands. The Persians attacked them and took Jerusalem, capturing the banner of the cross. Then, Baraclyan, Rector of Africa, deposed Phocas the emperor and made his own son Heraclius emperor. Heraclius was emperor for 27 years in his third year. In his third year as emperor, Cosmas, king of Persia, set Jerusalem and other holy places on fire. He took Zachary, the patriarch, and the cross was delivered and reigned.\nOne king named Quichelinus frequently waged wars against the Britons, particularly at Hampton by the Thames and also against Penda, king of Mercia, who intended to seize Surrey from their kingdom. At the end, Quichelinus was baptized by Saint Birinus but Quichelinus refused and would not receive the sacrament of Christianity until he was warned by illness. He was then baptized and died the same year. Kingilsus ruled alone with his brother and after his brother for twenty-three years.\n\nNote: Authors vary\nWilliam states that Quichelinus was Kingilsus' brother.\nMarianus and Bede say that he was Kingilsus' son.\n\nDuring the reign of King Ethelbert, a citizen of London built a church of St. Peter on the west side of London in a place called Thorney, now known as Westminster. Bede I, 2.\nIn the fifth century, King Ethelbert of Kent died and went to heaven, having ruled for 51 years after receiving the faith. After him, his son Edbald ruled for 25 years. He was an apostate and often went mad because of his stepmother. During this time, when Severus, King of Wessex, had died, his sons and eyes turned to idolatry. They asked Mellitus, bishop of the area, to give them communion as he had done for their father before. But he refused unless they accepted Christianity. They then expelled him from his bishopric. Mellitus and Justus, with their agreement, left England for Gaul. They preferred to serve God in peace than among the strife-ridden nations without fruit. However, the misbehaving kings were soon killed by the king of the Geats. [Beda, Book, Chapter 9]\n\nAfter the other bishops, Lawrence, archbishop, intended to leave.\ncountrey-And in a nyght after his prayers pe\u00a6ter appiered to hym and bl\u0304amed him for he wolde forsake his peple and not onl\u0304y bl\u0304amed hym but bete hym also ful soore / And on the morow the bisshop shewed hys woundes to kynge Edbaldus / thenne this kyng forsoke his ydol\u0304atrye. his mysby\u00a6leue and his vnl\u0304awfull wif and torned again to his right feand sente for the Bisshops that were fledde and brought hem a\u2223gayn to theyr bisshopryches. but the londoners wolde not resseiue ageyne theyr bisshop mellitus / for they had leuer to serue ydola\u2223trye for the kynge was not so stronge as his fader was to chastand hel\u0304ed seke men by his prayers and saued his cyte from bre\u0304\u00a6nyng\u00b7 Paulus li\u00b7 5 / Aboute that tyme cacanus kyng of the anes that ben the hunes come in to ytal\u0304y & bete doun the longobardes & slowe her duk gysulfus & besieged the Cyte Aquilia / Romilda the wyf of the duke that was sl\u0304ayne sawe hym wal\u0304ke aboute in the siege and sawe that he was fayr and louely / and loued\nhim gretely and sente him word anone that yf\nHe would take her to wife when she would deliver him the city and all that was in it. The king granted this and the city was taken and burned. Men took prisoners and led them away, and the king took Romilda as she had promised. But it was in scorn, and he lay with her one night, and on another night he had twelve husbands lie with her in contempt, each after the other. Afterward, he pitched a sharp pole in the middle of the field and impaled her through her body with the upper end of the pole, leaving her there and saying, \"Such a cruel harlot such a husband seems to have.\" The daughters of Romilda were chaste and drew no attention to themselves, for the maidens took raw flesh of chickens or colts and placed it between their breasts. The flesh should stink when the husbands came and they should believe that the maidens stank and for that reason the husbands left and did not come near them. But afterward, the maidens were sold and married to gentlemen. Beda / Li / 2 / ca / 9\n\nWhile Edwinus fled the persecution.\nEthelfrith and Hyd, son of Redwald, king of East Angles, was consenting to Edwin's death for a manacle or for Ethelfrith's gifts. One of Edwin's friends was there and warned him of the danger. He promised him that he would bring him to a safe place if he would go with him. He replied as though he would not be the first to break the agreements and confirm what had been made between him and the king. Then he sat alone in deep thought, and one came to him whom he did not know and asked him why he sat so sorrowfully. The man said, \"I know who you are and why you are sorrowful and what frightens you. If any man were to slow down your enemies and bring them to your kingdom, would you not assent and do as his counsel and better than any of your fathers ever heard, would you not?\" He answered truthfully and affirmed it. But the other placed his hand on Edwin's head and said, \"When this token comes to mind for you at this time,...\"\nof this speech / and do as you promised. When this was said, he vanished away. After this, his friend came to him and warned him that the king's will was turning towards him, gathering his host at last, and met Ethelfridus in the Mercian countryside by the Idle East River and defeated him there. And Edwin was made king of both kingdoms of Northumbria, of Deira and Bernicia. Edwin reigned for eighteen years after that, when Ethelfridus' sons Oswald, twelve years old, and Oswyn, four years old, were secretly taken to Scotland by their wardens. After the death of the pope, Boniface was pope for five years. Saint Anastasius, monk and martyr, was born in Perse. In his childhood, he learned his father's witchcraft and necromancy there. He received the faith of Christ from Christian prisoners and left Perse, passing by Calcidonia and Hierapolis, and came to Jerusalem. There he was baptized, and four miles outside the city.\nAn abbey now called St. Anastasius Abbey. He lived according to the Rule of St. Benedict for sixteen years. He came to Cesarea in Palestine to live as a monk and was taken prisoner and brought to Perse. There he was long detained and tortured and sent to the king of Perse and put to death. One possessed by a demon was delivered by his kirtle when he was clothed with it. Heraclius Caesar overcame the Persians and brought St. Anastasius' body to Rome and placed it in St. Paul's monastery at the Aquas. Lawrence, Archbishop of Canterbury, died and Mellitus, Bishop of London, became Archbishop for five years. After him, St. Chad's brother was Bishop of London. Boniface VIII was Pope for twelve years. That year he defeated the Persians and the Saracens and brought the cross back. This was a learned astronomer and knew from the stars that circumcised men would destroy his kingdom. He sent a message to the king of France to expel all the Jews from his kingdom or force them to convert.\nbaptemme / And soo it was done\u00b7 Afterward was bigonne grete warre and batayl by\u00a6twene the Romaynes and the saracenes. And heraclius brought the holy crosse oute of Ierusalem in to constantinople / A grete de\u00a6le of that crosse was sent to lowys kynge of ffraunce in the yere of our lord a thousand two honderd and seuen and fourty Dagobertus the nynth kynge of ffraunce regned after his fader lotharius thre and thyrtty yere / whan mellitus the archebisshoppe of Caunterbury was deede\u00b7 thenne iustus Bisshop of Rochestre was Archebisshop after him / and made one Romanus Bisshop of rochestre after hym in his stede / ffor iustus had sent paulinus that had be the thyrdde bisshop of Rochestre to men of northumber lond for to be bisshop of york and for to wedde edelberga edbaldes suster to kynge edwinus and to conuerte his peple \u00b6 Henricus libro secundo & W\nTHat yere penda paganus the tenth after woden was the so\u00a6ne of wybba and bygan to regne whan he was fyfty yere olde / and regned in mercia xxx. yere / R / But som\nThe cronies say that Cydcaeth Gew, the tenth son of Woden and the first to reign in Mercia, ruled for ten years. After him, his son Wibba reigned for twenty years. After Wibba, Ceorlus, his chieftain, ruled for ten years. Then Penn Edwin and Oswald reigned, along with three kings of East Angles, Sigebertus the Generous and Anna. The queen bore him five sons: Wetta, Wulferus, Ethelredus, Merwald, and Merekinswith. In that year, on a royal day, there came no other shield. He placed his own body before the blow and was struck through it. The king was wounded with the same stroke. The sword man was struck down with swords on every side. Another knight was slowly slain with his accursed sword. That same night, the queen gave birth to a daughter, whom she named \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d. The king gave her to God and had Paulinus consecrate her as a token of his promise that he would fulfill his vows. And then Guthred gathered his host and overcame the king of the West Saxons. However, despite this,\nKing Edwin gave up his idolatry and wished to receive Paulinus again. He consulted with his council for a long time about how to proceed in this matter. At that time, letters arrived from Pope Boniface, offering comfort and encouragement to the faith. Paulinus received a shirt, some of which was made of gold, and another letter of the same tenor was sent to the queen, along with a silver mirror and a comb of ivory. Part of this was overlaid [with gold]. Paulinus saw that the king was difficult to convert and made prayers to God, learning through inspiration that a sign had once been shown to the king \u2013 while he was exiled with Redwald and many others, during the year of his reign, he was not allowed to ride except forward to the slain sacred Honorius, Archbishop of Dorchester, who could not be touched with shells or cups of brandy. No one dared to take those cups except for the same use. He was the first man to inform Edwin about the ordainment. Additionally, Paulinus sent letters to the Scots.\nThe holding of Estersday, and charged them that they should not think that those who were few in the world should be more knowing than in Cold Time.\n\nBeda, second book, chapter twenty\n\nIn the year Penda, King of Mercia, and Cedwalla, King of the Britons, slew King Edwin of the Angles in the field of Hatfield. These two kings, Penda and Cedwalla, were so cruel in their province that they spared neither man nor woman, neither young nor old, nor religion. And yet, up to this time, the Britons accounted the faith and religion of the Angles as nothing.\n\nIn the time of that wicked Paulinus, Archbishop of York, he took with him the queen and her daughter Ceddla and went by waterway into Kent. The church of Rochester was then vacant due to the death of Romano the bishop. For he was then ordained. And so Paulinus was made bishop of Rochester, and was there bishop for nineteen years. God granted him victory for the salvation of his men before the battle. That place, Heaven felt it to be holy. That place is now in great reverence, W / de Rochester. gradued.\nBishop Aidan should come and teach his people. Then the king gave him a place in the bishop's seat in York. There, people could see wonders, for the bishop preached in Scottish and the king translated in English for the people what it meant. All day long, Scottish monks came to preach to the Angles from Aidan's Abbey in Iona. Beda, LI, chapter 4 / Aidan was the mirror of abstinence. He fasted every day until none. He lived no other way but gave gladly to all that was given to him. He went on foot and rode on no horse. He preached walking up and down. He spared not to return home again, as one who had traveled in a yole. Then the Scots planned among themselves to send another man into England. People say that to him who had come again into Scotland, Aidan spoke in this manner: Brother, it seems to me that you are harder than you should be Toward rude men.\nvnconnecting thou had not at the beginning the milk of good learning, as the apostle teaches, that when they are barely brought in little by little they are able to understand perfect learning. Then, when Aidan was sent as the more discrete and wise man, by his word and example Oswald gave hope to the kingdom in four languages, Britons and Angles took him to their lord and king. It is also said of him that on one day Aidan sat by him at table, and a great multitude of poor men came to the king's gate and asked for the king's alms. And since he had nothing else to give them, he took the meal set before him and the dish of silver and broke it all to pieces and sent it to the poor men. The bishop saw that and took the king by the right hand and said, \"I pray God that this hand never grows old,\" for afterward, when Oswald was slain, that arm was cut off from the body and remained whole and sound at the royal city of Bebbanburgh.\nBeda, Book III, Chapter 8: He is reported to have often bid his prayers or given thanks to God Almighty wherever he sat, extending and joining his hands and remaining on his knees. Therefore, may God have mercy on souls, as Oswald prayed and bowed to the ground.\n\nBishops Audenus of Rouen and Abbot Gallus, a disciple of Columbanus, were appointed at that time in Germany. Saint Birinus, the confessor, was sent by Honorius the Pope to preach to the English. While Birinus sailed in the British sea, he thought he had forgotten his rest at the haven and went back to the sea. (Beda, Book III, Chapter 6)\n\nBirinus converted Cyningils, king of the West Saxons, and baptized him at Dorchester. Oswald, another king, was present and served as godfather, and later married his daughter. Both kings granted the city to her.\nfor ordering a bishop's see and there, Bishop Birinus died after the forty-first year of his translation to Winchester, into the church of St. Peter and Paul. But the canons of Dorchester say nay and say that it was another body than Saint Birinus's that was so translated. Therefore, a wonder work is yet seen at Dorchester above the place of his first grave - the citadel Dortik or Dorkinga, now called Dorchester - which is seven miles south of Oxford, set between the two Rivers Tame and Temse. It is also found in chronicles that King Cyningwulf assigned all the land seven miles around for building a bishop's see in Winchester and for the support of the ministers. And since the king was long delayed with the bishops of Mercia from that time until the coming of the Normans, but in William the Conqueror's time, the bishop's see was changed to Lincoln.\n\nWilliam of Poitiers, Book 1, [year unknown from France], came with him [William] to England and was made bishop and ordained schools.\nKing Henry, in his kingdom, observed letters and appointed teachers and masters for the children in the manner of Canterbury men. At last, he took his kingdom to his new abbey and became a monk there, which he had built. However, King Penda the Pagan disturbed the kingdom, and Sigebert was drawn out of the abbey as if to strengthen the knights. He was slain in his stronghold, an holy man who converted Fursyrlond into the province of East Angles, and on the way, he converted many men or made them more steadfast in the faith. In a certain time, he was sick and was warned in a vision by an angel that he should quickly do as he had begun and quickly wake and make his prayers, then, by the help of the king he built an abbey by the sea in a castle that he named Cimbrisburgh. There he fell ill again and was carried spiritually out of his body to the sight of holy angels. There he heard the sound of that verse of the psalm: \"Holy I shall go from virtue to virtue, O God.\"\nOf a goddess shall see not only the great joy of holy saints but also the greatest strife of evil spirits, who intended to let holy men down. He was left alone and saw under him four fires in the air. The angel who led him explained to him the fires in this manner and said that these fires would destroy the world. The first fire is the fire of lust, for men do not keep their promises in their baptism. The second is the fire of covetousness, when riches are loved more than God Almighty. The third is the fire of discord and strife, when men harm their neighbors without cause. The fourth is the fire of wickedness, when the greater or mightier do not fear to undo and destroy the lesser or weaker. These fires seemed gathered together as one. Then Furses was greatly afraid and cried out, and the angel said to him, \"What you have not set, that shall not burn.\" This shall examine and search all men's deeds. Then Furses came to a gate that was open and saw fiends.\nA man was thrown on him, whom they tormented in the fire, and with that, Furses' shoulder and cheek were burned. Immediately, Furses recognized the man and knew that he had received his cloak when he died. The angel who tormented Furses threw the cloak into the fire, and the devil said, \"Do not throw away that which you have in hand approved. For you have received the goods of sinful men, so you shall be a partner in their pains.\" But the angel replied, \"I received it not for covetousness but for the salvation of my soul.\" And then, the fire ceased. And the angel said to Furses, \"What have you set a fire that has burned the one who was thrown into it?\" Afterward, whenever Furses told this tale, even when he was rightly clothed in the midst of cold winter, he would sweat from fear.\n\nAt last, Furses left that abbey to his brother Fullanus, and he went with another brother.\nVulcanius lived as a hermit for an entire year in a province, which was then destroyed by raiding and invasions of strangers. He was led into France and died there after performing many great deeds of virtue. He was buried at Perma. After Honorius Severinus was pope for one year, the Jews were converted and became Christians. In his time, Heraclius, the emperor, regained his victories and ordered the Jews to be converted by the counsel of Cyrus, patriarch of Alexandria, and Sergius, patriarch of Constantinople. Heraclius died in the East and was condemned by the heresy of the Jacobites, who misunderstood Saint James the apostle.\n\nAbout that time, Machmet the false prophet, duke and leader of Sarasins and Turks, lived. The story of Steven of Caunterbury and Gerald of Cambria is relevant to this matter. At a time when the Roman empire was powerful and strong, Christianity was on the brink of extinction and was nearly as powerful as the Roman empire.\nfor crystendom was soo encreced that it conteyned Europa and many prouynces of Asia and wel nygh al affryca within his merkes and boundes. Atte laste by dcalled aga\u00a6renes Ismalytes and saracenes / of her empyre prophecyed me\u2223thodius the martir and sayde that crysten relygyon shold \nSarasyns had infecte al affryca. hit defouled also a grete dele of spayne And but goddes grace and mercy had holpen / it wolde haue infecte and shente al ffraunce with spayne \u00b6Thenne after the grete gregoryes tyme the empyre of Rome that stretched som\u2223tyme from thdestroyed with tyrauntrye and ciuile bataylles that it was not of power to defende it self ayenst enemyes / thenne the cruel pay\u2223nym hoost of perce bygan to occupye many prouynces of the lord\u00a6ship of Rome and of men of crysten feyth in the est landes / Thenne as thand destroyed neygh the crysten men that were lefte in the eest londes by ledyng of the prince machomete in heraclius themperours tyme Thenne in the fyfth bonefas tyme while he\u00a6raclius regnede aboute the yere of\nOur lord was six hundred and twenty. Machamete the false prophet and witch deceived the Ismalites and Agarenes in this way. A famous clerk was at the court of Rome and could not succeed at his will. He pleased many men and had their support. Among these, he promised Machomet that he would make him prince of Hand and of the same land, the dove would often feed itself that very day. This clerk gathered the people and promised them that he would show them their prince in the likeness of a dove and let the dove fly forth immediately. And the dove, as was its custom, sat upon Machomet's shoulders and put its bill in Machamet's ear. Therefore, Machamet was chosen prince and leader of the people. This is the common tale, but what follows is more allowed and informed him, though it is read that this Sergius was archdeacon of Antioch or patriarch of Jerusalem. Then Machomet's fatherless and motherless were kept in his childhood and worshiped.\nMuhammad studied mathematics among the men of Arabia and devoted himself to the worship of Venus. This is why the Saracens still observe Friday as a holy day, just as the Jews observe Saturday and we observe Sunday. After Muhammad reached maturity and was sharp-witted, he traveled to many lands due to merchandise and was often in the company of Jews and Christians. He learned the manners, customs, and laws of both Christian and Jewish communities. He was a wonderful, eloquent man with fair speech. His fair words made the lady so enraged and insane that she worshiped him as the greatest prophet of God Almighty or as the Messiah that the Jews awaited. She desired him as her husband. It is the custom of that province for women to rule. Then he married the queen and became lord of that province. He then attracted the Arabs and seized the highest empire.\nAgainst Alexandria, before Heraclius the emperor, he spoke as if God had spoken through him, and he wrote in this manner in his books, as if they were authored by the almighty God. Our lord spoke to his prophet and said, \"For so the books that I falsely claim to have composed shall be believed, as if they were made by the authority of God.\"\n\nThen, not only his own men but also people from far-off lands came to him and bowed down to him on all sides. He greatly desired greater lordship, and as if to bring people into good living and as if by the commandment of God, he absolved the nations living near him. By craft and deceit, he could not do this through deeds of arms.\n\nTherefore, when Egypt, Libya, Arabia, and Syria were subdued because he wished to seem more holy, he drew the people subject to his false law and made them forsake the customs and laws of their ancestors. He forbade idolatry and granted circumcision to the Jews as they had.\nMuhammad instituted new laws and presented witnesses from either testament. The Sarasyns still refer to this law as his law. He commanded the Sarasyns to circumcise themselves, just as the Jews do, and forbade those who followed him from eating pork. Muhammad explained why he forbade pork by saying that swine come from camel dirt after the flood, and therefore clean men should avoid it as unclean food.\n\nIn accordance with Christian customs in the manner of baptism, he often ordered the washing of limbs in water as a means of cleansing sins. To hasten the conversion of the deceived people, he instituted various amusements as law. Therefore, he decreed that a man could have as many wives and concubines as he could sustain with his livestock. Additionally, a man could have up to four wives and four concubines, and a man could divorce his wife and take another.\nHe demanded that he could have as many concubines as he wanted from among women who were bought as prisoners. He could sell them only if he had brought one of them with child. He ordered them to observe moderation in food and drink, forbidding him drinking wine except on certain solemn days in the year. He wanted to differ somewhat from the Jews who worshiped God to the west and from Christian men who worshiped God to the east. He taught his people to worship God to the south, bowing often, as there is an abundance of light in the south. He ordered them to worship the goddess Venus and to make her day solemn. He declared that Moses and John were prophets, and that Christ was greater and greatest of all prophets. He was born of the Virgin Mary by the power of God without the seed of man, as he says in his book, the Gospel of Alkaron. Nevertheless, he mixed some false sayings with true ones. He claimed that Christ was not subsequently born up to heaven and not killed.\nFor he says that Judas the traitor sought Christ in a den and changed into the likeness of Christ, and so he was taken and nailed to the cross in His place. Also, he bade that the men of his law should every year, if they might, go to God's house, which is in Bethlehem, to bid prayers. And when they were come thither, they should be clothed in one manner of clothing, and they should throw out stones through holes in the walls, as if to stone the devil. He said that Abraham made that house for his children, Ismaelites, for they should there bid their prayers. Also, by Muhammad's law, he was stoned to death, and if he committed fornication with a single woman, he should have forty lashes. A thief the first time and the second time should be beaten, and the third time he should lose his hands. And he says that whoever holds all these and other laws of his, God Almighty promised him paradise, the orchard of pleasure and delight. There is no distress or pain that is any manner of [distress or pain].\n\"Grief, but all manner of wealth and beauty exist there; there is delightful food to eat and clothes to wear, and fair maidens will serve them. The Angels are so great and so huge that from one eye to the other is the space of a day's journey. And to those who do not keep his law, he promises them fire and pain of hell without end. In his book, called the Alcoranum, he praises all the fathers of the Old Testament. Particularly Moses and John the Baptist. Christ and Muhammad. Also there is written that Almighty God would rule and lead mankind into the way of salvation. After Abraham, he gave the children of Israel a law.\"\nlaw by which they should know God and worship Him / But they did not reveal His law, so God gave the gospel to other men / And they misused the law / And the Arabs, who came from Abraham through Ishmael, were greater in number and people than the Jews who came from Abraham through Isaac. Therefore, from the consortium of God's righteousness came a decree that a prophet of their own people should be sent to the Ishmaelites with a law / this prophet and law, the Saracens should follow as the Jews followed Moses / and Christians, Cryst / Therefore, the Saracens consider themselves better than Jews and Christians / And Jews and Christians often transgress against their own law / For this reason, Muhammad hid and fed a beautiful camel in a secluded place / so that the camel had no food but from his own hand / And Muhammad waited and hung the cursed book Alcoran about the camel's neck. In that book were\nThe following laws were recited. And Muhammad let the camel go into the fields with the book before daylight. Then the camel, as was no wonder, began to leap and to stir, and made great joy, for it was at liberty and fled from every man's hand. Speech of this wonder spread once in fields and towns, and the people gathered thither from every side. But when Muhammad came, the beast saw him from afar and yielded to him always, running to him immediately and bowing to him, as it had been taught. Then the people cried out and said, \"In this deed is shown the holiness of God's prophet.\" They prayed that he would unfold the book with his holy hands. And when the book was opened, Muhammad said, \"Here is your law not written with men's ink but with angels' hands and sent from heaven to be obeyed ever without fail. End. In the book, you are taught how you shall worship God, and how great reward you shall hope to receive from him for keeping this law.\nThis was done every year in a simple and holy manner, and is called the festival of the camel. People fasted an entire month before this festival in the following way: Every day of that month, from the first light of the day when men can distinguish white from black until the going down of the sun, they fasted and did not eat or drink, nor did they lie with their wives, but were always in prayer. After the going down of the sun until the approaching dusk, they ate and drank and lay with their wives. The weak and sick were not held to this fast. Muhammad often displeased his wife because of his frequent falls, and in one of these falls he often filled the ground. But he pleased her and others who were subject to his law in this way, and said that he filled the ground because of the words of Saint Michael the Archangel, who spoke with him so frequently. For a flesh-and-blood man cannot endure an angel's words unless he falls. He hated wine-drunkenness, ribaldry, and harlotry because of the heat of the country, and wanted it to be spared.\nIn a night, he was drunk and fell down in the street. Swine ate him, which he regarded as unclean beasts. Therefore, those who uphold his laws spare swine and win. In the first point, it seems they follow the Jews. In the second point, it seems they follow the philosophy of their master. After the death of Muhammad, that cursed sect grew so rapidly that it caused mighty men of perception to be drawn to that accursed Arab law. This sect has infected Africa and a great part of Spain up to this time, as Gerhard records. Archbishop Turpinus tells that Muhammad's image of Latona, which he made with his own hands, stands in the sea shore and faces south.\n\nIn that image, Muhammad, by witchcraft, closed a legion of demons. A Christian man who comes there is lightly perished. But a Saracen goes always whole and sound. A bird that comes there dies immediately. The image holds a mace in its right hand. That mace shall first fall when a king shall come.\nBorn in Gallia, he who will renew all of Spain with Christian laws. And when the mace falls, the Saracens shall flee and leave their treasure. The famous number of this accursed sect, the Duke Saladin of the Turks, the strong hammer of Christian men, around the year 1140, heard that Christian men used many messes of food at one meal and said that Christians were not worthy to have the holy land. He was hasty and proud to praise his own sect and despise our law.\n\nOn one occasion, two white monks were brought before him, monks whom the Turks had taken. He knew by their strange clothing that they were philosophers and Christians. He asked one who knew both languages of them what they were and of what condition and profession. They replied that they were monks and had taken their profession according to St. Benedict's rule. Then he asked them many points of that rule, specifically among other things, he asked:\n\n\"What is it, if you please, in the rule of St. Benedict, concerning the reception of guests?\"\nThey should eat flesh or drink wine by her rule. Then they answered and said that they had some wine to drink at all times but should not eat flesh, unless it was for sickness or great need. The tyrant then commanded that they should have more generous keeping and two young fair women to serve them, and that they should eat flesh and drink water. And so they ate flesh and drank water, taking example from St. Job, and made a vow with their eyes that they would not think of filth and sin, and were always busy in their prayers. Saladin was there and took the flesh and water from them, giving them fish and wine instead. He did this with the intention that Solomon might be moved and say, \"Give wine to those who are in great sorrow, that they may drink and forget their sorrow and their need.\" When he had done this, he released these two monks by simplicity, for he thought if they could endure this test, they might challenge and blame the Religion.\nThe monks drank wine and grew merry and glad, forgetting what they should have in mind, and filled up with women. Then, on the morrow when the wine was depleted, they thought of their transgressions and wept sore. The tyrant saw them weep and said, \"Why are you more sorrowful than you have been wont to be? For we have sinned greatly, we are overcome with wine,\" they replied. Then he said, \"While you eat flesh and drink water, you hold your purpose ready; but when you are overcome with wine without flesh, you break your rule and your purpose. Therefore, it is known that Benedict, the author of your rule, was unwise to forbid you eating flesh that did not disturb a man's wit and granted you to drink wine, which rots up the strength of reason as you have said now by new evidence. Then he who made our law meted out that forbade us wine, which disturbs a man's wit, and granted us the use of flesh was wiser than your Benedict. But what are your remedies and cleansing for this sin?\nYou have broken your rule and your purpose. Penance they said, and satisfaction by our order among us. Go to your own and be cleansed in your own manner. He let them go. This man was full of old pestilence of deceit and wiles. And what the cunning rogue could not save, he began to despise. For he would blame the holy man St. Benedict. Of whom St. Gregory the Great says that he wrote the Rule of monks, full of wisdom and knowledge, and open and clear in words. For it was a wise deed to withdraw from them who go to holy chivalry. The liking of foods that withdraws the soul from the holiness of deeds and thoughts, and by the apostles' lore he granted them a little what of wine for strengthening somewhat the flesh's weakness, and granted them but little. For it should not harm the sharpness of the soul.\n\nHeraclius, the son of Heraclonas, reigned for two years. The senator of Rome put him and his wife Martina out of his kingdom, and his mother's nose and tongue.\nAfter the fourth John Theodorus was pope, for six years, Isidore, bishop of Ispalense, was in his prime. He was once a great disciple of Gregory. Isid left after him many good books that he had written. Among them were Ethimologiarum, De summo bono, De ordine creaturarum, Simonia, and many others. Edward, king of Kent, died and left after him his son and heir, Eadmer. Eadmer, who had been begotten on Emma, a woman from Flanders, destroyed the temples of Mummy and ordered that the fasting of Lent should be held in England. His wife, Sexburga, the daughter of Anna, king of the East Angles, gave birth to a daughter, Eangyth, who was made a nun in the Abbey of St. Bricius in Gaul. Her aunt, Ethelburga, served God in that abbey. Ethelburga had been Edwin's wife. Later, either of them became an abbess. At that time, although there were many abbeys in England, Englishmen often went to abbeys in France because of the conversation and the manner of life.\nAndromarus Bishop and Bertinus Abbot were in power in the territory of Torencia in Gallia, which is France. At that time, Heraclius, the third Constantinus, was ruling, the son of Heraclius and brother of Heraclius, who reigned for eighty-two years. He was deceived by Paulus, lord of Sergius, and therefore exiled Pope Martin and plundered Rome. (Paulus, Book Five)\n\nHeraclius, in William of the Kings, Book Four, unroofed the church with brass plates and took them away. However, he lost them at Siracusa in Sicily and was killed in a bath by Saracens. And they carried that party away to Alexandria (Beda, Book Three, ca. sixth year).\n\nThat year, Cygils, king of the West Saxons, was dead, and his son Cynwal reigned after him for one and thirty years. For his elder brother Cichelinus had reigned before him with his father, and left after him his son Cuthred, who was also anointed by Birinus.\n\nTake heed that Bede and William vary. For Bede says that Cichelinus was: (Birinus R)\nKingilsus' son William states that he was Kingilsus' brother. Beda V.s/u: In the beginning of his reign, Kingwalcus refused to receive the faith of Christianity and therefore lost his kingdom. He sent away his wife, who was King Penda's sister, and married another. Penda, in the fifth year of his reign, chased him away. W. de Pon. li. 2.\n\nKingwalcus hid himself for three years with Anna, king of East Anglia. Later, Penda killed Anna. However, during Penda's exile, Kingwalcus was baptized by Bishop Felix and recovered his kingdom with Anna's help. He appointed Agilbert, a man from Ireland, as bishop of his province. Agilbert was bishop of Winchester for fifteen years.\n\nThe king of a foreign tongue was displeased and angry, or for some other reason, he was angry. And he brought in another bishop of his own language and tongue, who was called Wyn. He was ordained in France.\nAgilbertus was made bishop of Paris after the province was divided into two parishes. However, he was put out of the position by the king after only two years. He then bought the see of London from King Wulfhere of Mercia and held it until he was alone. The province of Wessex had four bishops for the next four years. At last, King Kenwalc was frequently summoned and sent for Agilbertus, who had been put out. But he would not or could not come, and instead sent his new bishop, Leutherius, in his place as archbishop. Theodorus confirmed him.\n\nWilliam of Malmesbury, Book 1, Chapter 1:\nKings Kenwalc conquered the Britons twice. The first time was at Gosbernaceaster, and the second time at the hill of Pentecost. For the avenging of his father's persecution, he named Wolfer, the son of Penda, a great part of his kingdom.\n\nBede, Book 3, Chapter 2:\nIn that year, King Oswald, king of Northumbria, was killed by a pagan king named Penda.\nThis text appears to be written in Middle English, and it describes the history of St. Oswald's relics. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nAt the place that is called Height Merfeld, God often shows miracles and wonders. Penda had his arms and head imprisoned in stocks. After a year, his brother Oswy, who succeeded him as king, came there and buried the head in the churchyard of Lindisfarne. However, it is said that the head is now at Durham, between St. Cuthbert's arms. But Oswald's arms were put in the citadel of Bebanburgh. Ostryda, queen of Mercia, who was Oswy's daughter and Ethelred's wife, brought the body and other parts of the bone to the Abbey of Bardeny. She could not be received there until a pillar of light shone upon the relics all night. Many years later, men of foreign nations, the Danes, waged war in that land. Elfleda, lady of Mercia, brought the bones with her to Gloucester to a church of canons. However, St. Oswald's arm is in the abbey of Peterborough and is said to be intact with flesh and sinews. It was stolen from there. (William of Malmesbury, \"Gesta Pontificum Anglorum,\" Book 1, Chapter 1; Book 4, Paragraph \u00b6)\nThe old resting place is there, precious and rich, but the belief in it is somewhat doubtful. I speak not this for doubt of the holiness of this saint, but because I do not hastily affirm whether it is in that place or not.\n\nAbout that time, Cesara, the queen of Perse, came with a few Christian men to Constantinople to be baptized. Her husband heard of it and sent messengers to Constantinople to ask the emperor for her. But Cesara answered and said, \"Tell your lord, my king, that if he will receive my faith and believe in my God, he shall never have me as his wife.\" The king heard this and came with sixty thousand men in peace to the emperor and was baptized, along with all his men. He received great worship and many great gifts and took his wife and returned home again.\n\nBede, Book III, Chapter 13. When Oswald was slain, his brother Oswy became king of Northumbria and ruled nobly.\nOswinus, a steadfast and holy man, son of Edwin's blood, was a meek and mild man, fair of speech. But King Oswy ordered his execution in the house of Earl Hunbald. After Oswinus, Oswy had a fellow in the kingdom of Deira named Odex. This pope had condemned Paulus, Patriarch of Constantinople, and falsely assumed his name.\n\nBede, Liber III, cap. 13: In that year, Paulinus died, who was then bishop of Rochester and had once been archbishop of York. After him, Thamar was bishop. Also Felix died, the first bishop of East Angles, and Thomas was bishop after him.\n\nBede, Liber I, cap. 3, ca. 12: Around that time, the East Saxons took back the faith they had previously abandoned and forsaken. King Oswin of Northumbria received them and made them take the faith back. For King Sigebert was baptized by Finan, bishop of Northumbria, near the long wall that once separated the Britons and Scots. Then he took with him one Cedda.\nA priest named Broder, brother of Chad, was sent from the province of Mercia to preach to his men in the east. After completing this task, he returned to the aforementioned Finianus and was made bishop of him in Tilbury, which is near the Thames. In a certain region, the bishop Curse condemned an earl for holding an unlawful wife. King Si\u0433\u0435bertus disregarded the bishop's rebuke and went to the earl's prayer, where they dined together in his house. When the king left the meal, Bishop Curse met him and struck him with the rod he held, saying, \"For refusing to leave this lost and cursed man's house at my command, in the same house you shall die.\" This came to pass, for the same earl and his brother slew the king in the same house. When asked why they had committed this cursed deed, they answered only that the king was too easy.\nTo his enemies and would lightly forgive wrongs and trespasses. Truthfully, cursed men hate good men and their good deeds. The cursed earl slowed the king because he was gracious and good.\n\nThen it follows in the story that King Oswy killed King Oswynus in the earl Hunbaldus's hall. Oswynus said of this that he had once given his best horse to Aidan, the bishop, who used to go ahead more than ride on horseback. But soon a poor man prayed to the bishop for alms. The bishop gave him that horse because he had nothing else at hand.\n\nWhen this was told to the king, the king was immediately angry and said to Aidan as he sat by him at table, \"What have you done, ser bishop? Had we nothing else of less price that might suffice for alms? What do you say, lord king, said the bishop? Shall a poor man be more soon dear to us than Mary's son? Immediately the king fell down at the bishop's feet and prayed him for mercy and forgiveness. And promised him.\nThe king and the bishops were pleased and sat down to eat together. The bishop suddenly began to weep many tears. He was asked why he was crying, and he answered, \"The king will not live among us for much longer. I have never seen any king make me weep before. This evil people is not worthy to have such a king for long.\" Soon after, the king was killed, as it is said. Bishop Aidan lived for only twelve days after that, and St. Cuthbert's angels bore his soul into heaven. In this year, Birinus, the first bishop of Dorchester, died after the fourteenth year of his coming and his bishopric. Beda says that Bishop Heada transferred Birinus' body from Dorchester to Winchester. Look more thereof in the first book of the Pontifices of the West Saxons, Beda, Libro Tercio, cap. 23. After Martin I Eugenius was pope for about three years, this year.\nThe king of Deira, Oswald, gave the bishop of the east, who frequently came to the north, a place in the high hills that he desired to found an abbey there. But this bishop, before he could find an abbey, fasted every day except Sunday, until it was flooded, as Aidan his disciple had instructed and governed him. He was buried there in a plague time. After him, Cedda ruled that place.\n\nAfter Eugenius became pope for fourteen years, he sent to the churches of England and to the archbishops, Theodorus the monk of Tarseus, Bede III, CA 19, that year. The Mercia that is now in the middle of England received Christianity under its prince Weda Penda. For this reason, Weda, with his father's consent, had married Ethelflieda, King Oswy's daughter, on the condition that he should be a Christian. And Oswy's son, Oswiu, had married Oswy's sister, Cyneburga. Therefore, Weda brought with him four priests.\nout of Northumberland, to preach to his people and his men, were the priests Cedd, Becti, and Duina. King Penda forbade not the conversion to Christian faith all who wished. That year died Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury. A year later, Deus became bishop, serving for nine years. He was confirmed as bishop of Rochester by Ithamar. W/de/po. li. 3 / \u00b6 That year Benet became bishop and the abbot who nurtured Bede, the priest, and was King Oswy's servant, forsook his wealth and home, his kin, and all for Christ's love, and took the way to Rome and returned home. Fine, then, he went to Rome and brought books and relics of holy Saints home to his abbeys by the River Wyre. He was the first to bring the glassmaking craft into his country. He built two abbeys of Peter and Paul on the banks of the River Wyre, one on this side and another on that side, facing each other, and was abbot of both. He took his noble foster-child Beda, a child of seven years old, and taught him while he.\nWilliam of Wilton, in the first book of his chronicles, records that William, the son of Alcuin, became Abbot of St. Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury through the king of Kent's appointment. Upon the arrival of Adrian, he willingly relinquished the position and allowed Adrian to become Abbot in his stead. The abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow consecrated another Abbot in his absence, which he accepted with goodwill. Upon his return, he obeyed the new Abbot and showed respect as did others. He was later struck down with a pall, slain, along with thirty captains, who had entered the territory of Northumbria with the intention of killing King Oswy, as he had previously killed Oswald. Despite this, King Oswy bestowed upon him numerous great gifts to persuade him to return to his land. However, he refused these offers.\n\nKing Oswy then declared, \"If this pagan cannot receive our gifts, then we shall offer them to him who can.\" King Oswy then made an oath that if he had the power, he would have\n\nCleaned Text: William of Wilton, in the first book of his chronicles, records that William, the son of Alcuin, became Abbot of St. Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury through the king of Kent's appointment. Upon the arrival of Adrian, he willingly relinquished the position and allowed Adrian to become Abbot in his stead. The abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow consecrated another Abbot in his absence, which he accepted with goodwill. Upon his return, he obeyed the new Abbot and showed respect as did others. He was later struck down with a pall, slain, along with thirty captains, who had entered the territory of Northumbria with the intention of killing King Oswy, as he had previously killed Oswald. Despite this, King Oswy bestowed upon him numerous great gifts to persuade him to return to his land. However, he refused these offers. King Oswy then declared, \"If this pagan cannot receive our gifts, then we shall offer them to him who can.\" King Oswy then made an oath that if he had the power, he would have...\nIn that battle, Victory offered his daughter Ethelflied to the god of heaven and also land to build twelve abbeys. The battle took place in the country of Ledes, not far from York near the River Winwed. It was hugely raised and overflowed a great deal of the countryside. In that battle, Penda was slain, and thirty dukes and leaders of his. And yet he had thrice as many in his host as the others. Those who escaped the sword were drowned in the River. Then Alfred was with his father, but Ecgfrid was held as a hostage with Penda's wife. Then Oswald's son Oswiu was with Penda but he stood aside to see what end the battle would have. When this victory was achieved, King Oswy took his three-year-old daughter Ethelflied to the nunnery of Hild, the abbess of Hartlepool, which is now called Whitby and is thirty miles from York. But afterward, Ethelflied became abbess of Streanshalh, that is, the bosom or lap of Cornwall. There was Ethelflied, abbess.\nAfterward, Oswy gave possessions to build abbeys, as promised; six in the province of Deira and six in the province of Bernicia. He also gave Wessex, which contained five thousand households and manors, to the man who had married his daughter. Oswy had departed from Northumbria by the Trent river three years into his kingdom, but Wessex was lost to treason from his own wife. When Wessex was dead, the Mercians rebelled against King Oswy again and chose Wulfhere Penda's son as their king. He was the first Christian king of all the kings of Mercia. Wulfhere married and conquered the Isle of Wight and later gave it to the king of the East Angles to become Christian and was his godfather at his christening. In the last seventeenth year of his kingdom, he was buried at Lichfield. Clothaire ruled France for sixteen years after his father Dagobert. By the devil's instigation, Clothaire had Saint Denis' arm cut off.\nDuring Saint Wandregisilus' time, King Grimald of the Lombards discovered that his knight, Bertaricus, had fled to King Cacanas of the Anares. Grimald sent a message to Cacanas, demanding that he return Bertaricus or face war with the Lombards. Bertaricus learned of this and went back to Italy. With the help of his friend Hunulphus, he was reconciled with King Cacanas.\n\nHowever, some wicked men saw that Bertaricus was popular among many and suggested to the king that if Bertaricus were killed, he would lose his kingdom. The king took this seriously and set guards to watch Bertaricus' house. Hunulphus, aware of this, covered Bertaricus with bedclothes and beat him, then pushed him out of the city and left him at the walls. Bertaricus escaped to France. When asked about his actions, Hunulphus replied, \"I did so...\"\nanswered and said, by cause my servant would have put me in Bertram's drunken bedchamber, which pleased me not. Therefore, I made him bear his clothes back to my own house. And so the knights were deceived and found nothing in Bertram's chamber. They took Bertram's servant, who knew of this escape and was consenting to it, and through him, they brought him out before the king. The servant was condemned to death. But yet the king praised him and Hunfred greatly because they were so steadfast and trustworthy. And he asked them whether they would rather stay with him in his court forever, or return to their friend Bertram. Then they went into France with Bertram, along with all that they had. That year, Eufemia married Earl Todbod to a kiss, clasp, and fleshly loving. Yet she remained a chaste virgin and was separated from Eufrydus and went into the abbey of Ely and was made abbess there. She performed many fair miracles and great deeds.\nDuring that time, the Hindu prince of Sarasyns in Syria built a new temple, now in Jerusalem. There, the Sarasins worshipped God and offered their prayers. In that year, King Eadberht of Kent and King Northumbria's representative sent Wigheard to Pope Vitalian to be the Archbishop of Canterbury. However, he and almost his entire company died in the great pestilence that was rampant throughout England. Pope Vitalian then ordained Theodore, a monk, as the governor of the churches in England. That year, a great pestilence spread throughout Britain and began in the southern regions. During this pestilence, Egbert the monk, who fell ill at that time, felt unwell and left his bed privately at dawn. He was contrite and sorrowful in his heart.\nEgbert prayed earnestly that he should not die at that time before he had fully cleansed himself of his sins. And he made an oath that if he could escape this pestilence, he would die in pilgrimage. Above the full service, he would say the psalm every day, except if bodily ailments prevented him. And every week, he would fast one day and the night following. When this was done, he went quietly to his bed again. But with some rustling he made in lying down, his father awoke and spoke to him and said, \"Egbert, what have you done? I had hoped that we two should have gone together to rest. But what you have prayed for has been granted to you.\" Then his father died. And Egbert lived to the year of his eighty. But he lived longer than his first oath. He fasted for forty days continuously three times in Lent and forty days before Easter.\nAbout that time, Aydanus and Finanus were bishops of Northumberland, and Colmannus, a Scot, came after them to be bishop for three years. In his time, Agilbert, bishop of the West Saxons, came into the Northumberland countryside and ordained Wulfryd, who was then Abbot of Ripon, making him a priest at the request of King Oswyn. At that time, there was a great question about the Easter celebration, which was not held lawfully among the Scots and Britons at that time. It was tolerated, however, out of respect for Columba of Aidan and Finan, and other holy fathers. Therefore, a council was held in Hilda's abbey. There, on one side, came Colmannus, the bishop, and Hilda, the abbess. They argued that their predecessors were worthy men and holy, and held the Easter time from the fourteenth day of the moon to the twentieth day. Saint John the Evangelist also held this view.\nCecistryde in Asia / In that other side against them came Egbert, Bishop of the West Saxons, Iames who was once Paulinus, priest, the Archbishop of York, and Wilfrid, abbot of Ripon and Alfrid, the king's son. Wilfrid disputed for them and alleged that the manner and usage of the whole church of the Greeks of Italy, Rome, Gaul, and France should be set before the manner and usage of a corner of the world that we do not know the decrees of synods. Namely, St. John the evangelist, in the beginning of the holy church, which was yet young and tender, held the ordinances of Moses' law in many things and followed the Jews, as it is written of Paul that he circumcised Timothy and offered pigs in the temple and shared his head with Aquila and Priscilla at Corinth. And that was profitable to nothing but to put off the scruples of the Jews. Also, St. John, by the usage of that law, began to keep the eastern tide the fourteenth day of the first month.\nMonth and it fell not on a Saturday or any other day of the week. And Peter the apostle, who was primate of the holy church and had the power to bind and unbind, remained for the fourth day of the moon when the moon was at full, as Saint John did, and began to hold the Easter tide at evensong the next Sunday after the full moon and the evenings and the night, and held it to the twentieth day of the moon. If the fourteenth day fell on a Sunday, he did not hold the Easter day there. For that Sunday was of the old year and not of the new year that should begin. King Oswy heard this and said, \"And great privileges and power are granted to Saint Peter. I dare not grant so great an usher and porter lest he close heaven's gate against me when I should come to heaven.\" When this was said, the multitude assented. But Ced Bishop of the east was present and corrected him from that time forward. But Colman, who was then bishop of Northumberland, was also there.\nAnd went then into the country of Scotland to find the eastern time without fail, for there are rulers in the ordinal of the calendar, and it is necessary to set it here. But the error that the church suffers in the calendar we use is so increased that the stopping of the sun and the evening of the day and night and the sun's entering into signs are passed back by twelve days in our calendar now around the year of our Lord one thousand three hundred and twenty. Therefore, our calendar that we use must be amended by withdrawing the days that have been added to leap year to a certain time or in some other way. If the time of grace lasts for eight thousand years, yesterday will fall about the shortest day of the year according to our calendar. And if the sixth age of the world lasts for two such long periods, the feast of the birth of St. John the Baptist will fall on the shortest day of the year. And the feast of the birth of our Lord will fall on the longest day of the year.\nThe cause of this error is stated in Tholomeus's book, Almagest. In Almagest, Tholomeus explains that twice a year, the sun stops and so does the equinox, the dividing line between day and night. The sun's standing still occurs in winter when the day is shortest and in summer when the day is longest. The dividing lines of day and night are equal in length in spring and autumn. Every month, the sun passes from one sign into another, and when speaking of the moon's phases, the moon's first month is called the moon's time, occurring when the day and night are of equal length or shortly thereafter. This is the time when the world was first created. William of Poitiers, in his third book, then Colman, Bishop of Northumberland.\nWilfrid of Myshold conducted a meeting yesterday and was angry, so he went to the Scotes, as previously stated. Wilfrid was chosen as Archbishop of York by the procurement of Alfrid, who was the king's son. He was sent to France to be consecrated, as the archbishop of Canterbury was dead and should have consecrated him in England. At that time Kenneth, king of Wessex, divided his province into two bishoprics. Therefore, Egbert was angry and went back to France, where he was born, and other things are mentioned in the same book (Chapter 15, Paulus, Book 6). Around that time, Constantine the emperor wanted to deliver Italy from the hands of the Lombards and went to Taranto in Italy. He asked an ascetic there if he could overcome the Lombards. The ascetic replied that it could not be done yet. This was because of an abbey founded in Italy in honor of St. John the Baptist. St. John always prays for the Lombards.\nThe time will come when the Oratory will be despised, and unworthy persons will dwell therein. And then, the Lombards will be destroyed first. Emperor Tiberius did not care about this and went forth against the Lombards, but he did not succeed. But they did not sack Rome, withstanding. Vitalianus, the pope, begged him to leave, and this Emperor did many great tyrannies in Sicily. He had his penance in a bath lastly. Wilfrid was chosen Archbishop of York, and was confirmed by Agilbertus, abbot, beyond the sea. Then, the council of the Quartodecimans, who held the Easter day in the fourteenth day of the month, King Oswy took Cedd, Abbot of Lasting, and made him Archbishop of York against the ordinance of Holy Laws. William, in Book Three, Chapter 20, sent him into Kent to be consecrated as bishop. But for this archbishop, Deusdedit was dead. Cedd was turned into Wynfrith, bishop of the West Saxons, and took with him two others.\nBishops of Brichton accompanied Bishop Wilfrid in his company during his sacrament. Then Wilfridus came out of France and found Cedda made bishop in his place. After that, Wilfridus stayed in Kent for three years until the coming of Theodorus. He made orders there and consecrated churches, and appointed a capable man of song as bishop of Rochester. Also, that year Benet became bishop again and went to Rome. In his journey homeward, he was shorn in the monastery of Lirence and stayed there for two years. Then he went to Rome for the third time and returned to England with Theodorus the bishop and Adrian the abbot, at the commandment of Vitalianus the pope. King Cissa founded an abbey at Abingdon. That year Saint Leodegar suffered death in France under one Ebroinus, the greatest man of the king's house. Constantinus the emperor was killed by his own men in a bath in Sicily. After Vitalianus, Pope Adeodatus ruled for four years. In his time, the bodies of Saints Benet and his sister were translated.\nScolastica translated Augustus, a monk of Florida, into the abbey of Florida, near Orleance, next to Mount Cassin in the province of Bonnevent.\n\nThe fourth Constantine, the son of the aforementioned Constantine, was emperor at the age of seventeen. Grimoald, king of the Longobards, shot an arrow at a dove on the nineteenth day after his wounding on the arm, and leeches applied poisonous substances. He died.\n\nBeda, in his fourth book, chapter second, records that Theodorus, archbishop, came to Kent five days before the second of June in the first year of his consecration. He served as bishop for twenty-one years and four months. This man was born in Sicily and was proficient in both holy and secular literature. When he was sixty-six years old, Vitalian, the pope, sent him to England and dispatched Adrian, the abbot, to assist him. He was instructed not to bring anything contrary to the faith into the holy church of England, as the Greeks had done.\nAnone came and went about in all the islands, teaching the order of right belief and right living, and the lawful holding of the easter day. He taught his disciples the craft of calculating astronomy both in Latin and in Greek with the help of Adrian. He ordered bishops in certain places. The bishops who were not lawfully ordained he removed or ordained as bishops in other places. Among those who were not lawfully ordained, Cedda, the bishop of York, confessed his own fault. Theodorus put him away from the see of York and restored Wulfred. He ordained Cedda as bishop of Mercia at the request of King Wulferus and ordered him to ride on horseback. Beda, in Book Three, Chapter Sixteen. At that time doctors were very busy serving God and not the world. The heart and not the womb. Therefore, the habit of Religion was then in great worship. So, a monk or a clerk should be gladly received. Men who went by.\nThe way prayed to have his blessing, and they went for no other cause than to preach and teach. Criswold received no possessions for building abbeys, but they were offered to him and he was compelled to accept them by the strength of lords.\n\nIn that year, Oswy, king of Northumbria, died. His son, Egfrid, ruled for fifteen years after him.\n\nChapter five: Also, it was Ethelfreda, who had been Tonbertus' wife, prince of the south, when Egfrid had been married to her for twelve years and could not deal with her for prayers or gifts. Then she had leave of the king and was made a nun for one year at Cold under Aebba, Egfrid's aunt. After that, she was made abbess of Ely. There she ate only once a day and never used linen clothes. After the nightly supper, she woke up at dawn. She died after having been abbess for seven years and lay ill for fifteen.\n\nChapter five:\n\nThe way prayed to have the king's blessing, and they went for no other reason than to preach and teach. Criswold did not receive any possessions for building abbeys unless they were offered to him and he was compelled to accept them by the strength of lords.\n\nIn that year, Oswy, king of Northumbria, died. His son, Egfrid, ruled for fifteen years after him.\n\nEthelfreda, who had been Tonbertus' wife, the prince of the south, was Egfrid's wife for twelve years. When she could no longer pray or give gifts to him, she was granted leave by the king and became a nun for one year under Aebba, Egfrid's aunt. After that, she was made abbess of Ely. There she ate only once a day and never wore linen clothes. After the nightly supper, she woke up at dawn. She died after having been abbess for seven years and lay ill for fifteen.\nThat there was held a synod of bishops under Theodorus at Tetford. In that synod, a statute was ordained concerning the right holding of the eastern border. The second that no bishop should assume another man's bishopric. The third that bishops should not disturb abbeys. The fourth that clerks and monks should not change benefices without leave of their sovereigns. The fifth that in a province, the synod should be gathered once a year.\n\nEgbert, king of Kent, died. His brother Lotharius was made bishop in his stead and confirmed by Theodorus. By the king's will. Lotharius was bishop for seven years. That year was great slaughter of birds that fought and grievously damaged the kingdom between them for ten years.\n\nBeda, Book Four, Chapter Six. That year, St. Cedd died at Lastingham in the third year of his episcopate. Theodorus made Wynfride, Cedd's deacon, bishop in his stead and put him there not long after, for he was already unwell. And made Sexwulf abbot of Medeshamstede bishop in his stead. R.\nMedeshamstede is now named Peterborough. It was once in the kingdom of Gwyned. Wynfrid was consecrated in his fourth year and went to Bede. Pope Boniface was pope for a year and a half. After Wynfrid's death, Ecgberht, the third bishop of London, founded two abbeys: one for himself in the Isle of Ely, fifteen miles west of London, which is now called Churchgate, and another for his sister Ethelburga in the province of Essex, east of London, which was destroyed by the Danes. King Edgar rebuilt it. In that year Oswinus began to reign over the West Saxons and reigned for three years, fighting against Wulfhere, king of Mercia, at Widanheaf. Also in that year, Wulfhere died and his brother Ethelred ruled for thirteen years because Wulfhere's son Cynewulf was too young. Wulfhere's wife Ermenburh was made abbess at Ely. Her daughter Werburh was under Ethelred's care. Marianus was her empress.\nEthelredus made this vow to Werburga, in some abbeys of maidens at Trikingham and Wenham, at Hamburg. She died in the first abbey and was buried in the third, as she had promised while alive. There she lay holy and sound for about three hundred years, until the coming of the Danes. R [At the last, when the Danes lay at Repyndon and had driven away the king of Mercia, the citizens of Hamburg feared and took away the reliquary that contained the body of that maiden who had been turned to powder earlier. They fled with it to Chester, the safest place against Peril and foreign enemies.] In that city Chester, secular canons from King Ethelstan's time to the coming of the Normans lived there, and often possessions were given to them. Then, monks of Recluse dwelt there in worship of that maiden. Mar. li / 2 / King Wulfhere had three brothers: Ethelredus, Merwald, who was king of West Mercia, and his queen.\nErmenberga, daughter of King Ermenred of Kent, bore him three holy daughters: Milburga, Myldreda, and Mildgyda, and one son Meresyn. Both Meresyn and Mildgyda were buried at Medeshamstede, now Peterborough. Afterwards, Saint Ethelwold built an abbey there. Kinseywida converted King Offa, who, after leaving him as her husband, went to Rome with King Kyndred and Bishop Egwin of the Wiccies and became a monk. Agatho was pope for three years. In his second year, the sixth synod was held at Constantinople with 200 bishops and 240 participants. In this synod, it is recorded that in Christ there are two wills and two natures, divine and human.\n\nTheodorus, king of France, reigned for eight years after his father Clotari. In that year, 4 AD 18, Etheldred received the church of Hereford from him. There, he paid more attention to the melody of the holy church than to the reform of his own bishopric. Also that year, Benedict became bishop with him.\nColfrid the monk went to Rome for the fourth time and brought with him John the Archdeacon. In that year, a great battle took place between Egfrid, king of Northumbria, and Ethelred, king of Mercia, by the River Trent. Egfrid's brother, Heete Elswinus, was killed. Elswinus' death led to a large payment being made on his behalf by Theodorus, the archbishop, and a peace accord was made in the fighting. One of Ethelred's knights was severely wounded. He was taken as the knight attempted to rise, and his bonds broke as often as his brother, a priest, sang mass for him as for a dead man. This continued until his ransom was paid, and he returned to his brother. In that year, a star called Heate stella comata was seen for three months during the harvest season. At the time of Egfrid's wife's exile, Egfrid put her out.\nWulfhild, a person from the bishopric of Northumberland named Trevisa, wrote that a star called the Comet of Stella has a light blazing cross above it, and it always signifies pestilence, death, and war or some other hard events. Bishop Theodorus of Durham helped to remove Wulfhild from his bishopric and appointed Bosas bishop at York in his place. Eata was appointed at Lindisfarne Church, and Tunbert at Hagustald Church, and Trunwinus at Candida Casa, which is the white house in the land of the Picts. In the second book of Marianus, Eadhedus was placed in the church of Ripon. Eadhedus came from Lindsey. For as far as we can tell, Theodorus removed Wulfhild unjustly. (Beda, Book Five, Chapter 19)\nWilfrid, displeased, went to Rome for his cause. In the sea, he was driven by the wind to Frisia. There, he first converted many men. Willibrord later continued this work. Eventually, he reached Rome and came before Pope Agatho. In a synod of one hundred bishops and five and twenty, he disputed against the error of those who taught that Christ has but one will and one nature. William of Poitiers followed his own cause, not causing Theodorus, sent by the Roman court, any grief. He made no serious accusations against him. However, although Wilfrid was allowed there, he had not in fact gained Theodorus' consent. (Beda, Book Four, Chapter 12) Therefore, Wilfrid turned to the South Saxons and built a church.\nAbboy in Syllesey and preach to Egfrid's death and converted the people. For three years before his coming, there was no rain. The first day of his baptism, it began to rain. The earth became green and berries began to sprout. He gathered in nets and taught men of the countryside to fish. Oswinus, king of Wessex, died and Cuthwine, bishop who was bishop at Winchester for thirty years, succeeded him.\n\nSaint Agatha and her child Beda were born. After Agatho, the second Leo was pope for three years. The papacy ceased for one year. Beda, in Quarto Capitulo Visesimo, wrote. Saint Etheldreda, abbess of Ely, died at the age of 61. Mari, li.\n\nAfter her sister Sexburga became abbess. She had once been the wife of Eadburt, king of Canterbury.\n\nBeda, as mentioned above, died. That year died Hilda, abbess of Whitby, who had been ill for six years. Fourteen days before December, at the age of sixty-six, she was a holy woman, wise and learned. Out of her Abbey came five bishops: Bosa, Eata, Offa.\nIohan and Wylfridus, in her abbey, there was a brother named Cedmon. He was taught by God's inspiration to make songs and hymns in the country language, meant to inspire men to devotion. In this manner, no one could surpass him, and he himself could do nothing in other matters but only in matters of devotion. He came to this in the following way: once, he went to a feast, deeply ashamed because he was asked to sing to the harp and he could not. Then he was sorry and fell asleep. One came to him in his sleep and commanded him to sing. \"I cannot,\" he said, and therefore I flee.\" After this, the other said, \"Sing boldly of him who made all things.\" This man awoke, and after that, he made wonderful poems, as if from all the stories of holy writ.\n\nHenricus, libro tercio,\nThat year Theodorus called a council of bishops and other doctors at Hatfield. For he wished to know and determine what belief all men held, as Pope Agathus had instructed him through his archdeacon, John. John was present at this council.\nIn that time, the province of Mercia, where Sexwulfus ruled alone, was governed by five bishops: one at Chester, another at Worcester, the third at Lichfield, the fourth at Sedgley in Lindsey, and the fifth at Dorchester. However, Pecta remained at Berford, where Sexwulfus had once placed him.\n\nPaulus in Libro Septimo [1]\n\nCunibert, king of the Lombards, stood under Sexwulfus' chamber window and consulted with one of his secretaries on how to kill his knight Aldo.\n\nThen, there was a great commotion, and he intended to have Aldo slain.\n\nMeanwhile, Aldo, unaware of the king's intentions, came towards the king's court and met an herald carrying a staff. The herald warned Aldo, saying, \"Beware the aldo! For if you come to the king's court, you will be slain by the king's hand.\" When Aldo heard this, he fled to St. Romain's church. The king asked him why he had done so, and he replied, \"Because an herald had warned me of my death.\" Immediately, the king understood that it was he who had intended to kill Aldo.\n\n[1] Paulus in Libro Septimo refers to a book by the historian Paulus Diaconus.\nSo was a wicked spirit, and he had cut off his foot in likeness of a fly, and had also exhorted Aldo to death. And so King Alfred received Aldo to his grace. After Leo the second, Benedict was built an abbey of Gloucester and made his sister Kyneburgh abbess there. That year King Athelwold led the West Britons to the sea, and Benedict, bishop, built an abbey of St. Paul at Ghent on the bank of the River Wyre and had another abbey of St. Peter built on the other bank of the same river, with the help of King Athelred, and made Colfrid abbot there. That year, Beda, a child of seven years old, was taken to Benedict's school, and he was sent to Rome and committed Beda to Colfrid. Beda, Libro Quarto, Capitulo 12. That year, a synod was convened by King Athelred beside the River Alne, where Odor was, and Tundertus was deposed from his bishopric of.\nHaguistald and Cuthbert was made bishop in his place, but he loved the church of Lindisfarne more. There, he feigned flight and deceived Ecgfrid. Despite the prayers of his friends, he would not follow their ways. They dragged him into narrow places between hills and mountains and slaughtered him there, along with a great number of his host. From that time forward, the strength of the Angles began to wane. Pictes, Scots, and many of the Britons received their lands back with freedom. Cedwalla, a strong young king of the Gewisses (West Saxons), ruled over the West Saxons after Ceawlin's death. Wessex's king Wessex, Wessex, made his province a tributary and destroyed Kent. He took the Isle of Wight with three hundred men and households. That year in Northumbria, Ecgfrid was slain, and his brother Alfrid, the bastard, ruled after him for eighteen years. That year, Saracens came out of Egypt into Africa and took Carthage.\nAnd Constantine, at Constantinople, destroyed it. The second Justinian, after his father Constantine, was emperor for ten years. After Benedict the Fifth, John was pope for one year. After him, Zeno was pope for two years. Beda the Fourth, Caesar, reigned for 23 years. Lotharius, king of Canterbury, died of a wound sustained in the fighting against Ceadwalla. After him, Edricus Egbertus reigned for one and a half years. The kingdom was long unstable under certain kings until Wigheard, the lawful son, was comforted and reigned in that kingdom. Mul, Ceadwalla's destroyer, destroyed Kent afterwards, and Wilfrid received the bishopric of Hexham at the prayer of King Alfred. For St. John of Beverley went to York when Bosa was dead. After Zeno, Sergius was pope for thirteen years. He ordained that the Agnus Dei should be sung three times in the Mass. And by showing of God, he found a great deal of the holy cross in St. Peter's sacrary. Gir, d.p, 4th century, 17th year.\n\nThe first Pippin, Heytvetulus, also the son of Ansegisilus.\nThe son of Saint Arnulphus was made the greatest among the French kings and received the principate of the eastern part of France. He ruled for seven and twenty years. He first fought against Theodericus, king of France, and chased him to Paris, winning the kingdom and saving the king's life. At that time in France, kings turned away from the wisdom and strength they had previously possessed. Those who seemed greatest in the king's court ruled the kingdom, for God had ordained that the kingdom should tear apart those who ruled. That year, Saint Cuthbert, who had always loved the island of Lindisfarne, died. However, his body was born in the Lindisfarne monastery. Wilfrid had ruled his people nobly for three years. He abandoned the temple and went on pilgrimage to Rome. There he was christened by Pope Sergius and named Peter. Yet while he was still in white, he was sick and died not yet fully thirty years old, thirteen days before May, and was buried.\nIn St. Peter's church, and worthy to have such famous writing on his tomb. Lordship, riches, children, and wealth, clothes of rich array, prayers for castles and walled towns that his father and he had won by strength. Cedwalla, the mighty man of arms, left and forsake, for the love of Almighty God.\n\nGir de Situations, Chapter 17. Take heed that this Cedwalla, the last king of the Britons, is called Cedwaldrus in Roman and Longobard stories, and in Bede's story as well. However, corruptly, for they did not know the British language. Therefore, in some places in the last verse on his tomb, it is written in this manner: King Cedwaldrus left for the love of God. This is to understand that he was confirmed by anointing with holy chrism, and then his proper name was changed, as it happens in the confirmation of children. Although he was of the Britons, he was joined to the Welshmen. The Welshmen say that they shall have kings.\nWhen Cadowaldr's bones were brought from Rome, I consider that to be a fable, just as I do the story of Gaufridus there. After Cedwalla, Iuene, son of Cynheddw, son of Ceolwulf, son of Cutha, son of Cuthwyn, son of Ceaulinus, reigned. Iuene ruled for seven and thirty years. Then he went to Rome during the time of Pope Gregory. Many others did the same during that time. In that year, Benet, bishop, died on the twelfth day of January. Colfrid was abbot after him in his abbey by the River Wyre. Also, Theodorus, archbishop, died at the age of eighty-seven and had ruled for twenty-two years. After him, Brightwold was archbishop until the time archbishops were in Rome. Since then, archbishops have been in England. Therefore, Saint Wilfrid was accused by King Alfred before many bishops and was removed from his bishopric. Consequently, he appealed to the Roman court and defended his cause there.\nDuring the time of Pope John, he had letters from the Pope to the kings of England concerning his restoration. The Synod's reception was a great help to his cause. Wilfridus was to be present at the Synod during Pope Agatho's time. The letters were read out for him to King Aldred, but the king would not yet receive him. He then turned to the king of Mercia and received the bishopric of Leicester from him, which he held for Alfred until his death.\n\nBeda, Book Five, Chapter Nine\n\nAbout that time, Egbert the Monk, whom we spoke of before, had escaped the Morcant by prayers and vows and had sailed around Britain with the intention of converting the Germans. However, his journey was hindered by deeds and warnings from heaven. The ship he had prepared for the journey was wrecked by a sudden tempest. One of his brothers was warned in a vision and spoke to Egbert, saying that he must return to St. Columba's abbey against his will for the plows.\nyed he not have a right / therefore he sent Wilhelmbordus with 12 fellows into the countries of Germany. And he turned many people to the faith with the help of the older Duke Pupinus of French men who had conquered the land there. And at last, by the authority of Pope Gregory, he was made bishop of Utrecht and ruled that bishopric well and nobly for forty years. Offorus died, bishop of Wicces, who had men of the bishopric of Worcester and Egwin was bishop after him, who soon afterward built the abbey of Evesham with the consent of Ethelred. When Theodericus, king of France, was dead, whom Pupinus Vetulus had mildly suffered to reign with him, he made his son Clodeneus king. Pupinus Vetulus also made Pupinus Brevis king that year. The men of Canterbury made peace with Iue, king of the West Saxons, and gave him three thousand pounds for the death of Mul Ceddwalles brother. Iustinianus Caesar was deprived of the joy of his kingdom for guilt and impiety and went into exile in Pontus Leo patricius relieved him.\nThe second Leo was emperor for three years. In his time, Clodionus, king of France, died. Pupinus made his brother Childericus king. The men of Northumberland slowly drove out Ostryda, Ethedreda's wife, who was Oswy's daughter. William of the Pontifices, in the fourth book, records that in this year Cuthlac the confessor renounced arms and the pomp of this world and went to the abbey of Rippon. Under Abbess Alfhild, he took the tonsure and the habit of a clerk at the age of 24. Then, in the third year after, he went to the island of Crowland and began to live an Anchorite's life there. He performed many miracles and had great power over unclean spirits. The common tale relates that they built many places because of him, and there remains the confessor Neot, who was once Erkenwald's disciple and bishop of London. No one may come to Crowland except by ship or boat.\nwithout reminder for the soul; for one who had been bright-worldly was dead for a long time and returned to live, telling many things to many men, and distributed his cattle into three parts. He gave his wife one share and his children another, keeping the third for himself and giving it to the poor. He ended his life in the abbey of Malros. In his time, the third Tiberius was emperor for seven years. In his time, Justinianus, who had been exiled in Cersona, openly declared his ambition to regain the empire. Therefore, the people were stirred up by love of Tiberius and plotted to kill Justinianus. Consequently, he fled to the prince of the Turks and married his sister, and recovered the empire with their help and that of the Bulgarians. And Slow Leo and Tiberius, who had supported the empire. And whenever he suffered a drop of corruption from his nose, which had been cut so often, he made someone of his enemies sleep. The Fifth General Synod was held in Aquilia during the time of Sergius. After Sergius, the third Leo was pope for two years.\nyere. he is not acompted in the ordre of bisshops by cause he was wrongfully putte in by patrici\u00a6us Beda libro quinto capitulo 1th at tyme Arnul\u00a6phus bisshop of galles come in to Britayne / he wente in to Ie\u2223rusalem for to visite the hooly places & yede aboute in al the londe of byheste and came to damaske to Constantinople to Alexan\u2223dria and to many ylondes of the see and sayled homeward in to his countrey ageyne and was cast by strengthe of tempest to the west clyues of Brytayne. There he fonde goddes seruaunt Ada\u2223minanus / Abbot of the ylond hij / and tolde him wondres of holy places\u00b7 And he made anone a booke therof as he hadde herde the wondres and sente it to kynge Alfridus to rede R \u00b6It semeth that beda toke of that booke afterward suche / as he wrote of ho\u2223ly places \u00b6 After leo the sixth Iohan was pope thre yere / \u00b6That tyme etheldredus kynge of mercia forsoke this worldly\nkyngdom & was shorn monke at bardeny / After him regned leu\u00a6redus .v / yere the sone of his broder wylferus\u00b7 the seuenth iohan was\nPope Thomas died, at that time he was bishop of Winchester. After him, the bishopric was vacant for two years. Brythhelm, archbishop of Canterbury, appointed Daniel as bishop of Winchester at St. Aldhelm at Shireborne. St. Aldhelm was formerly abbot of Malmesbury. William, son of the popes, held the bishopric of Lychefeld and Wulfryd, but after two years, Alfred, king of Northumberland, died. Wulfrid returned to the bishopric of Hexham and was bishop there for four years, holding both the bishoprics of Lychefeld and Chester. The second Justinian regned again with his son Tiberius for six years. This was he who was deposed from the throne by Leo, but he regained the throne this year. Therefore, the story makes mention of him. Then Justinian was restored and upheld the true faith, worshiped Constantine the pope, and destroyed the place of his deposition and slaughtered all who dwelt there.\nRinnes out take children, and afterwards when he would sleep the children, men of that province made him a captain named Philipicus, who was exiled and dwelt there. Immediately he went to Constantinople and slew Justinianus. That year Alfried, king of Deira, died at Dreifeld. After him, his son Osred, a child of eight, reigned for eleven years. Then Sisinnius was pope for twenty days. After him, the first Constantine was pope for seven years. He denounced Philipicus as a heretic, for he had removed images of holy saints from churches. Beda, in his fifth book, chapter 19, records this.\n\nKenred, king of Mercia, left his kingdom to Colredus, the son of his cousin Ethelred, and went to Rome with Offa, the king's son of the West Saxons, and with Ecgwine, bishop of Worcester.\n\nTrevesa.\n\nThe See of Worcester was transferred to Worcester and remains there.\n\nThen it continues in the story, Colredus, king of Mercia, first translated the body of St. Wiborgh the maiden out of there at the abbey of Hamburgh, who had lain there for nine years whole and sound.\nAldhelm, brother of King Ine, died during the coming of the Danes at Rippon. Bishop of Sherborne, he was buried in Egwin's place. This Aldhelm was most learned in letters, both in Greek and Latin. He possessed and used instruments of music, pipes and strings, and other kinds of gladness. First, he was a monk, then he was made priest and abbot of Malmesbury. He took upon himself this martyrdom: while he was tempted in the flesh, he would hold with him a fair maid in his bed as long as he was singing the psalter from beginning to end. True is the saving reverence of St. Aldhelm. This seems none holy nor wise but pure folly, both for himself and for the peril and fear of temptation from the woman, as it may be proved both by Authority and reason.\n\nThen it follows in the story:\n\nThe seventh day of the week, when merchants came, he preached to them earnestly the word of God. At last, his great fame excited Sergius the holy man.\nThe pope sent letters and messengers for the man to come to Rome. He had long desired to see that city and brought vestments with him to sing mass and sing mass before the pope in St. John Lateran's church. After his mass on that day, he believed he would give the chalice to one of his servants behind him. But the servants were not there, and the chalice was filled with the sun's rays and bore it for a long time until his other servants failed. That chalice is still in Malmesbury's abbey.\n\nAt that time, the holy pope was defamed for having fathered a bastard child when the child was nine days old. The child was brought to Christening to St. Aldhelm and St. Aldhelm conjured the child of nine days to tell if Sergius the pope had begotten him. The child answered and said that the pope was innocent of that deed.\n\nLater, Aldhelm, with many privileges, returned home again to his abbey and wrote noble books on virginity: De virginitate, De termino.\nBishop Dunstan dedicates to Saint Aldhelm: Organs, he who takes them away forfeits the kingdom of heaven. Also in a water vessel in the holy temple serve Saint Aldhelm. In the bell of the font it is written: In his hall of heaven comes he never who removes this bell from Saint Aldhelm's seat. Around this year died Saint Wilfrid. In his tomb are:\nWylfrid, of a holy mind and worthy name, was troubled by perils for a long time. He lived here for thirty-five years and passed joyfully to the bliss that is in heaven. (Beda, Book Five, Chapter 19)\n\nThis child was sharp-witted and went to the abbey of Lindisfarne when he was fourteen years old and learned many things about the learning of Religion. He knew then that some things were not held correctly by the Scots. He went to Rome to learn more and there learned the four gospels of Boniface, archdeacon, and the computus of the east and other necessary things for the use of the holy church.\n\nIn his later years, he lived with Alfinus, bishop of Lugdunensis, until he was killed by Queen Bathild.\n\nThen Wylfrid went back to Britain and received land from King Wyns to found an abbey at Ripon. There he was made a priest by Agilbert.\n\nAfter the strife of the eastern term had ended, he was chosen bishop.\nyork. After York's death, Acta became bishop at Hagustalde church. Beda, in his fifth book, chapter two, records that Adrian, abbot of St. Peter's and Theodorus's archdeacon, died that year. Albynus succeeded him. In the same chapter, it is related that King Nectan of the Picts sent messengers to Ceolfrid, abbot of Bede's monastery, to inform him of the approaching Easter tide and the tonsure of the holy church. Among other things, Ceolfrid wrote to him that three rules are necessary to observe at Easter: two of which are contained in Moses' law, and the third in the Gospels, as instituted by the apostles. Therefore, he sent him the correct manner and reality of observing Easter as we do now.\n\nIuulf went to Sicily on behalf of the host of Rome. Since he was an heretic, he commanded all the painting of churches to be scraped off.\nThe Romans threw away all manner of money that his image was engraved on / The second Anastasius was Emperor for three years after he had killed Philipicus. In his time, Dagobertus was king of France after his father Childbertus, and reigned for eleven years with the support of Syagrius. Pypinus Vetalus still ruled the kings' houses. After Constantinus II, Gregory the Great was pope for sixteen years. That year, St. Cuthlac, the anchorite, died in England. And Ildefonsus was good and benevolent and succeeded Anastasius, making him a priest. But after one year, Theodosius was deposed and made a clerk by his successor, the third Leo the Great. In his time, many Saracens besieged Constantinople for three years. It seems that John of Damascus was there in his flourishing years and was brought into Perse. Letters were written by his enemies and thrown out and found and openly read. In which letters was contained his conspiracy against the prince. Then his right hand was cut off, for he should never.\nThis text appears to be written in Old English, with some irregularities and abbreviations. I will attempt to clean and modernize the text while preserving its original meaning.\n\nward write / but he prayed fast to our lady that he served busily and his hand was restored to him again \u00b6R It is not to suppose that this John is John Chrysostom, who is set forth in the book of the Fathers, soon after Hilary and warned Theodosius the emperor of other victories \u00b6It is another John that was in the third Theodosius' time in Greece and afterward in Pergamum and made many noble books in both philosophy. \u00b6That John Chrysostom in his books of divinity alleges the great Gregory's noble and great miracle of the deliverance of Trajan, which cannot be understood by Gregory Nazianzen, for he was near Constantinople and Pontus and never came near Rome. But my mind is of that miracle of the deliverance of Trajan at the sepulcher of the apostles in the city of Rome by the great Gregory pope, which is held every year as a holy church event.\nIn treating of deeds that benefit the dead, John Damascene alleges a miracle. The third Leo, with his son Constantine, ruled for fifty-two years. In his first year, Pipinus Velatus died, having governed the kingdom for twenty-seven years. After him came Charles, born of a concubine, and he and Marcellus had such names for hammers and anvils. In Latin, tudes or malleus means a sledge or a hammer in English. Charles fought nobly against Saracens who came from Africa and made them flee in one battle at Poitiers, and in another battle at Narbonne, chasing them into Spain. In these battles, four hundred thousand, five and sixty thousand Saracens were slain. He also fought against the Saxons and against the Bavarians. The angel who showed this sight to the bishop said that it was because he took the goods of the holy church.\nIn that year, at Rome, the Tiber River joined together from Port St. Peter to Port Julium, and this lasted for seven days until the citizens made a procession. That year, King Ethelred of Mercia died after ruling for thirty years, and Monk E of Bardony ruled for thirteen years after him. He was buried at Lichfield. After him, his cousin Ethelbald, Penda's new son on his brother's side, ruled for forty years. In the eighth year of his reign, Ethelbald besieged Somerton and conquered Northumbria. However, in the forty-ninth year of his reign, he was overcome by King Cuthred of Wessex.\nHis kingdom his own men slowed him at Secandon. That year, Colfrydus, abbot of G Lewes, died at Hugon in pilgrimage. William de Pon lived in the fourth quarter. That year, Saint Egwin, the third bishop of Worcester, repented of his sins. He confessed himself and threw the keys of the treasury into the River Avon. And he went openly to Rome, declaring he would be secure in the forgiveness of his sins when his treasury was unsought by the virtue of God or else by the same keys. He went so openly to Rome, and it is said that the bells of the city began to ring on his arrival. He returned with a privilege for his church. While he sailed in the sea of Britain, a great fish leap into his ship. In the fish's gut was found the key that unlocked the treasury. Beda, book 5. chapter six. Saint John, bishop of York, died at Derwentwater, that is, near the end of his bishopric.\nThere were three Wilfrids, and the younger one surpassed Bede. He was buried in the porch of the minster. In his first years, and especially in Lent, he dwelt in St. Michael's chapel at Hastings church, not using the heat of Ernes hill. He died last at Beverley, which is four and twenty miles out of York eastward. And that place is called Beverley and Brokesley. For many brocks were wont to come there from the hills that were near. St. John built a church of St. Nicholas and another of St. John the Baptist in the hill for refreshing and feeding of brethren. The freedom and the privileges of that place are increased to great profit and worship, so that there is received no battle and strife between two, but he who is accused shall purge himself with his own hand.\n\nThis is the younger Wilfrid and he surpassed Bede's time.\nWulfryd, who was bishop of York, was advised by Seynt Johan of Beverhaugh at one time that the abbey endured nobly until the time of the Danes. But afterward, with the help of Dunstan under King Edmond and King Egberht, the abbey was amended and adorned for the coming of the Normans. However, I note that after that time, it was always afflicted with wicked troubles. The abbots of that place, because of great wealth, became proud and tyrannical, swelling in pride outwardly and not wrath, and were cruel in ward and unprofitable. This was especially known in the time of Abbot Thurstin. There were translated the bones of St. Hilda, the abbesses, of Colfrid, the abbot of Gisbury, and some bones of Bishop Aidan. King Edmund brought these bones with him when he was on a journey against the Scots. The second patriarch of Ireland, the abbot and confessor, could not be translated there; therefore, he forsook Ireland and came to Glastonbury and died there on St. Bartholomew's day.\nThe emperor left his enemies behind and marched against figures and images of saints, specifically Pope Gregory and Germanus of Constantinople. He behaved manfully, as the old usage and custom allowed and approved by the holy church, and said that it was worthy and fitting to show them affection through worship. For we worship them, but God. And often, through the fight of such images, men worship God and the saints, who come after Him. Creatures will be worshiped in His worship.\n\nIn the same year, Wythenred, king of Canterbury, and Thobias, bishop of Rochester, both of whom could speak as well as their own language, died.\n\nThat year, Saracens came to Constantinople and besieged it for three years, taking much valuable loot. Wichtbrand, king of the Lombards, heard of this and took the relics of St. Austyn the Doctor. These relics had once been transported to Sardinia for fear of strange enemies. He had them brought to the city of Genoa and then to the pope.\n/ that hete somtyme titinum / \u00b6 Willelmus de Regibus libro primo Kynge Iue bytoke his kyngdome of westsaxons to his Cosyn ethelardus / and wente to rome / hit is sayd that he was the fyrst of kynges that graunted to seynt peter of euery hows of his kyn\u00a6gedome a peny / that long tyme of englysshemen was callyd Ro\u2223me skott / but in latyn it is called petres peny / The kynges wyf ethelburga yaue him occasio\u0304 to take that pylgremage / & that in this man / she had ofte cou\u0304ceyled her husbond to forsake the ryches of this world / & specially in the last yeres of his lyf / but she sped not / therfor atte laste she fonded to ouercome hym with gyle / And in a tyme whanne they had leye to gyder in the Ryal cyte / and departed thens / thenne after thre dayes the gouernour of the cyte defowled the palays with al the fylthe that he myght fynde with dunge and fylth of beestes and of mukhilles / And where the kynge had leyn and slepte / he leyde a sowe with her pigges that late had farwed / Alle this he dyde by assente and\n\"the queen's commandment. Then the queen pleaded with her husband and asked him to come to that place. He granted her request and went there. He saw that place which once resembled Sardanapalus' pleasure and lust, now disarrayed and defiled. When she saw this, the queen spoke to the king and said, \"My lord, where are now the courtesans and all the rich decorations of halls and chambers? Where is the pleasant service of those who used to flatter you? Where is the liking and pleasant service of Gaulton and lechery? Are they not all passed away? So, my lord, our flesh shall pass and fade away, which is now adorned with gold and rich attire. Here with her husband was surpassed / and after his noble battles and victories, and great praises he had received, he took his kingdom to his new one and went to Rome. He did not appear there openly as a king, but he shaved his head and dressed himself as a poor man.\"\nThe queen Ethelburga went to the Abbey of Beringar, where her sister had been abbess. She was later made abbess of the same convent and had a blessed end, passing to rest. Beda, 5, ca, 29: King Osric of Northumbria died after the ninth year of his reign. After him, Colwulfus reigned for nine years. To him, Beda wrote the story called Historia Anglicana. Beda, 5, ca, 29: In that year, two terrible stars with blazing crests were seen around the sun. They lasted for two weeks. One of them passed before the sun, and the other after. These stars shone like burning brands toward the northern side and signified great death and slaughter. For then came a great calamity of Sarafyns, which devastated Gaul, that is, France. Beda, 5, ca, 25: Brightwold, archbishop of Canterbury, died that year. After him, Tadwynus became archbishop and was consecrated by the bishops of London.\nWincester and Rochester were subjects to Ethelbald, King of Mercia, in the southern provinces up to the March of the River Humber. The Picts and Scots had peace with the Angles. Some Britons were under their own law, and some served the Angles.\n\nAfter the second Gregory, the third Gregory was pope in the year 731. He confirmed the worship of holy images in a council at Rome of a thousand bishops. He cursed severely all those who acted against that statute of worshiping holy images.\n\nThat year, Petronax, Bishop of Wessex, went to the Hill of Cassius and restored the place with the help of God, both in terms of cattle and monks, by the command of Pope Gregory.\n\nTadwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, died. Nothelinus was made Archbishop after him. Also that year, Alwyn, Bishop of Lichfield, died. Wytta was Bishop of Lichfield when he died. Totta was Bishop of Leicester. Eata continued to rule.\nDorchester / R / That worthy man Beda, the priest, died / William of the Kings, Book 5 / In his seventh year, he was taken to be nursed and to learn under Benet bishop of Girwin / And after his death, to Colfridus abbot of the same place / In his ninth year, he was made deacon of John Bishop of York, and priest in his thirty-third year / That year he began to write, and he spent all his life time in the same abbey, and made himself busy to study and explain holy writ / Among the duties he had every day in the service of Religion and singing in church, he had great sweetness and liking to teach and write / He wrote 76 books / He counts the books in Historia Anglicana / Here lacks and fails continuance and speech to wonder at / that a man who was so without schooling made so many noble volumes in such sober words in so little span of his life time / Of all this I conclude that he never came to Rome, though some men would believe otherwise.\nHe went to Rome to be present and to show that his books were in accordance with the law of the holy church. If they were not in accordance, he was to amend them at the pope's commandment, not blindly going about to preach, but led by fraud of his man to preach to stones that answered and said \"Amen.\" He went three times to Rome and found three R's and three F's, which signified \"Regna ruent Rome,\" that is, \"The kingdoms of Rome shall fall by iron, fire, and famine.\"\n\nWilliam of Malmesbury, in Book 1\n\nHowever, according to Pope Sergius's letter sent to Abbot Colfrydus, Bede was summoned and asked to come to Rome to declare and absolve the questions that were being raised.\n\nTake heed, how worthy the Roman court held him, that such a noble court needed him to declare and absolve the questions that were being raised.\nAnd he was worthy to be held in high regard by the manner of his living and teaching, for he could not be vicious with how he spent his wit and thought on explaining holy writ. But his cleanliness was evident at the end. For seven weeks continuously, his stomach had indignation towards food and drink, so that he could not retain any food and was weak and short-breathed. Yet he did not spare the trouble of literature and books. Every day among the death of psalms, he taught his disciples in lessons and questions. He translated St. John's Gospel into English and said, \"Learn from me, my little children, while I live among you. I do not know how long I shall live with you. And ever among this, he said, 'I have not lived long among you that it shames me to live. Nor do I fear to die, for we have a good Lord.'\"\n\nBy night, when he had no one to trouble him, he spent his time in bed, bidding and thanking God for all things. The Tuesday to [unknown]\nfore thascencion his deth neyhed / & his feet bygon\u00a6ne to swelle. he was houseled and enoynted and kyssed his bre\u2223theren and prayd hem alle to haue of him mynde / And he yaue to many of his seruauntes thynges that he had kepte in pryuyte In the ascencion daye the clothe of heer was spred and he leyd him doune and prayd the grace of holy goost and sayd / O king of blysse\u00b7 lord of vertues that hast the prys and art this day / sty\u00a6ed vp aboue al heuenes / leue thou vs not faderles\u00b7 but send thou in to vs that byheest of the fader / the Goost of sothnes / whanne that was ended he yelded vp the last breth with a wel grete sue\u00a6tenes of smel-and thenne he was buryed there / But the comyn fame tellith that he is now at durham with seynt Cuthbert / and with him was buryed wel nygh all the knowleche vnto the con\u2223quest of dedes of englond and neygh alle the connyng of lettres For after that tyme after lewde came more lewd. As the shame\u00a6ly verses that were wreton on his tombe bere grete wytnes of vn\u00a6connyng / tho versus\nbe vnworthy to be wryten on so worthy a ma\u0304\u00a6nes tombe / these ben the verses / Beda the preest resteth here y buri\u00a6ed in the flesshe\u00b7 Cryste graunte his soule to be glad in heuen for\u00a6euer / Graunte him to drynke the welle of wysedome that he hath now. Desired besily alwey right with loue grete \u00b6 Aboute that tyme ricoldus duc of Frysons was tourned by the prechyng of of seynt wulfranus the bisshop and wold be crystned. And put his one foote in the fontestone and withdrew that other / and ax\u00a6yd of hem that stode aboute whether ther were moo of his prede\u2223cessours in paradys or in helle / and was answerd moo in helle he herde that and drough his fote oute of the water and sayde It is esyer that I folowe the moo than the lesse / and so he was begyled of the fende\u00b7 and deyde the thyrdde day after\n\u00b6Willelmus de pontificibus libro quarto\nAboute that tyme deyde seynt Frydeswyde / the mayde borne at Ox the doughter of duc dydamus / kynge algarus a leche\u00a6rous man folowed her to the Cyte of Oxenford / And whanne the mayde\nThe gates were closed and barred by them/ And the king was blind who pursued her, but by the maid's prayer, the king regained his sight again. After that time, kings of England feared to enter that city due to fears of misfortunes that might befall them. Colwulf, king of Northumbria, after ruling for eight years, left his kingdom to his cousin Egbert, the son of his father's brother. Constantinus, the fifth, was emperor for three and thirty years after his father Leo. He, like his father, took images out of churches in every place and burned them. Ethelred, king of the West Saxons, died in the fourteenth year of his reign. His cousin Cuthbert succeeded him and waged wars frequently against Ethelwald, king of Mercia. He reigned for sixteen years. His cousin Sigebert ruled for two years after him. He was proud of the fortunes of his predecessor and governed his subjects harshly and cruelly. He changed the laws at his own will and beheaded the noble Earl.\nCumbranus was evil and wickedly, for he had spoken to him of his evil bearing and deeds, but in the end, he would not be reformed. He was therefore expelled from his kingdom. Then he went into a wood and hid himself. About that time, Charles Marcellus died. After him, his two sons, Pipinus and Charlemagne, came to rule the kingdom. But Charlemagne, after the fourth year of his rule, left the principate due to the counsel of his brother and went to Rome. He became a monk during the time of Pope Zachary. He established an abbey on Mount Sarapte and lived there for a considerable time. But in the end, due to the frequent visits of Frenchmen to him as if to their lord, he went then to Mount Cassin. The monks begged him to send letters to the king of France to restore Saint Benedict's body to Mount Cassin. The pope did as they asked, and the king of France ordered the monks:\nof Florianio to deliver St. Benette's body. Then the monks began to weep and to fast, and prayed God earnestly that the body must remain with them. God heard their prayers and struck down the messengers that were sent, and made them stark blind. And so they failed in their purpose and returned to Italy again. Then the second Pipinus, governor of the palaces, ruled King Francis of France, under Hilderic, the son of Theoderic, for he was an unprofitable man and cared nothing for the kingdom, but the name of the kingdom and his livelihood. Pipinus asked the pope Zachary, if he should be king if he were only paid with the name of king and did no other good. The pope wrote back and said that he should have the name and be king who ruled well the commonwealth. The Frenchmen were glad of this answer. And after the eighteenth year, he was made emperor by decree of Zachary, the pope. Then he\nCompelled Astolfo, king of Italy, to restore the right of Rome that he had taken and made him deliver and give pledges. After the twelve-year reign of Pope Zacharias, this occurred near Ravenna, in the midst of June, and was covered all day long by a cloud that God had sent; for he should not be burned by the great heat of the sun. And all night long that cloud remained beside his tent and returned again the next morning. Fiery horses went before that holy man in the clouds. The order of the Easter celebration was disturbed. Younger Wilfrid, bishop of York, died, and after him Egbert, King Egbert's brother, was bishop for fifty-four years. William, in the first book of the kings, and in the fourth book of the bishops, / By his wit and cunning, and his brother the king's money, he repaired the see and improved it in two stages. He was a man of great heart and great wit, and took strongly in hand that it is as great pride to covet and desire what is not rightful.\nlewdness and wretchedness to former times, what is detty and rightful. Therefore, Archbishops past, including the first Paulinus who was driven out by the strength of enemies, had founded it at Rochester. He regained it again by great instance and money that he made at the court of Rome. He also established a noble library at York. The noble Doctor of Englishmen, Alcuin, who was sent to King Charles on behalf of the English, in his letter that he sent to the holy church in England, speaks nobly of this library. He writes to King Charles in this manner: \"Give me books of lore such as I had in my country of England, by the wisdom of my master Egbertus. I shall send some of our children who will take what is necessary. Bring the flowers of Britain to France. For an orchard alone shall be closed at York, and at Towyn the sprouting of paradise. That year died Saint Daniel bishop of Winchester. After him came\"\nHumfrois. After Zacharias Steuen was pope for five years, Pippinus had two sons made emperors, Charles the Great and the Great Charles. Since that time, the empire of Rome passed from the Greeks to the French, and then to the Germans. Kinulphus, a great man of the Cecilian kind in the fifth degree, was a new Goth of Kenwalcus. Pendas Neuwgot of Kenulphus was a great man; his virtues surpassed his fame. With the help of the West Saxons, he drove Sygebertus out of the kingdom because of the greatness of his evil deeds and reigned for thirty years in his place. But he granted him the province of Hampton until he had killed Duke Cumbrian. Then he was put away and hidden in a wood, where he was killed by Duke Swynherd's men. Ethelwold, king of Mercia, was killed at Sygeswood by Beorredes the tyrant and was buried at Repton. But not long after, Offa Ethelwald, a new Slough Beorredes, reigned in his place for thirty-nine years in Mercia. He defeated the Northumbrians, the West Saxons, and the Kentishmen. Therefore, the archbishops of Canterbury were driven out and went into exile.\nOffa, in the province of Mercia, founded the town of Lychefeld. He also translated St. Alban's bones to the more abbey that he had built. He gave to Pope Peter, named Offedyche, the following: \"You will find more about this in the first book, chapter on royal gifts, \u00b6 w/ de r li / 1. Offa sought to establish peace and strife between the kingdoms, forbidding the passage of merchants on either side.\n\nOrganas first came into France, sent from Constantine, the Emperor of the Greeks. Egbert, king of Northumbria, became a monk, and his son \u00c6thelwulf ruled after him and was killed in the first year of his reign in Northumbria. \u00b6 After \u00c6thelwulf, \u00c6thelred, also called Ethelwold, reigned for seven years. \u00b6 After Stephen, Paul was pope for ten years, a mild man in all things. In his time, Gengoulf was in his prime in Burgundy. In a time, he bought a well in France and prayed to God that this well might spring up in Burgundy. This man left his wife because she had broken her vows and was killed by the clerk who had lain with his wife.\nWhen he was dead, God showed many miracles for him. But his wife spoke evil of the miracles and said, \"What miracles does my husband Gengulphus perform from his behind? & so it was done. For as often as she spoke afterward, she arranged herself against him for nine years. This Aluredus had two sons, Ofredus, who was the third to reign after him in his place, and St. Alcuin, who was made pope by force and strength and was pope for one year and committed scandal to the entire church. But by the power of Christian men, he was removed from the church and his eyes were put out. That year, Pippin, king of France, died in an illness after he had reigned for eight and twenty years.\n\nThen Pippin was dead. The Franks departed from the kingdom between his two sons Charles and Charleman. But Charleman died after two years, and then Charles had the entire kingdom and governed it nobly after that time for sixty-four years.\n\nThen Charleman's wife and children fled to Desiderius, king of the Lombards, and prayed him.\nCharles first overcame Duke Hunald and Wangien, making it a subject. At the pope's request, he besieged Desiderius, King of Italy, in the city of Pavia, as he was rebelling against the Church of Rome, as his brother Astulphus had done. Charles took him in the city of Pavia and exiled him, making his own son Pipinus King of Italy in his place. In that battle, Amicus and Amelius, Crist's knights and his hearty friends, performed wonderful deeds. At last, Charles subdued the Saxons and the Slaves, taking many of them and sending them to various places of servitude. This caused the Saxons to abandon their rebellion and make one people - Saxons and Frenchmen. Afterward, Charles went to Spain and conquered the dales lands and territories around the Pyrenees. However, he was ambushed on the way by Gascons. They stripped him of his outer clothing and entertained him delightfully. And saw a ferThirteen answer.\nThese thirteen are God's messengers and pray for us, bringing to mind the number of Christ's disciples. As Agolandus said, your law is unjust that allows God's messengers to be so ill-served. He who ill-treats his servants dishonors his lord. And so he was offended and despised Christianity, returning home again. But Charles worshiped him more, for Agolandus was a lewd spirit and lived as the devil taught him, blinding him so he could not know that men should be served according to their station.\n\nAfterward, Charles conquered Gaul, Narbonensis, and made the Capuan captains his subjects. He accomplished all this in one journey. Kings of Britain, Angles of Perth, Scots, and Greeks worshiped him with offerings. Turpin, archbishop, tells us that Charles was fair and generous in body and stern in face. His body was eight feet long, his face one and a half spans, and his beard a foot.\nLong he cleared a path with his sword, a knight armed at one stroke. He would easily with his hands fold and bend four horses at once. He would hew a standing knight armed from the ground with his one hand. He would eat a whole hare or two hens or a goose at one meal. And he would drink a little wine water. He was so scarce of drink that seldom he would drink but three times at his supper.\n\nThis Charles was gracious and mild to poor men and to churches. Over the Rhine at Magounces\nHe made a bridge of five hundred passes. As Frenchmen do, he taught his sons to ride and hunt. To do deeds of arms and to learn sciences of the school. He ordered his daughters to work-with spud and distaff and ordered them to use such works, for they should not grow slow by idleness. He held himself not a paid man with his country speech. He could understand better the language of the Gandals and at hours that were said by night. He ordered and assigned great.\nalms for men who delighted in Saint Augustine's books, particularly in his books on the City of God. In summertime, after dinner in the lower room, he would take some apples and drink to them, then remove some of his clothes and go to bed as if it were night, sleeping for two hours. By night, he would wake up four or five times and lie down and sleep, thrice he went to Rome and alighted from his horse and kissed all the pillars of churches. He delivered the holy land and returned to Constantinople, and forsook all the precious and great gifts that Constantine the emperor offered, reserving requests of holy relics. He received a great part of the Lord's cross and a part of the crown of thorns that began to bloom before his eyes. He also obtained one of Christ's nails, Our Lady's smock and Saint Simon's arm, and brought these relics with him to Saint Mary's church at Aquisgranum that he had founded and lies buried there.\nFounded many abbeys as letters in the A/B/C. In every of these abbeys, by hand, a letter of gold of the weight of a hundred pounds tournois was placed. There was much talk about this among the people. Charles did this as though he knew nothing about it, and no suspicion fell on him for this foolish deed. Some men believe that this was the sin he would never confess with his mouth, but only in writing, to St. Giles. Also, Charles, or until his death, distributed his cattle into three parties. One party he assigned to the poor, another to churches, and yet the third he divided into four parties. One of these he kept for his funeral, another for daily use, the third for his sons and new men, and the fourth for his servants who were of his household. He sat once at table. And his master Alcuin sat before him. Then he asked his master, \"How great is the difference and space between a Scot and a Sot?\" But the bread on the tabletop replied his master, \"R.\"\n\nTo bring about the explanation of this riddle, Alcuin said, \"A Scot is a man from Scotland, and a Sot is a fool. The difference between them is the length of a plank.\"\nstory of Charles, who seemed to agree about Templarism and the kingdom of Charles, take heed that Charles, while he was young, was anointed king in the year 1437 A.D., while his father Pipins was alive and ruled with him. He reigned under him for fifteen years until his father's death. After his father's death, in the year 1452 A.D., he reigned with his brother Charlesman for two years. His brother died in the year 1455 A.D. Charles held the kingdom alone for fourteen years, until the year 1469 A.D. In that year, he went first to Rome to be crowned emperor by Pope Adrian. He was emperor for sixteen years, until the year 1481 A.D., when Pope Leo confirmed Charles as emperor again. He was emperor for another ten years and died in the year 1492 A.D.\n\"Fourthly, Charles is said to have ruled for sixty-four years, as told in stories, from his father's death to his own. But those who wish to learn more about Charles' life should look to the works of his master Alcuin or Turpin's books. On the day that Charles died at Vienne in France, Turpin was in his bed and saw a company of black knights heading towards Acre to take Charles' soul. Turpyn summoned the last of them and asked him to return and tell them what they had done and how they had fared. Then the devil returned and Turpyn asked him what they had done. We have quoted the devil, \"The devil carried Charles' soul away. But those James of Spain who were present laid so many stones and tears in the balance that Charles' good deeds outweighed his evil deeds. And we have nothing more to bring against Charles.\" Charles is said to have built many churches in honor of St. James.\"\nassoylled the poperych & take it with strengthe was putte oute. Pope stephen was pope four-yere. Anone he gadred a synode and reuoked al that was do by his predecessour oute take crystenynge and crysme / and what that was ordeyned to sauacion that deyen\nAFter Steuen the fyrst Adryan was pope four and twenty yere / First this gadryd the second counceyl at Constantino\u00a6ple of thre honderd faders and fyfty / he made another counceyll in the Cyte of Rome with thre honderd and fyfty faders / kynge charles was presente there / Thenne him was graunted right in the election of the pope and of the ordeynyng of the popes see / \nThe northumbres putt oute theyr kynge Aluredus and toke ethelbertus that hete Etheldredus also the sonne of mollus\u00b7 and made hym theyr kyng / he regned ouer hem fyue yere / The fourth leo the sonne of the fyfth Constantyn regned in grece four yere / He brente in thurste for grete couetyse\u00b7 he toke of a chirche a crow\u00a6ne that was ryally sette with carbuncle stones / and sette it on his heede and\nwas taken with a sudden fire and died / That year / King of Mercia spoiled Lambard, Archbishop of Canterbury, of his dignity / of primate, and brought that dignity to Lyndonfield and held it there while he was alive, by the pope Adrian's consent. The sixth Constantine, the son of the fourth Leo, reigned in Greece with his mother Irene for ten years. In his last year, discord and strife arose between the son and mother. And the mother took the son and put him in prison, and she ruled alone for five years. At last, the son had help and counsel from the Armenians and came out of prison and pursued his mother and her helpers cruelly. Then afterward, for his great cruelty towards his mother and his eyes, his eyes were put out in such a way, and Irene ruled again for five years. But Nicetas, the patrician, who had great respect for Irene, rose against her and took the crown against the people's will. He took their treasury with an oath to be harmless, and exiled her.\nIn the first year of Constantine's reign at Constantinople, a plate of gold was found in a dead man's grave. The inscription on the plate read: \"Crist shall be born of maiden Mary. I believe in you. Under Constantine and Irene. Son after me. Mari li. secundus.\n\nIn that year, Kenulphus, king of Wessex, and Offa, king of Mercia, fought strongly for the city of Basington. Offa emerged victorious and took the city.\n\nThat year, the Northumbrians deposed their king, Etelbert, and replaced him with Eadred. They also made Athelwulf king, who reigned for eleven years.\n\nThat year, the second council was held at Nicaea with three hundred and fifty bishops in Adrian's time. In that council, against the Greek opinion, it was said that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father and the Son. William of the Pontiffs, in his fourth book, records that Kenulphus, king of Wessex, cast out Cynethryth's brother, Sigbert, from his kingdom and came by night to a woman's house at Mereton, who was his mistress.\nClytus came with forty men and surrounded the king entirely. But when the king was awakened, he defended himself manfully, but was eventually killed. It was early the next morning when it was known that the king was dead. And his men, each one, took the king's body and buried it at Winchester.\n\nAfter Clytus, Brightric, son of Cerdicus' blood, ruled the West Saxons for five years. He had been married to Eadburh, the daughter of Alemund, the under king who was the son of Offa, and of Ive. As soon as he was put aside, he went to France and studied chivalry. And when Brightric was dead, he returned and ruled again, teaching the school of chivalry as he had learned in France. Lull, archbishop of Canterbury, died, and Riculfus became archbishop after him, ruling for eighty years. He began to build Saint Alban's great church from the foundation of a remarkable work of burned tile and brought it nobly to completion.\n\nWilliam of the Pontiffs, in the fourth book, records this year.\nKing Offa married his daughter Ethelburga to King Brightric of the West Saxons. It is said of her that she worked diligently, by force or poison, to kill all the household men of her husband. At one time, she gave poison to a young servant who was familiar with the king and killed both the king and the servant. Then she went to the king of France and took great treasure and riches with her. At one time, the king and his son stood in a chamber, and the king gave her Choiwladh as husband to either the father or the son. She chose the son. \"If you had chosen me,\" the king said, \"you would have had my son. But because you have forsaken me, you shall not have me or my son. You must leave the pride of the world and go into an abbey.\" A lewd woman lay with her there, and she was expelled and died in poverty. After that time, it became customary among the Angles that a king's wife should not be called queen. Nor should she sit by the king in the king's seat.\n\nHenricus, Libro quarto.\nThere was seen a wondrous sign of the Cross on Englishmen's clothes / and blood fell down from heaven to the earth / It is not known / whether this happened in token of the siege of Jerusalem, which lasted for three hundred years later in William the Red's time / or else to terrify Englishmen that they should fear the wrath that was to come upon them from the Danes / but as God will / may it be / that the Danes came first into England / King Edward the steward of Wessex unwisely opposed them with few men and was slain by them / Saint Oswald, king of Northumbria, was slain by his own men / his new Osred, the son of Alfred, and brother of Alcmund, ruled after him and was soon put to death / After him Ethelred, who was once expelled from his kingdom, ruled again and was soon afterward slain / Therefore Colwulf, bishop of Lindisfarne, fled the sea and the kingdom / Afterward Oswald ruled for a few days / After him Aldulf ruled for one year / Thereafter,\nThe last kings ruled there: Osbert and Ethelred. The Danes slaughtered them at Yorkland's city in the year 877. After that time, the Danes ruled in Northumbria for two and fifty years, until Ethelstan's time. Pippin, Charles' son, conspired against his father, but his plot was foiled, and he became a monk and was confined in an abbey. His companions were some beheaded and some hanged by the throat. Saint Ethelbert, king of the East Angles, was killed by King Offa's order and by the instigation and counsel of his own wife, Kynewyna. Offa died, king of Mercia. His son Ecgberht reigned after him for one year. After him, a mild man named Cuthbert, Kenulph's son, became king. He married Queen Alfrith, Burgenilda, and Saint Kenelm.\n\nWilliam of Jumieges, in Book One, final entry:\n\nThis Kenulf was Penda's new man in the fifth degree and was a great man. His virtues surpassed his fame. At home, he was devout and mild.\n\nKenulf was Penda's fifth-degree appointee and a great man. His virtues surpassed his reputation. He was devout and mild at home.\nIn battle, he was strong and had often victory / After Offa, he took revenge against the Kentishmen and waged war in their land / He took their king Egbert, who was called by his surname / & led him with him into Mercia / But soon after, he was mollified by mercy in the building of the church of Winchester that he built / At an altar, he granted the king freedom who was his prisoner / Thirteen bishops and ten dukes were present / For this deed, all the church rejoiced / and the street cried out and made a noise starting around / Also, he restored the dignity of the primate to Athelard, bishop of Canterbury, and died last after the year of his first reign twenty-four / and was buried at Winchester / and left Kenelm after him to be his heir / At Constantinople, the son withdrew his light seventeen days / and was not seen / so that many men supposed that it was due to the blinding and putting out of King Constantine's eyes / Alfredus.\nIn the tenth year of Brightricus, fiery dragons were seen in England flying through the air. After this sign came two pestilences: strong hunger and the Danes, who first assaulted Northumberland and then Lindsey. However, at that time, the Danes were overcome and fled to their ships. After Adrian the Fourth, Leo was pope for twenty years. In his time, I went to St. Peter on a St. Mark's day with the litany and was taken and had my eyes put out and my tongue cut out. But God performed a miracle and restored my sight. Afterward, I went to Charles in France and came back with him to Rome. Wretch was taken by the pope's enemies and the pope pardoned him. Then, he crowned Charles and confirmed the one who had previously been crowned. Nicophorus Patricius exiled Irene, the empress of Greece, and seized and ruled for one year. In his time, the Eastern Empire completely collapsed. The body of\nSaint Withburg the maiden was found whole and sound in the town of Durham, where she had been buried for a year. Withburg was the daughter of King Anna and the sister of Hildburgh. At that time, Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and the empire had passed from the Greeks to the French, and then to the Germans, who were the Alamanni. Gerald of Wales, in his seventh chapter, writes:\n\nFor the passing of the empire, the Greeks, though they failed within themselves and fought more with poison than with virtue, more with craft than with the strength of battle, and of Mars, who is called the god of battle, yet they have such great envy towards the Latins that they have drawn them out of the submission and obedience of the Church of Rome. And therefore, when the popes of Rome repeatedly charged them to be obedient and to return to the unity of the holy Church, they used to write in this manner: You have withdrawn yourselves from us, and we withdraw from you. William of Regensburg, in his first book, about the popes:\n\nAnd concerning the popes:\n\nThe Greeks, though they failed within themselves and fought more with poison than with virtue, and more with craft than with the strength of battle, and of Mars, who is called the god of battle, yet they had such great envy towards the Latins that they drew them out of the submission and obedience of the Church of Rome. And therefore, when the popes of Rome repeatedly charged them to be obedient and to return to the unity of the holy Church, they used to write in reply: \"You have withdrawn yourselves from us, and we withdraw from you.\"\nThe third book / \u00b6 Brightric, king of Wessex, was poisoned by the venom of his wife / \u00b6 After him, Egbert, the son of Alcmund, the sub-king, who was the son of Offa of Ives blood, reigned for seven and thirty years. / \u00b6 At one time, Brightric chased him and fled to France. He returned and taught his subjects what he had learned of chivalry. He ordered knights to be delivered, made strong and superior men, and had weapons made during times of peace. / \u00b6 In a time, Bernulph, king of Mercia, scorned his doing. He, idle and full of rest, incited him to battle, which was customary in deeds of arms. He sternly demanded that he should do him homage. Then there was a battle between them in summer time at Elyndon, in the province of Hampton. / The number and array of knights was unlike. Against an hundred of Egbert's knights, who were paltry and lean, came a thousand who were rody and fat, and were sooner stuffed with sweet things than with blood.\nBut when the battle was done, Egbert took the kingdoms of Mercia, Kent, and Northumberland into his kingdom and took chests from the Britons. The Britons held chests at that time. Then he summoned the lords to Winchester and was crowned king of all Britain. There he ordained and commanded that all Saxons and Jutes should be called Angles from that day forward, and that Britain should be called England. Britain contains England, Wales, and Scotland. That year that King Alfred died, as Marianus says, Ethelmund, king of Mercia, went out of his own land to the Ford of Churnfold and fought against Weoftan, duke of Wiltshire. In that battle, the dukes were killed on both sides, and the Wilts men had the victory. But St. Alcmund, the martyr, the son of King Aldred of Northumberland, came to Ethelmund's side and was killed there. His body was first buried at White Abbey and later at Derby, in the north church that is built in his name.\nThere God showed him many tokens and miracles, and the Northumbrians came to him often as pilgrims. William de 2/1/2. Albinus, an Englishman who was also a learned man of the church, passed over the sea into France and enlightened that land with the light of his teaching. He ordained their sons and the office of the Mass for ferial days there. After Bede and Aldhelm, he was the wisest man of all Englishmen I have read about. He was taken and left specifically with King Charles, whether it was for the cleansing of the land or for the king's manliness. He taught him logic, sophistry, rhetoric, and astronomy. The king granted him St. Martin's abbey at Tours to govern according to the abbot's right, because the monks there had fallen into great outrage. Therefore, a monk saw two angels come into his dormitory and kill all the monkeys of that place. Take him who saw that sight. At last, Alcuin remained at St. Martin's.\nPaul of Cormarik, every day was given to God. He lived first an anchorite's life by the River Rhone. At that time, Paul, the deacon of Rome, was in his prime. He described the Lombards. He came out of the Abbey of Mont Cassino into France for the love of King Charles. Among the Greeks, a very mild man was made emperor. In his third year, the sun failed in its rising. And soon after, the emperor was troubled for ten years over the Rhine at Mainz. He was so burned in three hours that not a spoonful of him was seen floating on the water. Many men suppose that this event occurred at the prayer of Riculfus the bishop for manslaughter and robbery, which was often done by night on that bridge. But other men suppose that it occurred through some other event and no other way.\n\nLouis the Mild, Paul's oldest son, was emperor after his father for six and twenty years and eleven months. In his time, bishops and clerics did away with girdles and wore blazing clothes. Geraldus de Pontificibus.\nChapter 17. This Lowys had three sons: Lotharius was one of them. He was crowned by Pope Paschal on an Easter day, and his father made him king of Italy and a fellow of the Pyrenees. Lowys made Lotharius the second ruler in Germany, Pippin the third in Gaul and in Gascony. On his second wife, Judith, the daughter of the duke of Bavaria, he had Charles the Bald and gave him Burgundy to govern and rule. Wildegrim 2. His father loved Charles most and often kissed him in the presence of his brothers. Lotharius was jealous and had indignation. Therefore, he pursued his father often and put him in prison. Gisela says that this happened because Judith was too close to his kin.\n\nWhen this king had appointed Frederick to the bishopric of Utrecht in Friesland and sat at table with him on the first day of his ordination, the bishop was charged with other things on the right hand by the king.\nThe young bishop should keep in mind that he was a bishop and follow the stability of his predecessors. He should also intend to speak the truth without acceptance and punish wrongdoers. The bishop replied and said, \"Sir, you rightly comfort me. Although I rejoiced and the wedding was undone, and the king entered an abbey, it was eventually arranged by the mildness of the Roman court that penance should be imposed and they should afterward use lawful marriage.\" The emperor then put on his vestments and took Judith of Austria and Rethyca as his wives. The other was angry and, with the help of the gallows, made Lotharius king. He imprisoned his father, Louis, with the consent of the fourth pope, Gregory, and exiled his father's wife Judith in the castle of Pringes. However, the princes of France soon delivered the king and made an accord with him and his son. But by the counsel of Pippin, false men accused.\nThe queen Judith was falsely accused and made a monk, but in the same year, the king had the queen back with the help of the pope. Bernard legally absolved him of the adultery he had committed. No one dared to oppose him afterwards.\n\nAfter Leo the Fourth, Paschal was pope for seven years. He crowned Lotharius and gathered monks from Greece at Rome in the church of Praxede.\n\nWilliam of the Kings, Book 1, Chapter 1; Book 4, Chapter 4; Kenulph, king of Mercia, died, and his son Kenelm, aged seven, ruled after him. He reigned for a few months, but was killed by Heskebert in a thick wood. He was found by a pillar of light that rose from his body into heaven. However, a scroll written in English with golden letters, brought by a Culver, raised Saint Peter's Auter, which was read by an Englishman present at the scene.\n\nKenelm's death.\nAnd the place of his death was known at Rome. In that shire, it was written in this manner: At Clent, in concealed woodland, Kenelm lies hidden, slain by fraud. Then, when Kenelm's body was being taken from the place where he died, she who was guilty of his death heard men singing and put out her head at the window to see their joy. And she said the psalm, \"Deus laudem,\" backward.\n\nAfter Kenelm, Colwulf{us} ruled in Mercia. But after two years, Beornulf the tyrant put him out and ruled in his stead for two years. He once came too far against Elyndon, King of the West Saxons, as it is said beforehand. He made a journey against the East Angles who had helped Egbertus and was slain by them. His successor and close kinman, Ludecan, sought revenge for his death and fought against the East Angles. He too was slain by them.\nThree dukes ruled after him for eighteen years, but Egbert disturbed Hemstans' reign. In this pope's time, Odulphus was in his prime. He was first abbot of Floryace and then bishop of Orleans. He was exiled and was in Angers by the king's consent, as his enemies falsely accused him. Then, on Palm Sunday, the king passed by there and he sang the verse that began in this manner: \"Gloria laus tibi sit,\" and so forth, by the date and note of the verse. The king was moved and delivered him and brought him to his grace. At that time, Rabanus was in his prime, a monk and abbot of Melden in Germany, a great poet and a great scholar of divinity. The Danes spoliated the island of Shepeye beside Kent. Therefore, King Egbert fought against them at Carrum. He was chased. In Toulouse, a damsel of twelve years old.\nOur lord's body was received on yesterday and we fasted for six months continuously to bread and to water, and abstained thereafter for three years from all manner of food and drink. Then he turned towards Italy, coming with great multitude and strength and spoiled Rome, making a stable of St. Peter's church and destroying Tuscia and Sicilia. At last, at prayer and request of Pope Gregory, Aethelwulf of Mercia with his Longobards and Lothar with his Galles chased them out of the lands and countries. They sailed towards Africa and were drowned nearly every one. That year Helmstan, bishop of Winchester, died, and Saint Swithun was bishop after him. The Danes with great navy landed in a place called Cualam among the West Britons, and made a confederacy with the Britons and went to gather, and assaulted King Egbert's lands. W DE R LI 2 Egbert, king of the West Saxons, died, and his son Athelwulf ruled after him for twenty-two years. This was sometime taken to mean:\n\nOur lord's body was received, and we fasted for six months. For three years after, we abstained from all food and drink. He then turned towards Italy, coming with great strength and spoiling Rome, making a stable in St. Peter's church and destroying Tuscia and Sicilia. At the request of Pope Gregory, Aethelwulf of Mercia with the Longobards and Lothar with the Galles chased them out of the lands and countries. They sailed towards Africa and were nearly all drowned. That year, Helmstan, bishop of Winchester, died, and Saint Swithun succeeded him. The Danes, with their great navy, landed among the West Britons and made a confederacy with them. They gathered and assaulted King Egbert's lands. Egbert, king of the West Saxons, died, and his son Athelwulf ruled for twenty-two years.\nNorsky, made subdeacon under Helmstan, Bishop of Winchester. Later, by the grace of Leo, Pope, he became king and had a wife Osburga, who was the daughter of his butler. They had three noble sons who ruled in turn after their father. He took with him the youngest son and went to Rome, staying there for a year and nobly repairing the School of Saxons, first established by King Offa. However, it was burned down the year before. He also saw there outlaws performing open penance, doing their penance in iron bonds. Then he purchased from the Pope that Englishmen should never again perform penance outside their country in bonds. It is said that for this reason, he granted a penny from every hour of his realm to St. Peter every year, and after that time, he sent every year to Rome a C to St. Peter's church, a C to St. Paul's light, and a hundred to the Pope. He also delivered and quit.\nall the churches of his realm, kings tributed and offered to God the tenth part of their cattle. In his coming again from Rome in the twenty year of his kingdom, he married Judith, the daughter of Charles the Bald, and brought her into England, setting her beside him against the manner of the Wessex kingdom. His oldest son rose against him and many other lords, so that a great part of the kingdom was taken from him, but the strife was not yet quelled. Among them it was customary that the queen should not have such worship, and for the wrath of Ethelburga, King Offa's daughter, who had poisoned her husband Aethelred, this also happened. His son Aethelred had an incurable illness, which he sent to Ireland to be healed by St. Modwenna, who dwelt there. And therefore, when the church of Modwenna was destroyed in Ireland, she came to England, and the king gave her land to build two convents of virgins: one in Arden, at Polesworth, which still exists.\nThere, Ositha and Athea, the maidens, dwelt with Saint Edith, King Athelwulf's sister. But Modwenna dwelt for a time in the other abbey of Streveshal. Then she went three times to Rome. She died last in the island of Andros, beside Burton, after she had been closed in for seven years. That year, the Danes slaughtered many men in Lindsey in East England and in Kent. That year, Wiglaf, king of Mercia, died. It was the thirteenth year of his reign, and he was buried at Repingdon. He had taken Wigmodus as his wife, and Wigmodus had taken Wistan the martyr. But after Wiglaf:\n\nWilliam of the Regions, in the second book,\n\nWhen Louis was dead, his eldest son, Lotharius, was emperor for five years while his father was alive, and after his father for eighteen years in Italy, which is next to Alps, that is, Lotharingia after his name, as if it were Lotharingia's kingdom. He rose against his two brothers, Lothar and Charles, for the kingdom of Guyenne. That year, his brother Pippin had held it. And they fought.\nfought at Fontenay-de-Reims, they tackled the kingdom of Romans. Soon after, Louis the middle brother died, and Charles the Bald held the empire for a time alone. That year, St. Bertilmeus' body was translated to Beuvron. After Gregory II, Sergius was pope for nine years. The first time Porcius, Swine's Mouth, was pope, all popes changed their names. This was for three reasons: one, when Christ chose his apostles, he changed their names; two, as they changed their names, so should they change their living; three, he who is chosen to an excellent estate shall not be defiled with a foul name. That year, St. Helene's mother's body, which was buried at Rome, was brought to the diocese of Reims in France. That year, the Normans first came into France via the waters of Seine. Bertulphus, in a witless manner, slayingly saint Wystan. His body is buried at Rippon in the grave of his grantor Wiglaf. And in the place there.\nHe stood as a clear beacon of light for thirty days after Sergius the fifth repaired the churches that the pagans had destroyed in Rome, and for the men of Naples who fought against the Saracens in the sea. He made this oration: Dens cuius dextera beatus Petrus [and so forth]. Afterward, he repaired St. Peter's church and said this oration: Deus qui beato Petro collatis clambus [and so forth]. He also adopted Aluredus, the son of Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons, and, with the consent of his father, anointed him to be king after him. That year, Bertulf, king of Mercia, died, and Burdred was king after him. He immediately married Ethelwytha, daughter of King Athulf, by whom he subjected the Britons of the middle land, which is between Mercia and the West Sea. In the twenty-second year of his reign, Burdred was put out by the Danes and went then to Rome. He lived there not long time at the Saxon school and was buried.\nSaint Mary's church. After the Danes had plundered London and Canterbury and chased King Bertulf, they were overcome and defeated in Southwark by King Ethelwulf. That year, Lotharius, the emperor, renounced the world and became a monk in the Abbey of Pr\u00fcm. He died there because of great strife between Angles and demons. Those who stood by saw the body being pulled hither and thither, but monks prayed, and the demons were driven away.\n\nWilliam of the Kings, in his second book, records:\n\nThis Lotharius had three sons by Ermentrude, the daughter of Louis: one, Louis, whom he bequeathed the kingdoms of Romans and Italy; another, Lotharius, whom he bequeathed the kingdom of France; the third, Charles, whom he bequeathed the province. But Charles died soon, and Louis and Lotharius divided the province between them.\n\nSome men say that the second Louis reigned for five years, but Marcus states that he reigned for twenty years.\nAnd was crowned by Sergius the pope. He had two sons: Louis, king of Normandy, and Charles the younger, known as Grossus and Akso. This Charles was tormented by a demon for three days in his father's presence, as he had conspired against him. In Louis' time, John Scot came into France and translated Denis' books from Greek into Latin at the request of King Charles. He made the book \"The Book of the Departing of the Soul\" there. But after that, King Alfred sent for him to come to England, and he did so. He taught children at Malmesbury, whose children stuck him to death with their arrows. At that time, St. Edmund began to reign over the East Angles, but he was slain in the fourteenth year of Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons. Ethelwald, his oldest son, reigned for only one year after him.\nThat is no wonder. When his father died, he married his own stepmother against the law and the custom of the holy church, and was buried at Shirburn.\n\nMarianus. After Pope Leo, John English was pope for two years and five months. It is said that John English was a woman and, as a young lady, lived with her lover in men's clothing in Athens. There she learned various sciences. Afterward, she went to Rome and had great teachers. She studied there for three years. Then, she was chosen by favor of all men. Her lover brought her with child, but she did not know when she should give birth. As she went from St. Peter's to the church of St. John Lateran, she began to labor. She gave birth between Collosen and St. Clements.\n\nCollosen was the place of the images of the provinces and lands, as it is said in the first book, chapter 24. Then, it follows in the story that she was buried there. And because the pope expelled them out from there.\nThe woman pope, named She, was not included in the popes' record. Born in Magounce, Almayn, around the same time, the Bulgarian king and his men converted to Christianity. The king was so devout that he bequeathed his kingdom to his oldest son and took vows as a monk himself. However, when his son turned to monasticism, the father reverted to a military lifestyle, captured his son, plucked out both his eyes, and imprisoned him. He then made his younger son king and resumed the monastic life.\n\nAfter Ethelwald, Ethelbert was king of the West Saxons for five years. During his reign, a great Danish host destroyed Winchester, and the kings' dukes were slain before they could return to their ships.\n\nAfter John the Third, Benedict was pope for four years. Saint Swythyn, Bishop of Winchester, died, and Dunbertus succeeded him. Of these two Benedicts.\nAfter Niccolas, the first Nicholas was pope, reigning for seven years. He was likened to the great Gregory. In his time, Cyrillus, the apostle of the Slavs, brought Saint Clement's body from Cersona to Rome and laid it in Saint Clement's church, where he died and performed many miracles. That year, the king of France wished to leave his rightful wife for his mistress Waldrada, whom he had loved excessively in his youth in his father's house. Then, at the instigation of the queen's brothers, Pope Nicholas, at a council of bishops, compelled the king to take his wife back. He forced Waldrada and all those who came with her to swear fealty. However, Marianus relates this about Lotharius, not Louis. Ethelred, the third brother, was king of the West Saxons for eight years after his two brothers. In his first year, a great army of Danes invaded eastern England and laid waste to the land. They were later compelled to retreat at York.\nFor when the Northumbrians drove away their king Osric, as the devil advised, and made a tyrant their king named Ella, they were eventually compelled, due to fear of enemies, to fight against the Danes and retreat to the city of York, which was not well fortified. The Northumbrians then disarmed themselves and fought unwisely, and were defeated in various places; their kings were killed. Those who managed to escape made peace with the Danes, and the kings of Northumbria failed. That year, the Danes left Northumbria and went to the kingdom of Mercia, where they stayed all year at Nottingham, now called Nottingham. There, Beadred, king of Mercia, and the king of Wessex came against them. But the Danes were within the strength of the tower and would give no battle, and English men could not succeed in breaking the wall. Then peace was made, and the kings returned home again.\nThe Danes returned to York and stayed there for a year. After Nicholas, the second Adrian was pope for two years. The second Louis, King of France, who had once been cursed by Pope Nicholas, wrote letters and asked him to receive him graciously. The pope wrote back: \"If you know yourself guiltless, come to Rome. If you know yourself guilty, make amends and be ready to do penance. Then the king came, and the pope asked him if he had kept his oath to Pope Nicholas. The king and his followers replied, \"Yes, we have kept it completely.\" The pope then said, \"You must come with us to be reconciled to Christ's limbs from which you were cut and departed. And when the mass was done, he granted you remission and forgiveness, or else damnation and excommunication.\" However, none of them all lived longer than a year. The king fell ill and died in the city of Plasencia. After that year, a great pestilence afflicted the people.\nThe Danes destroyed the city of Aclint and went out of Northumberland to East Anglia. They spent an entire year at Tetford. In that year, Hungar and Hubba, two Danes, beheaded Saint Edmond the king at Eglyston. William of Malmesbury, in his second book, records this event.\n\nAccording to William of Malmesbury, in his second book, after the killing of the king, his brother grew disillusioned with the world due to hard fortune and lived as a hermit. He survived solely by bread and water at Abbaye of Cern in Dorset near the clear well that Saint Austyn had made flow with prayers to Christianize the people who had converted to Christian belief.\n\nIt often happens that a noble heart, warned by harsh experiences and the miseries of this world, turns more eagerly towards God, who cannot be deceived or deceive.\nThe abbey built there was wealthy enough if those who should govern it gave it to God's servants and not to gluttons. But in our time, covetousness and pride have so changed everything in England that things given to abbeys in olden times are now more wasted on gluttony and the outrage of owners than on sustenance and help for the needy and guests. However, the years shall not lose their due. For her will and her intent are weighed in God's balance.\n\nThe third Louis reigned in France for four years after his father, the second Louis. This year, the host of Danes left Estonia and came with their dukes Hungar and Hubba towards Reading in Wessex. There, the third day after their arrival, the two Danish dukes went out to pray and were slain at Engelfeld. Afterward, the two brother kings of Wessex met and made a great slaughter of the Danes. At last, the Danes broke out.\nEthelwulf, duke of Wessex, compelled Thingleshire's inhabitants to turn back. Englishmen were mustered and formed a battle line four days later against Ashdown. Alured was forced to join the battle before his brother, the king, who led prayers that day. The kings' prayers were worthwhile, as Christian men climbed up the hill from its foot against the Danes and killed Osric, king of the Danes, and five of his dukes, along with many thousands of enemies. However, the Danes gave battle again 14 days later at Basing and won. In the meantime, the kings of Mercia, Northumbria, and East Anglia refused to tolerate the lordship of Wessex. They preferred to sustain the enemy in the siege rather than help their own countrymen.\nTrailed for the land / Therefore it was that the enemies increased and had the upper hand / and men of the land were overcome / and bore down and made dole and sorrow / the next year thereafter /\n\nAfter many battles, Edgar, king of Wessex, died eight days before May and was buried at Winburn / \u00b6 After Adrian the eighth, John was pope for twelve years / \u00b6 In a time this dwelt with Louis Balbus, king of France, for an entire year / and was imprisoned by the Romans / because he would not favor Charles / Also this pope gave to Anselm, bishop of Senons, the great Gregory's head and the army of Leo / In the time of this pope, the Fifth Synod of Constantinople was held, with three hundred bishops / Also in his time, Saracens pricked in Italy / and destroyed St. Benedict's abbey in Mount Cassius then the second time /\n\nAlfred, the fourth brother of birth, was always held behind while his brothers reigned / But he had the whole kingdom after them.\nAelred of the West Saxons ruled for nineteen years and governed it nobly, but with great trouble. Take heed of the beginning of his fourth expedition and his last end. Aelred was fair of shape and more loved by father and mother than his other brothers. He dwelled in his father's court until the age of twelve, and was not yet allowed to learn. After the child learned well, and excelled others in the craft of hunting, he was a subtle master of building and other works. He compiled psalms and orisons into a little book and called the book \"manual,\" meaning a handbook. He always had that book with him. He was but a simple Grammarian; at that time, there was not one teacher of grammar in his kingdom. Therefore, by the counsel of Neot, the abbot, whom he visited often, he was the first to establish a common school at Oxford for various arts and sciences. He procured freedom and privileges in many articles for that city, and no one was allowed to take a degree or graduate there.\nOrder/ This man, well-versed in holy church matters, turned the best laws into English tongue. He eventually entered the task of translating the Satters into English. However, he translated only the first part before his death. When he reached an age and desired to settle his heart and mind in God's service, the lechery of his flesh troubled him, causing him to visit temples of holy saints early and late. At cockcrowing, he prayed to God to chastise his flesh with such sickness that he would not be unprofitable to worldly deeds and might more freely serve the Almighty. At God's command, he had many years the evil called Fycus. At last, when he had lost hope of being healed, he went to Cornewayle to see St. Swithin's church. There St. Neot rests, either to cease or to change it. R But some men say that St. Modwenna, the irksome maid, healed him of that evil. At last, when he had his will, a worse evil took him.\nIn his married life, he was deeply grieved from the age of twenty to fifty-four. His queen Ethelswyda gave him two sons, Edward the Elder and Egelward, and three daughters, Elfleda, Lady of Mercia, Ethelgota, and Elfand. He eagerly sought after art and crafts that he did not know and sent after Saint Germain the monk, a learned man of literature and song, asking him to come from France to England. He also summoned John Monk of Saint David's Abbey in Meuenia to come from Wales to teach him clergy. He exhorted and comforted the lords of his land to learn literature and clergy, urging them to set their children in school, and if they had no children, to grant freedom to their bondmen and set them in school if they had the ability to learn. He inquired about his domestic servants and, if he could understand it, whether they erred or did amiss, and why.\nvnconcing or for covetise, he put them out of office. Also, he made Werfredus Bishop of Worcester translate Gregory's books, Dialogus, Will, de Regibus libri primi. He departed in three parts that he might spend. And he departed the first part in three. For the two parties of the kings ministers were at home to order for homely things. In the third month, every party and company of his household should serve before him. He assigned the second part of this first part to various workmen that were gathered from every side. The third part he divided into four. The first part of it he gave to poor men and the needy. The second third to scholars of Oxford that were gathered and should be gathered there. And the fourth part to amending of churches. And he weighed his own life a right and departed in three the forty-two hours of the day and night. And spent eight thereof in writing and reading and bidding of prayers. Eight about his bodily needs. And eight about needs of others.\nThe kingdom. Twenty parties should be ready to depart and be warned by those in charge whenever one of the forty-two was spent. After a month of his reign, he fought with the Danes at Wiltton, causing great harm to both sides. English forces were destroyed in eight battles in one year and were greatly weakened, so they withdrew. They resided in London that year, and the next year at Lindesay. The peace treaty was made with the Danes at that time, but in the third year, the Danes broke the peace and stayed outside Lindsey for two years. While he was preparing documents for the common profit of the Empire, he heard of the approaching arrival of Charles, his own brother's son. Fear began to take hold of his heart, and he went towards France, where he died among the great hills, called the Alps. After him, Louis Balbus ruled for two years. After him, Charles the Younger, who was\ncalled grossus / that is grete / the so\u00a6ne of the thirde lowys regned ten yere / That yere the danes lefand cam to Rependon / there they putte oute burdredus kynge of mercia / and bitoke the kyngdom to one Colwulfus / that was Burdredus seruaunt vpon suche a condicion / that they sholde haue the kingdome ayene whanne they wolde / But after thre yere they departed somme of the kyngdome bitwene hem / & somme they lefte to colwulfus / and this Colwulfus was the last kyng of mercia / \u00b6After his deth Aluredus ioyned lon\u2223don first / & Colwulfus part to his owne kyngdome / Also that yere the danes cam ofte to Rependon / and the men of hamburgh that is fyue myle fro Rependon were wonder soore a\u2223ferd and toke the body of seynt werburgh the mayde that hadde long tyme ley buryed there / & was alwey hool & sou\u0304de / vnto that tyme & translated her to chestre as to a seker place / \u00b6Also that yere kynge Aluredus made pees with the danes and they slough the kynges horsmen al in one nyght \u00b6Therfore the kynge was meoued and\nChased them into their chests. The Danes delivered and gave pledges and dwelt there for a year. Henry, in Book Five. That year Rollo the Dane first came into Normandy and reigned there for forty years. William of the Kings, Book 2. First, one hastening and then Rollo, the Norwegian, who had no country of his own but by the king's favor, he misled other men's gods and cattle and brought them in great hope of great winnings and led them with him, waging war both on land and sea from the British ocean to the sea called the Tyrrhenian Sea, that is, the sea that stretches to the west. Then he came to Carnotum. There the Christians were defeated at Carnotum and were hotly engaged and were struck blind. But Rollo escaped and occupied Rouen in the year 876, the year before the death of Charles the Bald. His son Louis overcame the Normans but did not drive them out. And Charles the Simple, otherwise called Grossus, this Louis' brother and new to Charles.\nThe battle was frequently overset in battles with Rollo, and at last took counsel and agreed, so that he should be baptized and knew that he held counsel with Rollo, that he should kiss the king's feet and receive such a gift. But he had indignation and was too proud to fall down on his knees, but took up the king's foot to his mouth, causing the king to be thrown upright. The Normans began to laugh, and the Frenchmen grew very angry. Rollo excused himself for that boisterous deed and explained the custom and usage of his country. Then Rollo went again to Rouen and ordered for his cattle and things, and died there soon afterward.\n\nLouis Balbus reigned in France for two years. In his first year, the Danes sailed from Warham towards the country and lost and chased away many Englishmen, either making them subjects or driving them away. In the chaos of that time, King Alfred with few men led uncertain and dangerous life in the wooded countryside of Somerset, for he had rightly foreseen the Danish invasion.\nThe king lived to exist by nothing but what he could win through prayer, hunting, or fishing, and begged alms in God's name. The king lifted up his hands to heaven and said, \"I thank God that He visited His poor man today, who asks of me that which He has given me, and restores it to me with increase.\" The king then called his servant who had but one loaf and little to give, and had him give half to the poor man. The poor man thanked him and vanished suddenly away, leaving no trace of his going in the neighborhood. And all that was given to him was found whole and unspoiled. The fishermen brought great abundance of fish.\n\nWhen the king was sleeping, one appeared to him in a bishop's garb and charged him to love God, keep righteousness, and be merciful to the poor. He said more to me, \"My Aluredus, Christ knows your conscience and your will.\"\nPut an end to your sorrow and care, for strong helpers will be with you tomorrow. By their help, you shall overcome your enemies. Who are you, the king asked. I am Cuthbert, I replied. Your pilgrim who was here yesterday. To whom you give breed and wine, I am in need of and have in mind, when it is well with me. But how Cuthbert gained the favor of his pilgrim through the freedom and possession of Durham's church is now clear. William of the Kings, Book 2\n\nThen Aluredus came out of prison and put himself in great danger of deceit and fraud. He went into the king of the Danes' pavilions and tents in disguise and saw all he wished to. He returned to Ethelging and declared to his fellow the treachery of his enemies.\n\nSuddenly, a great force fell upon his enemies, and they slew more of them than I would believe. The day after, the men of Wiland, Hampshire came to him.\n\nBy their help, he built a tower at Ethelging, that is, in English.\nThat now is used the isle of noble men, out of that tour they often overcame their enemies and besieged them. So that he received hostages and pledges of the best that he would. Guttrun, king of the Danes, was Christian, and twenty of the greatest who were with him were received by Alfredus. The name he gave him was Athelstane. Therefore, to King Guttrun, whom we call Gurmund, were given the provinces of East Angles and Northumberland to dwell in. But the blue man changes his skin not lightly. This Guttrun destroyed the lands with tyranny, and with pride ruled for years, and died in the twentieth year.\n\nThe other Danes who would not be Christian went to Frisia. That place, which is called Ethling or Ethelingsea, is not an island of the sea but stands in water marsh and moors. So we may not come there but by ship or boat. The place contains, at most, two days' journey in breadth on land.\nAnd yet there were wild beasts and venison. Charles the Younger, also known as Grossus, the third son of Louis, ruled France after Louis Balbus for ten years. He left Austria and occupied Italy for five days, went to Rome, and was crowned emperor by Pope John. At this time, Flanders was not of great significance, as it was ruled by the kings of France. Charles put aside his wife, as it seemed she was having an affair with the bishop of Versailles. The king of France publicly declared that he had never lain with her, and she was glad to retain her maidenhood, entering an abbey when forsaken. In the tenth year of his reign, Charles went out of France into Italy and was poisoned by a Jew named Se\u0434\u0435chias and died at the Alps. Ranulphus. It seems this is the same Charles who married his daughter Gilla.\nthat he had by his wife, Duchess Rollo, granted the duchies of Normandy and Little Britain\nIn the second book of William of Pontifices, it is recorded that:\n\nIn the year that King Aldred died, Duke Dunewulf was made bishop in his place, having been found in the wood keeping the clergy during his hiding. That same year, King Aldred repaired the city of Shaftesbury, as a great stone still testifies, where in the chapel house of nuns lies above the earth.\n\nAfter John, Martin was pope for one year. He remitted to the Saxons all manner of tribute at the request of King Aldred.\n\nHe also besieged Rochester and built a tower against it, defending the city until he took all the horses of the Danes and compelled them to flee. Then the Danes went into France again, and King Aldred sent his navy full of armed men into East England and took sixteen Danish ships. However, in the return journey, the king's navy was overcome and Southfolk, [look more of this in the first]\nChapter iji / It follows in the story that there, the Danes rowed in the waters of the Seine and besieged Paris for a year in its entirety. That year, Alfredus repaired London and took it to the citizens. He gave himself to King Alfred. / At that time, the king sent his alms to Rome and to India and built two abbeys, one for men at Ethelwold and another for women at Shaftesbury. He made his daughter a nun. / Charles Grossus was poisoned by a Jew, as it is said before. He grew seriously ill. Therefore, Arnulf, the son of his brother Charles the Great, was chosen as king. But when Charles was dead, five kings were ordained. But the empire remained with Arnulf, and he was crowned last by Formosus the pope. He put down the Normans and the Danes who had raided for 40 years. He was then strongly held by a severe illness and could not be helped or saved by any kind of medicine. He was therefore destroyed and eaten, according to the law, to the death. Franco, Archbishop of Reims, christened.\nIn the second book of William of Jumieges, it is recorded that King Rollo and King Gutrune are deceased. In this month, many miracles were performed. The monks of Tours and Altissiodore contended over the right to perform the services for the Normans and the Danes. They brought forth a leper who was healed on one side of his body, which was stationed to guard St. Martin. The other side of his body remained uncured. It seemed to me that this was a fortunate occurrence, as they turned the other uncured side towards St. Martin, and immediately it was also healed.\n\nAfter the monks of Tours had offered the services during the war, they returned to their own home again. This did not happen in this manner, for no power of St. Germain intervened, but he showed respect and remained in his own home.\n\nIn the fifth book of Henry, that year, four Danish hosts came against Aluredus. One was in Northumbria, another in East England.\nNorfolk and southfolk were the third at Exeter, the fourth at Chester, but at Chester the Danes were so besieged that they ate their horses for hunger. Three Scotsmen, Mahbon and Malmyn, offered to lead pilgrims, took with them liveloode for one week, and took Akarabum, which is an and a half, and went there wonderfully without sail or oar and all manner of shipcraft, and came to King Alured at Cornwall after seven days, and came to King Alured. After Stephen formosus was pope for five years. At times for fear of Pope John, he left his bishopric of Portune, but when he was called, he would not come again. He was cursed. At last he came to Pope John and was degraded to the state of a lewd man. Also, he was made to swear that he would never turn again to the priesthood by Pope Martin, who was Pope John's successor. Plegmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, received the pall from Pope Formosus.\nAnd ordered seven bishops to churches in England in one day. That year, King Alfred drove the Danes out of Kent, of Exeter, and of Chichester.\n\nHenricus, in his fifth book:\n\nThe Danes at Chester were besieged for three days. Hunger forced them to leave the city. Then they ravaged North Wales and went about by Northumberland into Eastern England, where their wives and their ships were. They entered the River Lys and built a castle there. But the Londoners, with the king's help, destroyed that castle. They divided the river into three channels or streams. So, Danes could not bring out their ships, and they dwelt at the bridge upon the Sea and built there a strong castle. And so, for three years, England was heavily beset by three kinds of sorrow: war with the Danes, famine of men, and pestilence of beasts.\n\nAfter Formosus Boniface was pope for fifteen days,\n\nAfter him, Stephen ruled for one year and three months, and then he left.\nThis was once Bishop of Angoul\u00eame, appointed by Pope Formosus. However, after becoming pope himself, he persecuted Formosus relentlessly. Not only did he condemn his actions and deeds, but he also exhumed Formosus' body from the earth and brought it to the plain Consistory, dressed as a pope. Then, he had him undressed and clothed as a common man, mocked him by cutting off two fingers of his right hand, and cast him into the Tiber.\n\nAfter this, Stephen Romanus was pope for four months. Louis Arnulphus, his son, ruled in France for twelve years, but he never held the Empire's crown. In his time, there were five popes: Theodorus, John, Bennet, Leo, and Clement. Of them, Theodorus II, though pope for only one month, opposed Pope Stephen's actions and confirmed those of Pope Formosus.\nNinth John was pope for two years, he held a council at Ravenna, condemned Pope Stephen's actions and fought against the Romans. William de Re wrote in his second book, In this year King Alfred died and was first buried in the cathedral church at Winchester, but due to the madness and ravings of the canons who said that spirits of kings roamed about by night from house to house, his son Edward took the father's body and had it interred in the new Abbey. This and such other lewd tales the English held by a great misbelief that has long endured. They do not believe that after a man's death his body walks and goes about by the devil's meaning. Therefore, Virgil speaks of this, and said, \"When death comes, what semblance of shapes flees about?\" Ranulphus. In praise of this king Henry wrote verses in this manner in his first book:\n\nKindly nobility,\nBestowing goodness,\nYields to the worship,\nAnd goodness travels, my mighty warrior Alfred,\nAnd travels, name.\nEdward the Elder ruled for forty-two years after his father. He was less devoted to literature than his father but more joyful in worldly matters and worship. He built new cities and repaired old ones, extending his kingdom further than his father had. He made the kings of the Scots of Cumbria and of the Welshmen pay tribute to him. He conquered Essex, Northumberland, and Mercia with strength, taking Mercia after the death of his sister Ethelfleda.\n\nOn his first wife, Ecgwyn, he had his eldest son Edelstan. On Queen Ecgwyn, he had Edred and Edwin, and seven others.\n\nMarianus, in the second book,\n\nEdward the Elder ruled for forty-two years after his father. He was less devoted to literature than his father but more joyful in worldly matters and worship. He built new cities and repaired old ones, extending his kingdom further than his father had. He made the kings of Scotland of Cumbria and Wales pay tribute to him. He conquered Essex, Northumberland, and Mercia with strength, taking Mercia after the death of his sister Ethelfleda.\n\nOn his first wife, Ecgwyn, he had his eldest son Edelstan. On Queen Ecgwyn, he had Edred, Edwin, and seven other children.\nDaughters: he married one of them to Otho, the Emperor; and another to Charles, King of western France; and the third to Sythyricus, duke of Northumberland.\n\nWilliam of the Kings in the second book / On his third wife\n\nEthelswyda: he married Edmond and Eadred, one of whom ruled after her brother Ethelstan. He married also two daughters: Saint Edburg, dedicated to God, who resides at Winchester; and Edgyna, who was married to Lois, King of Guyana.\n\nWilliam of the Bishops in the second book / Concerning this maiden Edburg\n\nWhen she was three years old, her father wished to test and determine whether she would turn towards God or the world. He placed many and diverse and great riches on one side of his chamber, and on the other side chalices and gospels. In another place, he placed rings. Then the nurse brought forth the child.\nthe child and the child was born cheesed and took whatever she wanted. She crept on hands and feet and took the gospel. Then the father kissed the child and said, \"Go there as God calls you.\" And so, after that, she was made a nun. Kings' blood never turned her away. But she would take her sisters' shoes carefully by night and wash them, smear them, and bring them back privately. This signified humility.\n\nAfter John the Fourth, Bennet was pope for three years. Also that year, Saint Germwald the Confessor, who was King Aldred's teacher, died at Winchester.\n\nThat year, Plegmund, the Archbishop of Dorchester in Doroborde, ordained seven bishops for the churches of England. Five were in the land of the West Saxons, one at Winchester, one at Cornwall, one at Shirburn, one at Wells, one at Kirton. Among the South Saxons, one, and in Mercia, one at Dorchester-on-Thames.\n\nFor Formosus the pope had granted his court to King Edward and to\nEnglishmen, due to a scarcity of bishops in her land who had gone without bishops for seven years, the harvest in Ireland failed. Worms, which were two-toothed and resembled locusts, filled the sky and ate the ripe corn. However, the worms were driven away by prayer and fasting.\n\nClito, King Ethelwold's rebel, rebelled against the king and occupied the city of Winburn, besides Bath. He declared that he would have control over the other die there. But he was raided and taken with him a nun from the Abbey of Winburn. He then went to the Danes of Northumberland and asked for their help. However, the king pursued him so strongly that he left England and fled to France. But the king brought the nun back and restored her to her abbey.\n\nHowever, in the same year, Ethelwulf came again with large ships and took with him the Danes who lived in eastern England. He assaulted and destroyed all that he could find at Crekanford, which is called Cirencester, then he crossed the Thames, and\nSpoiled and robbed the land of Bradenestok, and so he went again to East Anglia, which contains Northfolk and Southfolk, as it is said before many times. The king followed after and destroyed and spoiled the land of his enemies from the River to the bounds of St. Edmund's land. He ordered his men that none of them should remain behind, but the Kentishmen defied the king's command and stayed there. They were nearly all slain among the Danes. Many were slain on either side. But Clito Ethelwald was slain among his enemies. Then the Danes saw that King Edward could not be overcome and made peace with him. After imprisoning him, they took the papacy by force. But he was cast out after the fourth month. The fourth Sergius deposed Cristofor and became pope for seven years. At some point, he was deacon cardinal and reproved Formosus the pope. With the help of the Frenchmen, he imprisoned Cristofor and destroyed what they had built. It was restored again by the Danes.\nHelped by Ethelred, Duke of Mercia and his wife, a castle was enclosed with new walls, making it as it once was before. The castle was once by the water, outside the walls, now within the walls. Ranulph, King Edward built a castle at Hereford. At that time, Cluny Abbey was founded by William the Mild, Prince of Burgundy. The first abbot of that place was St. Odo the Second. The monks of that place were rich in the world and of clear Religion in God. At that time, Ethelred, Duke of Mercia, and his wife Elfleda translated Oswald the king from Bardney to Gloucester, where they built an abbey in honor of St. Peter. Conrad, after Louis, was made prince among the Almain's, but since he was not emperor in Italy, he is not renowned among emperors, nor is he enhanced with sacred and blessings. He reigned for seven years. In this year, the Tempire began to pass from the French to the Almain's. For Louis.\nThe preceding text could not defend the Romans against the Lombards. The Franks passed from the Frenchmen, and there were two emperors: one in Germany and another in Italy. In that year, in the province of Stafford, the English defeated the Danes and afterward at Woden's Field. King Edward slayed two Danish kings, two earls, and many thousands of Danes in Northumberland. Ethelred, duke and leader under the king of Mercia, died, and his wife, Elfleda, King Edward's sister, ruled. She built many cities and towns and improved many one. Among them were Breamore Bridge upon Severn, Thornworth beside Lychefield, Stafford, Warwick, Sheresbury, and Watersbury in the forest beside Chester. That now is all destroyed. Also, she built a city with a castle in the northern ends of Mercia upon the River Mersey, which then was named Runcofan, but now it is called Runcorn. William de Regibus.\nIn the second book, Elfleda, a fierce woman favored by Ctesias, grieved only for the woe and sorrow of one child she bore. She despised the embrace of a man forever and took a vow before God, declaring it unseemly for a king's daughter to indulge in fleshly pleasures where such sorrow should follow. Around nineteen years before, the English in France returned to England and sailed around Cornwall, coming to Seaward's Isle and taking prayers. They took a British bishop in Irchester and, at the behest of King Edward, reasoned with him for forty pounds. The enemy was chased into Ireland, and a castle was built at the mouth of the Avon River and other castles at Bokyngham on either side of the River Ouse. The lords of Danes that dwelled at Bedford and Northampton and King Turketillus were made subjects. Anastasius was pope for two years, followed by Landus for a fine monethes. That year, the Hungarians, who lived by the Danube River, destroyed Italy. Pope John the Tenth succeeded Anastasius.\nfourten yere / This was pope Sergius sonne and Bisshop of Rauen / By his helpe Albericus the markys put the sauasyns oute of ytalye / Atte laste fyl stryf and discorde bytwene hem & the pope put the markys oute of the cyte / therfor he was wroth & brought the hungaryes that had destroyed ytalye / therfore the markys was had made at Temesforde / Elfle\u00a6da toke the cyte of derby vpon the danaco\u0304pted amonge the emperours / this ouercome the hungaryes and torned to the feyth the duc of normandy / wiliam longa spata / longa spata is a longe swerde in englysshe / \u00b6Will / de Regibus libro secundo / That yere deyde elfleda eygten dayes byfore Iulij / fyue yere byfore the deth of her broder kyng edward / And she was buryed in gloucestre in saynt peters chirche that she & hir husbo\u0304d had bylde vpon kynge oswaldes boones / that they had brought thyder from bardeny / But the danes destroyed that chirche / and aldredus bisshop both of yorke and of worcestre reparayled ano\u2223ther that is now the chyef abbay of the cyte / kynge\nEdward took the power of Mercia from Ealswyna, daughter of Efleda, and led her with him into Wessex. In praise of this Efleda, Henry and I built a bridge on the Thirty between the two cities of Wales. That same year, King Edward built a city at Thilwale, which is in the north end of Mercia, beyond the waters of the Mersey, and restored the City of Manchester, which is in the south end of Northumbria. King Edward died at Farndon, twelve miles west of Oxford, and was buried at Winchester in the new abbey.\n\nEdelstan, King Edward's oldest son, was made king at Kingston beside London in Surrey. He was born in the countryside of Glastonbury. His entire life, from beginning to end, he shone by virtues and miracles. Alfred.\n\nKing Edelstan married his sister-in-law, and the king put out Sythric, his son. He then joined that kingdom to his own. Then, by battle, he made Scotland his subject. Constantine then said, \"It is more worthy to make a king than to be a king.\"\n\nWilliam of the Kings, in the second book: Also.\nKing Ethelstan married his other sister to Otto, the Emperor, and received from him horses and other precious stones, a manor vessel of stone called Onychinus, which was clear and bright and did not obstruct the passage of light, neither in sight and it was made subtly by grinding craft so that corn seemed to grow therein waving here and there, as long as corn does in fields, and vines budded, and images of men moved. Also he received from him the great Constancy's sword, in that sword the owner's name was read in letters of gold, in the hilt thereof in great plates of gold was stuck one of the four iron nails that Christ was nailed with to the cross, he received from him the great Charles spear, ever when Charles shook that spear, he had the mastery, I am told that spear opened Christ's own side and St. Maurice's banner, that banner Charles used against the Saracens, Also he received a part of the holy cross and some of the thorned crown. King Ethelstan ordained.\nSome of the Reliques to the abbey of Malmesbury / Mar / The sixth Leo was pope for four years and six months / Odo was made bishop of Wilton / William de Pontificibus libri secundi / Fritstan, bishop of Winchester, died, and Birstan succeeded him / Of this Birstan it is written that he sang every day for all Christian souls / Then he went around a church yard and said prayers for all Christian souls / and when he had finished he said \"Requiescant in pace\" / And he heard a voice of a great host answer / from the graves / and said \"Amen\" / Odo, bishop of Winchester, was made archbishop of Canterbury. Then Stephen was pope for seven years / Odo, bishop of Winchester, was deceased / After him Elphegus, the bald, was bishop of Winchester / He was a prophet and nearly of St. Dunstan's kin / William de Pontificibus libri secundi / On Ash Wednesday, as is the custom, / he caused those who should do penance to leave the church / and charged other men that they should.\nIn those days, fast and be chaste and spare, resembling your wives. Among them all, one spoke and said, \"Sir, I cannot leave both my feast and my wife at this time. But the wife I have put away for the time, I shall soon take her again.\" The bishop said, \"Wretch, you make me sorry. You do not know what is ordained against you more than this.\" In the morning, he was found dead in his bed. At one time, this earl Theobald made three monks, Dunstan, Ethelwold, and Ethelstan, priests. And when the service was done, he spoke to them and said, \"This day before God, I have set my hand upon three men. Two of them shall be bishops, but the third shall have a wretched end.\" Then Ethelstan, being more homeward-bound because of kinship, spoke and said, \"Shall I be a bishop? You shall have no part in this order,\" said Elphegus. \"Nor shall you long bear this clothing.\" For Constantine, king of Scots, had broken the covenant. King Ethelstan prepared himself toward Scotland.\nPledge to St. John of Beverley / and laid his knife to swear upon St. John's altar / and said if he came again with victory, he would run his knife through a worthy opponent. After the victory, when he came again, he prayed God that through the intercession of St. John of Beverley, He would show some open sign / by which those who are and shall be may know that the Scots should be subjects to Englishmen. Then the king, with his sword, struck a great stone firmly by the Castle of Dunbar. In that stone, to this day, is seen a chip of the stroke, a yard long. Then the king came again and ran his knife through it with worthy deeds. The eleventh Iohannes was pope for one year. After him, the seventh Leo was pope for three years and six months. Louis, the son of Charles the Simple and of Queen Edward's daughter, reigned in France after his father in the western part for nineteen years. [William de R. / Book second] /\n\nHe was once pursued by Isenbard / and asked help from the lords of his land.\nIn the land / and they gave him no answer / Then Hugh, a simple knight of Earl Robert of Montdesire, took the castle willfully for his lord and killed those who would not fight for it immediately after the king was weak. He made this Hugh his heir, and thus ceased the uprising of Charles. Either for his wife's adultery / or because he lived a short time, this Hugh then married King Edward's other daughter. The first Otto, the son of the first Henry, was the first Emperor of the Dutch / and he reigned for seventy-three years. At one eastern time, he held a great feast for his princes and lords. Before all were served, a prince's son took a morsel from the table as a child should. And the king's steward struck the child with a staff. The child's master saw this and struck down the steward immediately. The emperor was enraged and wished to punish him without a hearing. He threw down the emperor to the ground / and strangely subdued him. The emperor was barely delivered from the child's hands.\nmaysters handed him the children, but when he bade them save the masters' lives and cried out, saying that he himself was to blame because he had not spared them for such a great feast. That year, Anlaf, a pagan king of Ireland and of many islands, Syhtericus' son, entered the mouth of the river Humber with a strong navy. King Edelstan and his brother Edmond met him at Brymford. In William of Ripon's second book:\n\nWhen the hosts were gathered, Anlaf thought of a queen's spy among them all, and had money for her hearing. He had the money against his heart and buried it privately in the earth. It was discovered by one who had once been a soldier with Anlaf, and he warned Ethelstan when Anlaf was gone. The king blamed him for warning him too late. He answered and said, \"O king, the same faith that I owe now to you, I gave to Anlaf at that time. Therefore, if I had broken that faith to him, you would have thought that...\"\nI would do the same at another time / But now heed my counsel / Remove your tent from this place / so that when he comes unwisely, he may fail in his purpose / then you may overcome him with great sobriety / This was done, and Anlaf came hastily by night and in the way he slew a bishop who removed his tent and his men / and passed on and fell upon the king's tent / But the king was woken with great noise and his sword fell forth from his scabbard / and he cried to God and to St. Aldhelm / And at the prayer of Odo the Archbishop who was then with the king / the king found his sword fallen into his scabbard again / That sword is still kept in the king's treasury / that sword is curving on one side / and receives in no place neither gold nor silver / By that gift of God, the king was then helped / and he chased his enemies, all of them, the following day / there the king Constantyn was slain / and five small kings and twelve dukes.\nStrange nations, after they had chased the North Britons at Herford, were forced to pay him every year twenty pounds of gold and three hundred pounds of silver, and five and twenty hundred heads of cattle. Then he subjugated Cornwallia and amended exceptions. In praise of him, one made this date:\n\nKing's blood brought forth a full noble knight,\nBright precious stone, that shone our dark so bright,\nGreat Ethelstan named, from land path to the right,\nNoble worth surpasses, forsake not might.\nAfter Leo the third, Martin was pope for three years and six months. Also, in that year Ethelstan died at Gloucester.\n\nThen Ethelstan's brother Edmund began to reign in his twentieth year and reigned for about seven years. He begot on his queen Elgiva two sons, Edwin and Edgar the Peaceful.\n\nIn Edwin's time, the Northumbrians rebelled and called for Anlaf from Ireland. But King Edmund overcame him, and Reynold, Anlaf's son.\noutlawed hem and toke nor\u2223thumberbond to his owne lordship / And bete doune Combreland that was rebell and yaf it to malcolyn kyng of Scotlande / Soo that he shulde helpe hym in euery place where he were / \u00b6R and marianus also / that the kynge in the seuenth yere of his kyngdome wolde delyuer his sewer oute of his enemyes handes / and was slayne of hem right there at pulkerchirche \u00b6But Willelmus de Regi\u2223bus libro secundo / sayth that the kynge was at a feste at Pulker churche / on seynt austyns day and he sawe one leof / a theef / that he hadde exyled for his trespas / sitte there at mete amonge other men / And the kynge lepte ouer the borde / and toke the theef by the heeand threwe hym to grounde / and the theef gloton with his knyf rente oute the kynges bowels / Than the theef bytwene the handes of hem that made noyse and crye / wounded & slough many men / and was alto bakked of knyghtes and of other men \u00b6 After martyn the seconde Agapitus was pope six yere / That yere lowys the kynge of Frau\u0304ce / the sonne\nCharles promised and swore to William, the king, that he would yield Normandy to Richard, duke of Guienne. However, while Richard was young, he was called \"Richard the Old,\" and without fear, for he never feared. He was duke of Normandy for two and fifty years and came to his duchy through hard travel and great effort. And on his wife Gunnora, a Dane, he begat five sons and two daughters. The first was named Emma, the flower of Normandy. Her father married her to Ethelred, king of England. This Duke Richard used to bid his prayers in every church that he came to, and specifically, if he could not enter the church, he would pray outside. One night, he entered a church alone and found a corpse lying there with no one else present. While he was praying, he placed his gloves on a desk and forgot them there. Then the dead man arose with a great noise and stretched out his arms against the duke at the church door. The duke made the sign of the cross.\nThe duke placed a cross in his hand and conjured the dead man to rest. But in vain, for it would not be. Then the duke, with his sword, struck the corpse in two. And when he was out, he thought he had forgotten his gloves. Then he turned back and fetched his gloves. Afterward, he ordered in all his land that a watch should be kept around a dead body all night long.\n\nIt happens that a monk of St. Andrew was drowned. Then for his soul, there was a struggle between an angel and a devil. Each put the cause upon Duke Richard. He gave such a judgment that the soul should be restored again to the body, and the body should be set on the bridge from which he had fallen. And if he went then to do that, he would be damned, and otherwise, he would be saved. When this was done, the monk fled to the church. The duke went to the same church on the morrow and found the monk's clothes still wet. He told the abbot of the place about the dead body.\nWhen the duke and Gunhilda had long lived in dishonest earnest, Gunhilda turned her back and her buttocks toward the duke as she had never done before. I asked her why she did so. For the first time, she said, \"I may do what I like.\" The duke grew sick at one point and made a large chest and filled it with wheat, distributing it to the poor every Friday until his death. Henry, Edmond, king of England, took and wrested from the Danes' hands five noble cities: Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Stafford, and Leicester. He took these cities from them because they were Danish possessions and caused them to be of right belief. He received Anlaf from the cold water. Anlaf was baptized more by strength than by the preaching of God's word. He also ordained and made ordinances, amending what should be amended by the counsel of Dunstan. He made the abbey of Glastonbury noble in cattle and in monks. R. As it is said before, he died at Poulkerchurch and was buried there.\nEdred was proclaimed king at Kingston upon Thames, under Archbishop Odo, and reigned for ten years after his brother Edmund. Edmund's sons Edwyn and Egberht were still young and not ready to rule. In the first year of his reign, Edred strongly subdued the rebellious Northumbrians. Therefore, the Scots feared him and submitted. After Agapitus, who reigned for twelve years, John was elected pope in his eighth year. His father Alberic was powerful in Rome, and he made the noblemen of the city swear that they would make his son Octavian pope upon Agapitus' death. They did so and changed his name to John. He was a hunter and a lecherous man, openly keeping women with him. Therefore, some cardinals wrote to Otto, the Holy Roman Emperor, asking him to come to Rome and help remove the scandal from the Church. The pope was aware of this and had the messenger and the writer of the letter expelled from the council. Then he was often in trouble.\nThe king was warned by the pope and the clergy to amend his ways or face deposition, with Leo being made pope in his place instead. But when the king was gone, Benedict was made pope instead. The king returned and besieged Rome until they yielded Benedict back to him and restored Leo. Louis, King of France, is dead. His son, Lotharius, reigned for 27 years and died without children. He pursued Richard, Duke of Normandy, as his father had pursued William. Mar, but eventually Edred, for the untruth of the Northumbrians, destroyed their land and burned the abbey of Ripon with fire. When the king went home, a host broke out of York and caused great harm to the last party of the king's host. The king was angry and thought to destroy all Northumbria. But the Northumbrians appeased him with gifts. King Edred began to be seriously ill and sent for his spiritual father Dunstan. He came.\nwith great speed, as King Edred came in the way, a voice spoke clearly to him and said, \"Rest now, King Edred, in peace.\" At that voice, the horse that Dunstan sat on fell down and died without harming him who sat above. Dunstan buried King Edred at Winchester, in the old abbey. After this king who died without issue, Edwin was king Edmund's oldest son and was anointed king of England in the royal town Kingston beside London, by Archbishop Odo. On the first day of his reign, he fell into an unlawful lechery. Therefore, Dunstan reproved him and blamed him for it. And because of this, Dunstan was exiled and many monks were exiled with him. He expelled the monks of Malmesbury and gave the abbey to his clerks. At last, the Mercians and Northumbrians drove out Edwin from his kingdom for his evil living, and made his brother Edgar king when he was sixteen years old. In Edgar's beginning, St. Dunstan heard angels sing in this manner, \"Peace to the land of Englishmen in the children's time that.\"\nIn Dunstan's time, the river Teme separated the two kingdoms. Edwin reigned for four years and died, being buried at Winchester. However, his soul was delivered from hell at the prayer of St. Dunstan and translated to the souls suffering in purgatory.\n\nTake heed, Christ, of what follows, for the words are perilously set. There are two kinds of hell. In one, Ada, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and other holy fathers who died before Christ were taken. Christ descended into that hell after his Passion and brought these holy fathers with him. The other hell is a place for those who are and will be damned. Anyone who enters that hell will never be saved or released from pain, as I say in common speech. But a thief who is delivered from hanging and the gallows, if he is delivered from the power that would lead him to the gallows, is not in that place.\nHe who is delivered from the power of the demons, that would bring him to hell, is delivered from hell, even if he does not go there. So the prophet means in the satter, and says, \"Thou hast delivered my soul from the lower hell.\" William de Reede, II, 2. And as the same land bears evil herbs and good, and nettles sometimes grow next to the rose, so from the mild Edmond came Edwin the worst and Edgar the best.\n\nEdgar, sixteen years old, was made king and reigned for sixteen years after his brother. In the twelfth year of his reign, in Athelstan's city, that is, the fifteenth day of May on a Wednesday, he was anointed king by Dunstan and Oswald, the holy bishops. Immediately he reconciled Dunstan and made him abbot of Glastonbury, bishop of Worcester. He joined the kingdoms that were denied and made them one kingdom. He brought down wicked men and chastised those who were rebellious. He loved good men and was sober. He repaired and amended.\nIn many places, he drove away clerks who lived in outrage and put their monks in their place. In truth, Edward showed reverence for this. He was mockingly referred to as such while other clerks lived well. Following the story, he built more than forty abbeys, among which he made rich Glastonbury, Abingdon, Thorney, Ramsey, Wynchester, but at Wynchester in the new abbey now called Hyde, an unfortunate incident occurred. He was the first to put monks in place of clerks. Clerks fled the troubles of the quire and spent the church's funds at their own will in other places. Vicars in their stead lived little for the living, and when they would not be amended by King Edgar, nor by Bishop Ethelwold nor Archbishop Dunstan, the king gave the provisions of these clerks to the said vicars. However, the vicars were worse than the clerks when they were made persons, and they lived more in outrage than the others did, causing the king greater aggravation.\nIn the reign of Pope John XIII, he expelled the clerks and admitted monks. In his time, no thief was apprehended or caught in private, without receiving his reward. This king also ordered the destruction of wild beasts that craved blood. Therefore, he commissioned Llewelyn, who was King of Wales, to present him with a tribute of three hundred wolves each year. After he had paid this tribute for three years, no wolf could be found. Furthermore, though Edgar was small and of little stature, he could overcome any man, no matter how strong, who dared to fight with him. At a feast, where jesters entertained, King Kenneth of Scotland participated in the games. It seemed astonishing that so many provinces and lands were subject to such a little man as Edgar. A minstrel herald announced this to the king and told him in private. The king rose from the feast and found Kenneth there. Kenneth approached him as if for a great council, and they conversed privately.\nDespite being alone, let us consider which of us two shall be subject to the other. It is a foul thing for a king to abase himself and fawn at Edward's feet, and he prayed for forgiveness for the simple word he had spoken in his anger. Every summer, he would gather ships to assemble them, and divide them into four parts of England. Then, with the western navy, he would sail into the northern country; with the northern navy, into the eastern country; and with the eastern navy, into the southern country; and with the southern navy, into the western country. In doing so, he was a mild spy, for thieves should not harm in water nor on land. In winter time, he would ride about in the land, inquire and spy on the deeds of his ministers. He would take cruel revenge on those who transgressed against the law. At all times, he was a profitable counselor for the English, dwelling among them.\nKing Edgar, weary of heart, but alas, it brought a most grievous end. The Danes were great drinkers by nature, leaving the English with the consequence that English behavior in emptying cups was now evident to all the world. Therefore, King Edgar ordered studded nails in the cups and marked them, so they should drink by measure up to the nails.\n\nKing Edgar took Egelfleda, his wife, and begat his oldest son Edward, who later became King Edward and martyr. He took Alfritha, the daughter of Devereux, and begat Edmond, who died before his father, and Egelred. He took Saint Wulfhilda and begat Saint Edith, the maiden. Wulfhilda was not truly a woman, as the common people saw it, but rather, due to King Edgar's unlawful desire, she took on the habit of a nun and was brought to the king's bed. And the king lay with that woman.\nHolden and seemed a monk; he was blamed for Saint Dunstan and did penance for seven years. When she had a child, she forsook fleshly liking and man's company, and lived religiously. She is held a saint in the abbey of Wilton, as it is said. Regarding her daughter Edith, it is said that while she was a nun at Wilton, she often wore gayer clothes than her profession allowed, and was therefore blamed by Saint Ethelwold. She neither answered uncivilly nor fully, but replied, \"I am pleased only with conscience. Therefore, I believe that as clean a soul may be beneath these clothes adorned with gold as beneath your simple skins.\"\n\nOnce, while Dunstan consecrated a church, he saw this maiden cross herself frequently with her own right hand. Dunstan was pleased with this and said, \"I pray God that this thumb may never rot.\" And immediately at Mass, Dunstan began to weep and said, \"Soon after six weeks, this finding occurred, just as it happened.\" For after her body was taken up,\nThe earth was found rotten and turned to powder. Take thy thumb and her womb with the purest choice. Dunstan marveled greatly and pondered much why this might be. Then she appeared to him and told him the cause, and said, \"Wonder not, though I be whole and sound in the lower parts of my body, for I was never guilty of outrage of food and drink, neither of fleshly liking. Also, it is read of this holy maiden that when King Constantine loved little saints of England once in a Whitsuntime at Wilton at a feast, he opened maws and scorned St. Edith, saying that of Edgar's children, that was lecherous and a great tyrant, should be a saint. Ednoth, bishop, said this was present, and opened the maiden's grave immediately. Then she arose herself to the girdle-stone, so it seemed as though she would have risen against the rebellious king. For this deed, the king was astonished and fell to the ground.\nThough he was faint and near death last, and was ashamed and glad that he had been saved, and intended to do penance. About that time died Odo, archbishop of Canterbury. He was of Danish origin but always kept his wildness in check and served King Edward the Elder in chivalry. Not long after, he took the tonsure and was made bishop of Winchester. He had made King Ethelstan his friend by the recovery of the sword that had been lost at sea during the Scandeburgh age. Therefore, he was made archbishop of Canterbury. Because he wanted to assume this dignity more holily, since all his predecessors had been monks, he passed the sea and took monk's vows at Fulda besides Aurelian. Trueis, Odo was impudently urged to become a monk by Christ or none of his apostles was ever a monk or friar. Then it follows in the story: Odo returned and was near the king, and in the end went with King Edred to Northumbria. He brought with him to Canterbury the holy axes.\nSaint Wilfrid the bishop is still a subject of contention between those of York and Canterbury, as to which has the more relics of Wilfrid, who was buried in the church of Ripon. The issue is also about the bones of the lesser Wilfrid, who was Saint John's priest and his successor in the see of York. Additionally, Odo was suspended by King Edwin for being too lecherous and having a poor reputation. Therefore, Edwin took revenge on Odo, and no man in England dared to oppose him. As Seneca says, \"A cock is most powerful on its own dung hill.\"\n\nDuring the time of Oda's healing, and the temple's construction, he healed it with his prayers so that no drop of rain fell in all the surrounding area. And yet, at that time, there was a great tempest and heavy rain that seemed as if the world would go to pieces.\n\nAlso, during the consecration of Saint Dunstan as bishop,\nof Wyrcestre, he acted in the order of the service as if he were the archbishop of Canterbury. When his clerks criticized him for this, Odosaid, \"What the Holy Ghost works in me is lacking no sincere faith.\" Though Bishop Elsinus of Winchester had once intended to have such a see, for when Odowas dead, Elsinus ordained him advocates, touched his hands, and secretly obtained a mandement from the king. He was then installed at Canterbury. The first day he was there, he did not spare but cast out of his madness that he had long kept in his heart and put his feet on St. Odo's tomb, and despised his soul, speaking to him in this manner: \"Thou worst old man, thy soul is too late now. Thou hast made a place for yourself that is better than thou were. I have long desired this. Now I can fully avenge myself against thee. But on that day, and when this blower of madness was brought to his bed, he saw the shape of:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end.)\nSaint Odo blamed him and despised him, threatening that he should die. But he thought that he had been scorned by a fleeting fancy and spared him for that reason. Instead, he went towards Rome to receive the pall of the pope and passed by the Alps. There he was found and died.\n\nAfter him, Brightlinus, bishop of Winchester, became archbishop of Canterbury. Since he was not sufficient for such a great charge, he returned to Winchester by the king's command. Dunstan, bishop of London and of Worcester, was made archbishop of Canterbury and went to Rome to receive the pall from Pope John. He returned to the king after that.\n\nOsvald, Odo's brother's son, was to be bishop of Worcester.\n\nWilliam of the Pontiffs, Book 1\n\nDunstan was first abbot of Glastonbury. He was always full of virtues and made every effort to turn King Edgar's heart towards repentance and salvation, and to make the king's life a mirror and example to all his subjects. If the king transgressed, Dunstan would not hesitate to correct him.\nstudied him quickly to amend / and so he made him do penance for seven years for unlawful living with a monk / by that example he chastised the commote / and made knights do as they should / and feared and refrained them\n\nThere were thirty monks at that time / For it had religious rulers clear of science and of the clergy / And so between the order of the good living of the king / and of the Archbishop / clerks had choices / whether they would leave dwelling places to be better than they were / For so there should be no more discord / between the fairness of the house / and the living of those who dwelt therein / Than the fields answered to the tillers of plenty of corn / and of fruit / Every green thing shone with fruit trees / and other trees full of fruit / The Elements were clear and pleasant / unless there was any disturbance of weather / pestilences and enemies were both far away /\n\nAbout that time in Gaskoyne was a woman separated and divided from the navel upward / and had two heads and two.\nAfter the twenty-fifth John fifth, Benet was pope for three months. / Nychosorus, king of Greece, was an old man and feared his own sons would overthrow him. He decided to keep them confined. But the queen advised one John to kill the king and reign instead. This was done. / After Benet the eighteenth, Leo was pope for a year and four months. / Due to the malice of the Romans who made unlawful popes, he decreed that no popes should be appointed without the emperor's consent. / After him, the tenth John was pope for about eight years. He was eventually taken by the prefect of the City and exiled. But the emperor restored him and executed his enemies. / After John the sixth Benet was pope for one year and six months. / After him, the eighth Boniface was pope for three years. He could not.\nabide at Rome, but he spoiled St. Peter's church and went to Constantinople, and returned to Rome with great pomp and pride. When he could not achieve his purposes, he took the Cardinal John and put out both his eyes, and died soon after.\n\nWilliam de Pont in the second book:\n\nWhen Archbishop Asketillus of York was dead, Bishop Oswald of Worcester received the archbishopric and governed both that and the bishopric of Worcester. Besides the cathedral church of St. Peter at Worcester, he built another church of Our Lady, so that he might be more homely with the monks, and there he had great love of the people.\n\nThe clerks of the next church, when they saw this, preferred being monks to being so despised and forsaken.\n\nWhen Oswald was at York, he brought lettered men into the country. The countryside should not be defrauded and be without such goodness, for without it, other goodness seems but in vain.\n\nAlbo.\nMonk of Florianio wrote the life of Saint Edmund, the king and martyr, at the request of Saint Dunstan. This Albo returned home later and became Abbot. At one time in a cell in Gascony called Alereul, he wished to use the strength of the Church, but the cruelty of the Gascons would not allow it and cut his throat, and he died. Oswald lived for five years after and, on a certain occasion, knelt down to bless poor men's feet and said \"Gloria Patri\" and died right away.\n\nWilliam of the Kings, in the second book,\n\nKing Edgar, in the twentieth year of his reign, was anointed king and consecrated at both ends and sailed around northern Britain. Eight kings came against him, with whom he went in a boat one day on the River Dee. He took the helm in his hand, and the other kings were set to row with their oars. He was the steersman and they.\nCome rowing to St. John's church and come rowing with great pomp and boast to his own palaces. He says that one of his successors might be joyful and glad when he had such great pomp and worship.\n\nEdgar, Emperor, flower and beauty of England, died the fifteenth day of July in the year of his life seventy-three, and of his kingdom with his brother and after one and twenty. He is no less worthy to be in the minds of Englishmen than Cyrus to the Persians, other than Romulus to the Romans, other than Alexander to the Greeks, other than Charles to the Frenchmen.\n\nWilliam [here]\n\nAt Glastonbury, in the year of our abbot Aylward, Edgar's grave was dug unworshipfully. The body was found whole and sound, and so full of flesh that it could not enter into the new chest. Also, fresh blood was seen dripping from the fresh body. And so, that body was put into a shrine that he had given to that church and set upon the altar.\nSaint Apollinaris' head and other relics of Saint Vincent were brought by the same king for great price and given to that house, but that nice Abbot grew angry and left the church, breaking his neck and dying within nine days. In prayer, one said in this manner: \"Henricus libri, Helper punisher of Trespass, and Edgar's goodness tell that he was cruel in his beginning towards Citizens and lecherous towards maidens. As in this manner, Ethelwold, an Earl, was present with him. And on one occasion, he charged this Earl that he should go to Elfritha, the fair daughter of Earl of Devenshire, and counsel her and bring her to be married to the king if it were so that her beauty were in agreement with his desires and reputation.\n\nThe earl went his way and took the maiden for his own use. And coming again to the king, he alleged for himself and for his side as he believed would help, and said that that wench was of common beauty and shape.\nsuche as me sayth al day not couenable to be a kyngys wyf / But on a tyme tale tellers / warned the kyng how gylefully that ethelwolde hadde seruyd hym / than the kynge droof oute one nayle with another / and toke wreche of a gyle with a wyle / and made good face to therle and semblaunt and sette hym a day as it were in his game / whanne he wolde visyte\nthat woman / For so dredefull a game / therle was all comfand nygh dede for feare / and ranne home byfore / and prayed his wyf / that she wolde helpe for to saue hym / and that as muche as she myght / she shold make hir self foule and vnsemely in the kyn\u00a6ges syght with clothynge and foule aray / But what / she durste not / but she dyde the countrary / and toke a myrrour and kembed hyr / and arayed hyr bodye / and hyr heede / as gay / and as fayre as she couth / and lefte no thyng that shold make her fayr and ly\u00a6kynge / to a mannes syghte / Thenne whanne the kynge sawe the woman / he began to brenne in her loue / and made it as though\u0304 he were not wrothe / and\nThe earl hunted with him in the wood of Werwell, now called Hoote Wood. There the king struck him with a shaft. The king then asked Earl Baston how he enjoyed such hunting. I am told that he answered and said, \"Lord king, what pleases you should not displease me.\" By those words, the king's heart, which was swollen with wrath, was mollified. Nothing was more dear to the king afterward than the earl's son, who was slain. Afterward, Elfrytha built an abbey of nuns at Warwell for the cleansing of this deed.\n\nRegarding another instance of cruelty, they relate an example of lechery. He took a maid who was dedicated to God from an abbey and lay with her. Additionally, he once requested that a duke's fair daughter be brought to his bed. She was modest and had a beautiful servant.\nA maid, smooth and pleasing, sent her to the king's bedchamber. In the morning, when the dawn began to spring, the woman arose. Then she asked me why I hid. She said, \"As I am accustomed every day.\" For that night's journey, she asked for freedom for her ransom. For the woman who was assenting to the king's pleasure should no longer be subject to cruel lords. The king began to laugh and made the humble woman a lady. But such deeds, it is true, he cleansed himself of through genuine penance. After Boniface the seventh, the seventh Benedict was pope for eight years and six months. The second Otto, the son of the first, made a complaint at last about the breaking of peace. He had the names of those found guilty written down and had them beheaded on the spot. Each one was made to eat her meal in peace. William of the Regions, in the second book:\n\nYoung Edward, with Dunstan and other bishops, was made [king].\nKing opposed the will of some other lords, particularly that of his stepmother \u00c6lfthryth. She intended to make her own son Egberht a king when he was seven years old, so she might reign under his name. Edward reigned for about four years. Afterward, the grace of the kingdom waned. In the firmament was seen a comet, a star with a bright shining crest, which always portends pestilence in the province, other changes in the kingdom, and later came barrenness of fields, hunger of men, and death of beasts. \u00c6lferth, Prince of Mercia, favored \u00c6lfthryth the queen with all his might and expelled monks that Edgar had ordained, bringing in clerks with concubines instead. But Dunstan and the Earl of East Anglia resisted them manfully. The clerks, who had previously been expelled, incited strife again, and said it was a wretched shame that a new coming should put old landholders from their places. It is not pleasing to God that granted.\nThe place to the old winner / no good man allows it, for he fears I would do to him as he sees I do to others. Therefore, a solemn council was held at Winchester. There, the image of Rod spoke out of the wall and said that Dunstan's way was good and true, but yet the hearts of unskiful men were not appeased. Therefore, a council was held at Rygate in Calais, where the king was absent, for he was yet of tender age. The senators of England sat in a high house. There, Dunstan was strongly despised and hated. Then, the gists and beams of the house all broke, and the foundation filled down, and some were dead, and some hurt and maimed for life. All there were dead or severely injured, except Dunstan, who escaped graciously and wisely. A miracle brought forth silence to those who intended afterward to maintain that quarrel. Edward came from hunting weary and thirsty. His stepmother gave him drink.\nmeane tyme / he was stykked with a swerde\u00b7 Thenne he byganne to prykke his hors with all that he myght thennes for to flee / Thenne his one fote slode oute of the styrope / and he was to drawe by that other foote al aboute the feldes / and thwert ouer weyes and al be bloded and at Cornis\u00a6gate be yaue the sygnes and tokens of deth / than he was buryed vnworthly thre yere at warham / there god wrought for hym mreceyued his spoche / the deef his herynge / and the blynde his syght / there all manere seke men toke the state of helthe / By that rumour she that slough hym was meoued and cam rydyng on a beeste that myght not come nyghe the place / for noo betynge / ne for noo cryeng / the beeste was ofte chaunged but it was al for nought / therfor what she myght not done in her owne persone / she dyd by another / For her mynyster Elferus that hadde somtyme putte oute monkes in mercia and brought Clerkes in her stede / he toke edwardes body and buryed it solempny at Septon that is shaftesbury / \u00b6 R In tyme afterwarde\nSome of his body was translated to Leofmonaster beside Hereford and some to Abingdon. The place at Shaftesbury, where his longs yet remain fresh and sound, is called Edwinstowe. Above this slaughter, Elfryth built two convents of women, one at Amesbury and another at Werke. She renounced the pomp of the world and endured long time in hard penance at Werke. She always used the habit and practiced fasting and chastity, and as much as she could, she crossed her forehead and breast and lies buried there. However, the aforementioned Elferus did not escape all manner of wretchedness, for he was eaten all with lice after one year after the burial of the aforementioned martyr. About that time, Fulbert was in prosperity as bishop of Chartres, an excellent man in the love of our Lady. Among his other noble works, he composed in praise of our Lady the responses Styrps Yesse and Solem Justitia. This impersonator approached him and asked him about it. The Lady said to him, \"He feared nothing.\"\n/ I trust in thy mercy / but I drede full soore thyne owne sonnes dome / drede the nothynge sayd she / and for to make the / the more seker herafter. I shal now make the al hoole / and anone she toke her brest oute of her bosomme and drop\u00a6ped on his face thre droppes of precious lycour of mylke / and went forth hir wey / he was hoole forthwith and dyde that swete lycour of heuen in a vessel of siluer / and hadde kepe\u25aa it in mynde / \n\u00b6Willelmus de regibus libro secundo\nEGelredus edgards sonne bygoten on his seconde wyf El\u2223frytha was made kynge after his elder broder Edward at kyngeston / he was a fayr knyght and a louely / Eyght & thyrty yere he besyeged the kyngdome more verely than ruled it / For the cours of his lyf was cruel / and vngracious in the begynnyng / wretched in the myddel / and foule in the ende / For whyle seynt dunstan baptysed hym / he defowled the fontston with the fruyte of his wombe / therfor dunstan sayd by god and by his moder\u00a6thys shal be vnkynde / And in the day of his crownynge he\nThis told a conspiracy with the wicked woman, your mother, / they shall not be without blood and sword where people of an unknown tongue come and bring them into the last servitude / this feast shall not be cleansed without long vengeance / When this Egberht was a child of ten years old, / and heard tell that his brother Edward was slain, / he mourned his mad mother with weeping and wailing, / striking her with tapers, / for he had nothing else at hand. Therefore, he hated tapers all his life time. / Also concerning Ethelgytha, Earl Egbert's daughter, he married Edmund, Ironside, Edwin, and Ethelstan, and one daughter named Eadgyth. / Afterward, he married Emma of Normandy, and Alfred. / Half a night a cloud was seen in all England, now bloody, now fiery, / then it changed by various colors and beams, / and departed in the dawning. / That year Southampton and the Isle of Thanet, besides Kent, / and St. Petroc's abbey in Cornwall, / and the province of Chester were destroyed by the Danes.\nThe city of London was burned with fire from the same city. Bishop of Winchester, St. Ethelwold, is dead. He was born at Winchester and nurtured under Dunstan at Glastonbury, becoming a monk. He was made abbot at Abingdon in King Edred's time. He was made bishop at Winchester in Edgar's time. There he founded an abbey of nuns and translated St. Swythynes body from the earth.\n\nAfter him, St. Alphegus, abbot of Bath, was bishop. Later, he became Archbishop of Canterbury and was killed by the Danes. We shall speak more of him later.\n\nThe third Otho, the second Otho's son, reigned among the Danes for eight years after his father. He had a remarkable name and was called Otho the Wonders of the World, Mirabilia mundi. He was crowned at Rome by the fifth pope, Gregory.\n\nThough these three Othos were emperors in all but name, by hereditary right, it was later decreed that the Emperor should be chosen by the officers of the empire. The officers were seven in number.\nversus Made in Maguntmensis, Treverensis, Coloniensis, Quiridus held forth for ever. The third Otto had a wife who wanted to have a husbandman to lie by her, but the man would not consent at once. Then he was threatened that his head should be struck off without any trial. But before he died, he asked his wife that she should prove him innocent by the doing of a good deed, to the fatherless and motherless children and to widows. This widow came and brought with her her husband's head and asked what death he deserved who had killed a man unjustly. He is worthy to lose his head, said the emperor. Thou art that man, said the widow. And I shall prove it immediately by the judgment of fire and burning iron. When the trial was done, the emperor gave himself to the woman, for she should punish him as she would. But at the intercession of bishops, the first ten days were granted, and then eight, and finally seven. In these days the emperor examined the cause atte.\nFull and burned his own wife / and for his reason he gave to the widow four castle towns in the Bishopric of Brynensis, which yet have the names and are called by the earliest days, ten, eight, seven, and six. The fourteenth John was pope for eight months. After him, the fifteenth John ruled for four months. After him, the sixteenth John was pope for ten years. William [above] /\n\nKing Egelred, due to strife between him and the Bishop of Rouchestre, besieged the city of Rouchestre. Dunstan sent him a message that he should leave his wickedness / and should not offend St. Andrew, patron of that place. The king paid no heed to bare words / then Dunstan threatened and arrayed himself in his finest attire / and sent him a hundred pounds, telling him to break the siege. The money was received, and Dunstan wondered at the man's greed and sent him this message through messengers: \"For you have put gold before God and silver before the apostle / and covetousness before me / right soon evil shall come upon you.\"\nNot while I am alive. Two years after, the Danes came when Dunstan was dead. Two pesky occurrences filled England, unknown before. Men had fires and beasts flew. St. Dunstan led a life full of virtues and wonders, as described by Osbertus Monk of Canterbury. In St. Dunstan's Life, he relates that while St. Dunstan blessed the images of apostles and martyrs with a priest's stole, an harp on the wall was heard making sweetly a melody without human hand. The melody was the hymn of the martyrs: \"Gaudent in celis anima sanctorum,\" that is, \"holy men's souls rejoice in heaven.\" He also tells us that Dunstan was skilled in many crafts and made with his hands. Once, he made a chalice by the goldsmith's craft in a cell fast by Glastonbury. There, the devil came in the likeness of a woman and tempted him with various alluring fantasies. Dunstan, in his spirit, was prepared for this and caught him by the nose with his fiery tongue.\nTong: so that Deode was known to neighbors with crying and yelling of the devil. On one occasion Dunstan was asleep and heard angels sing sweetly. Kyryeleyson, Xprysteleyson, the melody of that note, and harmony, is still famous among English men, and was used in that Kyrie, Kyrie rex splendens. When Dunstan was dead, the Danes came to every haven of England. I did not know where I might encounter them; therefore, I could not drive them away with iron, nor pay them off with silver. I paid them the first year ten thousand pounds by the counsel of Syricus, who was the archbishop next after Dunstan. And in the second year sixteen thousand pounds. In the third year twenty thousand pounds. Li. In the fourth year twenty-four thousand. M. In the fifth year thirty thousand. M. At last forty million. Li. till all the money failed. Then the Danes began again to rob and ravage. And yet, before the battle, one Elficus, master of the king's ships, fled to the enemies like a cowardly harlot.\nwarned them of who they should beware, for they had taken his son Algarus and blinded him. Elficus came again but failed again. Then the Danes plundered and robbed all of Northumberland and besieged London, forcing King Egelred to pay tribute through strength. Elphegus, bishop of Winchester, gave pledges and brought Anlaf, king of the Danes, to King Egelred. He received him with cold water, and the bishop confirmed him. Afterward, he went back to his own land and did no harm, but harm did not cease. Just as the heads of Idra when some enemies had departed, other enemies came up and destroyed the countryside.\n\nThe captain's presence is much worth knowing in war and in battle. So is hardiness and knowledge of the arts of arms. These failed among the English at that time. For if the host had ever been gathered, if ships had been made, nothing would have succeeded. For our men were not disciplined; they gave themselves to theft and robbery. They were not prepared for battle.\nThey lightly fled / Our ships were destroyed with great tempest / One William, whom the king had exiled, occupied the ships that were left and drenched and burned them / If the lords came to counsel at any time / they were not of one accord but treated more discord and strife among themselves than common profit / And if any good counsel and profitable were given / their enemies should write / Besides Elfric, who the king had made lord of Mercia, was a right false and cunning traitor who could well feign himself a true friend though he was false\nHe espied the king's council as if he were true and trusty\nand warned the enemies thereof / as a false, deceitful traitor / In the meantime, misery and hunger increased rapidly / Enemies might go freely fifty miles / and take prayer and lead to their ships / Then they paid more tribute to the Danes / The king had such a condition that he would lightly disinherit Englishmen / and feign.\nLotharius, Lowys son of the king of Westfrauce, died without issue, causing the great Charles of Spain to lose the kingdom. Some men claim that Lotharius had children who did not reign after him, with the help of Richard, Duke of Normandy. Lotharius' sons were taken, and Hugh Capet was made king of France and reigned for nine years. Hugh Capet was the son of Duke Hugh, whose sister Duke Richard had married.\n\nSaint Oswald, archbishop of York and of Worcester, died and was buried at Worcester. Gregory was pope for three years, previously known as Brunus, and was Ottho's emperor's kinsman. At his instigation, he was chosen as pope. However, when the emperor was absent, Crescensius, prefect of the city, took Placidius.\nA rich man of money, placed him in the papacy and called him the seventh John. But the Emperor returned and removed this John, replacing him with the second Silvester. That is, Lyndefarn, who was once bishop of Durham, was changed. The body of St. Cuthbert was translated there, which body Arthaldus led with him at times. The first Richard, the third Duke of Normandy, is dead. After him, his son, the second Richard, ruled for 28 years. For his great goodness, he was called the Good Richard. He was devout in God's service, wise, and ready for worldly war. Curtis and generous in gifts. By his first wife, he had three sons, Richard, Robert, and William, and three daughters. By his second wife, he had William and Robert.\n\nAn archbishop of York, one of Richard's knights, stole a spur and laid it as a bride among other things. The duke saw it and no other man. He allowed all the knights' marriages to be annulled.\nA knight saw that the sponge was exposed and was so ashamed that he fled privately away. The king followed the fleeing knight and brought him back, making him rich and loving him well afterward. A master Bernard heard the duke's plan and wanted to be known to him. He thought of various ways to approach him and came at last with a bow and arrow to a window of the castle, where the duke was accustomed to stand. The duke was aware of it and loved him well.\n\nAfter the seventh Iohan was put out, the second Silvester was pope for four years and two months. This first Gerbert, by his name, was of the French nationality, and was a monk at Florence beside Aurelian. When he came to Picatina's double way, he was caught with a noisy group of his order for coveting worship, and left his habit on a night and fled to Hispalis.\nthat is why a citizen of Spain granted a citizen of me a place to learn subtle and curious arts and sciences, in Toledo, where Christians have Toledeans, Saracens have Hispano-Arabs; Gerbert of Aurillac learned astronomy from Tholomaeus, and Alcadrius the position of the stars, and Julius Firmicus in astrology. There I learned the meaning of songs and the flight of birds, the curiosity of nature taking my interest. I leave this subject of music. But he drank from it who surpassed all others. He was the first to take Agabus from the Saracens and rule over them, which craftsmen are called Abacists. Gerbert was in Inghen with one who was the most knowing philosopher. He was promised and given gifts. Gerbert had written and copied all this philosopher's books, except one that contained all the secrets of the craft. For that book, he could not obtain it by any means. But the philosopher was otherwise drunk. And so Gerbert waited for his time.\nAnd he took the book that was under the philosopher's head and fled away with it. Then he awoke. Pursuing Gerbertus by cunning, he who fled was aware of the danger. Gerbertus disguised himself under a tree bridge nearby and hid there with his arms outstretched, touching neither earth nor water. By this ruse, he deceived the one who sought him eagerly and passed through him, turning back home again. Then Gerbertus came to the sea and summoned the fiend, bidding him grant him passage over the sea and save him from him who pursued him. And so it was done. Thereafter, Gerbertus returned with him, Constantine the Abbot of St. Maime beside Aurelian. To him he gave and bestowed a rule of the Abacus. He also explained to him the meaning and reason of the diameter above Macrobius. The diameter is a figure other than a shape, the longest even line drawn through it; take whoever may. Then it continues in the story. Gerbertus had.\nOtho, the emperor's son, was later King of France. He made Gerbertus Archbishop of Rhesens. In that church is a mind of his, for there is an organ made by hand, and water organs that blow by air and water. By the strength of his breath, it fills the hollows of the Organs, and then, by skillfully drawn brass pipes, sends out a sweet cry and noise of melody. Afterward, Otho was Emperor and made Gerbertus Bishop of Ravennas. And soon thereafter, he was Pope.\n\nMarianus made a verse about this:\n\nGerebertus ascends to R, out of R,\nAnd is thereafter Pope in his prime in R,\nHe passed out of Rhesens to Ravennas,\nAnd the third time to Rome.\n\nWilliam of the Kings:\nThe favor of the devil carried forth his fortune.\nFor by the help of the devil, and by the craft of necromancy,\nHe found treasure that was hidden in the field called Campus Marcius.\nBesides Rome, there was an image that held out its right hand, the finger next to the thumb, which men call the ring finger, pointing straight up. On the image's head was a wound, where men of old believed and trusted treasures could be found. They struck the image with many hard blows to break off some of it. Gerbert blamed them for this, and at midday, he observed where the shadow of that finger fell on the ground and planted a stake there. At night, he took his chamberlain alone, who carried a light, and opened the earth where the stake was planted and went in and saw and did away with all the darkness of the night. On the other side stood a young man with a bow bent. Among all these things, nothing could be touched, though it could be seen. If any man approached to handle anything, he would shoot and hit the carboncle stone with a rod, and make all the houses full of darkness. So, he could only lay down the knife as his hand.\nThe lord commanded them both to pay the penalty. It is reported that Joseph dug up a great deal of treasure with his father into the earth. Herod took up three thousand talents of King David's grave to break the siege of Jerusalem. This Gerbert, by certain craft of the stars, had a head that spoke not, but when I asked him and he said nothing but truth. This head warned Gerbert that he should be pope and that he should never die until he arrayed himself for Mass on one of these Sundays. He was seized with strength of sickness and lay sick in his bed. He consulted with his image and knew that he was deceived and was aware of his own death. He summoned the cardinals and confessed his evil deeds. He wept most bitterly and, as it were, like a wooden man for sorrow of his sins. He had himself cut open and cast out his limbs. He said, \"Let them have the office of the limbs that ask homage of them, and let the spirit go to God who made it.\"\nNothing/ In March, he ordered that the body be placed on a cart and buried where beasts would remain, and he was buried there as a sign that his sins were forgiven. His grave bore an inscription and warned that the pope would soon die. The grave was marked by the decay and rusting of the bones within, and by the sweetness of the tomb, as the inscription in Latin letters still reads.\n\nKing Hugh Capet of West France died after ruling for nine years. His son Robert succeeded him. Robert had a son by the elder Edward's daughter, who was king of England. Robert ruled for about thirty years. In his time, sinners and transgressors were tormented in Vulcan's crock. The man who was released told of often hearing the voices and groans of those souls delivered by the prayers and alms of Christian men, especially the monks of Cluny. Therefore, Odyl and the practice passed on to the whole world.\n\nRobert was a skilled man of science.\nIn high festivals of some abbey in his kingdom, he sang other than a cope and ruled the choir. Once at Aurelian's in Saint Anian's day, he had left his host around a castle, which he besieged and bore a cope in the choir, and sang thrice Agnus Dei kneeling on the ground. Then, at the same time, the castle walls, which were besieged, suddenly filled with the ground. This is that Robert who composed that sequence. Sancti spiritus assit nobis gracia. That is, the grace of the Holy Ghost be with us. He also composed the response on Midwinter's eve. Iudea & ierl\u0304m nolite timere. That is, Iewry and Ierl\u0304m have no will to fear. As it is said, fear now rightly nothing. Also that year, a city of an Archbishop's see in Ireland was destroyed by Scots, and the navy of Denmark went into Normandy, and King Egberht destroyed Combreland and the isle mon, that is Anglesey, and is by North Wales. Saint Iuo the bishop's body is found. / W / de p / libro quarto / This Iuo of the text.\nThe Persian nation forsook the world's pleasures and passed through many lands with three companions and no more, ending his life on the isle of Ramsey. His name and grave were long unknown to me of that country, but Iuio revealed this to a simple man and informed him of his name and rank. He charged him to go to the abbot of Ramsey, for they would go there and take up his body from the earth. When this was done, a healing well sprang from his grave, making it the only saint in all England who would lightly carry a man's bone and help him in need. That year, King Athelred married Emma, the fair daughter of the first Richard, Duke of Normandy, and was proud of it. He sent letters into the cities of England and commanded and ordered all the Danes to be slain in one night. This was done on St. Brice's Night. Also that year, the abbey was founded at Burton upon Trent of a great man named Wulricus Spote. Afterward.\nThe third Otton, the first Henry called Mild, was emperor at the age of 17. He was crowned archbishop of Magoncia. Take note that John was pope for six months. Suanus, king of the Danes, heard of this and landed in Cornwall. He took advantage of the treason of a Norman earl, Hugh, whom the queen Emma had made lord of Deuvenshire. Suanus took Exeter and destroyed its walls. But the West Saxons came against him. However, whenever the hosts were about to assemble, the captain of the English men was feigning illness. And so the English were discomfited. King Suanus robbed Wilton and Shirburn and went back to his ships again. The next year after, he came to Norwich and destroyed the country. He gave the Danes a hard and sharp battle at Thegne. But that year was marked by strong hunger in England. King Suanus turned back to Denmark. The next year after, he came into England again. The nineteenth John was pope for five years. This year, Elphegus\nBishop of Winchester was made Archbishop of Canterbury when Wulric, the Archbishop, was dead. Afterwards, in the month of July, the Danes' navy landed at Sandwich, and plundered and robbed Kent and Southsex, and harassed the host of England with various deceits, now plundering and robbing, now turning home again. Three fellows followed them, always robbing, slaying, and burning. King Egelred resided then in Shropshire. Therefore, Egelred, by the counsel of lords, paid the Danes a tribute of thirty thousand pounds to have peace. That year, he made Edric, the traitor, duke of Mercia. Edric was of the lineage of Cynewise of Tong, false and deceitful in wit, soft and fair in speech, untrustworthy and false in thought. The third, Sergius, was pope for three years. Henry, LI, 6. Turkill, an earl of the Danes, came to land in Kent, and the men of Canterbury gave him a thousand pounds to have peace. The Danes went into the Isle of Wight and took prayers there.\nAs often as the king went forth to fight against them, Earl Edricus advised him not to give them battle. That year, the Danes became extremely wealthy and destroyed nearly half of England from Northampton to the Isle of Wight. About St. Matthew's feast, the Danes besieged Canterbury. On the twentieth day of the siege, the city was taken, and set on fire. This was due to the treachery of Almarus the Deacon, who had before saved Saint Elphegus from death. Thurston of St. Augustine's was allowed to leave. Christ's flock were tied up; nine were killed, and ten were taken captive. Some were killed with iron, and some were thrown down from high places, some hanged by the private parts, and some drawn by the ears. Among those killed, Bishop Elphegus was taken and bound for seven months, and was greatly tormented and despised in many ways. Therefore, God's wrath fell upon the people who had slain so many, causing them deep sorrow and destruction.\nIn the year by the name of XX, a large number of Danes were warned by Christian men that they should harm the bishops, but they disregarded this and continued as they were. On Easter Eve, they gave the bishop a choice: pay three thousand pounds or forfeit his life. He chose the former and humbly begged his Christian men not to pay the ransom. The Danes were angered and violent, and the following Saturday, they led the bishop out and stoned him to death with bones. Twelve days before May, the bishop was dead and not buried until the following morning. When a dry tree was touched with a drop of his blood, it turned green again. The next day after his body was brought to London, he was buried respectfully in St. Paul's Church. However, by the grant of Canute, king of the Danes, he was later brought back to life in his own church.\n\nAfter this Alphegus\nHad taken monk's habit at Dover, he lived as an anchorite at Bath, and gathered monks thereafter. In agreement, these monks led them all to evil doing. For unwittingly, some of them held feasts by night in outrage and drinking until daylight. But the punishment for this wicked deed came upon them in the midst of the house where they drank. The father was warned by the noise he heard and came to the window, seeing two demons beating the body. The wretch begged for help, but the demons replied, \"Thou were not obedient to God, so we shall not be obedient.\"\n\nOn one occasion, St. Andrew appeared to Dunstan. Through St. Andrew's counsel, Alphege was made bishop of Winchester and never ate flesh. But he was sick. By night and standing in the water to the gyrrel stede, he worshipped God and prayed until daylight. After being bishop of Winchester for twenty years, he was made Archbishop of Canterbury against his will.\nAs he went to Rome for the palle, William was robbed in a street of all that he had. Therefore, God took vengeance on that street. So, the street caught fire. The men of that street recognized their transgression and returned all that was his. Then they saw that the fire was quenched at the prayer of St. Elphegus.\n\nMarianus.\n\nAfter Sergius, the eighteenth Benedict was pope for twelve years. Peter Damian says of him that a bishop saw him sitting on a black horse, severely tormented. Therefore, he begged the seeing bishop to go to his successor, John XX, and ask him to do alms deeds for him with the money that was in such a chest. For all that was dealt for him before stood him in no stead. For it was stolen and robbed. So it was done, and then that bishop went into an abbey.\n\nThis year, two days before October, the sea overflowed and passed the cliffs and circled around East Anglia, which contains Northfolk and Southfolk.\nNauney into Humber and passed by the river Trent to Gainsborough. The men who dwelt by the north waiting street swarmed towards him, and took pledges from him and gave them to his son Canutus, while he went to destroy South Mercia and slaughtered the men, keeping the women for his fleshly pleasure and that of his men. Then he took Oxford and Winchester, but as he went towards London and sought no bridge, he lost many of his men in the River Thames. But by the presence of King Athelred at London, he was driven out and went to Wessex. The Londoners saw this and sent him pledges. Then the king was ashamed and sent his wife Emma to her brother Richard, the second Duke of Normandy, along with their two sons and the bishop of London. He held his midwife there at his request. At last he was without cattle and comfort and sailed into Normandy. King Canute was the more proud and challenged each one to their own damnation.\nThe tribute of St. Edmund's city threatened that if the tribute were not paid, he would slay the men and set the city on fire. He despised and scorned St. Edmund and all that he could. But when even he came, he was struck with St. Edmund's sword in the midst of his own knights. This occurred at the town of Gainsborough, and he cried out in his departure, day and night, and died on the third day of February. His son Canutus saw this and acted mildly towards St. Edmund, making a ditch around his land and granting him freedom. He discharged the place of all manner of service and built a church over the martyr's body. Monks were ordained there and given money and lands as rents. Afterwards, kings of England sent their crowns to St. Edmund, and if they wished to use or keep them, they should pay much money and have them returned. The collectors of tribute, who were cruel in other places in England, were mild and easy and soft in this half. This is St. Edmund.\nWhen Suanus died, the Danes made Canutus his son king. But the English sent to Normandy to King Egelred and promised him that if he would be more favorable to them than he had been, they would prefer him to Canutus and take him as king. He agreed to their proposal and sent Canutus out of Lindsey. Then Canutus took refuge for a while at Sandwich in Kent. He cut off the hands and noses of all the English pledges that had been delivered to his father and fell into exile again the next year.\n\nThis year Canutus sailed around East Anglia and took prayers in the southern country. The noble knight Edmund Ironside opposed him manfully, but Edmund retreated when he learned of Edric's treason. Edric gave him and his men to Canutus.\n\nThe West Saxons saw this and delivered him pledges and did the same. King Egelred died in London eight days before May and was buried in St. Paul's Church. After his death.\nbishops, abbots, and lords of the land forsook his issue and progeny and knelt at Southampton, urging Canute to be their king. Canute swore that he would be a true lord to them, both to God's ward and to the world.\n\nBut the Londoners and many lords made Queen Edmund Ironside their king instead. Immediately, they made the West Saxons subject to her. Some did so out of fear, and some willingly. In the meantime, Canute besieged London, but was driven away. He then fought with Edmund in Dorset, near Gillingham, and was defeated.\n\nAfter the middle of summer, Edmund, with a great host, fought more sharply with Canute in the province of Wessex, that is, the province of Winchester. They fought so fiercely that each host, through exhaustion, withdrew from the other. Alfred and Marianus were present.\n\nBut the next morning, Edmund had overcome the Danes. The false Eadric had not yet shown a knight's head that most resembled King Edmund. Eadric showed that head and said, \"Flee.\"\nEnglishmen, behold here is the head of Edmond, your king. But when Edmond was aware of this, he was laid one more sharply and faster in the fight and continued until night. By night Canutus went to London ward. But Edmond followed after and saved the city and crossed the Thames for the third time. He overcame the Danes at Brentford. Then Duke Edric swore fealty to King Edmond. But the fifth time, when the Danes robbed and ravaged and took prayers, Edmond overcame them at Okeford in Kent and chased them to the Isle of Shepeheye. Then, while Edward turned towards Wessex, Canutus took prayers in Mercia. Therefore, Edmond met him at Ashdown. There was fierce fighting on both sides. Duke Edric saw the Danes turning downward and fled as a traitor should. Many noble men were slain on Edmond's side. The bishop of Lincoln and the Abbot of Ramsey, who had come to pray for the knights, were also slain. Then, by the counsel of Edric, peace was made between the kings and pledges taken on both sides.\n\nAt Durham.\nUpon the brink of Severn, the peace was made in this manner: One of the knights stood up in the midst of the host and said always we die; no man has the victory. Edmund cannot be overcome for his great strength. Canutus cannot be overcome for favor of fortune. But what will be the fruit of this continual strife, but when the knights have been slain on either side, then the dukes, compelled by necessity, shall certainly agree with each other. They will fight without knights alone, either with each other or with others. Why then do they not now one of these two agree? If they agree, why is not the kingdom now sufficient for them both, which was once enough for five? If their covetousness of lordship is so great that either has indignation to take and have part with the other, or to be under, then let them fight alone, who will be lords alone. Lest if all men fight, all men be slain, and so leave no knights under the heel of dukes, neither to defend the king against strange aliens. Then the dukes, with their...\nhosts came together at the island of Olney beside Gloucester. There all men cried out that they should agree or fight aloud. The people stood and beheld on either side. The kings fought first on horseback and then on foot. Canutus saw that Edmond could not be overcome and agreed to be a partner in the kingdom. They threw away their weapons and kissed each other. Then all men marveled and were joyful at this. When this was done, the traitor Edric desired to make himself leave.\n\nCanutus. And at Windsor, when Edmond was at prayer to cleanse his soul, as the needs of nature require, Edric was secretly hidden under the place and struck the king in the back, who sat on the throne. And then Edric went to Canutus and said, \"Hail, King alone.\" When the king knew how it stood, he said to Edric, \"You think to please me with such servile behavior, and have slain the best body in the world. I shall be your head above all the lords of England.\" Then Edric's head was taken off immediately.\nSome stories say that Edmond died not in that manner, but after the accord was made and stabilized between the kings, and Edward was divided between them. Edmund died in London around St. Andrew's tide and was buried at Glastonbury with his grantor Edgar. This seems true, as common chronicles tell that after Edmund's death, Canute the Dane made himself king alone when Edmond was dead and reigned for about nineteen years. He divided the king of England into four parts and assigned Wessex to himself, East England (containing Northfolk and Southfolk) to Earl Torkilly, Mercia to the false Edricus, and Northumberland to Hiricius. Then he convened a council at London and asked if any mention was made in the records.\nThe agreement between him and Edmund: that Edmund's brothers or children should be kings after his death. They answered falsely and flatteringly, saying no. They swore they would completely remove Edmund's kin. They believed this would win favor with the king later. Some of them were killed by God's just judgment, some were baptized and exiled, and some were driven out of the land. By counsel of Edricus, the king exiled Edmund's brother, who was called King of the Welsh. But he was later reconciled and killed by the treason of his own men. But King Canutus hesitated and was ashamed to kill Edmund's sons Edmond and Edward. By counsel of Edricus, he sent them to King Swan of Sweden, intending to kill them, but he feared God and sent them instead to King Solomon of Hungary to save their lives. Edmond married the king's daughter and died soon after without children. But Edward married Agatha, the emperor's daughter, and took Margaret, who was\n\n(Note: There are some errors in the text that cannot be corrected without additional context. For example, \"kynge of churles\" is likely a misspelling of \"King of Wales,\" and \"hentere the emperours doughter\" should be \"Henry, the emperor's daughter.\")\n\nCleaned Text: The agreement between him and Edmund was that Edmund's brothers or children should be kings after his death. They answered falsely and flatteringly, saying no. They swore they would completely remove Edmund's kin. They believed this would win favor with the king later. Some of them were killed by God's just judgment, some were baptized and exiled, and some were driven out of the land. By counsel of Edricus, the king exiled Edmund's brother, who was called the King of Wales. But he was later reconciled and killed by the treason of his own men. But King Canutus hesitated and was ashamed to kill Edmund's sons Edmond and Edward. By counsel of Edricus, he sent them to King Swen of Sweden, intending to kill them, but he feared God and sent them instead to King Solomon of Hungary to save their lives. Edmond married the king's daughter and died soon after without children. But Edward married Agatha, the emperor's daughter, and took Margaret.\nafterward, Queen of Scotland Cristyne and Edgar Adeling / Henry, in Book Six / The name Adeling is made of two Saxon words: Adean image, and Adeling is like a noble image / Therefore, the West Saxons have a proverb of great contempt: underling, he who is put out of honor, either an image that goes backward / The holy king Edward was afterward in England, but he feared Goodwin's sons and the cunning of his own men, and made William the Norman his adopted son / William de Regibus, in Book Two / In the month of July, King Canute wedded Emma, the queen, for he wanted to be more secure of England and begot a son named Hardknut / After that, at London, the false Edric despised the benefit given to him, and the king ordered him to be executed right there in his own palaces, and threw his body outside the walls into the Thames / In war, so that Edric should not betray him by fraud and treason, he exiled some other lords.\nBut he loved Earl Leofric always afterward. / After this, he held a parliament at Oxford. Englishmen and Danes were agreed to uphold King Athelred's laws. Henry, in Book Six. / That year Canute went into Denmark, and had Englishmen with him against the Welsh who were raiding him. Duc Goodwin and Englishmen unexpectedly came upon the enemy and dispersed them, chasing them without the king's knowledge. Therefore, the king showed great honor to Englishmen from that time onward, and they came again that year into England. / This year Bishop Aldwin of Lindisfarne was dead. Then the sea was wide for about three years, and a synod was held for the election of the bishop. There came Edmond the priest and said in his sermon, \"Why do you not choose me?\" Some did not take his words seriously, but they decided to fast for three days for the same reason. They wanted to write Saint Cuthbert's name. / Then, when the priest was at mass, a voice sounded twice from Saint Cuthbert's name.\nIn this year, Thomas bequeathed that Edmond should be his bishop. This same year, a strange occurrence took place in St. Magnus the Martyr's church in Saxon. Men and three women danced in the church on Christmas night. The priest of the church was angry and prayed for their wretchedness. He said, \"May Saint Magnus the Martyr's prayer grant you such disgrace, and may you dance in this manner all year long.\" And so it was done. The following twelfth month after Christmas, they danced in the snow up to their sides, having neither eaten nor drunk nor slept until they were delivered by the prayer of Saint Cuthbert, Bishop of Colchester. When they were drawn up from the earth, some of them died immediately, and some were kept alive and showed the great deeds of God. One of these women was the same priest's daughter, who had prayed this curse. Her brother would have dragged her away.\nout of the dance, but she beat him with her arm and led the dance never the latter with the other that year. William of Poitiers, in his first book, writes about this. Around this time, Brightwold, monk of Glastonbury (later the first bishop of Wilton), was contemplating the lineage of English kings, which was nearly destroyed at the time. This monk fell asleep and saw St. Peter the apostle holding Edward's hand. Egelred, Edward's son in Normandy who was then exiled from England, was also present. Peter sanctified Edward and made him king, showing him how holy he should be and how he should reign for thirty years. The monk asked and inquired about Edward's successors, and Peter replied, \"The kingdom of Englishmen is God's kingdom, and after this, God will ordain and provide.\" Henry, in his sixth book.\n\nAround this time, a holy man warned the English people that a Lord was coming. (Henry, in his sixth book)\nWilliam de Re, in the second book, recounts that Archbishop Egelnoth of Canterbury pleased King Canutus with the authority of holiness and granted him favor. In his excess, Egelnoth brought St. Elphegus' body from London to his own church. Afterward, as he traveled from Rome, he bought St. Anselm the Doctor's arm for a cloak of silver and a talent of gold. He sent the arm to Coutances for the love of Leoftherespa. Erle Lupold was in charge there. Then, he and his wife fled into the wilderness. One time, Conrad came there to hunt. He heard a wise man sleeping in his bed who spoke to him twice and said, \"The hermit's child, newly born, will marry your daughter and will be your heir.\" Therefore, he became angry and commanded to bring the child's heart. However, the messengers feared God and threw the child instead.\nlive in a wood / and brought to the king the heart of a hare / Shortly after this, one Duke Harry passed by / and heard the child weep / and sent him to nursing to his own wife / who was pregnant / and named him Harry by his own name\n\nWhen the child grew up, King Conrad often thought he had been warned about him / and kept the child with him / But the one who was hiding the child's father always said it was not him / The emperor, by himself, often thought / how he might destroy this child / Therefore he sent the child to the emperor's court / with letters written in this manner / when the letters were read, the child should die the same day / the child was lodged for a night with a priest / who read the child's letters / when the child was asleep / and for this word, he should die / the priest wrote instead, \"should wed our daughter\" / and so it was done /\n\nAnd though the emperor was angry about this, he thought the child was a noble earl's son.\nand toke it the lyghtlyer / And buylde an abbaye in the place of wyldernesse there the childe was borne / The Abbaye is called vrsania / \nALso this yere dyed the seconde Rycharde / the fourth duc of normandy / \u00b6 After hym his sone the thyrde rychard was duc of normandy\u00b7 After one yere of the ducherye / his yon\u2223ger broder Robert slough hym / with venym / and was duk after\nhym / But after the vij yere of his duchery / he was sory for his broders deth and went on pilgremage / barfote to Ierusalem and dyed in Bithinia / Of hym it is seyde / that he was mighti and polytique / in batayle / large & free of yeftes and of mete and drynke / \u00b6On a tyme it happed at a grete fest that knyghtes of\u2223fred at masse / but one of hem offred not / The duc trowed ther\u2223for that he had not that he myght offre / and bad yeue hym an C / pound / he leyd hem holy vpon the aulter / Me axed hym why he dyd soo / for hit was yeuen me for to offre seyd the knyght / The duc herd that and yaf hym a nother hundred pound to his owne vse / \u00b6 On a\nAnother time the same duke played at chess, and he was given a golden joust, wonderfully fair adorned with pearls and precious stones. He gave it immediately to the clerk who played with him at chess, and the clerk died immediately. Physicians told the cause and said, \"For great sorrow the heart closes and is the cause of death, but for great joy the heart opens and is the cause of death, but it opens sooner. Also, on one occasion, one brought to Duke Robert two fair knights, and immediately he ordered them to give him a hundred pounds. While he spoke the money, two gentle horses were given to the Duke. He gave them immediately to the one who had given him the knights. When he had received all this, he sent him away quickly, lest some hindrance might occur in the meantime. Then the Duke made a great moan and said, \"I have received a simple reward that brought me the knights.\" About this Robert, I say.\nThat all who yielded him a gift, but it was such a generous gift that should be eaten, he would give it to him. The first generous gift given that day was William de Re's, in book 2. This Robert once passed by the city of Phalesya in Normandy. There he saw a woman named Arlette, a skinner's daughter, dancing among others. He took her to his bed that night and kept her for a long time instead of his wife. He desired her, the conqueror, and his mother saw a sign of his greatness when she felt her bowels spread open in England and Normandy. When the child was born, it happened that he touched the ground and took both his hands full of the powder from the ground and squeezed them. She told him that he should be a king, the first night this maiden's bed was slept in. The duke asked why she was tearing her own smock from the chin to the feet. She replied that the hem of my smock, which had clung to my feet, should be turned towards my lord's mouth.\nDuke Robert went to Irlem and summoned all the lords of his land to Fisnanum. He made them swear fealty to his son William, who was then seven years old, and arranged for his earldom of France. They paid homage to the child until Duke Robert was dead. But when they heard of Duke Robert's death, each lord took care of himself and paid no heed to the child. In the end, this Gilbert was killed by one Rauf, who was the child's uncle. There was fighting and much bloodshed in the country. Strife arose among them. But William was young in arms. Guy of Burgundy was the cause and instigator of all this strife and treason, as he was William's kinsman from the second daughter of Richard. But William took him and put him to death.\n\nOdo, the king's brother of France, came against William, but William had the upper hand and chased Odo, treating him contemptuously and brutally.\n\nHowever, mediators intervened and made peace. The kingsmen of France were present.\nDelivered those who were taken prisoners. / \u00b6 Take great heed that William fought often with the king of France, / but not suddenly as our men do nowadays. / \u00b6But the day of battle should be set, / and he had ever the victory. / Then when the king of France was dead, / he took manfully the lands of Normandy, though the lands were long time absolute, / that is, by the count of Anjou and little Britain, / that King Charles had given to Roland with his daughter Gillian, / this William won it manfully. / Harold, an Englishman, was in that battle, as it will be said within. / Duc (Duke) went to Jericho and passed by Burgundy. / There, as he went out of the gate, the porter struck him with a staff. / Anon he thanked God and forbade his men and charged that none of them should take revenge for \"I am said he\" well, he loved this stroke more than all Rothomagus. / Then he came to take the cross of the pope / and did his noble pallet about the image of the great Constantine and scorned the Romans.\nthat would namely give a year's rent to their lord a cloak, and he had his mule shod with gold that he rode on, and forbade all his men that they should not take up the shoes when they were fallen. He came before the emperor of Constantinople, and while he spoke with the emperor, he saw no bench in the entire house and sat down upon his own pallet in the manner of his own country. And as the duke ordered them to leave their pallets there, when they arose, and said that they should not take away her benches, the duke was prayed by the emperor to take money for his expenses on the journey, and he answered and said that he would live as a pilgrim by his own means. But when he came again, he would do the emperor's will. Then the king forbade that no man should sell him fuel to cook his food with it. Then the duke bought notes and cooked his food there with them. The king marveled at the duke's boldness, and made benches in his court afterward instead of the aforementioned pallets. Later, the duke behaved badly.\nin the way that he couldn't go or ride, so he hired Saracens who would carry him on their shoulders by day. He charged a Norman going to Normandy that if the Normans asked about the duke, he should tell them he had seen devils carry the duke to heaven's gate. He called the Saracens devils and the holy land heaven. It was customary that no Christian man should enter the holy city without great hire.\n\nMany men heard of the duke's coming and came to him, praying for his help. He swore by the heart of his womb that as long as he had one penny, he would be the last to enter. The noble Saracen lord of the city heard this and also heard of the duke's other manly deeds. He forbade anything to be taken from him or any man who came in his company. He received the offering and gave it immediately to the poor and died soon after.\nAfter Pope John IX, the men of Norway forsook their holy king Olavus due to his simplicity and took Canutus in his place. Canutus was subsequently slain in the fourth year after. Robert, King of France, died; his son Hugh succeeded him. In that same year, Canutus went to Rome and made large gifts to St. Peter, establishing the Saxon school there free of all tribute, and gave large alms. In his advanced age, he returned to England and paid great ransom for passage of pilgrims in many places and purchased the opening of closed ways, securing the pope's release of the price and payment that princes of his kingdom were accustomed to give and pay for the pall. They sent a letter to the lords of England, urging them to rectify all transgressions and defects before his coming. After Pope Benedict IX reigned for eight years.\nThis Benet was removed from the papacy and another named Silvestre was put in his place. However, Silvestre was also removed, and Benet was restored. Yet Benet was again put out. And Johann Arche, called Archdeacon of Saint John's place, which is called Ante Portam Latina, was made pope. This Johann is also known as the sixth Gregory. Benet, because he was boisterous in literature while he had the papacy, ordained another pope for his displeasure, resulting in a conflict between the two. Then Henry the emperor, who had married Conrad's daughter and was his successor, removed these popes and brought in the bishop of Ravenna, who was called the second Clement. Henry was crowned from him. Additionally, Henry compelled the Romans to swear that they would never acknowledge a man in the likeness of a wondrous shape and with a beard.\nHeed and say that he appeared so right while he was alive. This year died Robert, duke of Normandy, during his pilgrimage. After him, his young son William became duke. Of which William, it is said, died one son named Suan.\n\nSaid that this Elgyna could not conceive a child by the king, so she took this Suanus when he was newborn. She laid herself down as if in childbirth and the child by her. She deceived King Canutus and brought him to believe it was true.\n\nCanutus made his son and Emma's Hardknut king over the Danes. King Canutus died at Septon, that is Shaftesbury, and is buried at Winchester in the old abbey.\n\nHenricus in Book Six speaks of three great deeds he did. The first was that he married his daughter to Emperor Conrad. The second was that he went nobly to Rome and came back, bringing with him a great deal of our Lord's cross. The third was that he sat on the seashore while the sea was flowing and commanded and charged\nThe sea should not come upon his land and that the sea should not wet his lords' clothes. But the sea came up as it was wont by its own kind and wetted the king's thighs. Then the king Canutus started away and said, \"All men shall know and witness that the power and might of kings is vain and empty. None is worthy to bear the name of king except he who has all things subject to his laws. And King Canutus never wore a crown on his head after that time, but he set the crown on the crucifix's head at Winchester, when Canutus was dead. Then there was great strife at Oxford, who should be king and his successor. Leofric, consul of Chester, and other lords of the north side of the Thames, as well as the Londoners, took Harold Harefoot, who was held the son of Canutus and Elgiva Hampton, and made him king. Godwine made him a difficult candidate for Canutus. Some men say that this Harold was a son of a shoemaker, and falsely, he was born and brought to the bed of this Elgiva.\nAnd she laid him by her as if she had borne and brought forth Suanus. Right after Suanus was laid by her, a herald was made king and took from Emma all the king's riches, expelling her from England. But the earl of Flanders received her with respect and did her great favor. Ethelnotus, archbishop of Canterbury, died, and seven days later Ethelric, bishop of Winchester, died. He had earnestly prayed to God that he himself should not outlive Ethelnotus. Then Eadsius, the herald's chaplain, was made archbishop of Canterbury, and Stigand, the herald's other priest, was made bishop of Winchester. Afterward, he took the see of Canterbury unjustly from Eadsius. This herald died in London after the fourth year of his reign and was buried at Winchester. When he was dead, the lords of the land summoned Hardknut, king of Denmark, who dwelt then in Flanders with his mother.\n\nHardknut came into England and reigned for three years. But he did nothing worthy of being a king.\nThe king praised Alfric, archbishop of York, and sent him to London with goodwyn. He had the body of King Herald extracted from the earth and beheaded for the wrongs Herald had done to his mother. Heralde's headless body was thrown into the Thames, but later fishermen found and buried it properly. Hardicanute made every rower of his navy pay eight marks of silver as tribute to the emperor of England. He placed the rule and governance of his kingdom in the hands of Goodwyn and his own mother. When this king imposed all imperial tribute upon Englishmen, two of the king's ministers who were attending to this matter were killed at Wareham. Therefore, that city was destroyed and set on fire.\n\nWilliam the Reeve, II, 2.\n\nThe king married his fairest sister Gunhild to Harthacanute. Gunhild was the daughter of Canute and Emma, and before her marriage, she was pledged to many great powers in her father's court.\nIn this herald's time, Elizabeth, after being with her husband for a long time, was accused of adultery. Her nurse, who had brought her from England, instigated a fight between her and her husband, who had spread the false tale. Though the tale teller was as great as a giant, they fought together. Gunilda nursed the false pelorus' wound and had him subdued. By God's virtue, he was under her control. Then Gunilda began to dance and rejoice, abandoning her husband forever. She refused to return to his bed for any man's prayers. Instead, she took the holy veil and became a nun.\n\nHenry I, Edward, the sons of King Egelred and Emma, had dwelt in Normandy for a long time. They brought many knights of Normandy with them and went to speak with their mother at Winchester. Goodwyn gave Mary, his daughter, to Edward as his wife, the simpler and younger of the two. He supposed that the elder brother would despise such a marriage.\nGoodwyn warned the lords of England and said that it was not certain that any man would bring into the land so many men of Strange and cunning nation. Therefore, those coming must pay the penalty. Of the Normans that were brought forth, he always took away the tithe and kept the tenths, and yet he thought that the tithes were left too much and tithed after the tithes, leading the lords around the stakes until the last intestines came out. Elfred was sent to Ely after his blindness for only a few days. When Emma heard that she had sent her son Edward hastily to Normandy, Goodwyn was blamed by the king and other lords for these deeds. Then he swore that he never did such deeds, but was compelled by the strength of King Harold, when Conrad the first was dead, and the second Harry, who had married his daughter, was emperor after him. Of him, wonders are read both before and after in this book. He reigned for fifteen years. He put all minstrels out of his realm.\nThe king courted all that he used to give to minstrels before. He had a sister who was a nun, whom he loved so much that he could not bear to be without her company. Once, a clerk of the court lay by her all night until the morrow, and the earth was held with snow. They took them to rede. The clerk made her bear him on her back outside of the court. The king arose to pass and saw this. He held his peace until a bishopric was vacant. Then he gave the clerk that bishopric and said, \"Look that you never ride more upon a woman's ride.\" Afterward, they vacated an abbey of men and gave it to his sister. \"Take this,\" he said, \"and look you never bear a clerk riding on your back.\" They were thus seen and abstained afterward. Also, on a time this emperor went privately on a Sunday that is called Quinquagesima to bear a mass in a chapel beside a forest. There served a very foul priest. Therefore,\nThe king pondered and wondered in his heart why God, who is so fair, would allow such a wretched creature to come near and handle His sacraments. When the verse of the tract was sung, the following was recited: \"Our Lord is God. The emperor looked upon him, as if in a trance, and said, 'He made us, not we ourselves.' The emperor was moved by this and made that priest a bishop shortly thereafter. This priest made the place and the community honest with good living. A rich man had driven away a man and he departed from her. This rich man later fell into sin and cursed himself and all who were with him. He then dwelt in his own orchard until his last sickness, and then he prayed to the bishop that he would absolve him. The bishop answered and said, \"If that cursed man leaves that cursed woman, he shall be absolved. If he does not do so this day, at the same hour when I shall die, he shall not be absolved.\"\nThe emperor and the clerk both died before the highest god, as it was done. The same king had a clerk in his chapel who was learned in scripture and wise, but the clerk was lecherous. The emperor ordered him one day to read the gospel, but he refused. The clerk had defiled himself with a prostitute the night before. Then the emperor said, \"Either read the gospel or leave my land.\" The clerk immediately prepared to leave and the emperor had his servants follow him, promising to bring him back if he repented. When this was done, the king said to him, \"I am pleased with your goodness, that you prefer God over your own country and heaven's wrath over my displeasure. Therefore, abandon the woodless love you use and I will make you a bishop.\" While Harry was young in Conrad's house, he took a pipe from one of them.\nA silver-colored man sought after children to play with, and he promised a bishopric for that purpose when he became an emperor. Eventually, he became emperor, and the clerk asked for what had been promised to him. Shortly after, the emperor was struck with a grievous sickness, causing him to feel nothing for three days, neither food nor drink. At last, through the prayers of good men who stood around him, he regained consciousness. He deposed the clerk, who had been so accused, by the counsel of his advisors, and acknowledged that he had been tormented by demons for three days, casting hot burning lies through the same pipe. In comparison to that lie, our fire is like a temperate warming. But a young man appeared with a golden chalice full of water and quenched the heat with a spring of water. He said that Saint Lawrence was that young man. Saint Lawrence's church was falling apart due to age, weakness, and lack of help. The emperor had repaired the church.\nIn Henry's time, there was great strife in the Church of Rome. Three men were chosen as popes at once. A priest named Gracianus received money and obtained the papacy. However, Henry came to Rome to end the strife. Gracianus offered him a golden crown, but he was convicted of simony and deposed. Another pope was then made. In this emperor's time, the body of Pallas the Giant was found whole and sound at Rome, without decay, with a chin of a wooden staff four and a half feet long. His body was longer than the height of the Roman walls. At his head was a burning lantern that could not be extinguished with wind or moisture. In his eye, there was a small hole covered by a lid. On his robe were these two verses written:\n\nPallas' even-tempered son,\nTurnus, the knight, lies here,\n\ndied in his way.\n\nWilliam of the Kings, Book 1.\n\nI do not believe that these verses were written in Latin when the giant was found.\nBefore Carmentus Euandres, our forefathers found letters in Latin, but I believe rather that they were composed later by Ennius or some other poet. After the body was submerged in water, it rotted like other bodies do, and the senses had fallen and the skin also.\n\nAfter Benedict the Sixteenth, Gregory was pope for about four years and was called Gracianus beforehand. William de Regibus: This man of great reverence and sternness had a battle at some point with Henry the Emperor. Furthermore, the papacy of Rome fell into such a state that neither he nor the cardinals had anything left to live on, but only a few towns near the city and the offerings of Christian men. The remainder was taken away or occupied by thieves, so that the offerings were taken away from the altars under naked swords or robbed in the high streets and ways. Therefore, all provinces abandoned the way to Rome because of the thieves in the way and because of other thieves in St. Peter's.\nGregory saw this and treated them softly at first with fair speech. But when he saw that it did not help, he cursed all those who did so and separated them from the holy church, along with those who sent them. When the pope saw this, which did not help and brought him into danger of death, he wrote to the emperor asking him to help the holy church, which was on the verge of falling. The emperor excused himself due to the war with Vandals and begged the pope to instead, in his place and at his expense, put his hand to the task. So the pope gave the command that the iron of cutting be used and obtained armor and a horse on every side. First, they drove away other thieves who had robbed the offerings of St. Peter's church. Then, the pope regained the land that he had lost for a long time. The quirites, who were accustomed to living by theft and robbery, called the pope \"ablosher\" and a \"man sleeper,\" saying he was not worthy to perform the office of the altar.\nSo that many cardinals were assenting to that meaning, and deemed that the pope should not be buried in holy church. In his last sickness, he was aware of this, and called the cardinals before him. He spoke to them in this manner: My brethren, I marvel greatly that you judge your bishop so rashly. I have lived so that I have spent what I had in your profit. For your deliverance, I have forgiven, and do not fear the reproach of this world. Therefore, if other men make such tales about me, you should silence the folly of fools in a better manner. Theives had taken away your livelihood that I might not suffer. Therefore, since every man's deed shall be judged by the intent of him who does the deed, as the gospel says, \"If your eye is simple, that is, if your intent is righteous, all your body will be bright and clear, that is, the gathering of your works.\" Sometimes I gave alms to the poor men, and he showed my kindness to the thief and to the [unclear].\nFor the thief who slays in hedges is punished, and the knight is praised who slays his enemy in battle, for the first slays the man out of covetousness, and the second for the salvation of the country. The first pope Adrian was once praised for granting to Charles the investiture of prelates. Now our bishops are praised for doing the contrary, and taken from princes such manner of power. Reasonably it was granted then, now reasonably warned and denied. At that time Charles' soul was not affected by covetousness, and the court of Rome was far from the elysian fields, and the prince was near and would not at all do anything out of covetousness, but now.\nIn this manner may my cause be taken toward either side, and be appealed other helped, but you say it is not a bishop's office to shed blood nor cause it to be shed. I grant this, nevertheless, it falls to him if he sues the innocent in peril to help and succor him with his tongue and hand. Every accused the priests because they neither withstood nor made a wall for God's house. Two persons are ordained to destroy vices in God's church; one that sharpens the speech, another that bears the sword. I take witness of God and you that I armed my tongue against the enemies of the holy church as long as I might profit, and him to whom it falls to wield the sword, I prayed thrice by messengers and letters that he would come and chastise such thieves, and he wrote again that he was occupied in the war of Waldia, and prayed that I would at my travel and his cost disburden the thieves. What should I do then when\nhe had put his office upon me and I saw the slaying of citizens, the dominance of pilgrims, and the meschievousness of the hands of the cardinals. He who spares the thief gives cause and occasion for why the rightful man and innocent is slain. But one case you may say that it does not fall for a priest to shed man's blood. I grant this, but if he defiles himself who bears down the wicked man and saves the man who is innocent and rightful, and they are blessed who keep rightful law and righteousness. Phineas and Mathathias are praised for they stuck through that transgression. But we shall suffer our very holy things to be defiled less than they their mysteries, which were but shadows in comparison to ours. Zachary the bishop put King Osias out, for he would cense and without fear he would have killed him.\n\nHe had gone his way and did him good. It seemed that I slackened, for the longer that the wicked man lives, the more he deserves of blame and pain. Therefore he that\nshor\u2223teth the lyf of suche one / lassyth his blame and his peyne / and soo he doth for hym and yeueth hym a benefyce / Treuisa / Here ware of the deuyls argument and of gyle / For be a man neuer so euyl / yet he may amende while he is a lyue / and soo dyde Pa\u2223ul and mary magdalene and many other and soo cryst meaneth in the gospel in the ensample of whete and of cockle that somme men calle darnel\u00b7 Than it foloweth in the storye / Thenne the pope sayd that I no wther ye be begyled in this doynge / take my bo\u2223dye whanne I am dede / and sette it byfore the chirche dores with oute and doo that the dores be fast loken and barres / and yf the dores ope not by goddes grace and his vertue / doo with my body what ye wol / whanne it was done that the pope desired / ther cam a whyrl wynde / and brake vp the dores and the barres / and shufte the body anone / to the Inner wal of the chirche / Whanne this miracle was seen the cardynals & the people buryed hym in seynt peters chirche / \u00b6 Also this yere at a fest of a\nSpousal at Lambeth beside London, while King Hardecanut was happily and merry, and stood and drank, was suddenly filled down and grew dumb. He died the eighth day of June, and was buried with his father at Winchester. Henricus in book six says he was so large and so generous of heart that he would arrange king's feasts four times a day, for he preferred that ghosts should leave relief than ask for more food. William de R. sent me to Normandy, that Edward should come and be crowned king, and pledges were given that he should bring with him few Normans. Then Edward's side was helped by Leofric, Earl of Chester, Goodwin, Duke of Wessex, and Livingus, Bishop of Worcester. But Marianus says that King Hardecanut had sent before for his brother Edward and kept him in his own court.\n\nThen Edward came into England and was crowned king at Westminster by Eadsius, the archbishop of Canterbury. He reigned about forty-two years.\nThis king married Godytha, daughter of Goodwyn, and led her away by such craft that he kept her from leaving his bed, neither lying with her carnally, whether he did it out of hate for her or love of chastity, I do not know for certain, but this solemn act is recorded of him, that he lived always without sin with women. This king did not fully honor his own mother, nor did he shame her openly, but by Goodwyn's counsel he took from her all the precious things and jewels that she had. Either because she was too harsh with him at times or because she would give him nothing, he took from Normandy some who were related to him there, to reward them. Among those he took was Robert Grosseteste, a jester, whom he made first bishop of London and then archbishop of Canterbury. The king was simple and did so much by Robert's counsel that he awaited his time. And he outlawed Goodwyn, his wife's father, and her sons as well, and took from them.\nModer took all that she had and closed her in the abbey, suspecting that she was too familiar with the Bishop of Winchester. She imprisoned Bishop Alwyn, but Emma was easily kept and allowed to remain at her large estate. She wrote to the Bishops of England, in whom she had trust of friendship, and said that it grieved her more the Bishop's displeasure than her own shame. She was ready, by God's own judgment and by the ordeal by fire-hot iron, to prove that the Bishop was wrongfully defamed. Then, the Bishops came together to the king and were to have from him all that they prayed for, but Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, spoke against them. My brethren bishops said Robert, how dare you defend her, who is a wild beast and not a woman? She has defamed her own son, the king, and named herself God's own whore. But if it is true that the woman wishes to purge the Bishop, who shall purge the woman who is accused, implicated in the death of her?\nEgelredus procured venom for the poisoning of Edward, but if she had authority and power over the condition of giving birth to either male or female, she would have had to go barefoot for herself for four steps and the bishop for five steps continuously over nine hot plows of burning and fire. If she escaped harmless over all these steps, he would be quit and absolved of this challenge. The day for this purification was appointed, and on that day the king and all the lords were present. They took Robert away, but the night before the day of this purification, the woman was in her prayers at Winchester at St. Swithun's tomb and was comforted there. The next morning her eyes were hidden, and she passed through the fire in hot plows of solitude and escaped harmless. Then the king began to groan and asked for mercy and was disciplined by either bishop and his mother. He then restored to his mother all that he had taken from her before.\nQuene Emma yaf saynt Swithyne ix maners and the bisshop yafe other ix bicause of the ix solow shares that Emma had ouer passed / But Robert bisshop of Caunterburye fledde in to normandye / Marianus / Elfword bisshop of london that was somtyme abbot of euessham / wax vnsuffisaunt for elde feblenes and sekenesse to gouerne and rule so grete a bisshopriche and wold haue be abbot of Euesham ayene / but the brether of the place wold not assente / Than he toke with hym bokes and other thynges that he owther his successours had yeuen to the abbey of Euesham / and went hym to thabbey of Ramesay / ther he dyed sone after / and was buryed there / \u00b6 After hym came Robert / Ikyng edward gadred a strong na\u2223uey in the hauen of sandewiche / ayenste harolde harfager kyng of the Noreganes / that arrayed hym for to com and werr in En\u00a6glonde but by the betaylle that Suanus kyng of Danes / yafe hym / all that purpos was lette / Me sayth that in a nother tyme kyng edward lough at messe / as he was not wonte / they that were\nThe Normans and Danes stated that the king was to come and wage war in England. But when they were all prepared to sail, one man presented a bottle with mead and asked them to drink and pray in a disputatious name. But if they would drink, then bottle after bottle appeared, and drunkenness turned into rioting and rioting into fighting. They departed and shifted a twine. I hope that in my time, no aliens will wage war in my land. After Gregory the X Benet was pope for about two years, he bought the papacy. Therefore, Henry, our king, expelled him and brought in the second Clement, who died after one year. Pope Poppo succeeded him for two months. He was called the second Damasius when he died. The aforementioned Harold, king of the Normans, was sent to Olavus, his brother on the maternal side. He chased Swanus, king of Denmark, and made Denmark subject to himself. King Swanus, who was thus put out, was chased away.\nThe earl Godwyn advised against the king of England's decision to reclaim Denmark. But other lords counselled against it. However, King Harold and Suanus recovered Denmark once more. This year Livingius, the bishop of Worcester, died and Aldred became bishop after him.\n\nThis Aldred had been a monk at Winchester and then abbot of Tavestok. Great snow fell in the western counties of England, causing extensive damage to the woods, from the first day of January to St. Patrick's Day. After that, a great pestilence affected both men and beasts, and blight scorched the corn.\n\nThis year, there was a battle between Henry, king of France, and the lords of Normandy. They refused to accept William as duke when they had been overcome. Duc William outlawed some of them and hanged others. Around that time, Earl William, a knight from Normandy, renounced worldly chivalry and built an abbey at Bec in Normandy, which is still called Bec-Hellouin.\n\nThe abbot and ruler did not shame him for bearing stones and mortar to the construction site.\nand bake bread and do other works of cleanliness and honesty. God sent him the two lanterns of the world to his help and counsel: Lanfranc and Anselm, two men of great clergy and literacy. Either of them was prior in that place in turn, and later Archbishop of Canterbury. In this year, Pope Leo and Swan, king of the Danes, went with Harry Temperor against Baldwin, Earl of Flanders. And King Edward of England kept the sea with his navy until Temperor had his fill. Also in this year, Pope Leo had a conscience problem because the emperor had made him pope partly by force. Therefore he resigned the papacy but was lawfully chosen pope again. Also in this year, the thieves of Ireland came to invade Scotland with the help of Griffin, king of Wales, and took many prayers along the River Waga. Meanwhile, Swan, Godwin's eldest son, who had once lain by Edgyna, the Abbess of Leofmonastery, and cast off his wife, came to her.\nEngland/ If he could have made peace with the king/ But in coming, he slough (shed) Earl Bernus, his cousin, who was about to make peace with the king/ Then he fled to Flanders until he was reconciled by the help of Aldred, the Archbishop of York and Worcester.\n\nKing Edward released Englishmen/ from a grievous tribute that his father Athelred had made pay to the Danish soldiers of Denmark/ and had endured for forty years.\n\nThis year died Edsius, Archbishop of Canterbury.\n\nAnd King Edward gave the Archbishopric to his family, Robert, whom he had made Bishop of London.\n\nAfterward, in the month of September, Eustace, Earl of Boulogne, came ashore at Dover. He had wedded Goda, King Edward's sister. His knights behaved unwisely/ and they slew one of the citizens. The citizens slew one of his knights.\n\nWilliam de regibus in libro secundo/ and Marianus, at last, were fiercely fighting/ so that the citizens slew twenty men of the earl.\nThe company wounded many that I could not tell how many were wounded. The Earl escaped unhurt with one follower and came to King Gloucester, urging the king gravely against the English. Goodwin, Earl of Kent, was summoned to court and charged that he should with his host take revenge for the wrong done to the Earl. He saw that Alienes were allowed with the king and would help save the citizens, and his countrymen answered and said that it was reasonable that the wardens of Dover Castle should be summoned. If they could excuse themselves, they should be harmless; otherwise, do as the Earls please with their bodies and possessions. The king seemed to set little by Goodwin's words; therefore, the lords of the land were called to gather at Gloucester, specifically Leofrycus, Earl of Mercia, and Siward, Earl of Northumberland, to oppose Goodwin, Earl of Kent, and his eldest son Suanus and Harold as well. Goodwin had gathered a great host at Beverstone of his.\nThe counties of Kent, Southwark, Wessex, and Sussex, as well as Harold of Essex, East England, and Huntington, were present. Goodwyn was summoned because he had gathered such a large host. He replied and said that it was necessary to stop the Welshmen. But the Welshmen turned the blame against him. Little accord was ever reached, and a council was assigned in London for the same deed. Goodwyn and Harold were to come to court unarmed with twelve men, and no more than they should take with them for the king's knights' service in all England. They said they could not come to the treacherous and crafty council without weddings and pledges. They could not pass by the way with so few naked men and unarmed. In the meantime, Goodwyn's knights withdrew some and some for fear of the king's host. Then it was openly cried by the crowd.\nKing's heralds summoned Goodwyn to court in the manner described, or else he should come from outside England within five days. Therefore, Goodwyn and his three sons Swanus, Tosty, and Gurth sailed to Flanders to the earl Baldwin. For Swanus had married his daughter Judith. But Harold and Leofwynus sailed out of Bristow into Ireland. Algar, Leofric's son, took and ruled Harold's county nobly and returned it to Harold when he came of age and asked for it again. When Harold was turning to his father's counties, King Edward, in a plain parliament, outlawed Goodwyn and his three sons. And he put his own wife Godiva the queen into the abbey of Warwick, and neither father nor sons were outlawed for two years. And they took prayers in the English marches and gathered great strength, intending to fight against the king. But lords intervened, and peace was made after two years. The queen was brought back.\nAggain, sons of Wylnotus Goodwyn and each son of Swanus were pledged to wed for the sake of peace. King Edward then sent them to keep with William, duke of Normandy. During the outlawing of Duke William of Normandy, he came into England with a great multitude and had many great gifts. He went back to Normandy. Queen Emma, the king's mother, died and was buried at Winchester. Marianus the Scot, aged five and twenty, renounced the world and went on pilgrimage. He became a monk at Coloyn, a city in Almayne, in the Abbey of Scotts.\n\nWilliam de Pon, 1, Marianus. In this year, Godwyn and all his sons came to terms with King Edward. He took away his eldest son Swanus, who was sorry for the death of his sister Berinus, and sent him out of Flanders barefoot to Jerusalem. He went out of Jerusalem to Lycia and died from the cold he had taken. Afterward, the Normans, who were the king's counselors, gave him evil advice and exiled him. Specifically,\nRobert, archbishop of Canterbury, who had previously blown his trumpet against Goodwin and the English in that cause, warned him and advised him to be cautious. He went to Rome and returned with letters from the pope, and died in his abbey called Gemmeticum. After him, Stigand was archbishop. He had left the bishopric of Sherborne and took by force the bishopric of Winchester. This man used feasts of the holy church for worldly things and was a layman. And so were nearly all the bishops of England at that time. But this was a powerful man through wealth and flattery, therefore he was never worthy to receive the pall from Rome, though there is great demand for many offices.\n\nThen it was openly sung in ways that he was not worthy of a bishopric who could use the brag and the boast of this world, the use of foolishness, the courage of gluttony, the array of clothing, the feast of knights, and the gathering of horsemen, and thought little of the profit of souls if I told them.\nA bishop should be allowed by his holiness and his clergy, not by the allurement of money. They would answer with this metre: \"Nunc aliud tempus / aliij pro tempore mores\" - that is, \"now is other time / and other manners used for the time.\" They planned the sharpness of the deed with the lightness of the answer.\n\nDuring that time in Ireland, a cleric named Barbosus held a great and wondrous reputation for his piety. He had a large school of clerks, lewdmen, and wenches. He shared the same sect and manner of education with the wenches in his school. He was expelled from Ireland.\n\nAbout that time, Saint Alfwold, the last bishop of Sherborne, died. He was first a monk at Winchester and then made bishop. He used bread and water among all the great feasts made in England after the coming of the Danes. This man was devout in all respects to our lady and Saint Cuthbert.\n\nAfter his death, no one could grieve his see but he was punished.\nThis text appears to be written in Middle English, and there are some errors in the transcription that need to be corrected. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nshould be so feared with black images in his sleep that he should start. Also, there was a strife between him and Goodwin the earl and could not be settled at the day of accord that was set. Then the bishop was angry and said in his going away, \"By Saint Mary, my lady, he shall fare right evil.\" And after that hour, Goodwin had no rest from gnawing in his bowels until he had the bishop's blessing. On a time this bishop went to Durham and he did a deed that seemed of great hardiness. For he turned away the hanging of the body and spoke to Saint Cuthbert as if to his own friend and laid there the gift of love and went forth his way.\n\nAfter Leo the Second, Victor was pope for two years and six months. He held a synod at Florence in Italy and set down many bishops for simony and fornication.\n\nMarianus.\nThis year Syward, the noble duke of Northumberland, by commandment of King Edward, brought down Scotland with a host of horsemen and with great array and chased the king and took Malcolm.\nThe king of Comyn made him king of Scotland, but in that battle Syward's son was slain. When his father learned that he was dead from a wound he had received previously, he was sorry for his son's death but glad that his son was brave and courageous. That year, Wulsius bishop of Lichfield and Leofwyn abbot of Coventry became bishop after him. The morning after Easter at Windsor, Earl Goodwin sat at the king's table. It happened that one of the children serving the king came in with the king's cup and stumbled with one foot, preventing himself from spilling the drink. Goodwin saw this and laughed, saying, \"Now one brother has helped the other.\" The king immediately answered, \"So my brother Alured would have helped me, if Goodwin had been.\" Goodwin understood by this that the king had spoken more than enough.\nThe betrayal of his brother meant that he said to the king, \"Sir, as it is reported to you that I am to betray your brother, I swallow this morsel that I hold in my hand. I am guilty of such deeds, and he was choked immediately. At the king's command, Harold dragged him from under the table and he was buried at Winchester. But Marianus says that Godwine sat at table with the king at Winchester and was suddenly taken ill on Easter Monday and died on the Thursday in the Easter week. Godwine's earldom was then given to Harold. Harold's earldom was given to Algar, the son of Earl Leofric. In this year, King Edward sent Aldred, Bishop of Worcester, to the second Henry, the emperor, asking him to send letters to Hungary and to send them to England his cousin Edward, the son of Edmund Ironside. The king had planned to make him his heir in England, but the third year after he came to England and died at London.\"\nEdward was the father of Margaret, Queen of Scotland, and Edgar Atheling. Margaret had by Malcolmson a son, David, King of Scotland, and made her queen of England. Marianus.\n\nThis year King Edward outlawed Algar, son of Leofric, without cause. He was then prayed and associated with Griffin, King of Wales, and destroyed the province of Hereford, taking Herford and setting the minster on fire, slaying seven canons. But Earl Harold pursued those who fled and restored Herford again, walling it around. He made peace with those who were outlawed with the king.\n\nAlso this year Syward, the noble duke of Northumberland, died at York on the flux and was buried in the minster of Galmaicho that he had built. But before he died, he armed himself, sat upright, and said, \"It seems a knight is about to die and not lying feebly like an ox.\" And his son Waltyf was young and lay in his cradle. His earldom was given to Tostig, herald's brother, who was around ten years old.\n/ Mar / & W / The hermit of Flaundres, who was once King Edward's priest and bishop of Wilton and Ramsbury, was ill due to a lack of catalyst and prayed to the king for permission to ordain his see in Malmesbury Abbey. However, the local lords would not consent. Therefore, the hermit was angry and left the bishopric and went overseas to take monk's habits at St. Bertin's and lived there for three years. Alfred, bishop of Worcester, ruled the hermit's bishopric in his absence. But, as it often happens, those who take religious vows in such hasty and sudden ways lack steadfast will and devotion. After three years, the hermit returned to England. The man who had served him all his life time thought it heavy and long to leave it in his old age. Also, Goodwyn was dead, who had opposed him, and the Bishop of Sherborne was also dead, whom he had long thought.\nA bishopric was joined to one's own by old promises of the queen. He held the bishopric for a long time, lasting until the ninth year of William the Conqueror. In that year, the king was at a feast, and Harold and Tostig played before him. Harold, through his brother, challenged Tostig to a game. Harold played harder than the game allowed and threw him to the ground. Tostig was worn out by Harold's hands, and the king would have delivered him from his clutches had not Harold declared that great strife would ensue between the two brothers, and that one of them would kill the other.\n\nThe first wife of Earl Goodwin was King Canute's sister. On Goodwin Gate, a son of hers rode unwisely on a horse and spurred it. The horse threw him into the Thames, and he drowned. Her mother was struck by lightning and died. It was no wonder, for Sandbygate had six sons: Suann, Harold, Tostig, Wilynotus, Surth, and Loofrycus. Their fates are unknown.\nI am a woman who have used evil crafts and evil living. In vain I hoped to be saved by your prayers and intercessions, but now I pray you to release my torments and pains, for the soul's judgment is given. If you please, you may keep my body, bound in a chest of stone and covered with a lid of lead, and barred with iron. Bind it fast.\nwith three yren chains, make you sing forty psalms by night and as many masses by days. And if I lie so three nights, the fourth day bury the body in earth. But all for naught, for two the first nights while the psalms were singing, fensters broke up the doors and two of the outermost chains, and that very lightly. The third night about cockcrowing, the place all shook and one with a ghastly face, high of stature, broke up the doors. He heated the body so it should arise. I may not have said the body for strong bands, thou shalt be unbound, he said. But to thine own harm, and anon all that hindered was broken, and he took her out of the church. And set her upon a black horse that neighed by the doors and so she went away with low cries that were heard for four miles thence. Though this be wonderful, who that has read the fourth book of Gregory's dialogues shall not deem that it might not be believed. Therefore it is written that devils cast out a wicked man that.\nwas buried in a church, and so it is said of Charles Marcellus. The third Henry II, Henry's son, reigned among the Dukes for about fifty years. Sometimes he disturbed the holy church against Pope Hildebrand, and if he could have put in another pope, he would have done so, but he was ceased and went to the holy land with the Dukes Godfrey and Baldwin, as will be said in more detail.\n\nAfter Victor the ninth, Stephen Abbot of Mount Cassino was pope for eight months, he came in by strength and resigned the Papacy afterwards, in war.\n\nAelric, Bishop of Durham, left his own bishopric by his own will and went into the abbey of Borough, where he was nourished and lived peacefully for twelve years. His brother Aelwyn was bishop after him.\n\nAlso this year, the noble earl Leofric, the son of Leofric, duke of Mercia, died in his own town Bromley on the last day of November, and was buried at the abbey that he had built, Constance.\n\nSometimes, by the counsel of God and his own wife Gytha,\nthat worshiped much our lady. He amended and made rich taverns of Le\u00f3n besides Herford/Wenlock/Worcester/Evesham, and of two churches of Chester, one of St. John and another of St. Werburgh, while he was alive. His wit and readiness were in great esteem in the land of Englishmen. R\n\nAlso, at his wife's persistent prayer, he made his town of Coventry free of all manner of toll; he took away the toll of horses. For to have that freedom granted, his wife, Godiva, rode naked through the middle of the town in a mourning gown, not kept from view but with only her horse.\n\nAfter the death of Leofric, his son Algar held the lordship of Mercia. But in the same year, he was convicted of treason and outlawed. However, he was received by Griffin, king of Wales, as before and reconciled. W / de re /\n\nA young citizen of Rome, Lucianus by name, a rich man of castles and gold, a man of great lineage,\n\nHe wedded a wife Eugenia,\n\nbecause of which he made a great feast and went into the city.\nA man went out to the field to relieve himself and met other men. This newlywed man, desiring to play ball, placed his wedding ring on the finger of an image that was there. When he had finished playing and was thirsty, he first went to fetch his ring, but he found the image's ring and his own ring missing, causing him great wonder. When it was time for him to go to bed with his wife, he felt a damp thing between them. She spoke to him and said, \"Lie with me and share with me, for you have spoken to me today. I am the goddess Venus.\" He was greatly afraid and woke the entire night.\n\nIt happened as it had been warned, the young man stood in the crossroads at night and saw a woman sitting on a mule dressed as a prostitute. She wore a golden chaplet on her head and held a golden rod in her hand. He took the last letter coming, riding, when the woman spoke to him.\nA letter was read by the principal foe, who held both hands to heaven and said, \"Almighty god, how long shall the wickedness of Palumbus, the priest, endure? His knights came to Venus to have the ring, but she resisted and struggled for a long time. However, at last, her knights took the ring from her and gave it back to the young man again, allowing him to have his desire and joy of his love that he had long desired. But Palumbus heard the fiend cry out in heaven and knew all his transgressions that had been committed before that time. At Colyne in Almain, two abbeys of Scots were burned with their own fire. One monk named Patronus, who was there, had warned them of the burning long before. But when the fire came, he went out in no way, but there he was burned for the love of martyrdom. Patronus, the monk, seemed a foolish ghost who could not understand the cause and circumstances of true martyrdom. For there is no true martyrdom, [sic]\"\nBut it is for maintaining truth or for the faith and steadfastness against wrong and sin, God grant that the patronus not be damned for his blind devotion. Then it follows in the story. About that time in the province of Apuleia was found an image of marble with a brass head, and had a garland in which was written: The first day of May at sun rising, I shall have a head of gold. A Sarasin, that the duke of the Lombards had taken prisoner, understood what it meant and came on the first day of May and took heed of the image's shadow in length and breadth, and found under the shadow great treasure, and paid for his reason.\n\nWhen Benet was put out, the second Nicholas was pope, about two years later. In his time, the holy church in France was greatly destroyed by Berengarius, Archdeacon of Tours. He said that the ostensible body in the altar is not the true body of Christ, but a figure of it.\nAyenste him the pope made a counseylle at versel in ytaly of an honderd bisshops and thirtene / in the which counsayll berengarius withsayde his erroure as it is sayd in de\u2223crees de consecracione diui / 2\u00b7 Ego berengarius / But after the po\u00a6pes deth his heresy byganne efcalled liber sintillarum / And specially wymund that was a monke of normandye / and afterward bysshop of Auersan in A\u2223pulya / that was tho the moost proufyte / So that Berengarius amended his lyf atte laste / soo that somme men helde hym an ho\u2223ly saynt / he expowned the Apocalyps and vsed mekenes and almes dede and voyded the syghte of women / and vsed symple mete and cloth / and that by thappostles loore / Hyldebertus Bys\u00a6shop of Cenonia in his versus praysed hym moost in this ma\u2223ner / Of hym now wondrynge / shal wondre the world euermore This berengarius that dyed / shal dye no more / And than thus After deth with hym / lyf byd I in euen reste / Noo better be my lot / I praye than is his lot / Loo here me may see / how the noble Bisshop\nPassed in a manner of praising, but the Rhetoric with his fair speech breaks out often in that manner. Therefore, the poet says, \"Riche speech shows fair red flowers often, but among all this, take heed that though Berengarius amended his sentence, he could not amend all that he had appeared with his learning in various lands. Such is it to a peer of other men. By word or by evil example, when his own sin is away, yet it troubles and grieves other men's sins. I say that the noble bishop of Carthage, Fulbertus, spoke of this in his latter sickness. For when he saw Berengarius come to him among other men, the Bishop drove him away, saying, \"I see a fiend following him that appears all around (the eye).\" Also, when Berengarius died on the twelfth day, he had in mind how many wretches he had appeared to be, by his evil learning when he was a young man. And he said, \"This day I hope that Christ will show him to me in the day of his own showing, or for my penance towards bliss.\"\nAbout this time, Mannanus the Scot was imprisoned in the abbey at Fulda and remained there for ten years. When King's Bishop of York was dead, Aldred, Bishop of Worcester, became archbishop after him. Aldred was found blameworthy in his response and was deprived of all honor. As he was returning home, he was robbed of all that he had. Therefore, Tostius, the earl, went back to Rome and petitioned the pope to give Aldred the archbishopric. Tostius argued that nations of far lands should set little store by the pope's words. Therefore, either Aldred should have his cattle restored, or it would seem that he was fraudulently robbed by the pope. The king of England should also hear of this and withdraw his support from all that he had. And so, Aldred received the pall and went to England, making Wulstan the prior bishop of Worcester. No one would gladly obey Stigandus the bishop.\nThe archbishop of Canterbury received the gift of bishopric neither from William the Conqueror when he came, nor would he receive his blessing. After Nicholas the Second's election as pope in the year 1059, he was chosen by the cardinals and defended himself manfully against one Candulus, who claimed that no one should be chosen pope unless he was born in Paradise. Herald, Duke of Wessex, by royal command, went into Wales with a few horsemen after Christmas and set fire to King Griffin's palaces at Ruthlan and his ships. Griffin fled and escaped. After that, around the Rogation time, he went about Bristol with a great navy and sailed nearly all around Wales. His brother Tostius, Earl of Northumberland, met him with a host of horsemen and destroyed the Welsh countryside so extensively that the Welshmen delivered pledges and paid tribute as was customary. They outlawed and expelled their king Griffin and finally beheaded him about the fifth day of August. They sent his head to\nAfter King Edward granted the land of Wales to Griffin's two brothers who swore fealty to him, Harold went towards Normandy to meet with his brother Wilynotus and his son Hacun, who were in pledge with Duke William. But he was driven by a tempest into the province of Pontyf. The duke of that land took him and sent him to Duke William. Harold swore that he would marry Duke William's daughter and keep England for him when King Edward was dead. Therefore, he had a new alliance with him and returned to England again. However, Wilynotus remained in Duke William's custody the whole time he reigned.\n\nIn the same year, in King Edward's court, Harold became angry and went to Hereford. There, Harold had prepared a feast for the king. Tostius attacked his brother's servants and mutilated their limbs. He sent a message to the king that if he would come to his feast, he would have salt.\nmete/ The Northumbrians heard of this and expelled Duke Tostius and his servants. They broke his treasury and forced him to flee to Flanders. / William de Regibus / But the king heard of this and sent Harold to avenge his brother's wrongs. They claimed they were freely born and raised and could not endure the cruelty of the dukes. They had learned from their queen to maintain peace or else face death. They argued that they would easily be led by a lenient duke. Harold seemed wiser to favor the country than to pursue his brother's singular profit and sent his host back. He procured Malcherus to be made Earl in its place. This displeased Tostius, and he went into exile in Flanders with his wife and children until the king's death. / King Edward sat at table at Westminster on an Easterday. And while other men ate hastily, he/\nFill in a thought and laugh while other men eat. I asked him in chamber after me what caused him to laugh so. For seven sleepers said he in Mount Selyon beside Ephesus in the lesser Asia, where they had slept for two hundred years on the right side and turned them on the left side in my laughing time. And they shall so lie on the left side for three score years and fourteen. That time shall come among mankind when many shall have seen that Christ threatens in the Gospel, \"Men shall rise against men and so forth.\" For the Saracens shall rise against Christian men and Christian men against Saracens. And also the king told how the seven sleepers were arrayed. And so he tells no other story. Anon, the kings ministers sent to Nicetes emperor of Constantinople to spy out the truth of this vision. He received them kindly and sent further to the bishop of Ephesus. That he should show the array of the seven sleepers to the messengers of England. And so it was found as the king had said. And soon after, the Saracens and Turks.\nArsen and occupied Syria, the last Asia and Jerusalem. The third Henry the emperor died soon after, and Henry, king of France, was poisoned and died seven days before May. A star with a bright blazing crest was seen throughout the world wide, and was so seen continuously for seven days. Oliver Monk of Malmesbury greatly feared and spoke to it in this manner: \"Thou art come now, Thou art come to dole and sorrow, to many mothers. It is long since I have seen thee, but now I see thee more dreadful and ghastly. Thou threatenest the destruction of this country. This Oliver was then a man of great age, but in his youth, by great hardiness, he vowed to fortify his feet and hands, for he would flee in the Dionysian manner. And so he took a fable in place of a true sight, and stood on a high tower and took the wind and flew the space of a furlong and more. But he was afraid of the great strength of the wind and of the whirlwind, and in the case of his own folly, he fell down.\nwas lame in the last term of his life / Also this year, when Childermas day was celebrated at Westminster, King Edward began to be sick in his last illness. He saw a sight and told it to those who stood about him. Two men from Religion said, \"Come to me, king,\" they who had known me once in Normandy, and said that God had sent them to warn me of this. For the sake of the dukes, bishops, and abbots of England, they are not God's servants but the devil's. God has taken this kingdom into the hands of the enemy for twelve months and a day. And demons shall walk and throw about in all this land. I prayed and begged that they must do penance by my warning, and be delivered as an example to the men of Ninveh. Nay, they answered, neither shall we do penance nor will God have mercy on us. I said, \"When may there be hope and trust in forgiveness?\" They answered and said, \"When a green tree is hewn down and a part of it is cut from the stump and laid three times its length away.\"\nstok / Ther stode tho Sty\u2223gandus the Archebisshop and sayde that the olde man raued & doted as olde men doo / and was oute of his wytte and spak fo\u2223ly and vanyte / But afterward Englonde felte the soth and the trouthe of his prophecye / whan it was in subiection and destro\u2223yed with alyens and men of straunge landes / Than kyng Ed\u2223warde dyed at westmestre on a twellyfth euen / whanne he hadde regned thre and twenty yere / and seuen monethes / and was buryed at westmynstre / R / Aluredus of Ryual deseryued clere\u2223ly kynge Edwardes lyf / and sente it to laurence abbot of west\u2223mynster / And he sente that lyf that was soo descryued forth to the second henry / \u00b6Willelmus de Regibus vbi supra / Anone Harold occupyed the kyngdom & helde it aboute nyne monethes But somme entended to make Edgar Adelyng kyng / Edgar Adelynge was the sonne of Edward the whiche Edward was the sonne of edmond Irensyde / But for the childe was insuffy\u2223saunt to soo grete charge / Erle harold that was feller of wytte Rycher in the purs / and\nstrenger of knyghtes / occupyed the kyngdome by an vngracious happe / R. \u00b6But marianus sayth that kynge edward ordeyned byfore his deth that Harold shold be kynge after hym and that the lordes made hym kyng anone / \u00b6 Item Marianus / \u00b6 This was sacred of Aldredus the Ar\u2223chebisshop of yorke / & byganne to destroye euyl lawes & to make good lawes and ryghtfull to defende hooly chirche / To worshipe good men / to punysshe euyll doers & to saue & to defende the londe But his broder Tostius herde therof. and that he was kynge / &\ncam with syxty shippes oute of flaundres / and toke paymentis and trybute of the yle of wyght / and toke prayes in kente on the see costes / but he dradde the arraye of his broder harold / and wente by the see in to lyndeseye / and brente there townes and slough men til that he was dryuen thens by edwyn and Morkar dukes of mercia and of northumberlonde / Than he wente to mal\u2223colyn kyng of Scotland and was with hym al the somer tyme / \u00b6 In the mene tyme the kyng of the norganes / harold\nHarald Olafsson came with three hundred ships into the mouth of the River Tyne. Then Tostig arrived with his strength as agreed before. King Harold was warned and assembled great strength there, but before he arrived, the two brothers Edwin and Morcar had fought bravely and were overcome at last. Fifty prisoners were delivered. After this, on the fifth day, Harold came to Stamford Bridge and had a strong battle with hard fighting. But he killed the king of Norway and his own brother Tostig. However, he made Olaf, the brother of the king of Norway, and Paul, duke of the Isles Orkneys, swear to him and took pledges from them, letting them go home again. But one of the Norwegians remained there and is worthy to have a name forever. He stood alone on the Stamford Bridge and slew more than forty Englishmen with his own axe and held the passage of the entire English host until it was none of the day.\nAn English man took a boat and came under the bridge and struck the nose threateningly and left when he went to the battle against William. / William de Regus, Book Two.\n\nWhen Harold was set up in the kingdom and did not think of the covenants made between him and William, he considered himself released from the oath. For William's daughter, whom he had married, was dead before the age of marriage. And also because William was occupied with wars in lands near him. But William warned him of broken covenants and made threats veiled in prayers. Harold said that a nice folly of a covenant should not be kept, and especially the behest of another man's kingdom without the common assent of all the Senators. There was a lewd oath that should be broken, namely since it was compelled to be sworn in a necessary time. In the meantime, William prepared all that was needed for the journey and obtained the consent of the lords of his land. And purchased favor from Pope Alexander.\nA banner that was sent to him were the causes why Duke William challenged England against Harald: the death of Aldred, his cousin, the son of Emma, had been procured by him; the second reason was that Harold had promised Duke William that he would be king after him if he died without heirs, and Harold was sworn to fulfill that commandment. Henry, in Book Six: The lords of Normandy counseled among themselves what was best to do regarding this journey, and William, the duke's steward, the son of Osbert, counseled to leave and abandon the journey due to the scarcity of fighting men and the strength, hardiness, and cruelty of his enemies. The other lords were glad of this and put their answer and words upon William's mouth, and as he would say before the duke, he said that he was ready for the journey. William of the Kings, in Book Three: When Duke William\nand his men were long taryed in saynt waleryes hauene\u00b7 for the wynde was ayenst hem / the peple grutched and sayd that it was a wodand namely while god stroof ayenst hem / and god must graunt hem good wynde / yf they shuld seyle / Duc william made brynge out seynt waleryus hooly bodye and sette hym there oute for to haue wynde / Anon lykyng wynde fylled the seyles / than duc william cam toward Englond after mychelmasse day / and landed at ha\u2223stynge in a place called Peuenesey / In his goynge oute of his shippe / he slode with his one foote and styked in the sande / and the knyght that was next cryed to hym anone / and sayd / nowe Syr Erle / thou holdest Englonde / thou shalt ryght newely be kyng / than he charged that they sholde take noo prayes & sayd\nthat he must spare thynges that shuld be his owne / & he lefte soo fyften dayes / harald cam from the werre of the norganes / and herd tydynges herof / and hyed wel fast / & had but fewe knigh\u2223tshuld haue noo prayes atte batayll of norganes / but harold sente\nforther espies away and sees the number and strength of his enemies. Duke William took these espies and led them about his tents and pavilions, feeding them royally and sending them back to Harold. Then they told Harold tidings and said that all that were in Duke William's host were priests, for they had both cheeks and lips shaven. Englishmen at that time shed their hair overly and not on their shores. Nay, said Harold, they are no priests but strong knights. Then Gurth, Harold's herald's youngest brother, said, why do you wish to unwarily fight against so many crippled men? We swear to him none other. Then is it better that you, who are sworn to him, withdraw for a time and let us, who are not sworn, fight for the country? And if we have the mastery, it will be well. And if we are overcome, the cause and the quarrel is safe to the king. Yet Duke William sent a monk to Harold and proposed three ways: either he should leave the kingdom or hold the kingdom of Duke William and reign.\nunder him both the two should fight each other in that quarrel in sight of both hosts, namely while King Edward was dead and had granted him England if he died without heir, and by the counsel and assent of Stigandus, archbishop, and Theobald and Siward. In token of this, Goodwyn's son and his new one were sent to Duke William. But Harold would not assent to the monks' message; but said the cause should be decided by the sword's judgment, and prayed only that he would judge between them two. Then the hosts of either side came to the place of the battle on Saint Calixtus the pope's fourteenth day of October, on a Saturday, in the place where the abbey of battle is built, as we are informed. The night before the battle, Englishmen gave themselves to song and drink and kept watch all night. Early on the morning, foot soldiers with axes made a great strength of shields and set them in order, having the command. Nor had the Normans feigned to flee; King Harold stood.\non his feast day, he stood by his banner with his two brothers. That banner was later sent to the pope. The Normans confessed their sins and were housed early in the morning. Foot soldiers and archers were stationed in the battle, and knights with wings on either side. Duke William comforted his men before the battle and warned that the strength of an earldom would turn into a kingdom. But before the schiltrons could gather, one of the Normans named Taillefer cast his sword and endured from under the day to evening prayer time. Neither party would withdraw, but the duke's archers had their fourth. Then the duke made a sign to his men that they should feign to flee, and by this ruse, he engaged and disarrayed them as if to pursue and so to reel in their enemies. But when the English were out of array, the Normans re-formed and charged again from every side. At last, Harold was.\nA knight struck him with an arrow and lost his eye, was wounded on the brain, and was filled in that place. One knight struck him in the thigh while he lay there, so William expelled that knight from knighthood for committing an unchivalrous deed. That day, William lost three of his best horses that were stuck under him, but he bore them and no blood came out of his body when the victory was achieved. William buried his slain men, and granted the same to his enemies, who did so if they wished. Harald's body was sent to Harald's mother without any ransom, and she buried him at Waltham in the abbey of Chanons that Harald had founded.\n\nGiraldo of Cambrai, in his book Itinerarium, indicates that Harold had many wounds and lost his left eye with the stroke of an arrow, and was overcome. He escaped to the country of Chester and lived there holyly, according to Anker's Life in St. James' Cell by St. John's Church, and made a gracious end.\nende / And that was knowen by his laste confession and the commune fame acordeth in that cyte to that sawe / Also Aluredus Ryuallensys\nin saynt edwardes lyf / ca / 26 / in the ende there he sayth that Ha\u00a6rold eyther dyed wretchedly owther he escaped & was preserued to doo worthy penaunce / R / Thanwhan kyng haraldes deth was knowen therles of northumberlonde and of mercia / Edwyn and marcarus that had withdrawen hem self from harold for streyt\u2223nesse of places. owther more verely for wrath that the prayes we\u00a6re not deled atte bataylle of norganes / they come to london and and toke her syster Agytha haraldes wyf and sente hyr to Chestre And they and aldredus tharchebisshop of york & the londoners promysed that they wold make edgar adelyng kyng and fyght for hym / but for the drede of wylliam encreaced / they withdrew hem and fulfylled not that they had promised / And al this with other noble me\u0304 come to wylliam and yafe hym pledgys / & sware hym fewte and dyd hym surete\n\u00b6 Explicit liber sextus\nWHan william cam\nKing Alfred was crowned at Westminster, by Aldred, Archbishop of York, and Wynstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. He was crowned on a midwinter day. Among other things, it is hard to tell how great homage he paid to Wynstan, as he rose against him with a procession and one with great pomp and array. However, all that was hidden and concealed in this act came to light later. When the pope's legate came to England and held a council, Stygandus was deposed and seated. He humbly begged the king for mercy. The king excused himself with fair words and said that he could not act against the pope's wishes. And so, he kept Stygandus in bonds at Winchester for the term of his life.\n\nLater, during winter, King William came into England and imposed a tribute on Englishmen greater than they could bear. Except for those who rebelled against him and broke the city.\nGytha, the countess who was once Goodwin's wife, abandoned the city and sailed into Flodden's Wode. In this siege, the town wall collapsed, and the enemies entered for one citizen stood on the wall and did down his breach, defiling the eye with the foul noise of his nether end. That year, the lords of Northumberland feared William's cruelty and took with them Edgar Atheling and his mother Agatha, and his two sisters Margaret and Cristina, and sailed to Malcolm III, King of Scotland. However, some say that this Edgar, who was disturbed on the English side, took a ship and cast off to sail with his mother and his two sisters to his own country. There, a great tempest drove him into Scotland.\n\nBy reason of this, Malcolm III, King of Scotland, wedded Edgar's sister Margaret, and took as his wives her six sons and two daughters. Three of his sons became kings after their father: Edgar.\nAlyssander and David / Marjorie Malcolms daughter was married to the first Henry, King of England. From him came Mold Temperley. The other daughter Mary was married to Eustace, Earl of Derby, afterwards the Normans who kept castles. They set a fire to prevent the suburbs from helping the Danes fill the ditches. But the light reached too high and burned the city of York, along with St. Peter's Minster. However, before the fire was extinguished, the strength of the Danes and their allies, with the consent of the city's inhabitants, numbering more than three thousand Normans, arrived. King William was enraged and destroyed that province, causing great hunger. Men ate horse flesh, hides, cat flesh, and human flesh. The land between York and Durham was without tillage for nine years. Only St. John's land of Beverley was spared. For there was inflicted upon one of the king's knights a terrible revenge because his horse's neck was broken and his face turned backward. At that time, St. Bede's Abbey was burned.\nMalcolm was in Girmouth on the brink of the river wire, where he destroyed Northumberland, slaying all the old and feeble, and making the strong bow down in reverence. No one was left in Scotland without an English bondman or woman. King William, by the counsel of some, searched all the abbeys in England and took all the money into his own treasury.\n\nSome time after, in the utas of Easter, a council was held at Windsor. The reasons for this were threefold. First, because he had wickedly held the bishopric of Winchester and the archbishopric of Canterbury while Robert the Archbishop was alive, and used the palace there without the leave of the Roman court.\n\nHe had received the palace of Pope Benedict, who was cursed by the Church of Rome. And although Stigand sought friendship with the king, the king excused himself gently, as he could, by the pope's commandment, and cast Stigand into bonds at Windsor.\nhis lyues ende / and yaue hym euery day a lytel what of enchetes / to lyue by / Stygandus was kyndely so hard that he wolde take ryght nought of his owne / and swore by at halowen that he hadde not a peny / but that oth was pre\u2223ued vntrewe by a lytel key that henge aboute his neck / whan he was deede / For by that keye was founde grete ryches in many places vnder erthe / Also in that counseyll were sette doune many bisshops and abbotes / namely by procurynge of kynge wylliam for he wold brynge in normans in theyr stede / Somme men tro\u00a6wyd that he dyd soo for he wold be the more seker of the kyng\u2223dome / Also in that counseyl saynt wulstan bisshop of wyrcetre axyd besyly somme possessions of his bisshopryche that were with holde by Aldredus Archebisshop of yorke and y falle in to the kynges hondes after aldredus deth / But for the chirche of york was dombe that tyme / for the see was voide / It was demed that that cause shuld be stylle & not y touched at that tyme / herafter at wyndsor in a whitsonday kynge\nWilliam, archbishop of York, addressed Thomas, the canon of Bayeux: After the king had expelled Lanfranc, abbot of Caen from Normandy, this Lanfranc, an Italian by birth, was highly learned in holy scripture and singular letters, and most capable in governance. On the feast day of the Assumption, the king made him archbishop of Canterbury. [R]\n\nLanfranc requested an oath and profession of obedience from him. Thomas replied that he would not do so unless he had authority for it. Lanfranc had other reasons and binding obligations that made it necessary for him to do so without prejudice to his church. Thomas spoke more out of folly and pride of heart than out of rebellion. He was a new man, easily influenced by flattering words, and unaware of the customs and practices of England. Lanfranc reasonably explained and proved the reasonableness of his request.\nThomas refused, saying \"and yet Thomas would not assent, but went his way unsacred.\" The king heard this and grew angry, suspecting Lanfrank of intending to act unjustly. The king trusted more in his counsel than in good faith and reason. But Lanfrank answered in the king's presence and appeased his heart. Therefore, by the king's command, Thomas was compelled to return. Thomas came back and wrote his profession of obedience, which he read aloud. In this profession, he pledged obedience to all that concerned the worship of God and Christianity. He was then reinstated and went on his way. Not long after, Lanfrank asked and took the profession of all the bishops of England who had been consecrated before him. The Earls of Mercia, Northumberland, Edwin, and Mark went privately out of the court. King William had intended to put them in bonds, and so they were somewhat rebellious in time, but it profited them little in the end.\nStede/Edwyn went towards the king of Scotland and was slain on the way with his men. But Markar and Bishop Egylwyn of Durham went to the Isle of Ely. There the king stopped the outgoing in the east side and made a bridge of two miles in the west side. Those within were afraid and surrendered to the king. The king sent the bishop to the Abbey of Abingdon to be in charge there. This bishop died there from hunger, as he would not eat out of sorrow. William of Pontifices, Book Three:\n\nWalkerus of Lotharingy was bishop after him. Edith, who had been King Edward's wife, saw him brought to Winchester for consecration. She said, \"Here we have a fair martyr.\" By conjecture, the cruel men of Northumberland moved her to tell what would follow. She saw him rody-faced and hugely built. W de P li 4: This year Bishop Walter of Hereford died. It is said of him that he loved hugely. I do not know by what misfortune.\na shipmaster of that city / but she didn't know about it / and even if she had known, she would have set little distance apart / In the meantime, the bishop thought that nothing is more uncourteous than a loving old woman / and he tried, for the reverence of his own state, to prevent her / But in a certain time, through the devil's deceit, she entered the bishop's chamber to arrange the chamberlain's linen clothes. Servants who knew and understood the bishop's private words would have seized the woman with strength. The woman struck the bishop beneath his private members with the shears she held, and the bishop died. After him, Robert Lotharingus was bishop there / he was skilled in all manner of arts and sciences / especially he was knowledgeable about the stars and planets. At that time, Marianus Scott and the monk were closed at Magounce in Almain. In his long solitary being, he searched for chronicles and stories / and was the first, apart from Denys Exiguus, to dispute the truth of cycles and the gospel account.\nAnd Marianus accounted all the years from the beginning of the world and put in twenty years that were lacking in the aforementioned cycles and years, and made a great book of Chronicles. This Robert deflowered solemnly and took out the best. It seems that this deflowering is now more worthy than the great volume and long length.\n\nWilliam of Poitiers, in his first book,\nAlso this Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, and Thomas, archbishop of York, went to Rome once to obtain the pallium. But Lanfranc received the pallia, one of worship and the other of love. For the first was the son of a priest, and while the second was a monk of Fiscam, he helped Duke William in many things in his journey to England. Therefore, the duke rewarded him by it.\nby contract, a bishopric belonged to him if he had obtained the victory, and this was proven before the pope. Therefore, he was seated in the pope's presence. Thomas of York raised a cause concerning the challenge of the primate of Durham, that is, Canterbury, and submission that should be due to him from three bishoprics: Lincolne, Worcester, and Lancaster. He said that the sees of Canterbury and York were far apart, and neither of them, according to Gregory's constitution, should be subject to the other. Instead, one of them should be determined before the king and the bishops in England. Although Lanfranc held Thomas bound by the profession he had made before him, he preferred to travel for his successors rather than let the challenge remain for him to fight later.\n\nThis year, the year of our Lord 1302 at Windsor, before King William and the clergy, this cause was treated, and Beda's story was shown, and through this, it was demonstrated.\nFrom the first Austyn's time to Bede's last, approximately one hundred and forty-four years, the Archbishopric of Canterbury held primacy over all of Britain and Ireland. During this time, it held councils at York and was referred to as the bishops of York. The archbishops of York were made, punished some bishops of York for their transgressions, and appointed many others, removing some from the dignity. Privileges were granted on this basis against Thomas Ailred, the Psalter, in which Pope Gregory decreed that the churches of York and London should be equals and neither subject to another. Lamfranc answered and said, \"I am not the bishop of London, nor is the question about the Church of London raised.\" Thomas, who had many supporters and a large following, responded and said that Gregory had granted to Austyn the right to have all the bishops of England under him, and that the bishops of London and York should be good.\nFriends and love one another, and he who was first ordained should be first worshiped. Although Austyn had changed the archbishops' see from London to Canterbury, if Gregory had wished that Austyn's successors should be above the bishops of York, he would hardly have written such words in his epistle. I grant this to Austyn and to his successors. But since he would not have it extend to Austyn's successors, therefore he made no mention of them. \u00b6 Lanfranc answered and said, if authority was granted to Austyn alone and not to his successors, it was a simple gift that the pope gave Austyn, especially while Austyn ordained no archbishop of York while he was alive, and also there was no bishop at York who could be ordained by Austyn. Moreover, the privilege of the popes confirms this dignity to Austyn's successors in Canterbury, and they deemed it skillful and right that all the churches of England should take note of this living.\nthat place was the well's site, where they held the lease / But you say that Gregory could have confirmed with a word to Augustine's successors that he had granted to St. Augustine / That is true, but it does not harm the See of Canterbury / For when Christ said to Peter, \"I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven,\" he might also have said, \"if you wish, I grant the same power to your successor and greater strength in the lesser\" / The Church of Rome is, as it were, all churches and other churches, both as it were parts of it / And in some way, man is the kind of his singulars, but in every singular man is the kind of all mankind / Therefore, in some way, the Church and the See of Rome is, as it were, the kind and contains all in comparison to other churches / and yet in every church, the full holiness of Christian faith reigns / The Church of Rome is greatest of all churches.\nWhat gives strength in that church shall have strength in lesser churches, so that in every church the power of the first shall spring into all his successors, except specifically taken otherwise. Therefore, as Christ said to all the bishops of Rome, which He said to Peter, so Gregory said to all Austin's successors, what he said to Austin: Because Canterbury is subject to Rome, for it takes the faith of Rome, so shall York be subject to Canterbury, which sent preachers there to preach the faith to them. But you say that Gregory wished that Austin should have his see at London. That may not stand. Who would believe that so noble a disciple as Austin was would withstand, and act against his master's will, who was so noble a master and against holy decrees? But if it were so that Austin, as you say, passed from London, what is that to me, who am not bishop of London? If this strife is ceased and peace made for a time, if you desire to plead:\nI shall not depart from the domain, but I shall defend my office and my right. For these reasons, Thomas was overcome and granted willingly that the aforementioned bridge of Humber should mark the beginning of his diocese. It was also decreed that afterward, in matters concerning the worship of God and the faith of the holy church, the Archbishop of York should be subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Therefore, if the Archbishop of Canterbury wishes to hold a council in any place in England, the Archbishop of York shall be present with the bishops of his province and shall be obedient to his lawful commands. If the Archbishop of Canterbury is deceased, the Archbishop of York shall come to Canterbury with the bishops of the aforementioned church and consecrate the primate who is chosen. And if the Archbishop of York is deceased, his successor shall come to Canterbury where he will be consecrated and make an oath with profession and obedience.\nlanfranck hopped for ioye and toke al this wreton for that newe doyng shol\u00a6de not slyde oute of mynde and his successours sholde be begyled of the knowleche therof / but he bare hym soo that he loste nought that nother passed in spekynge / For it is hated a man to make hym self curious in his owne praysynge / Than lanfranck sente a pystle to pope alysaunder that conteyned al this doyng with the profession of thomas the Archebisshop of york / This yere kynge wylliam wente in to Scotland with a grete nauey and an hooste of horsmen / And made kynge malcolyn subget / and kynge malco\u00a6lyn bycame his lyege man / and swore hym hommage and feute Sygebertus bisshop of magounce wente to saynt Iames a pyl\u2223gremage / but in his comyng ageyne he was made monk of clu\u2223ny / than shi\u0304pmen wolde haue bought his Bisshopryche / he sawe that / and wente ageyne to his bisshopriche as his abbot bad hym\n\u00b6 This yere Edgar Adelynge wente to kyng wylliam in to normandy and was acord with hym\nHIltebrande that was the seuenth pope gregory\nA certain priest of Cluny, and then Archdeacon of Rome, and later made pope around the year, he convened a synod and forbade clergymen who were sacred wives to have wives or live with women, except those approved by the synod and holy laws. However, priests opposed his decrees. The pope forbade hearing a mass from a priest who openly and publicly lived with a concubine against the pope's orders. In a time, this was a Cardinal and the pope's messenger in France, and he made harsh proceedings against prelates made by simony. Then, one bishop who was severely defamed by simony changed the witness against him. The legate was aware of this and said before the council, \"Man's judgment often fails, let us bring God's judgment that never fails again.\" Since the grace of a bishopric is the gift of the Holy Ghost, he who buys a bishopric acts against the Holy Ghost.\nthan you bishop have not done against the Holy Ghost / Say openly here in the council Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto / that is the joy to the Father and to the Son / and to the Holy Ghost / she began and attempted often / but he could never say the Holy Ghost / But he said it plainly when he was removed from the bishopric / Also while this pope sang his first mass in a mid winter night at Saint Mary at Presep Domini, one Cresceius, the son of the prefect of the city, took him and put him in prison / but immediately the Romans broke the tower and delivered the pope / Also in a council of three hundred bishops, this pope cursed the third Henry the emperor and absolved all men who owed him homage and fealty / For he cast many things against the state of the holy church / And afterward, though the emperor stood long time barefoot on snow and ice, he was absolved / But afterwards besieged Rome and took the city, and imprisoned the pope / and took one\nWibert, bishop of Raven and made him pope, named Clement. But Robert, duke of Apulia, heard of this and delivered the pope to Roger, earl of Hereford. By his counsel, King William had ordered a search of all the abbeys in England for great treasure. This earl married his sister to Ralph, earl of East Anglia, who was against the king's wishes. They made a conspiracy against the king, and Earl Walraf was involved. But he went instead to Lanfranc and took his pardon. Then he went to Normandy to warn the king of the treason and persuaded him to willingly receive him into his grace. The king returned to England and outlawed some, pursued Earl Ralph, and imprisoned Waltheof. Afterward, by the order of God, his body was buried in the abbey of Crowland. Lanfrank testified that he was deeply repentant for his sins and said it would be well for him.\nIn LANFRanc's time, a council was held at St. Paul's Church in London. This council, which had been delayed for a long time in England, first determined how bishops should sit in council and in synod. Secondly, it was decreed that bishops should leave small towns for larger ones. The see of Salisbury passed from Sarum to Winchester, of Wells to Sherborne, of Dorchester to Lincoln, of Lichfield to Chester, in Bishop Peter's time. However, his successor Robert passed from Chester to Coventry.\n\nWilliam of Pontificia, Book 2.\n\nThis year Hermann, the first bishop of Salisbury, died. After him, King Osmund served as bishop for forty-two years. He built a new church there and brought noble clerks and a congregation of clergy and singing there. So this bishop himself showed no reluctance to write and bind books. He also established the ordinal of the church.\nThe service of the holy church, called the consuetudinary, was established throughout almost all of England, Wales, and Ireland. Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's oldest son, assumed this ordinance. In this year, Robert chose William, his father's oldest son, as king instead of himself because he could not have Normandy that his father had assigned him at one time. With the help of the king of France, he took prayers in Normandy and betrayed his father, causing him to be wounded and unhorsed. Robert heard his father's cries and dismounted from his horse, then remounted him. In the third book of William of Pontifical, it is recorded that the Northumbrians killed Walk\u0435\u0440us, bishop of Durham. William, who was once abbot of Carlisle, succeeded him as bishop. This William brought the first monks to Durham. He was powerful in the world and had the ability to do as he pleased, with great trust in it, and favored certain parties. He favored parties to some extent against King William the Red. Therefore, he fled from England and returned to his own bishopric after two years.\nA man made himself very busy to gain the king's love, following the king's will in every way, particularly in the conflict between the king and Anselm. He hoped this would earn him the king's grace and the position of archbishop after Anselm. However, he failed for two reasons: the strife between him and the king, and his defense of his cause at Gloucester. This was the first act of the prior of Durham, who hoped to be made dean and archdeacon in that bishopric. Wearing the earldom of Shrewsbury, he founded two abbeys: one in the suburbs of Shrewsbury and another at Wenlock, in honor of St. Milburgh.\n\nWhile a mighty man sat at a feast beside him, he was suddenly surrounded, and though he was brought before the high see, it availed him nothing. The men at the feast showed him in the see on the decks of the ship and were armed against the ship. Nothing that God has done is without wisdom, nor is anything without remedy. Then the man was brought before the court.\nA prince in Poland experienced the same fate as one who was bitten by a leopard. Such an incident is also recorded about a prince who could not save himself from lies in any way. Henry, Book 6.\n\nThis year, there was a cursed strife between the monks of Glastonbury and Abbot Thurstan, whom King William had brought there from the abbey of Cadony and made abbot of Glastonbury. He despised Gregory's son and office and began to compel the monks to use the song of William Monk of Fyscamen.\n\nWilliam of Pontificia, Book 1:\n\nHe wasted and spent the church's goods and indulged in lechery, challenging cruelly the order and service of the monks. With this, their food and drink were withdrawn from them. As a result, there were disputes and strife of words, discord, and thoughts. For Lucius says, \"Fasting people can no longer fear.\"\n\nAfterward,\nchiding and striking took place, and the abbot with his armed men filled armed against the monks and killed two at the high altar, and wounded eighteen and shot arrows at images and shrines of the church. The monks, as they were driven back, defended themselves as well as they could on every side with forks, stoles, and candlesticks, and wounded some knights. This cause was presented before the king, and the abbot was changed and expelled to his own abbey in Normandy.\n\nBut the monks were terrified about the king's will by various bishops and abbeys. However, after King William's death, Thurstan bought the Abbey of Glastonbury from King William the Red for five hundred pounds and lived there for some years and died.\n\nThis year, King William had six shillings of silver from every hide of land. Also, Pope Hildebrand lay in his deathbed and called to him the cardinals he loved most and knew he had appointed.\nAfter wrath and strife between the Emperor and other Christian men, he undid the boundaries of the penalties that were set and died. After Hildebrand, the third victor was pope for one year and five months. At some point, he was Abbot of Monte Cassino; he was poisoned with venom in his chalice that year. Canutus, king of Denmark, with the help of his father Robert of Flanders, prepared to come to England with a great navy. But King William heard of this and gathered a great host and came to England from Normandy. But his enemies were let go, and he held his court at Gloucester. There he gave bishoprics to his three priests. To Maurice he gave the bishopric of London. To William, the bishopric of Thedford. To Robert, the bishopric of Chester. But he changed the see to Counter.\n\nWilliam, from the book of the popes (Quarto), raised from one man of that church five hundred marks of silver to fill the king's hand and to deceive the occupation of the pope.\nEarl Leofric had made that place rich with gold, silver, and other precious stones. Robert then robbed his own church and was guilty of making amends, either during his lifetime or after his death, to anyone who might accuse him. He also fed the monks of that place with simple food and drink, preventing them from learning more than the basics, lest worldly pleasures make the monks proud and rebellious against the bishop. Nevertheless, at Licefield he began many great building projects. Around the same time, the Carthusian order began in Calabria, in the bishopric of Granpolytan, by one Bruno, who was born in Coloyn of the Duchy nation and was a canon of Reines in Champagne in France and master of the schools. He renounced the world and founded the Carthusian hermitage around St. John's feast day and ruled it for six years. At last, he went to Rome at the behest of the second Pope Urban, who had once been his student. There, he assisted the pope.\nGreatly in the dignity of the holy church, but when he could not endure the strife and manners of the court, he forsook the court and the Archbishopric of Rhesens, to which he was chosen by the pope's decree. Instead, he went to the hermitage called the Tour in Calabria and ended his life there. These hermits, called Celestines, live in cells and dwell under a prior, numbering no more than twelve in clerks, but they may take lay brothers up to the number of twenty. Each one in his own cell serves himself, directing his prayers, sleeping, and eating. Each of them has one loaf for his bread for the week, they eat neither flesh nor blood, and they wear neither linen cloth nor shoes, but only the hair next to the flesh and a cowl of wool and a pouch. They have thirteen cells, and each cell is divided into four sections for the oratory, the dormitory, and the workhouse there.\nHer works join together in various ways. On Sundays and other high days, they come to church and to a common board and eat and discuss spiritual tales. They say they serve according to St. Benet's rule. An apostate who breaks his order they do not receive again.\n\nKing William ordered a description of all England made. He wanted to know and write down how much land each of his barons had, how many knights' fees, how many teme lands, how many towns and men, and how many beasts. The land was afflicted by many misfortunes and happenings due to this deed.\n\nThis description was written in one volume and is in the king's library at Winchester. Also, Edgar Adeling went to Apulia with great strength out of love for King William, and Crystiane went to the abbey of Rome. After Victor II, Urban was pope for thirteen years. He was first a monk of Cluny and archdeacon of Rome. Then he was Bishop Hostiensis and pope at last. Another pope that\nHethoclement, who was in the papacy with wrongful decease, greatly mourned and teen. This Hethoclement was once bishop of Ravena. In that year, in England, he was welcomed with fire and famine. At the same time, grievously destructive fire ravaged the principal cities of England and St. Paul's church, as well as a great part of London. Alf, in that year, in a church, the Danes killed her king, Cedwalla, in this manner: they killed him. King William of England lies now, as women do in childbed, and takes him to bed to comfort him for his great sorrow. For King William had quenched his great thirst with a drink he had drunk. The king was displeased with this scorn and said, \"I shall offer him a thousand candles when I go to the church of the Child.\" Not long thereafter, in a lean month, when the corn was in the fields and fruit on the trees and grapes on the vines, he set up a fire on the western side of France and the city of Meaux and Our Lady church. In that church, he burned a woman who refused to flee in such a state.\nIn that heat, he took an evil that could not be held otherwise, when his horse leapt over the ditch, he ruptured the entrails of his fat belly. Then leeches warned him that he should die. Then he bequeathed Normandy to his eldest son Robert and England to William the Red. And the mother's possessions and treasure, he gave to Henry Clerk. He made delivery of his prisoners that he had in bonds: Marquis Roger, Wilnotus, Harald's son, and his brother Odo, Bishop of Bayon. And so he died in the year of his kingdom twenty-one, the tenth month, the year of his duchy two and fifty, the year of his life ninety-five, the year of our Lord 1467, the eighth day of December. He was buried in the abbey of Caen that he had founded. There I might see sorrow that he who was so fearful and so worshipful in Europe could not be buried without challenge. For there, a knight openly forbade his burial and said, \"I take it from him.\"\nWith his strength, Henry gave the knight a hundred pounds to cease, as there were none of King William's sons present, except for his eldest son Robert, who was warring in the country. William the Red was sailing into England. But at Winchester, he took his father's treasure and gave much for his father's mind. Henry, in his fifth book, records this William the Conqueror as a wise, cunning, and covetous man, who loved great glory, spoke well with God's servants, and was stern to those who opposed him. In the province of Hampton in the New Forest, within thirty miles, he threw down churches and towns and did wild beasts dwell there. Whoever took a wild beast there should lose his own and bind it easily enough on one foot. He had skillful strength and gave himself much to hunting. So, he threw down churches and towns and reveled in high England. But he passed and overcame in gathering money from the people. Others he withstood his enemies. Others he made himself.\nA great name, to cease his covetousness. It is a common tale that when this William was young, he disturbed Malgerus, Archbishop of Rouen, of his bishopric. For he forgot God's service and gave himself to hunting and feasts. But more truly, for the bishop had cursed Duke William and his wife Maude and his cousin, as they were unlawfully wed to Gider. But for that transgression, Duke William built an abbey of men [R] and Maude another at Caen. Also, William built two abbeys in England: one at Bermudesey, fast by London, and another at Battle in Sussex; there he had fought Hen LI 7.\n\nWhen this William was king, there was no lord in England but an Englishman. But Englishmen were made bond. So that it was shame and disgrace to be called an Englishman. To bring down and to destroy the English, God had ordained cruel and stern ones, those of such kind that when they have brought down their enemies, they bring down themselves.\n\nWilliam the Red.\nwas crowned king on the day of St. Cosmas and Damian. He was helped by Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, and Lanfranc, the archbishop who had nurtured him and made him a knight. This William reigned for thirteen years and a month. Robert, the eldest son, was in Germany at that time and had gathered a great host against their father. He heard of this and returned to Normandy to take half of Normandy, seize castles for his brother Henry, and wage war against his brother William. The king then sent him messengers with the following message: \"Your brother William calls himself not king but one who reigns under and by the help of the one who is greater than he and better. If it is your will, he has not mistaken himself by taking the throne in your absence. But since he is now crowned, he prays that he may reign under you and pay three thousand marcs to you every year, and the one who outlives shall have the greater honor.\" Robert, waging war.\nhis head agreed instantly and left his host and returned to Normandy. He had nothing but fine horses. Almost all the noble men of England wanted to make Robert king and take Lanfranc and Wulstan. At that time, a cruel and gruesome tempest raged in England. After winter, in the beginning of spring, Bishop Odo of Bayeux, who had before been one of King William's first prisoners, came into England. He was given the Earldom of Kent. He found that it did not suit him in the land as it had done sometime in the first King William's time, and he was therefore angry. He left the king and influenced many others with the same discontent, among them the bishop of Durham, the earl of Northumberland, and Roger of Mowbray, earl of Shrewsbury. Then Odo wasted and destroyed the king's rents and fines. Lanfranc's lands were also affected, as he had been cast into the first King William's bonds, because King William had once pleaded with him.\nhis brother threatened to forsake him. Lanfrank took him and bound him, not the bishop but the earl of Kent. At that time Roger Earl of Shrewsbury, with his Welshmen, were destroying the ends of England. But by the prayer and curses of St. Wulstan, they were so feeble and disunited that he and his men were chased by a small number of men from the castles of the same bishop's men. King William saw that the Normans were nearly conspiring against him. Then he pleased Englishmen with better laws and free hunting in his own woods. In the same manner, he subdued Roger Earl of Shrewsbury and forced him to renounce England. He occupied Odo's castles in Kent and took him and made him renounce England. He besieged and took the city of Rochester, where the noblemen had gathered. Also that year, the body of St. Nicholas was brought to the city of Bari in Apulia when the Turks destroyed the city of Myra. Four and twenty knights of Bari went there and brought her [St. Nicholas's] body back to her own city.\n\"The body of St. Nicholas was swimming in oil. Pope Urban had with him Anselm, abbot of Bec, and held a council at Clermont in Gaul (France). There it was decreed that the hours of Our Lady should be said every day and full service to her on Saturdays. King William corrupted the wardens with money, and when some of Robert's castles in Normandy let the king of France keep what should not be favored to his brother Robert, Normandy was long unstable, now favoring one brother, now the other, until Robert had conquered and taken William's some castle at St. Nicholas' Mount and resided on either brother, now on one and now on the other. One day, King William went out of his tent on war and fell among many enemies with few men. But his horse was slain under him, and he was long dragged and hauled by the foot. But his armor was so good that it saved him and he was not hurt. The knight who had thrown him down set his hand to his sword to kill the king.\"\nA fool quoted King William, \"I am king of England. All the host dreaded when they heard that voice, and brought the king another horse. He asked, 'Who threw me down?' I replied the knight who had done the deed. I did not think to throw down a king but a knight.' Lucan said through his face, 'You shall be my lever (avenger) after this. When Henry gave him water, King William heard of it and scorned the deed, saying, \"You have taught Robert to overcome his enemies and to give them drink. You speak great price of water. Do you speak more of water than of our brother? Would you suffer him to die for lack of water? Where shall we have another brother if we lose him?\" For this answer, the king began the war and had both his brothers with him in England.\n\nThis year died Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, on the fourth day of June, after he had been archbishop for eighteen years. And then the see was vacant for four years. W/ de p/ li/ p/\n\nThis Lanfranc was of the nation of\nLombardes was a nobleman of Lettruce. He dedicated his youth to free arts and sciences and spent his elder years in holy books. He was skilled in these pursuits and despised the smoky and rough speech of common men. Of all the abbeys in Normandy, he chose Bec and was known as the poor monk under Abbot Herlewing. He could not perform great works to support himself there, so he opened a free school to relieve the needy place with the freedom of his scholars. However, the loss of his prayers and worship spread among wicked men, causing them great envy towards the good man and the priests of the country. This led William, Duke of Normandy, to command Lanfrank's expulsion from Normandy for his unruliness.\n\nBecause of this, Duke William's priest was esteemed as a man of great science before Lanfrank's arrival. One day, the duke's priest came to Lanfrank's school with great pride and boastfulness in his first speech.\nLanfrank was a man renowned for his learning. And so he overcame the wildness of the man through Italian cunning. Therefore, he was angry, and Duke William ordered Lanfrank's expulsion from Normandy. But an opportunity for grace presented itself, as Lanfrank went to the duke's court. His horse halted, making the duke laugh. The duke took note of Lanfrank's courtesy and the beauty of his face, and made him prior of Bec and later archbishop of Canterbury. W/de/pon/li/1\n\nThis man was so famous for his learning that Pope Alexander rose respectfully against him when he came to Rome and said that he did not come to the archbishop out of respect, but to his clergy. Therefore, the pope asked, since he had done this, what was worthy Lanfrank should do - that is, he should fall down at the feet of St. Peter's vicar. When he had done so, the pope, because of him, restored the bishops who came with him to their positions and returned their croziers and rings.\nBefore King William, as it is said before, also this landfras treated and ruled King William the Conqueror not with cruelty but sometimes in earnest and sometimes in good mirth. King William was stern and feared no man, ruling both temporally and spiritually at his will. He took no man from the pope in his land who did not come and please him. He suffered no counsel made in his own country without his own leave. Also, he would not allow anything to be ordained in such a council but as he would assent. Furthermore, no lord of his land should be punished but at his own behest. Sometimes Landfras took money to spare the more the transgressions of his subjects. He did this not for the light charge of sin but to gain more grace from the king. The necessity excuses somewhat the kings' actions in raising money. For with great money one can make peace in the land that is won through deeds of arms and with strength. And though it is little accounted among men to raise men of peace, yet it is a great thing to maintain peace in a conquered land.\nThe land and yield to enemies, yet before God I hold it right nothing. Then King William's deeds in comparison to the deeds of kings now worthy to be preached as an example of free and noble heart. This was said of Lanfrank of presumption. Lanfrank suffered it against his will. And when and warned him and wisely advised him, Lanfrank had filled his mind with all virtues, especially in alms deeds. He surpassed other men in words and deeds, and often used the word of holy writ, \"giveth alms and all things are clean to you.\" And though they could dispute, and when they had done, each should go gladly away, the victor held the mastery, and he that was overcome for comfort and solace of shame, advanced notably the place of monks and clerks. He brought manly awold to Lanfrank when he was asleep and warned him of all the deceit of his adversaries and taught him the ways to escape. In a time Lanfrank was sick and him.\nSaint Dunstan wrestled with him and delivered him from his sickness, making him whole. In the life of Saint Dunstan, Lanfrank was so mild and fair-speaking during confession that when the penitents were shriven to him, he would kiss their hands and say, \"You have made me holy today.\" In his time, the monks of Canterbury, as well as most other monks in England, were not unlike secular men, except that they left their chastity. Instead, they hawked, hunted, and played at dice and great drinkings. So it seemed that they were consuls rather than monks, for they had so many servants of such great array. Lanfrank endured their outrage for a time, but he drove it away with the staff of commanding sternness. The wise master of souls knew and was well aware of the second nature from birth. He also knew that sudden changing of manners and ways grieves thoughts and wits, and therefore among other things:\nHe put away somewhat of such doings with fair speech and softened the rough souls with the whetstone of virtues, so that they forsook the branches of shrewdness and evil manners of living and desired the course of virtues and their ways by their own good will. Therefore, they still have the holy man in mind and great devotion to God and fair speech to ghosts and charity among themselves. This Lanfrank let no one go from him in need on every side, so that they should not lack what they needed, and out of rule they should not shrink. That time envy spread among bishops who wanted to put mules in their places and bring in secular clerks. The author of this doing was Walke Linus, bishop of Winchester, a good man in other deeds, though he was urged in this doing and brought to it by the counsel of backbiters. He also persuaded King William to the same enterprise, but he heard of it and destroyed the schemes of the mighty ones, as one who destroys ants' nests.\nthey that come afterward should not be hardy to begin that doing, none other like. He made that pope Alexander forbid it by his writing. He restored the abbey of Rochester from the number of four clerks to the number of fifty monks who had enough to live by. His wit is ywyst that he translated Gundulphus, monk of Cadoxy, to the bishopric of Rochester, as I believe by the election of God. For this, Gundulphus learned holy write at Cadoxy while his master attended to other things. He and his fellow Walter, with the third, held the book of the gospels in hand and said, now let us try which of us shall be abbot and which bishop. Then Gundulphus found this place a true servant wise and ready, that our Lord ordains over his men. But Walter found this place God's servant and true entered into the joy of thy Lord. The third fellow found I not what hard word that grieved him sore, and though I have heard it, I forget it gladly for it is a gentle one.\nIn this year, when the council was made in the city of Tours in Gaul, in France, Pope Urban exhorted nearly all the western lords to aid the holy land. Therefore, the third Henry, emperor, Raymond, earl of Saint-Sardos,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English. No significant OCR errors were detected, and no meaningless or unreadable content was found. The text has been left unchanged.)\nGyles and Beamund of Apulca took the cross and passed the sea at the place called St. George's Arm and had with them two hundred thousand of Christ's men. The holy land was won at that time, and Christ's spear was found by the revelation of St. Andrew, which was shown to a clerk. With them went Robert, duke of Normandy. Therefore, he made an agreement with his brother King William the Red and gave him Normandy to marry for ten thousand pounds. However, because of this, King William took a great tribute from the Englishmen, causing prelates to melt their vessels and lords to plunder their subjects. Malcolm, king of Scotland, prayed in Northumberland, so King William and his brother Robert went into Scotland. His navy was nearly all adrift and his host married with King William, who should give him every year twelve marks of gold and he should give him twelve cities in England. But soon thereafter, the king failed and Robert took Edgar with him and returned to Normandy.\nThis is the fifteenth day of October. A great stroke of lightning struck the church tower at Winchester, shattered the wall, threw the crucifix head down to the earth, broke the right thigh, and knocked down our Lady image standing by the rood. Afterward, a stinking smoke filled the entire church and persisted until the monks had processed around all the places and offices of the abbey with holy water and relics of holy saints and the Litany.\n\nAlso in London, a violent wind threw down six hundred houses or more, and many churches, and killed two men in St. Mary's Church at Bow, lifted up six refutes of the church, and struck them so deeply into the ground that less than the sixth part of them was seen above the earth.\n\nAlso, a whirlwind threw down the chancel of the church at Salesbury on the fifth day after Osmund had consecrated that church.\n\nWilliam de Pon. In quarto book.\n\nRemigius the Bishop, who translated the see from Dorchester, translated this.\nKing Lincoln intended to consecrate the church he had newly built, but Thomas, Bishop of York, opposed him and claimed that the place belonged to his parish. King William, for money that Remigius had privately commanded, urged nearly all the bishops of England to attend the dedication on the fifteenth day of May. However, two days before the dedication, Remigius died by God's providential timing. Robert, Bishop of Hereford, was the only one who refused to come to the consecration of that church, as he had seen certain signs in the stars that the church should not be consecrated in Remigius' time. Remigius seemed almost miraculous, for his body was so small, but he overcame nature and displayed a noble heart and wit. Gracious and noble virtues emerged from that little body. After Remigius, Robert Bloet became Bishop. He fulfilled the consecration of that church royally. At last, at Wodestock, he parted from the king and died. His bowels were removed from his body.\nThe abbey of Evesham was where he was buried, the other part was buried at Lincoln. It was well known that the wardens of the place were often troubled by shades at night until the place was cleansed with holy prayers and offerings. King William went to Northumberland and repaired the city of Lugubalia, now called Carlisle, and built a castle there. The city had been destroyed by the Danes two hundred years prior.\n\nSoon after, at Gloucester, the king fell gravely ill and decided to amend his life with the counsel of the lords.\n\nHenricus, Libro Sexto, [Annal]\n\nHe granted the archbishopric to Anselm that year, but he could not take possession of it until the tribute the king had set was paid. Also, he mentioned that the bishopric of Lincoln longed to be part of the See of York until Robert Bloet gave the king five thousand marks.\n\nRoger, earl of Shrewsbury, died that year while he was sick.\nmade the mock (a jest) to have some support by the consent of Countess Adele. For he had sent Reynold prior of Shrewsbury to Cluny to have St. Hugh, the abbot's cassock, brought for him. A wise man would say that Earl Roger had as much to do with that as Malkin with her maidenhood; that no man would have wanted and not have more. Then it continues in the story: after Roger's son Hugh became earl, there was great rain and floods. And soon thereafter, the frost began to thaw and nearly broke all the bridges on every side. Rees, king of Wales, was slain in battle by Breconock. And so the kingdom of Wales ceased. Malcolm, king of Scotland, came to Gloucester again against King William on a Saint Barnabas day to accord with him. But they parted in anger; for King William wanted Malcolm to be judged in his court wherever it was in England, but Malcolm would not except except in the marches of both kingdoms there.\nIt was reported that on St. Brice's Day, Malcolm and his eldest son Edward, along with many others, were slain in Northumberland by Earl Robert's knights. Margaret, the Scottish queen, who loved and worshiped God with great might, took such great sorrow that she fell ill and died three days later. Upon her death, the Scots made Dunwald, Malcolm's brother, king. But Duncan, Malcolm's son, with King William's help, deposed Dunwald and took the kingdom for himself. He kept it until the traitor came. At last, the traitor came to the king to bide his time to do the cursed deed. The king early in the morning summoned all the hunters to come with their hounds. While they were hunting, the king went with the traitor to a brook, which was surrounded by thick wood all around like a garland. In the midst of this place was a little mound, like a hill. These two stood alone on that mound. \"Lo,\" said the king, \"I and thou are.\"\nhere alone each man was well horsed and armed, and each well arrayed. Now is no man who sees us that might help other let him. If you can and if you dare, do now as you had thought. I cannot see when it might be better or more freely done. If you have ordered poison, that is the doing of women and not of knights. If you desire my wife, may she be your spouse. If you challenge me to steal upon me as a knight should, that your treason be without shame of cowardice, for without falsehood it cannot be. He immediately fell down to the king's feet and swore thereafter to be true to the king to his life's end and promised him pledges which he would choose. And so the traitor was made true and went again to his fellows when he saw his time. Also this year Anselm, abbot of Bec, came out of Normandy into England at the request of Hugh Earl of Chester for three reasons. One because he should relieve abbeys that he had before founded in England from grievous tribute that they paid.\nthe abbayes payed to the kyng / the second for to visyte erle hugh that was sore seke that tyme / The thyrdde by cause he sholde fou\u0304de an abbaye at chestre / In that place he assygned his preeste Ry\u00a6chard fyrste abbot and chaunged seculer chanons in to monkes But in the comyng ageyne thennes he was made Archebisshop of Caunterbury / \nTHis yere Englond and Normandye were greued with a greuous trybute and with moreyn of men / soo that erth ty\u2223lyenge ceesed / and therafter come grete honger and walsshe men forsoke the yok of thraldome and of subiection and toke prayes in the shyres of Chestre / of shrowesbury and of herford and toke the castel of meuema / That tyme the Scottes slewe theyr kynge duncanus and made dunwald efte kynge / Sterres were seen and sente an hoost in to wales / there he los\u00a6te many horses and men / than the kynge sawe that the walshmen myght not be ouercome for streytnesse of dyuerse places / and for thykke wodes / therfore the kynge made stronge castels in places by the see syde and hewed\n\"Down a great deal of the woods and thereafter he beat down many Welshmen. Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, died on the eighteenth day of January. William de Pon, li, tercio. This Wulstan, the walsacking bishop, had often warned, also he often said to Englishmen, \"It is God's chastisement that you suffer.\" Englishmen answered him and said, \"The Normans are worse than ever were Englishmen.\" God Almighty said, \"I will deal well with the wickedness of them and through them I take vengeance on those who have transgressed and committed a sin.\" So God, in His good will, the devil, in his evil will, torments evil men in hell and is tormented by them also. An example may be given: you are angry and strike a man with a staff; from the breaking of the staff you receive but little. William de\"\nWulstan was born in Warwickshire and learned literature and the office of the holy church in the abbey of Osburgh. He was eventually made a priest and sang a long mass. He was paid with only the offerings of Christian men and was held in high regard. He did not engage in any outrageous behavior in drink or flesh. He ate sometimes, but seemed to first want to sing his mass and then take some food to relieve his hunger. Then a goose was laid on the fire, and he smelled the roasted flesh while he was at mass. The smell of the flesh distracted him from his devotion and he was unable to focus, swearing on the holy sacrament that he held in his hand that he would never eat such food again. He finished his mass, ate, and went out as he had to. Later, his devotion increased and he renounced the world, inspired by the example of his ancestors who had done the same before their death.\nIn the abbey of Wyncote, where his father had previously served, he became a monk. There, he advanced through all the offices of the house. He was always diligent in fasting, waking, and praying. He would place his head on a form in the church for his prayers and slept there. One night, before the altar in his bed, a demon appeared to him in the likeness of a man and wrestled with him, trying to persuade him. The demon threw him to the ground three times. Therefore, he later suffered great penance from an illness called yaws, which causes pain in the genitals through sores. The demon came to him in the guise of a servant from the court. Every time Wulstan saw this servant, he grew pale with fear. He would not dismount from his horse for any breaking of bridges, but would ride steadfastly over the high arches, even if they were very narrow. Eventually, when the aforementioned bishops were translated to the bishopric of York, Wulstan was chosen as Bishop.\nWyriche was especially procured by Aldredus, who hoped to blind his rebellion through Wulstan's simplicity. But Aldredus had more help from virtue than literature, and he defended manfully the right of his church. However, he was not as ignorant of literature as he was reputed to be, for he could select what he needed to know. He took fables from poets and wily syllogisms that he would not on occasion vouchsafe to learn. Wulstan would not assent to his own election. Then, a certain Wulsius, a holy man, had been closed in for forty years, and he sharply blamed him for not assenting. He was also warned by God to assent to the election.\n\nDuring his consecration, there were two legates from the Roman court present. And though he made a profession to Stigand, the Archbishop, he took his consecration and his sacring from Aldredus, the Archbishop of York. But to avoid challenges that might arise later, Aldredus made a protestation that he challenged no right of submission in Wulstan after that time, though he had had it before.\nBefore that time, when Wulstan was made bishop and spared both food and drink in his hall for all the hours after meals, as was the custom of Englishmen, he would sit by him and pretend to drink as his time came and comforted those who wanted to drink. But he did this more for the sake of the country than for any liking he had for them. He left no trace of the Norman's table if he had knights around him where he wanted to go. He said mass every day and the matins, and memories and minds of famous saints departed at the seven hours of the day. As often as he was at Wychter, he would sing the high mass, and said he would not leave that office to resign the bishopric. He would be at collations of monks, make the general confession with others, and give the blessing, and go to his chamber. When he rode on his horse, he would say his satur and give the Englishmen the benison on the cup. He spared it not at the king's court.\nBorde, in need, drove him to plead in one manner of time / He would bid Christ's curses to all evil arbiters and means / but to all the good, he would bid Christ's blessing / He used furs of simple price / and rough but little of hides more than lamb's than of other beasts / And if one had advised him sometime that he should use hides of cats, he answered in his game and said / I here sing in the church of God's lamb and not of God's cat / Therefore I love the heat of the lamb better than I do the meat of a cat / In a time his monks went into the more church that he had built / and he saw that the old church was destroyed that St. Oswald had built and wept full sore tears / He was in fair manner said of that deed / and it was said to him that he should rather be glad that his church had such great worship in his time / And also as the houses were more / so were the moo of monks / He answered and said I mean all other ways than you do / we wretches destroy.\nIn that time, holy works were performed to gain us a great name and praise from men. They did not build hostile structures, but offered themselves to God under any roof, and drew their subjects to their own examples. However, we do the opposite and gather stones to help and reproach, not of souls, in a time he made a sermon of peace to the people, and many men turned to love and peace. But one there was who would not be reconciled in any way, neither for reason nor for skill nor for the bishop's praying. He stood before the bishop, and the bishop said to him, \"It is thou, the devil's child.\" Then I commit thee to him who has you as his own child. And immediately, as he became the devil's manservant, he began to lie and foam, to grind his teeth, and to cast his head about. Wulstan healed him again, but he would not of peace. Then the devil had him again, and the third time until he had him.\nForgive all manner of trespasses. In a time, Lanfranc opposed William, the king of England, over literature. And the archbishop of York, Aldred, challenged him for lawful submission. He left the palaces and said the hour of none had passed and returned boldly, answering and gaining the upper hand.\n\nOne Alwyn, who lived as an anchorite at Malvern Hills, had a great desire to go to the Holy Land and told Bishop William. The bishop answered, \"No.\" & said, \"Leave Alwyn with your good will. Trust me, you would have great wonder if you knew what God intends for him. He did it by his command and went away. Gathering thirty monks in the same place, a shipman named Sewulfus confessed his sins to Bishop William often. Then the bishop said, \"I see well that penance makes a thief. Therefore, I advise you to become a monk.\" He would not, for it was a hard life. Go,\" said the bishop, \"whether you will or not, you shall be a monk.\" And so it happened.\nAfterward, in a time when Wulstan had a nodule on the head of one Nicholas, who began to swell greatly in his youth, Wulstan said to him, \"I think soon that you will swell up even more.\" Then he replied, \"Father, why don't you keep my head and let it remain. It happened that the same week the bishop died. The head of Nicholas's nodule filled away, and it lifted not on his head but the bare skin.\n\nAfter Wulstan's death, when the church was on fire, neither ashes, sparks, nor soot fell upon Wulstan's grave. And it is said of him that King William the Conqueror would have sought for insufficient literature. And because he could not speak French, he brought some Norsemen in his stead. Then Wulstan took up his cross and struck it into the hard stone at St. Edward the King's feet that lay there.\nin his grave, he fought so the cross that no man could take it out of the stone before he took it himself at the king's behest. While he fought there for the cross, he said to King William, \"A better man than you are, give it to me, and I will give it back to you.\" Take it away now if you can.\n\nThis year, the journey to Jerusalem took place, during which Beaumont and Robert, Duke of Normandy, went. Because of this journey, Robert married Normandy to his brother William for ten thousand pounds of silver. After twelve days, before July, Christian men took the city of Acre. In the month of October, the comet star, with a bright blazing cross, was seen fifteen days in a row. And many men saw the sign of the cross burning in heaven. At that time, St. Stephen's head was brought to Coutances in Normandy, and it came with many great miracles. Among them, Odo brought it there.\n\nHenricus Libro Septimo.\n\nThere was strife between King William and Archbishop Anselm.\nAncelm made no synods nor correct translasures / The king charged the institution of prelates and showed the people with tribute / and specifically to spend around the tower of London / and about the great hall of Westminster / The king's men displeased the people everywhere they went /\n\nWilliam of the Kings, Book Four / And yet, up to this point, the route and notoriety of Ranulph's avarice, who was once William's priest and his chaplain, was made his procurement officer in every place. If this Ranulph could gather the king's tribute, he would choose such two as reason would. He plundered the rich and bare down the poor, dispersed inheritances, and took them into the king's hand. Therefore, the king ordered a time and said that he was a man alone, for he could so tear his wits that he thought of no man's woe while he might please his soul. And soon thereafter, he bought the bishopric of Durham for a thousand pounds. That time they used strowting.\nLockes and long blasyng clothes, gay spores and sharp, the men yede trying, showing the sides. Anselm would amend all this and had no help of his suffragans. Therefore he went out of England, but by the king's command in his going in a haven of Chete he was pillaged and robbed and fared with as it were a thief. His males were searched, his pouches and his trussing coffers & all that he had. Then Anselm went to Pope Urban in great couseyll at Barus in Apulea. He declared clearly against Toppinion of the Greeks that the Holy Ghost cometh of the Father and not of the Son.\n\nWilliam de pontificibus libro secundo.\n\nThat time Ralph bishop of Chichester spared not the king nor the bishops that held against Anselm. But he spoke for Anselm and with his own face. He showed forth his cross and his ring & ceased never, neither slackened the great doing of his witte. Until Anselm in his going had brought his cause to a good end.\n\nAlso this.\nThe king would not assent that he should take tithes from priests who engaged in fornication, but in all his dioceses, the service of the holy church was suspended, and the church doors were stopped with thorns. The king was so enraged by this deed that he granted to him alone the tithe of his priests. He also conceded that the church, which had been destroyed and burned, should not be plundered and robbed with tithes. Instead, it should be relieved and helped with free gifts. The king, who had taken from all churches, gladly granted to Rauf great gifts. Rauf did not spare to blame sinners for their sins, and if his blame helped little, he would destroy the sin wickedly, with games and mirth. He would go about his diocese three times a year, but he did not oppress his subjects by might or by mastery, but whatever they willingly gave him, he took with good will. I would not speak of this at this time, nor should it be accounted a miracle now in our age to find in a bishop.\nIn a time when King William went hunting, a messenger arrived and said that Cenemonia was besieged. The king turned his horse's head and took the direct way to the sea. The lords counseled him to gather a host. I shall go, he said, who will follow me? And he went alone, nearly there, with the weather dark and the wind against him. But he insisted on sailing over. The sailors advised him to wait for the wind and the weather, but he ordered, \"Take up your anchors and prepare to sail. You will see that the elements make them ready for my service.\" So he crossed the sea, and those besieging Cenomania heard of his coming and lifted the siege. Helias, the mastermind of the treason, was taken and brought before the king. The king spoke graciously to him and said, \"Master, now I have you, by chance, as you have taken me.\"\nI wrote what I would do if I could escape once/ The king was angry and said, \"Go thy way and flee.\"/ I grant thee to do what thou wilt, and if thou overcomest me/ I shall accord with thee/ For the king did such deeds/ that if it might stand with the faith of holy church/ thou wouldst deem/ that Julius Caesar's soul had passed and come into this king, as I believe sometimes that Euforbius' soul passed into Pythagoras. Henry, li, 4/ This year at Finchamsted in Bartholomew's shrine, a well was seen to bleed fifteen days/ And all night, heaven was seen burning a fire/ Also this year, Hugh and Hugh Earls of Shrewsbury and Chester took the isle of Anglesey, also/ and slew Welshmen who were therein and of many they cut off their lineages/ and put out their eyes/ Among whom they took a priest named Kinredus and drew him out of the church and put out one of his eyes/ and cut off his lineages and his tongue/ But by God's miracle, he spoke again on the third day.\nDuring the time of King Olav of Norway, the son of Olavus, Harald, who was once King Harald's son, took the islands Orkneys and Shetlands and brought them under his control. The two earls mentioned before were present there. Earl Shrewsbury opposed him and was struck by an arrow in the eye and died eight days later, having avenged himself for the priest's insult. He was buried at Shrewsbury. Around that time, Robert Losing, who had previously been Abbot of Ramsey and was then Bishop of Thetford, was a great scandal for simony. He had bought the bishopric from the king. But later, he repented and left Thetford, went to Rome, and returned home again. He resigned his see from Thetford and founded a solemn abbey with his own cattle and not with the cattle of his bishopric. However, at Thetford, he ordered monks of Cluny, who were rich in the world but clear in their devotion to God, to be established. Herbart was also present.\namended by a double saw - one was of his predecessor's, and this was not Barabas - and the other was his own, and this was friend, where art thou come? He heard this and wept and said, I come in an evil manner, but by God's grace, I shall go out in good manner. And he had often in mind the word of Jerome that said, we ride in our youth, let us amend us in our old age. Henry, book four.\n\nAt this time, the order of white monks began in Burgundy in the diocese of Cahors. This order is called the Cistercian order in Latin. W/ de r/li/2. One Stephen Harding, a monk of the English nation from Shirburn, went from his childhood into Scotland and afterward into France. There he learned liberal sciences and took the first steps of the order.\nLove of God and he went to Rome at last with one of his school fellows. No grief could part them two; nothing let them not daily repeat the sacrament. It sprang in his mind as it came forth afterward. For he came into Burgundy and into Molise in the great new abbey. He threw away the heresy. There he took lightly the points of the rule that he had seen before. And when he saw others put forth to be held and kept that he had never seen nor heard in St. Benedict's rule, he inquired the reason soberly, as a monk should, and said: \"The Higher Worker made all things by reason, and goes all things that He made by reason. By reason the elements have their being, and the stars also move by reason and keep their course by reason. And so should our kind stand by reason and falls from reason by sleuth and unruliness and is called back by law to reason, and also by St. Benedict's rule, in which is contained somewhat that I am not of power to comprehend.\"\nthe reason I hold that it is reasonable to assent to authority, for the authority of holy scripture alone, though it may seem at times that they disagree and God does nothing without reason, how shall I then believe that the holy father who followed the council ordered anything without reason? As if we should give faith to all one authority and nothing to reason. Then of that you do show some authority other than reason, and shows an example of St. Benedict's rule. If you cannot, it is all idle that you make a profession of, that is so noble and despise to follow the law thereof. The sentence of this speech passed from one to another and moved many lest they had run in vain, so it was deemed that the surplus of the rule should be taken away and only the marrow should be held. Thurstable made himself busy to make all assent, but it is hard to rouse up thoughts that are rooted in long time. Only eight monks and Thurstable left that abbey and said that the cleanness of the rule should be preserved.\nThe rule might not be held in place there, as riches were gathered and there was an abundance of meat and drink that sustained the soul and the wit that should endure. Then they went to Cisterus, a place once full of wood and lairs, but now there is a famous abbey there. This abbey is greatly augmented by the help of the bishop of Yves, and later by the pope R. Afterward, in the year of our Lord AM CXXXV, one Walter brought the order of White Monks into England, and at Rual he established an abbey of the Cistercian order, which is the order of White Monks. These are the observances that seem hard in that order: they shall wear no manner of furs, nor linen or woolen cloth smaller and softer than stamens; but one of them shall have on him two curtains and a cowl; though it be winter, but if they will, they may have less in some manner of time. They sleep clothed and girded, and after matins they go never to bed again. They dispose the hours and.\nBefore dawn, they sing prime. Afterward, they go to work, completing their tasks without candlelight. None of them are absent from hours or chores, except for those who are sick. The abbot does not exempt himself but is present with his flock, except during meals due to guests. He is served only with two meals. None of them eat blood or flesh, unless sick. From the 15th of September to the Easter tide, they eat only once a day, except on Sundays. They never leave their cloister, except for work. They speak only to their prior or the abbot. They do not wear girdles during God's service. They take placebo and dirige for the dead. They use the Ambrosian office and are in charge of guests and the sick.\n\nFirst, this abbot\nThe mostly strict monks upheld these ordinances and compelled others to do the same. But in the time that came afterward, the monks' training and some of the monks, being hardy, disregarded these strictures. However, after this hardy Stevan, the abbot there, built sixteen abbeys and began the seventeenth. This order increased so much that the monks of Cistercus were observed by all monks as the mirror of those who were diligent and reproving, and chastising of sloth. They are called the \"ostrum\" of the slow Ostroh in French.\n\nAfter Urban II was pope for eighteen years and five months, in his tenth year he was imprisoned, as were his cardinals, by the fourth Henry, the Emperor, who had seized Rome. The pope could not be delivered until he had sworn fealty to Henry the Emperor and bestowed the investiture and prelates with the cross and the ring. He also swore that he would never curse the emperor. And he wrote him this privilege in the following manner: \"I embrace and take all this in its entirety written.\"\nthe old testament and the new law and the prophecies the gospels and the holy pystles all the general councils and decrees of bishops of Rome, what they held I hold, and what they condemned I condemn also, and specifically that privilege that is more truly a bad law that was once granted to Henry II. W. de P. li. 3\n\nWhen William bishop of Durham was dead, the king gave the bishopric to one Walter, who had been the elder William's priest and chaplain. The king gave him the bishopric for a thousand pounds. Evil doers who fled to St. Cuthbert's church, we drove out of church and made monks sit with him specifically in his hall at meals and served them with forbidden food. We ordered women to serve them with headdresses that seemed winking in clothing and faces, and none of them escaped unless he was undetected. For if he turned away his eye, he was called an hypocrite, and if we were lenient, we were called the same.\nThe man, named Assentyng or according to the myth, was labeled a foolish and nasty man. But this is worthy of great praise due to his procuring of St. Cuthbert's body. The king of Wales drowned many towns. The devil was seen and spoke with many of the king's men about his malice and hasty death. William de Regus, in his Quarto book, records this.\n\nThe king was warned of this, but paid little heed. Also that year, Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, appeared in a vision before God Almighty and was condemned. Hugh the Abbot T.\n\nAdditionally, he was allowed to be bled and bled profusely, which dimmed the sun. Therefore, he cried out frequently for St. Mary and St. Mary, and awoke from his sleep, commanding that the chamberlains remain with him.\n\nOn the third day of August, in the year of our Lord 1100 and his kingdom thirteen, and his age forty-four, in the New Forest, he was shot by Walter Tyrel, who was his own man.\nWalter Tyrel escaped and was not pursued. The king was carried to Winchester and died there. His blood dripped down along the way as he was being taken there. He was buried within the bishopric's tower. That tower fell within a year thereafter. This man took on great deeds and would have done even greater ones if the fate of his life had allowed it. Before the next day of his death, someone asked him where he would spend his midwinter. He replied, \"At Peter's.\" For the earl of that place was preparing to go to Jerusalem and intended to borrow money from him and pledge his land as collateral. He would not allow any counsel from bishops. He sold digities of the holy church in various ways and held some in his own hand. On the day of his death, he held three bishoprics in his hands: Canterbury, Winchester, and Salisbury, as well as twelve abbeys. Some he held personally.\nLet him farm also. He desired to be every man's heir. He wore the tribute to Rome for strife that was in the church of Rome between Pope Urban and Wybert the Antipope.\n\nHenry, in the seventh book.\n\nAnd though he was light in deeds, he was steady and steadfast in works. So, if he saw any man do good or evil, he might be quite certain of that which he had seen. And though he was most covetous of money, yet he did one deed worthy to be remembered.\n\nIn a time, an abbot died in England. Two monks gathered a great sum of money and went to the king, either to supplicate or get the abbot's office. The third went with them to bring him home meekly, who should be abbot. These two stood before the king, and one promised more than the other. The third stood still and spoke no word.\n\nThe king asked him what he would give. He said nothing. For I will neither give nor promise, the king said. Come near, he said.\nthou art worthy and none other to take this holy charge / Chapter 14\nKing William the Red always used Leman's advice and died without issue / and his younger brother Henry was king after him / He was chosen at Winchester on the fifth day of August / and crowned at Greenwich, which grieved him\nIn a time, and his father comforted him in this way / Son, do not weep for you shall be a king / Then in the last year of his father's reign / and in the 19th year of his age, he was made a knight by his own father and went with him into Normandy and was at his father's dying\nShortly thereafter, as it is said, / and his other brothers were gone every one on his side as it happened to him at that time / therefore he had his father's blessing and his mother's heritage and treasure, and feared the pride of his brother Robert, who had been bequeathed to him in his mother's will in a disgraced manner / restored again in his court, by candlelight.\nIn the night that was left in his father's time, Ranulph, bishop of Durham, was imprisoned in the Tower of London and reconciled Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, who had been exiled. Ranulph chastised the false measures of merchants and brought forth the length of his own arm. He would rather fight with counsel than with a sword. He would eat to quell his hunger and not for gluttony. He would never drink unless he was thirsty. In himself and in his men, he hated the outrage of food and drink. After great strife between him and Anselm the archbishop, he resigned to God and to St. Peter the investiture of prelates that was removed. He married Maud, the daughter of Malcolm, king of Scotland. Ancelm crowned her queen on St. Martin's Day.\n\nThis year Thomas, archbishop of York, died, and Gerard was archbishop after him, a lecherous man, a witch, and an evil doer, as the fame tells. Under his pall, when he died in an herb garden, was found a book of curious crafts.\nThe book is called Iulius Frumeus. In that book, he read privately in the under tides. The clerks of his church would not allow him to be buried under heaven without a holy church. William de Rale was the author, in the meantime Earl Robert, the king's brother, heard of King William the Red's death. He returned from the holy land into Apulia and then into Normandy, and prepared to go to England. It was then known, and many lords feigned some small reasons and withdrew privately and openly from King Henry. They called him Godric Godfather and sent privately for Earl Robert. Rauf, Bishop of Durham, who had been imprisoned before, got a rope and escaped from the Tower of London. He went to Normandy and encouraged Duke Robert against King Henry.\n\nThis Robert was King William the Conqueror's eldest son, a little man with a fat belly. In his first knighthood, he used his father's manners, but later, by heat.\nRobert, in his youth, desired the foolish company of fools and sought to possess Normandy while his father was alive. When his father objected, he went away in defiance and often rested in the countryside. At first, his father scorned him, but later he swore by the Resurrection of Christ and said, \"Robert, my son shall be a noble man. For had it not been for Robert, I would have blamed him. He was courteous and fair of face and form, mighty in strength and wise in counsel.\" But in the end, his father was so angry with him that he disinherited him from the heritage of England and left him without support, tending some men's tapestry. Then, his tapestry was tended by doing and the virtue of God. Therefore, all men chose him as king of Jerusalem. But when he heard of the death of his brother William, king of England, he refused the kingdom of Jerusalem not out of reverence, but from fear of travel or covetousness of the kingdom of England. Consequently, he never fared well in battle after that. Also,\nThe coming agegain from Jerusalem, he wedded the daughter of William de Aversa in Apulea, a fair woman of shape and lost her by an evil after few years. Yet it was said that he was beguiled by Couselle of a midwife who sucked her breasts for great plenty of milk that ran from her breasts when she had a child. But she had a son who was thought to be William noble of wit. Robert took great money for that marriage and wasted it soon thereafter. Then he gathered a great host in every side and came into England to reclaim his brother Henry the kingdom. He landed at Portsmouth, but peace was made upon such a condition that Robert should have three thousand marks every year, and whichever of them lived longest should be the other's heir, if he died without heir male. The next year after Robert came into England, and at the request of Maude the queen he forgave three thousand marks. Then Robert went again and was little known among the Normans. So the Normans prayed King Henry.\nHenry came against Robert; the king captured him little by little in Normandy. Robert fortified cities where he went, but they of Can and Failles were powerless for him. He was forced to give his brother a battle and was overcome and taken, kept in prison until his death, which occurred in the castle of Cardef. He was buried at Gloucester.\n\nThis year, Robert de Bolingbroke rose again against King Henry. This Robert was the greatest of Roger de Montgomery's sons, earl of Shrewsbury. Robert strengthened his castles of Shrewsbury, of Arundel, and of Tickhill. He encouraged many Welshmen against the king. But within forty days, the king won and took all these strongholds, overcoming the Welshmen with gifts and fair promises. He compelled Earl Robert to renounce England, and he sailed to Normandy. Soon thereafter, William Earl of Mortimer in Normandy and of Cornwall in England sailed to Robert.\nNorman/ For the king had warned him, the earldom of Kent/ These two factions wrought great harm in Normandy/ King Henry heard of it and took possession of the earldom of Morton, all that he had in England, and sailed thereafter into Normandy/ Making it subject, not without shedding blood/ And imprisoned the two aforementioned earls to their lives' end, who were men full of guile and strife/ Then King Henry left and made sharp laws against false men and thieves/ In which laws is contained the loss and lessening of eyes, pens of pricking fingers, and hands/ Then he made the Scots, the Welshmen, the Bretons beyond the sea, and Louis, King of France, subjects/ Then King Henry lay in Normandy and Pope Calixtus came near to Normandy, among other causes, to have King Henry sharply answered for the imprisonment of his brother Robert of Jerusalem/ But he seemed to have satisfactory answers and ceased from that cause/ All manner of argument may be bound towards the other side by the cunning of the pleader.\nwhich earl was present, specifically lit [and for no pomp and boast should fail], the king made the young sons of the earl of Mellenth oppose the cardinals who were present and ordain him [and did not shame himself to know that there was more wit and cunning of clergy in the western lands than they had heard of speak]. \u00b6 Hugh, earl of Chester, King William the Conqueror's new heir in his sister's side, died, and his son Richard, a child of seven years old, became earl after him. Anselm made a council at London and put down many abbots and forbade the setting of dues to farm. And he deemed that Dominicans should be cursed every Sunday, but after he undid that doing for the populace's sake, it was notorious that wicked Hertwold was not sacred the prelates who had taken inappropriate men's hands [investitures]. Namely, because the pope had forbidden it upon pain of cursing, but Gerard, Archbishop of York, sacred such prelates. Therefore Anselm was moved and went.\nThe country of Flanders was destroyed by casting up the grave of the sea. Therefore, the Flemings wandered about for a long time and had no place to dwell in. They prepared and were granted by King Henry a place to dwell in, near the east side of England. But in the eleventh year, they were turned into west Wales. Due to the misbehavior of some prelates, St. Cuthbert's body was found whole and sounded the following year after his burial. The seventh day of June were seen four white circles around the sun. That year, during the first week of Lent, on a Friday at evening, an uncouth star was seen shining between the south and the west, and shone every day in the same hour for five and twenty days. Also, a great beam was seen coming against that star from the east side. On certain Thursdays in that year, two full moons were seen little before day, one in the east and another in the west. That year, there was a fierce struggle between the father.\nHenry Emperor and his son Henry, the latter imprisoning the father, were in Becket's year. King Henry came to be in England, and Anselm was reconciled with him, and they went together to England. In the fourth year of Henry, the son of Henry III, Henry began to be emperor among the dukes and reigned for nineteen years. He imprisoned his father in bonds, in which his father died when she was but five years old. Henry's daughter was king of England. At last, he acknowledged and signed freely the rights of the Holy Church to Pope Clement III, exiling himself voluntarily, unaware of his wife, and died at Chester. Ancilm convened a council in London, and it was decreed by the king's assent that neither the king nor any other lewd person should make investiture with croziers or rings thereafter. At that time, Gerald, archbishop of York, placed his hands between Anselm's hands as archbishop of Canterbury and did him obedience. The tenth day of August.\nIn London, Anselm, the archbishops of Winchester, Salisbury, Exeter, Hereford, and Glamorgan convened in one day, except those who came after Pleidy's time. That year, King Henry ordered that thieves should be hanged and that makers of false money and false seals should lose half their pennies. Philip, king of France, died, and his son Louis succeeded him. Gerald, archbishop of York, died, and Thomas the New was appointed archbishop after him for seven years. King Henry appointed a bishop at Ely and ordained him as Henry, who had been bishop of Bangor. In doing so, he took a large portion of the bishopric of Lincoln and gave Cambridgeshire to the see of Ely. Therefore, he gave the bishop of Lincoln his own royal town of Spalding. That year, Saint Hugh, abbot of Cluny, died in the eastern week. Afterward, Our Lady and Saints Peter and Hillary appeared to him. William of Pontificals, in Book 1, records that Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, died that year.\nThe next day after that, they filled the Censer on Thursday. He was anointed with balsam that God sent down from heaven. And so he was consecrated. And then the see of Canterbury was empty for five years. In the meantime, the church was well maintained in the king's use.\n\nWhen the king was urged to help the church, which was in need and seemed like a widow, he tried to dismiss it with a mild answer. He said that his father and brother had made the best archbishops they could find, and that he would not leave his kindred but would make the best archbishop he could find. Such an answer seemed full of law and right, but the great sum of money required for Saint Anselm's life revealed more.\n\nSaint Anselm was born in the city of Augusta, near the hills called the Alps. He was raised and chaste in his childhood and could not please his father in any way. Therefore, he fled far from him.\nA father and companion in Normandy / And was favored under Lefraic, prior of Becco / and was made a monk there at the age of twenty-six / After three years, Lanfranc, prior of Becco, was translated to the abbey of Cadony / And Anselm was made prior under Abbot Herlewin / Then Anselm gave himself to penance, fasting, and teaching, namely for fifteen years, and would often say that he would rather be in hell without sin than in heaven with sin / he made many books of clergy in which our belief is that other men find them persuasive / he strengthened with reasons and arguments that cannot be refuted / So he not only surpassed the works that were before him but also gathered them all into one unity / In addition, he overcame the malice of his enemies with wisdom and patience / After the fifteenth year of his priory, Herlewin, Abbot of Becco, died / and Anselm was made abbot in his stead and held it for five years outside of England / though his coming was necessary for many reasons.\ncauses it to be thought that he converted the archbishopric of Canterbury, but in the end, for three reasons, he was compelled to come to England, as it is said before. That time, exigencies and taking into the king's hand. For it was easier to buy the Empire of one man alone than to be under new lords who come one after another. Among all this, there was great silence among the bishops. The rightful judgment was choked within the conscience of them who could not otherwise speak out to a wild bull that is William the Red. For they did not all draw alike. The soul of holy church shall not go rightly. But Anselm took the investiture and was scared. But he recovered from his sickness and was worse after than before. His friends counseled him to be good. And he used to answer and say, \"Per vultum de luca,\" God shall never have me good, for the harm that he does me. Also, this king was a ravenous hunter in gardening and a great waster.\nIn this time, Saint Anselm offered the king five hundred pounds, but he would not accept it. Anselm then gave it to poor men. Various wonders were seen throughout England. At Shrewsbury, there was a great earth shaking, and at:\n\nThere was a harsh winter with strong hunger. Death of men, pestilence among beasts, and fighting among birds were prevalent. King Henry built the abbey of Hyde outside the walls of Winchester, which was previously within the city. This year, the fourth Henry, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, wedded Maude, King Henry's daughter, at Windsor on the sixth day of January.\n\nThe fifteenth day of October brought great water scarcity in England, causing horses and men to wade between Temese Bridge and the Tower of London, which lasts a day and a night.\n\nWilliam of Pontificals, Book Three.\n\nThis year, a council was held at Windsor, and the Abbot Faricius of Abingdon was sent to the see.\nIn the year that Canterbury's issues came before the bishops, Rafe, Bishop of Rochester, was placed before him. That same year Thurstan was chosen as Archbishop of York. The king frequently urged him to show lawful submission to Rafe, Archbishop of Canterbury, but Thurstan preferred to relinquish the dignity rather than obey the Archbishop of Canterbury. However, when he was in private and had no service as he was accustomed, he regretted his decision and followed the king overseas. This was arranged by Thurstan's clerks. Pope Pascal sent a letter to the king to restore Thurstan. Upon his return to the see of York, Thurstan still scorned doing lawful obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The old strife was renewed once more. First, the pope promised the king of England and Rafe, Archbishop of Canterbury, that he would order nothing against the dignity of the Church of Canterbury. (William of Malmesbury, Book 2)\n\"It seemed he granted a privilege in this manner: of all the authentic grants that your church has granted from our predecessors, we will not withdraw anything except this. But it shall stand and be kept without any harm. Here, if the pope has said that your church has these dignities, and he had pardoned the plea and the strife, but now he leaves it unpardoned. Therefore, the cunning speech of the Romans can turn himself to the walls of pleaders, so that it seems he will suspend it in doubt and leave it, sparing the cost and trouble of others while he casts for his own profit and advantage. When the kings messengers were going, the pope was bowed down by favor or gifts more cunningly than such a great man should, and forsake the rule of old time and sacred Thurstan, and gave him the pall. William de pontifician forbade Thurstan his land, but he was afraid of the pope's letters, in which it was contained that the king should take Thurstan otherwise.\"\nWilliam of Pontifibus, in the first book: King Henry I's first wife was dead. Then he married the daughter of Lotharingia. On the wedding day, Raf, Archbishop of Canterbury, was displeased and disturbed by the pales and saw the Bishop of Sarum request to perform the ceremony. He granted him permission and ordered the Bishop of Winchester to officiate. The next day, he saw King Henry crowned against his conscience. He went to him and said, \"You are unrightfully crowned. Therefore, you shall leave your crown, and I shall leave the mass.\" The father replied, \"King, amend the wrong you have done.\" Raf spared him, not for the prayers of lords, but he would have struck down the crown from the king's head. He was a steadfast man of good living, learned, and fair speech without any known suspicion, but he laughed and played more than seemed appropriate.\nhis state and his age, and he was nearly called a Japer. The winter was harsh, so that many bridges in England were broken in the thawing of the ice. In May came so many flies and flew about in the land of Jerusalem that they ate and destroyed vine trees and corn. And when they had done their journey a day, some flies flew and some walked on their feet to their herb row at evening. In Italy, there was an earthquake that lasted forty days, so that many houses were thrown down, and a great town was moved and heaved far out of one place into another. Pope Pascal died. John Gaytanus was pope after him. This was the deacon and was called the second Gelasius, and was pope for a year and a half. Henry the emperor heard that his privilege of the investiture of prelates was being called into question and went to Rome to take revenge on Pope Pascal and learned of Pope Pascal's death. He put Moris Burdin into the papacy. This Moris was bishop of Sabina and made him pope.\nThe text is already largely clean, with only minor errors and formatting issues. I will correct the errors and remove unnecessary formatting.\n\nThe second Kalxte was called him. R / Also this year, Florencecius monk of Wyrcetre died / By his study and travel, this story is greatly heightened / Great strife was between the kings of England and France, and Henry, king of England, overcame the king of France in battle / \u00b6 William de Pands did him homage / For that land, by grant of his father, King Henry, / Because the king was so great / that he would not do homage to the king of France for Normandy / Then King Henry made his free men of England and Normandy do homage to his son William / Then men hoped thereby that Edward's prophecy would be fulfilled in this William / In that prophecy, it was said that when the tree that is cut comes again and sprouts, / then shall be hope of remedy / but that was blurred by the changing of mankind's happiness / For after that the king had dwelt three years in Normandy, / this William was anointed. Also at that time, Earl Fulco went to Jerusalem and bought the earldom of Anjou for himself.\nThe king of England kept for the profit of his son, if he did not return. The second jubilee was pope's five-year and five-month term. He gathered strength on every side and took and imprisoned Moros, the aforementioned antipope. He first set him upon a camel and turned his face toward its tail. He rode thus, holding the tail in his hand instead of a bridle, and rode before the pope. William de regibus, in his fifth book, [died]\n\nMaud, queen of England. She was first educated in letters and was nursed among monks at Winchester. To put off an unwanted marriage that her father proposed frequently, she wore the veil of the Holy Awe. Therefore, King Henry wanted her as his wife, which caused great disputes. Anselm opposed this marriage until it was proven by lawful witnesses that she took the veil to renounce her vows and for no other reason. She had two children at one birth, a son and a daughter, and ceased bearing children. Then she dwelt at Westminster.\nShe was found as a queen by the king's will, but she was the one beneath the royal attire, walking barefoot to church during Lent, and not shy of washing sick men's feet and touching their sores with her hands or kissing them, and setting a table before them and serving them. She loved God's service greatly, so she spent much on clerks who could sing well. Famous men of the school came to her with verses and songs from all lands. She spent lavishly on pilgrims who came from every side. The desire for praise is kindly kindled in men's hearts, so that no man, however good his conscience, holds himself back from the fruit of his good works, but yet he has a liking that the people know of his good deeds. Because of such deeds, she rewarded her plowmen, but this can be known through the counsel of her ministers.\n\nWilliam of the Kings, Book Five, Chapter 6, Harlech in Normandy: On the sixth day before December, the anchors were raised, and the king set sail.\nHis son William intended to sail to England after him, and he was accompanied by many noblemen, not far from the shore. The king's son Richard Bastard was among them, as well as the Countess of Percy, Richard Earl of Chester and his wife, who was the king's niece, the Archdeacon of Herford, and others numbering over a hundred and forty. All of them escaped, except for one hunchbacked man who swam all night on a broken mast and reached the cliff in morning tide, and told everyone the story of what had happened. They all went by night into a new ship with drunken sailors and filled it immediately upon a rock not far from the land. William the king's son was in a boat, in which he could have been saved, but when he reached the cliff, he heard his sister weep and cry. Then he turned back and took her into his boat. Other men then entered that boat and overloaded it, drowning the boat and all who were in it. Take the wretched [sic] one.\nBut it was a wonder that great treasure was found quickly by the clues in the morning, and none of the dead bodies were found, but they were all eaten by the fish of the sea. Henry, in his seventh book, reported this, and it was said that nearly all of these were sodomites.\n\nWilliam, the king's eldest son, had threatened Englishmen that if he were ever their lord, he would make them draw plows as oxen.\n\nRichard, Earl of Chester, had also threatened that when he was ordained there, W would do so.\n\nAfterward, Earl of Angoul\u00eame, whose daughter William, who was drowned, had married came out of the holy land and married his other daughter to Robert de Vere's son, and gave her the Earldom of Cenomannia. King Henry withheld her dower in England.\n\nAfterward, Henry married his daughter Maud to the fourth Henry, Emperor of the Germans.\n\nThis year, King Henry made a great park at Woodstock.\n\nWhen Richard Earl of Chester was drowned, the first Ranulph de Meschiues emerged.\nSome of the first archbishops of Canterbury died: Raaf, archbishop for eight years, and William Canonicius succeeded him. Around this time, the Order of the Templars began. They were gathered from the Rule of the Hospitalers and established a place in the porch of the Temple of Jerusalem. Therefore, they are called Knights Templar. They were sustained by the Hospitalers' relief, both in food and armor, and grew so rich that it seemed the daughter surpassed and overshadowed the mother. In the end, for vile apostasy and contempt of Christ, they were destroyed in the time of Pope Clement V, in the year 1312 of our Lord.\n\nHenricus, in the seventh book /\n\nJohn Cardinal of Rome came to England and initiated a severe process against priestly concubines. He said that it was a foul song, but something openly known could not be abandoned. It was necessary to know if this displeased any man. I\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English. The given text has been cleaned to improve readability while preserving the original content as much as possible. The text has been translated into Modern English, and unnecessary line breaks and other meaningless characters have been removed.)\nReed hold his peace and be still, lest it be thought that he follows John in words and deeds. After Calixtus II, Honorius was pope for five years. The fourth Henry, emperor of the Germans, is dead. Some men say that he is buried at Speyer with his ancestors, with such inscription on his tomb: \"Here lies the son, the father, and the grantee and the father's grantee.\" R\nHowever, it seems that Gerald, in his Itinerary, has a more accurate understanding. He says that this Henry, after he had empowered his fleshly father and his spiritual father the pope, and the cardinals also, he repented at last and went away unwilling from his wife Matilda of England. He exiled himself willingly and lived at Chester for ten years as a hermit. He called himself Godestal, that is, God's calling. When the emperor was so privately gone, Matilda, the Empress, came again to her father King Henry in Normandy.\nThere she was soon married to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, and had by him the second Henry, who became King of England after him. When the fourth Henry was made Emperor as Lotharius, Duke of Saxony, a council was held in London. It was granted to King Henry that he should judge cases of priests' misconduct and concubines. However, he did not comply, but took money on every side. That year, in the presence of the king, the lords of England swore that they would keep the kingdom for his daughter Maude, the empress, if she lived after his day, and if he died without other children. St. Mathias the Apostle's body was found in the City of Treves. Agricius, the archbishop, had brought it there from Constantinople during the elder Constantine's time, and he had received it as a gift from Helene, the queen. After Honorius the Second, Innocentius was pope for thirteen years and seven months. Peter Leonis, who was also called Anacletus, challenged the papacy.\nThis text describes conflicts in the Holy Church. Anacletus was chosen by the lesser party and chased Innocentius out of Rome, plundering its churches and using the church's money to meddle with the Romans. Innocentius and the cardinals sought help from the king of France and held a council at Rome. Upon his return, Innocentius crowned Lotarius, duke of Saxony, as emperor. With his help, Innocentius drove out Roger, duke of Sicily and Apulia, for twenty years. The Earl of Flanders died, and Henry, king of England, obtained the earldom after him through right of blood and kinship. Maud, the empress, was soon forsaken by her husband Geoffrey and went to her father in Normandy. There, the king saw three wondrous sights in his sleep. First, he saw many clerics assailing him with tolls and demanding debt. Second, he saw a route of armed men intending to attack him with all manner of weapons. Third, he saw a great company of prelates menacing him.\nhym with theyr croyses And at euery tyme the kyng start vp of his bed and caught his swerde and cryed help / as though he wold slee somme men / but he myght noo man fynde / \u00b6 Also a phisician grymbald by his name sawe alle these syghtes / and told hem to the kynge erly in the morow / And as danyel had somtyme chargyd Nabu\u2223godonosor / Soo he chargyd the kyng that he shold doo almesse de\u00a6des in remedye of his synnes / Thenne the kyng wente in to En\u2223glond and was sore trobled with tempest in the see / & made his auowe that he wold relece the danes trybute for seuen yere / and that he wold vysyte saynt edmund / and doo and vse ryghtwyse\u00a6nesse / \u00b6 In Fraunce was soo grete drought / that Ryuers and welles were fordryed / \u00b6 Also fyere come in to the chynes of the erth that myght not be quenched nother with wete nother with cold / nother with doyng of crafte / \u00b6 This yere at kerdef dyed the kynges broder Robert that was somtyme Er\u2223le of normandy and was beryed at gloucetre byfore the hye Au\u00a6ter / \u00b6 William the sonne\nOf Nychellus founded the Priory of Norton in the province of Chester. Also, Abbey of Cumbremers was founded in the same province. Henry Shorthose was born, the son of the Emperor, King Henry. King Henry died in Normandy. Of him, one mourned in meter in this manner:\n\nKing Henry, fairness sometimes, now departed from the world,\nGoddesses weep for their god who is now dead,\nMarcurius the Less in speech,\nHis heart strong as Apollo,\nJupiter in might and Mars in strength,\nGrieves England in childhood and rightly was this god high in shining,\nBut now darkness falls,\nThis land with its king,\nNorman with his duke, well with awe,\nThis land nourishes the child,\nThat other now lessens the man,\nHenry / LI / VIII /\n\nWhen King Henry was dead, men deemed of him and spoke freely,\nWhat they would as they would of other men when they are dead,\nSome said that he surpassed other men in three things in wit,\nIn speech and in fortune of battle,\nOthers said that he was overcome by three vices,\nWith covetousness.\nIn this king's time, a Simon, son of Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, flourished in the same church. He was sharp-witted, clear-speaking, fair-faced, and well-shaped, gracious in all respects. Young in age but wise and ready as an old man. However, he was corrupted by pride. From his pride sprang envy, wrath, strife, and backbiting.\n\nThe king's body was brought into England and buried in the abbey of Reading that he had founded from the ground. Henry, in the seventh book.\n\nIn the same church during this king's reign, a Simon, son of Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, prospered. He was quick-witted, articulate, handsome, well-built, and gracious in every way. Young in age but wise and ready as an old man. Yet he was consumed by pride. From his pride grew envy, wrath, strife, and backbiting.\n\nThe king's body was taken to England and buried in the abbey of Reading that he had founded from the ground. Henry, in the seventh book.\nHe spoke of himself and said, \"I am set among my court as salt among quick elysium. He took heed of one property of that saw and was not aware of the other. For salt among others causes great pain. So he caused men of the court distress with backbiting and evil speech. But at last, when salt is destroyed by the moisture of the earth, the king's wrath and was imprisoned and escaped away by a gang. And was flamed and died so exiled.\n\nWhen the first King Henry was dead, Stephen Earl of Bolingbroke was king after him. This Stephen was the Earl of Bolingbroke's son, King Henry's new heir in his sister's side, and he reigned seventeen years, a noble and hardy man, but contrary to his oath that he had made to the empire, he was crowned at London on St. Stephen's day of William, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was also sworn to the empire. Therefore, this William lived not over one year. Also, all the great ones sworn to Stephen had a wretched end. Also, men said that on the day of his coronation, the sacrament of the altar was profaned.\nThe body of Cristes was brought to the king, and it vanished suddenly. King Stephen was crowned and swore before the lords at Oxford that he would not hold in his hand the prelacies that had vacated, and also that he would forgive the Danish guilt and employ no man for his own purposes. Fearing the coming of the empire, he granted every lord leave to build a castle or strength on his own ground. Soon thereafter, he came to terms with David, King of Scotland, who before by guile had taken the castle of Carlisle, and the castle on Tyne. He gave him hunting in England and received homage, and sent to the Empire. Then King Stephen took the cross and William, Archbishop of Canterbury, died. Theobald was made Archbishop after him. Lotharius, Emperor of Germany, died, and Conrad was Emperor after him for fifteen years of the Germans and Romans. Despite not taking the Benediction of the pope, at the preaching of Abbot Bernard, he took the holy land in Pope Eugenius' time.\nAnd did many great deeds, Gir/d/p/ca/19/ At that time, Theobald the mild earl of Campania was in his prime. He mildly showed pity to poor men and lepers. One praised him in verse in this manner:\n\nThis fellow Earl, this was that mild man Theobaldus,\nHeaven makes joyful that he has,\nAnd the world is sorrowful that he leaves,\nI may call him man, him I dare not call God.\nDeath proves him man, his own life he proves,\nAbove man, under God, more than man, less than God,\nI do not know what manner of thing is between the way and the tree, /\n\nDavid, king of Scotland, came the third time into England and destroyed the land immediately to the River of Tweed in the mouth of the province of York. He burned, slew, and slaughtered women with child. Thurstan, the archbishop, came privately against him with the king's knights, and chased him and slew x of his men and took many prisoners and did few deeds at his own will, and came home again. But in his coming homeward, he took:\nAlysaunder, bishop of Lincoln, imprisoned him in bonds until he gave him the castle of Newark. He also pursued Nigellus, bishop of Hexham, and Roger, bishop of Salisbury, who had done him much good. He took them and imprisoned them until they gave him the castles of the Vale and Shirburn. Roger was a great builder of houses and castles. He became sick and died from sorrow. After his death, he left castles full of money, estimated to be around forty thousand marks, in his castles. This money was spent on the king's use and not on God's service. With this money, the king bought lands for his son Eustace, Constance, the king's sister from France, and Thurstan, the Archbishop of York. Thurstan was a great founder of abbeys, including those of Haughmond and Fountains, and eight others. He took the habit of a monk and died in old age. Two years later, his body was found whole and sound, emitting a sweet smell.\n\nAt that time, the king took the castles of Gloucester, Hereford, and Webbely.\nBrystow / of Dudley / and of Shrewsbury:\n\nRobert Earl of Gloucester, King Henry's bastard son, heard of this and summoned his sister Maude, the Empress, who dwelt at Angers. He begged her to come to England and aid him against King Stephen.\n\nHenricus Libro 9:\n\nIn the month of July, Robert and Maude first came to Portsmouth and then to Bristol. They caused great harm and damage to the countryside. Then King Stephen besieged Wallingford Castle and heard of this and left the siege to go against them, and soon after that time, he besieged Lincoln.\n\nAbout Candlemas, Ranulph Earl of Chester and Robert Earl of Gloucester came with many Welshmen to break the king's siege.\n\nWhen they were about to pass a red marsh, and had arrayed the shields, the Earl of Chester spoke to his men in this manner and said, \"I, who am the cause of your peril, should be the first to enter it.\"\n\nEarl Robert answered him, \"and said,\"\n\n(Note: The text appears to be complete and does not require cleaning, but there are a few minor corrections to be made. The text is already in modern English and does not contain any ancient English or non-English languages. There are no OCR errors to correct.)\nIt is not unworthy that you ask about the dignity of the first stroke, both for nobility of blood and virtue of strength, in which you surpass other men. But the king's falsity and his wickedness make men to war and to fight. And we may not turn back by the way that we came. Then we must have mastery over others or be overcome. He who has no other support must needs flee to bold deeds of arms and manhood of strength, but take heed against them and what manner of foe you must fight. Robert, earl of Mellent, stands against you. He is crafty of fraud and guile, and wickedness is in his heart. Treason and guile are in his mouth, and deceit is in his deeds. Also comes the earl of Albemarle. He is devoted to Bacchus and knows not Mars. He smells of wine and uses no war. Trueas Poand: He who is not worth in battle is unknown to Mars. Then he tells forth his tale in this manner: There stands Simon of Hampton. His deeds are but words, his gift is but a bygone.\nhest when is word said he has done his deed / / when he has begged he has given his gifts / In this great heat, King Steward heard the bishops mass and the tare that the king offered break in the bishop's hand / and the chain broke and the box fell there, God's body was in / that was a token of the king's failing / then the king went forth and Baldwin the earl had the words to comfort men to fight / and he spoke to other men in this manner / Men who must fight must know three things / the rightfulness of the cause lest they fall into peril of soul / The quantity of the company that they are not born down with too many enemies / And the effect of might and of strength lest they lean upon feeble help / and fall to the ground touching these three points / I believe that we are successful / But take heed furthermore / What manner of enemies we have / Roberts counsels use great menace and does little in deed / in mouth he is a lion and in heart an hare / he is clear of speech.\nand there stood a man of uncunning, also the earl of Chester, a man of unreasonable hardiness, ready and eager for conspiracy, and unwilling to back down, hasty in heart and unmindful of perils. He committed great deeds and attempted deeds that he could not accomplish. Whatever he began freshly, he abandoned, the worse they were in fighting. But before he had finished speaking, the cry of the enemy, the noise of trumpets, and the grunting of horses sounded, and the shields clashed together and they went through. The king was taken and brought to the emperor's court and was kept in custody at Bristol from Candlemas to the Holy Rode day in Hereford. Therefore, the emperor grew very proud, and occupied more than enough and then Winchester. They came against her with a procession, which allowed the pope's legate to join her. Then she went to Wilton, to Oxford, to Reading, and to St. Albans, and in every place all men welcomed her graciously, except for Kentishmen alone.\nThe archbishop Theobald came specifically against her, when she came to London to deal with the state of the land. There, the queen of England, Katherine, Steven's wife, prayed the emperor that the king might be released from bonds on the condition that the king should surrender the kingdom to the emperor and become a monk or a pilgrim for the rest of his life. But the emperor would not agree to this. Also, the citizens of London prayed her that they might use Saint Edward's laws and not the laws of her father, King Henry, for they were harsh. But she would not assent. Therefore, the people were incited and planned to take her. She was aware of this and left all her household stores and fled to Oxford. There she remained with her knights who were all shed or died. Then she took with her her own David, king of Scotland, and a strength of knights, and went to Windsor. There she besieged strongly the bishop's tower, where the king's brother was. At last, the queen came with William.\nI pres and the emperoress was so afraid that she was born to Gloucester in a horse's bed as it were a dead body. Her brother Earl Robert was taken and put in prison at the same time. Then, on one side, the queen was busy with the king, and on the other side, the emperoress was busy with her own brother. Such a delivery was procured and arranged that the king should be restored to the kingdom and the Earl to his lordship, and both should make peace in the kingdom as they had disturbed it. But the Earl would not assent. Then, for an entire year, the land was robbed and reaved, with manslaughter and selling of rich men. About Holyrood Day in Hereford, the king was delivered and besieged the emperoress in the city of Oxford from Michaelmas to Midwinter and destroyed all that was without. At last, a great famine came, and the emperoress was covered in white and besprinkled with snow and escaped over the frozen Temse and came to Wallingford. Therefore, the men of the siege were...\nbeguiled and I blend with the blaring of the snow / And so the city of Oxford was yielded to the king / About this time Master Arnold preached against rich men and against superfluity that men use / therefore many men pursued him / at last he was taken and hanged for the wrath of clerks / Also at this time John de Temporibus died who had lived three hundred and sixty-one years / and had been squire with the great Charles /\n\nAfter the second Innocentius, the second Celestinus was pope for five months / after him Lucius ruled for eleven months / The third Eugenius was pope for eight years and five months / This was first Bernard's disciple and afterward Abbot of St. Anastasy beside Rome. And he came unwares to St. C\u00e9sar's church and was chosen by the Cardinals / but for fear of the Senators he was consecrated without the city / This signed King of France with the cross and made a council at Reims in France. \u00b6 Also to him Saint Bernard the Abbot wrote the books De Consideratione / \u00b6 Henry\nRanulph, the consul of Chester, came to Wallingford with many knights and was received by the king. However, he was treacherously taken at the parliament of Northampton and could not be delivered until he had surrendered the castle of Lincoln. At that time, the Welsh destroyed the province of Chester, but they were defeated at Wycombe. King Stephen was then crowned at Lincoln, and this was the first time a king had been crowned there. That year, Conrad, the emperor of France, the Earl of Flanders, and many others who had taken the cross to the Holy Land, chose the land route instead of the water way, and passed through Hungary. They were betrayed by the deceit of the emperor of Constantinople. Many of them tasted honey mixed with lime and died, and many others were killed by the sword and hunger due to robbery and plunder and lechery.\n\nLouis, king of France, returned home from the Holy Land and became sick due to long abstinence and the lack of women, as lepers said.\n\nGiraldus de P, chapter 18.\nand the leches and prelates advised him to take a wife because he was so far from the queen. \"I'd rather die chaste than live in spousal breaking,\" he said, and so he put it all in God's hands and was healed immediately. In time, a clerk came to him and brought him a privilege from the pope, granting him the first benefit of the fruits and profits in every cathedral church of his realm. He threw the letters into the fire and said he would rather burn such letters than have his soul tormented in hell. The same prince fasted every Friday with bread and water. Men advised him to feed a hundred poor men on Fridays and break his fast. We would gladly feed more poor men, but we will not break our fast for anything other than the profit it brings to the soul. It profits the body much as well. We do so much and so many superfluidities into the body every week that the purgation and rest of one day help.\nThis is the original text with minimal cleaning:\n\nmoche to put off superfluidity / and also to make the sharper appetite / When this lowys was dead, a verifiable write on his tomb in short style, a writing which was called with fair speech of rhetoric, and turned his speech as it were to his son Philip, and showed him his father that lay buried there, and said, \"Now super you who surpasses this that is above, successor of worship, thou art unkind, if thou goest out of the kind of the praising of thy father.\" About that time died Master Hugh, the monk and prior of St. Victor beside Paris, a perfect man of letters and of Religion. Of him it is said that when he was sick in his death, evil and could hold no meat nor drink, he asked for the body of God. His brethren would cease his crying and brought him an eel-eyed one that was not sacred. He knew it in his spirit and said, \"God forgive you, brethren, why do you deceive me thus.\"\nis not my lord. They brought an oblation that was sacred. He saw it and could not hold back his hands and said, \"I pray that the sun goes up to the father. And the spirit to God who made him from nothing.\" And so he yielded up the ghost. Our lord's body vanished from sight. But some men say that this huge man could not hold it, as he was casting it away. And therefore, his brothers would not bring him the true sacrament. He prayed them specifically that they would place the sacrament on his side. And when they had done so, the sick man's side opened, and the sacrament went in by itself. This produced many good books: De sacramentis archaicis, De institutionibus noviorum, De arra animae, De studio sapientiae, Didascalicon, and De laude crucis. He also made a book. Master Gratianus of Tuscia, a monk of Bologna, compiled and arranged the book of decrees, as Hugh says. (296) forma. His\nBrother Gerhard Meister Lombard, Bishop of Paris, compiled and wrote the Four Books of Sentences and closed the sauter and poules pistols. After Conrad, the first Frederick was Emperor of Germany and Rome, reigning for seventeen and thirty years. After the death of Pope Adrian, he was a bitter enemy of Pope Alessandro IV. For prejudice against him, he supported four false popes one after another. Additionally, because the pope had fled to the king of France, Frederick fought against the king of France with great strength of Bohemians and Danes, but was defeated with the help of Richard, King of England. In the year 1322 AD, he came to Milan, which was the highest walled town, and destroyed it to the ground. Finally, after causing much harm, he feared the rebellion of the Lombards and sought forgiveness from the pope. He took the cross in his flesh as a penance for his sins and went to the Holy Land.\ndrowned by a little river beside Armenia, and buried at Tyre. And his son, a noble young man, died at the siege of Tholomayda, which is Aaron. Nearly all the noble Christian men died at that time. After Eugenius, Anastasius became pope for about two years. In that year, Saint Bernard, the abbot of Clairvaux, died. He was born in Burgundy, in the castle of Fontaines. He was the son of a noble knight and was first fed with his mother's milk and later given greater food. In the year 1119, two years before the beginning of the Cistercian order, that is, the White Monks, he entered Cistercia at the age of twenty-two, along with thirty others. After five years of his conversion, he was made abbot of Clairvaux. There he used waking more than the custom of mankind. He said that he lost no time more than when he slept. He likened sleep to death. Unless he could endure it and was afraid of the foul things in his sleep, he went to eat.\nas it were, he was greatly tormented that he had lost his taste and savour of food and drink. So he would take oil instead of wine, and blood instead of butter. He would say that honey tasted like water to him, and his loins knew only scripture. He drank it in woods and fields during his meditations and prayers. He knew no other masters but oxen and asses. In his clothing he was poor without any filth. He said that clothing is a judge and witness of the heart and mind, revealing negligence or pride and vain glory. That proverb was often on his lips and always in his heart. All men wondered at him as none other. To the world, the spirit shall enter, the flesh provides no profit. As often as men prayed him to be a bishop, he said that he was not his own, but ordained to serve others. He was always found ready, reading, writing, meditating, or preaching.\nand teaching his brothers, in the year of our Lord one hundred and thirty-five, when his death approached, he bequeathed three points to keep and said that he had kept them in his way all his life time, and said, \"I would not slander, but if any slanderer arose, I would cease it what I might. I believe my own wit less than others' judgment, if I were grieved, I asked no revenge of him who had grieved me. Bernard wrote many noble books, especially on the incarnation of Christ, and performed many miracles, and built thirty abbeys, and departed from this world to our Lord in heaven. Also, in that year died the Second Ranulph, surnamed Gerard, he was the fourth Earl of Chester after the Conquest. His son, Hugh the second, succeeded him in the duchy, and did many great deeds. Also in that year, King Stephen died in the abbey of Feversham that he had built up from the ground. In Stephen's time, a knight named Owen went into.\nThe second Patrik Abbot lived in the necessities of the Abbey of Lude, in Ireland, of the White Monks. He came again and dwelt there, recounting joys and pains he had seen, as it is said before in the thirty-fourth chapter of the wonders of Ireland.\n\nWhen Stephen was dead, the second Henry was king. This Henry was the first Henry the Seventh, the eldest son of his daughter the Empress, and of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou. Gerald Cambrensis describes his manners, deeds, virtues, and vices in this manner: It is dreadful to accuse him with words that may banish him from the land, and to describe him with many words that may exile a man with a single word. It is a gracious thing and beyond our wit and strength to tell out the truth in all his deeds and offend the prince's heart in no way.\n\nThis Henry was somewhat ruddy with a large face and breast, yellow eyes, and a deep voice, and was fleshy in body, and took but little.\nscarcely sufficient in food and drink, and to allege his plentifulness, he toiled his body with hunting, standing, wandering, he was of middling stature, renaissance in speech, and well-rested, noble and courteous in knighthood, and wise in counsel and battle, fearful of doubtful destiny, more manly and courteous to a knight when he was dead than when he was alive, he showed more sorrow for men when they were dead than love while they were alive, no man was more beautiful than he in misfortune. When he had secured it, no man was more stern than he, cruel to those not chastened, and sometimes mild to his subjects, hard to his family and free-hearted to strangers, generous in outward gifts and stingy in private, whom he hated he would turn to the contrary, he would willfully break his own word, slow in all manner of answer, and loved peace and quiet, he bore down gentlemen and sold righteousness, unwilling.\nFeath, changeable and guileful of word, open-handed spousal breaker, the hammer of holy church, always unkind to God. He quelled strife among his sons with great diligence and hoped to have peace among them through their struggle. If men asked about all his great deeds, the world would fail before we could make an end. Praise may cease to a bold heart but victories cannot cease, triumphs. And praying shall not fail but the matter of winning worship may fail. He was peerless and passing in chivalry in war and in lechery. He heavily taxed the lands of his inheritances and subdued Ireland mightily by strength. He took William, king of Scotland, and joined the kingdom of Scotland to his own. From the southern ocean to the northern isles of Orkades, he closed all the lands as if under one principality. He spread his empire so nobly and made it full wide. After Julius Caesar, men read of no man who so happened beyond the sea without normandy. Gyane, Angio, and Chynon came to him by the right of tourney.\nHis father and Peyto and Gascoigne immediately headed towards the Pyrenees hills of Spain, which belonged to him through marriage. He subjected himself to Alvarez's lordship and other lands. He used to say that the whole world was not enough for a man who was strong and mighty. The kings of Spain ceased their strife on this king's judgment. Many of his deeds that were against the peace he brought to an end at his own will, as if by warning of grace and by a chosen instrument of fortune. But many things happened to him ungraciously to his own humility. If he were repentant, or else he should be tormented in his own flesh. The cruel butcher. First, he took Eleanor, the queen, wrongfully from her lord, Louis, King of France, and wedded her in fact. Though he might not, by the law and his own father Geoffrey, forbid him and said that he should not touch her, for he had lain by her himself while he was the king's steward of France. Nevertheless, Henry took her thrice.\nDaughters and six noble sons / The first daughter he married to the duke of Saxony / The second, Eleanor, to the king of Spain, and the third, John, to William, king of Sicily. Also, his two sons were taken from him hastily, and he was worthily disturbed and grieved by the other four to his life's end. He reigned nearly five and thirty years and gave him to worldly blessings and to the suffering of conversation and to the trial of devotion. The years that were over thirty were given to him as grief and woe as to an evil and unkind man. In the second year of these five years, the strength vanished away that he had arranged for the sending of his son John into Ireland. In the third year, he lost nothing against the king of France. In the fourth year, he lost Rheims. In the fifth year, he lost the cities of Cenomania and Tours and many castles therewith, and himself also. This king used to speak of Triforde as if he seemed more royal and noble to others.\nmessengers and legates that came to him at the second skille, King Henry II always tried to use peace rather than weapons and armor. He made such diplomatic efforts by putting large sums of money at his disposal. Additionally, he had given dignities of the holy church to unworthy persons to win back his favor. He made Baldwin the White Monk Archbishop of Canterbury and Hugh Pryor, the chamberlain, of the bishop of Lincoln. These two were always by his side for counsel. Every man who read in a book would have less wonder about the ungracious issue and end of this king and his sons. People should take heed of this king's beginning and where he came from, both in father and mother. Geoffrey Plantagenet came from the children of a countess of Anjou who was married only for reasons of body. She would come to church and then often remain in the secret of the mass. The earl, her husband, took notice and was wary of that doing.\nordered four knights to guard her in church / and she threw away her mantle, which was held by / and left there her two sons under the right side of the mantle / and with her two other sons that she had then under the left side of her mantle / she fled out of the church window in sight of all men / and was never seen after that time /\n\nKing Richard of England often told this tale and said, \"It is no wonder that those who come from such a kind act contemptuously towards others, as those who come from the devil should go to the devil.\"\n\nAt one time, King Henry sent a clerk to his son, Gaufred, earl of Britain, to reform and make peace. The son answered the clerk in this way: \"Why have you come to dispute my birthright? You do not know that it rightfully belongs to us by kinship, and it is a burden on us by the kinship of our forefathers that none of us should love anyone but travel. You are not idly trying to remove kinship as well. King Henry's mother was married to this Geoffrey.\nThis king Henry married a woman who had previously been a pilgrim and lived as an hermit. Henry, while a child being nursed in the French king's court, had Saint Bernard the abbot prophesy in the king's presence that the devil would come to him, and that both the tyranny of his father Geoffrey, who killed the bishop of Sens, and his own cruelty, which led to the death of Saint Thomas Becket of Canterbury, would be a result. However, Geoffrey had already fathered a child with this Eleanor, whom Henry later married. Eleanor's father, Earl of Peyto, had taken another man's wife, living husband, and married her himself. At one point, a holy man reproached him for this deed, but it had no effect. It happened in a time at Winchester in King Henry's chamber that was variously painted. One place was left unpainted by the king's beast. There,\nKing asked afterwards to paint an Eagle with four birds. The three birds scratched and tore the father with beaks and claws, but the fourth bird urged him strongly to tear out the father's eyes. People asked him what this meant. The king replied, \"These four birds are my four sons who will not cease to pursue me unto death. And especially this last John, whom I love most now, will most sharply oppose me and bring about my death.\"\n\nAfter Anastasius IV, Adrian, an Englishman, was pope for four years. According to common fame, this was the abbot's bondman of St. Albans in England. He once prayed that he might be a monk in that abbey and was rejected and forsaken. But he gave himself to the clergy and to good works and was made bishop of Albans.\n\nAt last he was made pope. For the wounding of one Cardinal, he entered the entire city of Rome. He cursed William, king of Sicily, and compelled him to submit to his grace.\n\nThis was the first pope to dwell with the Cardinals in Rome.\nThe old city. In October, the sign of the cross was seen in the moon. St. James the Apostle's hand was brought to the abbey of Reading. That year, King Henry led the first host into Wales and built a strong castle at Rutland, founding the abbey of Basingwerk. After Adrian the third, Alexander was pope for twenty-two years. He overcame four false popes that Frederick the Emperor had set up. This also reconciled Frederick and Manuel of Constantinople, as well as the king of Sicily, and saved Thomas of Canterbury when he was exiled. Henry the king's eldest son married the king of France's daughter. At Gloucester, Jews nailed a child to the cross. Theobald, the Archbishop, died, and Thomas of London was sacred Archbishop on the second day of June. In the third year after that, he went out of England and returned again in the seventh year of his exile, and was martyred. Four.\nAbout that year, Abbot Joachim flourished in Calabria and wrote commentaries on the Apocalypsis and the books of prophets. He also warned Frederick the Emperor and other kings going to the holy land that they should not profit much there, as the time of deliverance had not yet come. Men also say that Joachim foresaw, through prophecy, the manners and deeds of numerous popes to come. However, he wrote against the Master of the Sacred Palace; his opinion was criticized, as recorded in the beginning of decretals by the ninth Gregory. On the twelfth day before October, around prime, three circles were seen in the heavens, and two suns. That year, the strife between the king and Thomas was in progress. Master Peter Comestor was in his prime in France and wrote a story called Historia Scholastica. He also wrote allegories.\nIn either testament, a book of spiritual understanding, / also he made a noble book of Sermons and later his Allegories / in a book of the bodies of the three kings to explain what was destroyed by Frederick. / These bodies were first brought from Persia to Constantinople and then by Pope Sergius they were brought to Melan. / This year, Thomas of Canterbury was martyred. / One says in this manner: / In the year 1000, the first of the angels' centuries, Thomas was killed by a primate of English men. / / Another says in this manner: / Who dies, a bishop, why, for the flock, how, with a sword, when, at midwinter, in what place, at God's altar. / / Another says in this manner: / For Christ's bride, under Christ's rule, in Christ's temple, a true lover of Christ died.\nThat is to mean: For Crist's spouse in Crist's time, in Crist's temple, Crist's treasure loving one dies. Geraldus. After his death, the king's fortune began to withdraw. The year after the king went into Ireland, which he mightily won and made councils in many places by the pope's will, and especially at Cashel. There was not the primate of Armagh for weakness of his body. This primate led with him a white cow always about him. He was sustained only by the milk of that white cow. He reformed that island with all his might, specifically in the ruling of the office of the holy church, in the true payment of tithes to the holy church, and in the lawful use of marriage. Then it was ordained that men who should make their testament should do so in the presence of their neighbors. And if the man who dies has a wife and children, he should first pay what he owes and his debts to other men, and the other part of his movable property should be divided into three.\nThe one party should be ordered to his children; the other to his wife; and the third to bring him in earth and do for his soul, if he is without wife or children. When the king came out of Ireland, he began to have revelations, and especially because he should amend his life. First, in the Castle of Cardiff in Wales, on the Sunday next after Easter day, when the king had heard mass and went to his horse, there stood a pale man with a rounded tonsure, lean and long-footed, in a white kirtle. He spoke to the king in ducal speech in this manner and said, \"Good old king. Then he told forth his tale in this manner: 'Christ greets you and your mother mild and John the Baptist and Peter, and commands highly that no chequers be held nor servile works, do not take doing that needs to the usage of dining of meat, if you do as I tell, all that you begin, you shall'.\"\nThe king spoke French to the knight holding his rein and said, \"Ask this man if he has dreamed all this that he tells, and he replied in English. The man spoke in the aforementioned language and said, \"Have I heard this tale before? Take heed what day it is today. If you do as I tell and amend your life, you will hear tidings within this year that will make you sorry to the end of your life.\" The man vanished when this was said, and within three years, the king's sons Henry Gaunt and Richard turned against their own father. The king of Scotland, the Earl of Chester, and the Earl of Leicester raised arms against the king. The king had many warnings, but he paid little heed. For the second time, an Irishman warned him and showed him private tokens. The third time, a knight from Lindesey, Philip of Chesterby, crossed the French sea and came to the king.\nThe normandy and his subjects presented him with seven articles that he should amend. If he did, he would reign worshipfully for seven years, win the holy cross, and defeat his enemies. Alternatively, he would shamefully die in the fourth year.\n\nThe first three articles were those he had sworn to uphold in his coronation: one for the maintenance of the holy church, another for rightful laws, and the third that he would not condemn anyone without due process. The fourth article was to restore heritages that he had seized, allowing their owners some compensation to leave the country.\n\nHowever, the king was not amended. Therefore, three strong and mighty men rose against him: his own three sons and the king of France. But when King Henry had visited Thomas the Martyr's tomb, William, King of Scotland, and the Earls of Chester and Lincoln were taken at Alnwick.\n\nThis messy situation lasted for two years and was ultimately unresolved. He who had imprisoned his wife Eleanor was accountable for it.\nquene and was pry\u00a6uely a spouche breker / and lyued now openly in spousebrekyng and is not ashamed to mysuse the wenche Rosamund / To this fayre wenche the kyng made at wodestoke a chambre of wonder crafte slyly made by dedalus werke / leste the Quene sholde fynde and take Rosamund / but the wenche dyed soone / and is beryed in the chapyter hows at Godestow besydes Oxen\u00a6ford with suche wryting vpon her tombe / Hic Iacet in tumba / rworld / not a clene rose / It smellyth not swete but it stynkyth that was wo\u0304t to smelle ful sweete / This wenche had a lytel Coffre scarsely of twey fote longe made by a wonder crafte that is yet seen there / Therin it semyth that geauntes fyghtyn / beestes startlyn / foules fleyn / and Fysshes leepe withoute ony mannes moeuynge / \nALso this yere at yorke the twellyfth daye byfore september william kyng of Scotland by assente of lordes and prela\u2223tes of his lande dyde hommage to henry kyng of Englond / Also this kynge william seyth in his lettres patente that he and his successours\nMen of Scotland should do homage and fealty to the kings of England as required. In token of this submission, the king of Scotland offered his hat and saddle on St. Peter's Altar in the church of York, which is still kept there to this day. The Scottish lords swore that if the king of Scotland were to withdraw from that faith, they would rise against him and be against him always until he was turned back. Pope Gregory, in various writings that he sent to the kings of England and Scotland, charged them to hold this composition steadfastly. For the declaration of this submission, the king of Scotland and his prelates came to Northampton to King Henry's parliament. Afterward, he came to King Henry in Normandy. In the eleventh year of his bishopric, our lord appeared at the Convent of Canterbury. Richard Pryor of Douai was appointed Archbishop.\nHenry claimed that you had wasted the goods of my church, and I vowed to expel you from the earth. He was afraid and died eight days later. Henry the kindly had sworn to establish three abbeys in England. He carried out this plan as a secular canon of Waltham. He made the canons regular and drove away the men of Ambresbury, bringing other men there instead. He also restored the charters at Wythenshaw besides Salesbury. At one time, he had taken charge of the king's daughter of France, intending to marry her to his son Richard of Pembroke. But after the death of Rosamund, he lay with this maid. Therefore, Richard refused the marriage. Consequently, the king cast off this woman and prayed to Huguccio the cardinal to perform the divorce between him and Eleanor the queen. He hoped to gain more help and favor from Frenchmen in the divorce proceedings.\nAfterward, the king of France and the man were at odds over Castle Raphael. King Henry asked this woman to marry his son John and sought the earldoms of Peytow and Ango from her. But the king of France did not consent to this request. Instead, he sent the letters to Richard, as he should see them. Therefore, a terrible wrath arose between the father and his own son. Grievous thunder was heard in a midwinter night in Hamptshire, where a priest was struck dead with lightning in the midst of the people, and no other man was touched. Swine were seen among them running up and down. A tempest of hail killed cattle, beasts, and men in a chaotic manner. He should come again and be king. At Glastbury and marked in a hollow oak deep in the earth, and then he was taken up and translated worshipfully into the church and the land was ruled in this manner:\n\nHere lies buried the noble King Arthur with his second wife, Guinevere, on the Isle of Avalon.\nArthur with his second wife Guinevere in Avalon / The bones were laid in the grave / containing the man's bones / and the third part toward the feet contained the woman's bones / there the yellow tresses of the woman's head were found whole and sound with Fresh color and hue as once / but a monk touched it cautiously with his hand / And therefore let it remain near the stone / to be judge and witness of the truth / Also remember Arthur's shining bone that was then shown was lying for four months /\n\nThat year Hugh Earl of Chester died at land's worship of the City and of the world wide / Milicia splendor gloria lumen apex / that is, shining and blessed light and head of Chivalry /\n\nJulius in wit / Hector in virtues / Achilles in strength / Augustus in morals / Paris in eloquence /\n\nThis year, when Richard Archbishop of Canterbury was dead, Baldwin Bishop of Worcester was made Archbishop by the king and all the [assent] of the [people].\nbishops said truly by the grace of God, you shall have as good a cow as she was. The four were translated to Lambeth, near London, before Westminster. The year of our Lord was one hundred and forty-eight. England petitioned King Henry and begged him for help against the Saracens in the name of all the Christian men of the Eastern lands. They offered him the keys of the holy city and made known the other matters that he had made. But the king put off his answer until he came to London. And by the preaching of the patriarch and Baldwin, the Archbishop, many took the cross to the holy land.\n\nBut Henry answered and said that he could not forsake and leave his lands without ward and keeping, nor set himself to pray to the robbery of Frenchmen. But he would give largely of his to them who would go there.\n\nKing says the patriarch: It is nothing that you do, we seek and ask a prince and not money. No every land of the world sends us money, but no man.\nA man who needs money is sent to a prince, not the other way around. So the patriarch followed him to the sea, as he tried to please the patriarch with fair words, who was grieved. But the patriarch spoke to the king and said, \"Until now, you have ruled gloriously. But from now on, you will forsake him whom the Lord has given you and what you have pledged to him again. You have been false to the king of France and slow Saint Thomas, and now you abandon the defense and protection of Christian men.\" The king was angry with these words. The patriarch offered him his head and neck and said, \"It is as good to be killed by you in England as in Syria. For you are worse than any Saracen.\" Though all my men said that the king was one body and spoke with one mouth, they dared not speak such words to me. \"No wonder,\" said the patriarch, \"for they love you more than me and this people follow prayer and not me.\"\nThe king said I could not leave my lands, for my own sons would rise against me when I was absent. The patriarch replied, \"No wonder, for they come from the devil, and to the devil they shall.\" This year, the king sent his son John to Ireland, but he achieved little success there and returned home. This year, on the first day of May, the Saracens took Jerusalem and carried away the Holy Cross, killing the master of the temple and many noble men. This was known among Christian men. Many took the cross to the Holy Land throughout the world. Among them was Richard of Peyto, Henry's son, and Baldwin, the Archbishop, who went to Wales as mentioned before. In his company was Gerald of Wales, Archdeacon of Landaff, who described the manners of Welshmen in his book, Itinerarium, as he had previously described the state and manners of Irishmen in his book, Topographia.\nIn the year that Iohn, son of King Henry, was sent to Ireland, / After Urban VIII, Gregory was pope for four months. He sent many letters and messages seeking aid for the Holy Land. / Following him, Clement III was pope for three years. / In that year, at Dunstable in England, many men reported seeing Our Lord Jesus Christ on the cross in the sky. / Also in that year, Richard, king of England and France, and Richard, earl of Pembroke, along with numerous other noblemen, numbering approximately 104,000, took the cross on St. Gregory's day. / That year, Frederick, the emperor, went to the Holy Land, leading his host by Constantinople. However, due to extreme heat, he bathed in a river in Armenia called Gula Satanas, or Satan's Throat, and there Frederick drowned. / Some men tell of his horse stumbling and falling into the water, causing his drowning and burial at Tyre. / His eldest son died during the same journey, and his fifth son, Henry, became Emperor of the Germans.\nafter he had reigned eight years and conquered Apuleia and Sicilia, and was cursed by Pope Celestinus, King Richard of England was taken when he returned from the holy land and held in the emperor's prison. He could not be released without a large sum of money. The emperor died during this cursing and could not be buried without the king's consent. That year there was strife between the two kings of England and France, and all the money raised for the journey and going to Jerusalem was wasted. At Cite Cenomana, the king of France and Richard Earl of Peytou came against the king of England. King Henry set the suburbs on fire as a precaution, for his enemies should have no support there. But the strength of the wind drove the last part of the fire into the city and burned it up, compelling King Henry to leave the city. In his departure from the city, he spoke such words and said, \"For thou hast been my enemy.\"\nthis day the city that I most love in this world I shall quit for, as from this time I shall embrace the thing that should please you most in me, my heart, at last, at Tournai he was taken with a fever and desired to have peace with the king of France in such a manner that he would gladly place himself in the king of France's grace, saving his own worship and the crown and his realm. But all in vain, for he could not obtain peace except by without any condition placing himself in the king's grace. It was worthy, for he granted not to Thomas this condition, saving the worship of God and the dignity of his order and the freedom of the holy church. Then King Henry died in Chateau-Chinon, bringing the king's body to lie naked for a long time, until a child covered the lower parts of his body with a short cloak. Then it seemed that his surname was fulfilled, for he had of his childhood Henry Short-cloak, who was called Short-mantle beyond the sea. For this was the first time.\nThe text brings accounts of Anglo's short-lived arrival in England, as well as the unusual occurrence of fighting fish in a Norman pond eight days before King Henry's death at Fontrevraud. Richard, Henry's son, became king and reigned for ten years. Steven of Caunterbury described his manners and deeds in detail. To ensure this story does not overlook the noble deeds of such a great duke, I have endeavored to extract the essence of Steven's book.\n\nKing Henry died at Fontrevraud. His son Richard succeeded him and ruled for ten years. Steven of Caunterbury depicted his behavior and actions clearly. Since this story should not overlook the noble deeds of such a great duke, I have made an effort to extract the choice morsels from Steven's book.\n\nKing Henry died at Fontrevraud. His son Richard succeeded him and ruled for ten years. Steven of Caunterbury described his manners and actions. Since this story should not overlook the noble deeds of such a great duke, I have made an effort to extract the choicest parts from Steven's book.\nevil day by the river side and was observed by the inhabitants of Misthletoe, and is known in the calendar as Dies Aegyptiacus, or an evil day, as it were a day of misfortune for the Jews in England. On this solemnity, many Jews had come to attend the wealth they had under the old king, but the king heard and commanded that the land come within the palace gates. One of them was struck with a man's fist. Then the rabble people thought that the king had so commanded, and with staves, batons, and stones, they laid upon the Jews and drove them away. From this sprang joyful things into all the city, as though the king had commanded to take what they might and would not leave for the king's sending. The outrage of such great madness, if it were allowed, would have passed many cruel deeds and much mutilation, but for the great multitude of them that were guilty, he must let pass what he could not.\nThe Jews had granted peace at last, and the king desired the whole kingdom. The king committed the governance of the realm to the Bishop of Durham, who should more skillfully and seemly occupy himself in God's service than in the king's service, for the Gospel says that no man can serve two masters fully. Though the Bishop would endeavor to please both kings of heaven and earth, the king, if heaven allows, would be served with all the might of the soul. And what if the Bishop, who is but half given to God's service, does not perform his duties as he should, but ordains unworthy and reckless persons in his stead, for he would serve God in full, according to earthly prince's accounts? The king, to have greater expenditure towards Jerusalem, resigned the castles of Berwick and Rokesburgh to the king of Scotland for ten thousand pounds. The king also deceived the old, rich man.\nbisshop of durham and made hym bye his owne prouynce for a greete somme of moneye / therfor the kynge sayde ofte in his game / I am a wonder crafty man / For I ha\u2223ue made a newe erle of an old bisshop by suche maner wyle and speche he empted many mannes purses and bagges / and solde dygnytees and lordshipes that longed to the kynge as though he thought neuer for to come ageyne / In a tyme his frendes that were homely with hym blamed hym therfore and he answerd & sayde I wolde selle london and I myghte fynde a chapman that myght wel paye / many men bought with the better wylle / For they trowed that the kyng wold neuer come ageyne / he had take power of the pope that he myghte byneme the crosse whome that he wolde / and therby he gate many thousande pounde / than the kyng as it semed betoke rechelesly the gouernyng of the kyng\u00a6dom to his chaunceler bisshop of hely / and sayl\u0304ed in to Norman\u2223dy byfore mydwynter tyde / That tyme at dunstaple the sygne of the crosse was seen in heuene / and soone therafter the\nThe kings of England and France, after securing an agreement between them, lived at Tours in France to spend the summer on their way to the holy land, not only for pious intent and because of their faith, but also for the desire of their own wealth and hope of great happiness and fortune. However, righteousness does not allow such behavior. It seems that God orders such pride of wicked men to be checked in this way. Furthermore, the Jews suffered great damage to their bodies and possessions at Lincoln and Lynn. Yet, at York, after a long siege and great suffering, Raby, master of the Jews, tapped the veins of four hundred Jews and his own veins as well. At Stamford, Jews were beaten, killed, and pillaged. A most hardy Christian man came to Northampton.\nWith many great prayers, the hostile slow man privately by night, out of covetousness of money he had brought, took the body and threw it nightly outside the city and fled away like a thief should. Then old women met and there were seen false sightings of false tokens. The simple men held it in their hands, believing it was for the holiness of that man that they held a very martyr and worshiped the sepulcher of the dead man with solemn watches and offerings. But wise men laughed at them in scorn. However, the clerks of the places were well paid for it. This was told to the bishop, and immediately he forbade the actions of the simple people on pain of cursing and the great covetousness of the false martyr and her false relics. In the meantime, while King Richard was absent, William bishop of Hereford, the king's chancellor, procured from the Pope's legate in England for money. He spoke in the king's power and brought down the common people, showing the authority of the Pope.\nRome and rode with a thousand horses, he grief abbeys with payments and gifts, and made his allies the greatest in the land. Either primates he held low enough at his own will. For Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, died at Troyes before the king came from the holy land, and the king's brother Geoffrey, elected earl of York, had let him go unpunished for ten years. And Geoffrey landed at Douai, and he took his castle and drove him out of St. Martin's abbey and put him in the king's tower. He made a council at Westminster as the king's procureur, and the pope's legate, his favorite Hugh Nouault, bishop of Chester, put forth a complaint that the monks of Couenter had shed his blood before the high altar. Therefore William, bishop of Hereford, deemed that monks should be driven out of Couenter, and that clerks should be brought there who lived by prudence, from this Hugh who was crafty in wit, shameless and bold in evil deeds, cunning in his schemes.\nlettrure & faire speche / and had alweye made debate and strif bitwene the priour and the Couent of Co\u2223uentre / nowe with strengthe of men of Armes he putte oute the monkes as passing euil doers / and gilty of hughes trenformed with lettres of bisshops witnessyng that the monkes had forsake Cristes chiualrye and were falle to wordly liking / therfor he pra\u00a6yed the pope of free ordenaunce of that Abbayand speke for the monkes / but defaute of spences lette the mon\u00a6kes and made that the bisshop had al his wille / the monkes come vnnethe at laste whanne they had longe wepte the wrong of her violent out puttinge. But the bisshops might and power hadde the maistrye by moneye and sleight and many yeres the monkes\nwere disparpled / and what they had was ordeyned to prouen\u2223des of clerkes and they lyued porely\u25aa and gate theyr lyflode as they myght / therfor whanne this bisshop hughe was seke at bec\u2223co in normandy on a good fryday / and myght noman fynde that wolde sette hym penaunce as it is sayde / \u00b6 Than he sayde /\nand I declare myself to lie in the pain of purgatory for my evil deeds until the day of judgment /\n\nAfter Clement the third Celestinus was Pope for six years and held the Emperor's crown with his feet, and the emperor bowed down his head, and the pope let the crown fall upon the emperor's head again with his feet, striking it there to signify that the pope has the power to make an emperor and to depose him if worthy. The cardinals stood by and took up the crown and placed it upon the emperor's head again.\n\nMeanwhile, William de Longchamp, Bishop of Hereford, privily annoyed Hugh, Bishop of Durham, and greatly displeased the Bishop of Winchester. In the meantime, many were prepared to cross the sea to ask the king for remedy and help against the common tyrant, but he was careful and came back before others came to the king, but others also had letters as they pleased.\nOne bishop, who was the bishop of Lincoln, came again and pursued William, bishop of Hexham, to Lincoln. A day was set to answer in the castle of Tickhill. When Bishop Durham came, William spoke to him and said, \"I do not take you as a bishop, but I, the castellan, will detain you until you give pledges to surrender the king's castles.\"\n\nThe infamy of this wicked man, William, spread throughout England. It caused great animosity against him and intense hatred. The king's brother John was angry about the taking of his brother Geoffrey, earl of York, and gathered great strength from his own province and from the Welshmen, along with many bishops. He chased William from Windsor to the Tower of London, and from there to Dover. There, William disguised himself by wearing a woman's cloth above his clothing and covering his head and most of his face with kerchiefs and wimples. He walked on the cliff and carried a torch in his hand.\narm a webbe of linen cloth, as if for selling and bearing a mete-yard in his right hand, for he would slyly escape and pass by that craft and not be seen / But because he could not sell and undo his cloth like a woman, he was taken by his private parts & despisingly seen / but at last he passed the sea / And the bishop of Rochester had the reigns of the realm by the king's commandment who was then in Sicily / Also the bishop of Bath was chosen Archbishop / but he was already dead / And William, bishop of Hereford, purchased a strong mantle from Celestine the pope / and had the same authority and power that he had rather, as it were, for the amendment of the kingdom of England / and to withstand John who would claim the kingdom in his absence. But in all this, he was deceived, for he conspired and was assisting John with other gifts and fair requests / And yet all for nothing, for though he showed great wariness of his legacy / yet the\nQueen Eleanor and the Archbishops of Rouen and York, and many others, were compelled to sail again. After that, they waited springing time at Tournai. Then, the kings of France and England went, one by water and the other by land, and came to Sicily. There, the king of France allowed the passage of his men unpunished and was called a lamb. But the king of England unpunished, so he was called a lion. King Richard fought with griffins in Calabria and Sicily, and had the mastery. He made a castle of tree trunks to be loaded around and he fortified that castle against the city of Messina and called it Mategriffon. With that castle, he took the city of Acre. Also, there his mother brought him a fair maiden, Berengaria, the king's daughter of Navarre. And King Richard wedded her as his wife. Then, the king of France went forth into Syria, and the king of England stayed for a while after he had come to Cyprus.\nTwo of King Richard's ships were destroyed by a tempest at sea and plundered by the men of Cyprus. Therefore, King Richard pursued the king of the land who refused to make amends, from city to city, until the king surrendered to King Richard. The king surrendered himself on the condition that he would not be put in iron bonds. King Richard granted him this, but he imprisoned him in silver bonds and kept him there for two months. The land was then under his control. Then he went to Acre and captured one of the Saracen's great ships laden with great riches. He sank and immobilized it on the starboard side. When he arrived at Acre, a struggle ensued between him and the king of France in this manner: by a treaty that had been made between them at Tours. The king of France challenged half of the spoils won in Cyprus. King Richard again said, and repeated, that the treaty was made for the conquest of the Holy Land and against the Saracens. Additionally, there was another cause of strife because the king would not lend anything to.\nThe Earl of Champaign, who was then in great need and in grave troubles, offered champagne to the king to wed, but the earl said, \"I have done that which I should do later. I shall do what is necessary for me. My own lord does not take me but for my own sake. Therefore, I shall go to him who is more willing to give than to take.\" He then came to King Richard, who was rich enough. King Richard favored Guy, king of Jerusalem, against Conrad, marquis of Tyre, whom the king of France favored on the other side. But they came together for other reasons and troubles. The strife between Guy and the marquis was also a factor. Additionally, some great men from our side had received money and favors from the Sultan.\n\nIn the year of our Lord one hundred and forty-one, on the eleventh day of July, ten days after the coming of King Richard, the city of Thelomayda was taken, which is called Acre. The Duke of Austria followed King Richard there, as he wished to be present on the occasion.\nThe duke of Austria's banner was trodden in the mud, but I cannot tell whether it was by chance or the kings' will. Therefore, the duke was angry and turned home again to take greater revenge against King Richard. The lands between the kings of England and France were all departed, and the king of France sold his prisoners while the king of England hanged his own. For such deeds, the king of France began to strive, and he had great envy for the name that King Richard had. He said that the eye was displeased and went home again, swearing that he would do no damage to King Richard before coming out of the holy land. He then had good wind and sailed into Italy, and came to the pope to ask for absolution of an oath he had made against his will. But the pope would not grant it. Conrad, the marquis, was slain by two thieves in his own city Tyre. The king of France intended to put.\nthat cursed deed spoke against King Richard and formed a council at Paris. There he declared his intention to take revenge on King Richard. But the wisest men advised him to abandon his purpose and not take hasty action. They said, though it was true that Richard was born with a hand, men should not act unwisely and unskillfully before his return. It was known that he was on pilgrimage for Christ's sake. If he intended, upon his return, to purge himself of those who bore him ill will or make amends for the trespass, that would be sufficient. Alternatively, it was rightful to seek revenge and do so in a prudent time. If this counsel did not please you, seek counsel from the pope. The king hesitated for a while but committed a cruel and bloody deed for the kingdom of England. The king of France sent messengers to request that his wife, the sister of Denmark, be granted all the rights the Danes had once held.\nEngland and Norway and strength for one year to help win that condition, but this was denied for the Welsh who were against him on the other side. However, the king had with the woman ten thousand marks of silver. But after the first night of the wedding, the king abandoned her unceremoniously, either because her breath stank or because he found her not a virgin. At that time in the eastern lands, there was great scarcity of provisions, and King Richard was wickedly defamed for being unfaithful to the king of France and for doing him wrong. He was also accused of hiring thieves to kill Conrad the marquis and of conspiring with the sultan to betray the holy land. It was therefore that King Richard prepared to go home, and the greater part of the Christian host was destroyed by the sword, by sickness, by hunger, and by hard travel. In all this, take heed that the high wisdom of God turns things around and brings healing and salvation.\nof his servants while he makes them come wisely by means of mischiefs and sorrow to fulfill the city of Heue. I tell it for those who passed there more graciously than those who came home again to her foul manner of living in old time. So our king behaves well with the evil deeds of mankind while he takes the earthly Jerusalem into the hands of enemies for the sin of those who dwelt there defiled before that time. For without any doubt, when the time comes, the holy land shall cast out evil that dwells there, as it did sometime and on one occasion with less strength. For God's own strength should be more known in that man's deed. Among the Machabeans, one said it is but little might that Almighty God needs to overcome many men with the might and strength of few men, and this was shown and declared when one pursued a thousand and two chased ten thousand. And Gideon drove away the great multitude and had the victory over a great multitude with three.\nOne hundred men lapped water into their own mouths, but Christian men shall not rashly and unwisely engage few against many enemies, as he who says we have a good lord and a mighty one. For God's sake, let truths last for three years between King Richard and the Sultan. And Hubert, bishop of Salisbury, went to the sepulcher for himself and for the king and offered there a holy oyster. He then sailed with the king to Cyprus. Then the king sent two queens, his wife and his sister, with all his men, and he could not well endure in the soft sea. But he sailed with a strong wind toward the country of Istria with few men. He was driven until he came between Aquila and Venice, and there he halted and stayed here and there, and hid himself and gathered some time and men made great provisions for him. And so he was discovered and taken by the duke's men of Austria. When this was known, King Francis made John, Richard's brother, king in his place.\nLightly against King Richard / and exiled also the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire against King Richard. The Emperor made a treaty with the Duke of Austria to have the third part of the profit and winnings that came from King Richard, and had King Richard in his own ward. Yet while King Richard bore the cross and the sign of the Lord, the Emperor put him in a place called Trialis. Aristotle says it is good to kill one's own father in such a case, but before Palm Sunday, the Emperor brought forth King Richard to give his answer before many lords of the Emperor's land. He came forth with so glad cheer and answered to all things put against him that the Emperor was not only moved to mercy, but also to do him great reverence and worship. Then came to the king William Bishop of Hereford, who was expelled from England for his great extortions and outrages. He came to the king to spy out what the king had in store for him, and when he could not beguile the king.\nWith blind flattery, he had evil trust in himself and turned again to France with hope of grace. But Hubert, bishop of Salisbury, came out of Sicily to the king and was sent to England for governing the realm and also to speed the king's reasons when he came into England. He was chosen archbishop by the assent of the monks of Canterbury and of the bishops. And now, no wonder, he took the pallium and was consecrated. He immediately took the habit of a canon at Marton and was not grievous to the monks of Canterbury, but Baldwin's sharpness had somewhat unwisely annoyed them before. Though Baldwin was a good man and holy in other deeds, yet he attempted to tear the right and the prerogative of the election of the Archbishop from the monks of Canterbury. By favor of the king, he began to build a place and great housing not without shedding blood for the provision of secular canons and bishops.\nSuffrigans should come thither to treat with the clerks of the election of the archbishop and do away with the monks, but on the other hand were compelled to cease the work that had begun. After Baldwin's death, they threw it down straight to the ground. It is wonderful of such a great man, who was first archdeacon and then a white monk, then abbot, and then bishop of Worcester, and then archbishop, and went to Reims. Truesas. It seems that Baldwin was well advised, for Christ was the head of the holy church, and his apostles were high bishops, and none of them all was ever a monk or a freeman. It might seem that he knew that other clerks were more worthy than he was a monk or a freeman. But it is said in the story that after the woe and tension that King Richard had in prison in Almain for a year and three months, he was delivered in the month of January for a thousand pounds of silver and left with the emperor's pledges.\nThe Bishop of Rothomagus and of Bath paid some of the money that had not yet been paid to him. All the wool of white monks and canons was taken, as well as rings of prelates, vessels, croziers, and chalices. Gold from seventeen shrines was melted down, and no privilege of person or church, nor freedom, was spared. The king lived for two months in Flanders, either to wait for the wind or to prepare what he needed. The emperor's men came close to capturing him there. The emperor thought he had let him go, just as Pharaoh had let the children of Israel go at one time. However, in the month of March, the king arrived on land at Sandwich. He stayed for a while in London and took the strongest castle that his brother John had, the castles of Nottingham and of Tickhill. He put the wardens therein in prison. By counsel and the judgment of lords, he deposed his brother John from all honor. He held him in contempt.\nThe king was untrue and unkind, and healed his eastern rebellion at Hampton. After the resolution of his taking was wiped out at Winchester, he was newly crowned as a new king in his fifth year of kingdom. Following the solemnity of that crowning, the king asked again all that were present, and he accounted for the sortie, sparing no counterpart, charter, nor deed, nor instrument. He dwelt a while and sailed into France to wage war against the king of France. Then the kings fought, and each fared differently. Truces were granted for one year, which was profitable for King Richard for gathering both riches and strength, though it would not last due to reasons of honesty. John, King Richard's brother, turned to the king of France against his own brother, for he could do nothing; therefore, he was forsaken by the king of France. But by the help of his mother Eleanor, he came meekly back again.\nKing Richard and afterwards his true knight used one steady procurement of a knight, as if to make him fight in a battle. At that time, tournaments that had been left for a long time were made and used, despite the pope's forbidding.\n\nAbout that time, there was a steady procurement of Angelo, who had wisely borne himself in the second Henry's time and in this King Richard's time as well. He supposed that the king, who was tender in body, should be overcome with a long way and peril, that he would never return; or if he returned, it would be untimely. Therefore, he began rashly to pass his warrant in the king's absence. Then one who was familiar with him advised him to ask a necromancer whether King Richard would return or not. The necromancer led Steven into a private place and showed him a brass head in which was a spirit. Ask of this what you will, said the necromancer, but few and shortly; for he answered not to great questioning. Shall I ever see King Richard again?\nquoth Stephen / \"How long shall my office endure?\" quoth the spirit / \"To your life's end\" quoth the spirit / \"Where shall I die?\" quoth Stephen in pluma / \"There may he ask no more, but he went from his prophet and forbade his men and bade them that they should bring no feathers near him in any manner / and that because a feather is pluma in Latin /\n\nThereafter he began to work more boldly and grieved his subjects greatly / and notably a nobleman who had once fled into his own castle because Stephen pursued him /\n\nThis man saw when Stephen was in the siege and took him and all to pieces /\n\nThat castle was called Pluma /\n\nAnd so the craft of the deceitful spirit was known /\n\nAnd so it came about with Gerbert, the false pope, as it is said before\n\nRanulphus\n\nAnd so it befell with his own state / but he consulted with a fiend / who told him that he should have Greece /\n\nTherefore he went onward and came into Greece /\n\nWhen the Greeks...\nHerde it told that he should reign over them, they took from him all who he had summoned, and put him out of their land. But afterward, within some years, this caused him trouble and woe and came to King Henry in Normandy, and he gave him a noble widow as his wife. And when the priest should marry them, he asked the woman and said, \"Dame Grecia, do you will this man?\" Then Albericus knew the deceit and the fraud of the false spirit that stirred his own covetous heart into vain hope.\n\nKing Richard had made ready to pay the duke of Austria the twenty thousand pounds that were owed to him by Ranulf. The pledges that King Richard had left with him suddenly arrived and reported that the tyrant was overthrown by the scourge of God's judgment and his land, before his death, was afflicted with many great calamities. Cytes were suddenly burned, and the River Danube passed the bridges and caused great harm far and wide. Sedes that were sown in the earth were flooded. Also, this duke was cursed by the Pope for the taking:\nKing Richard offended the cursing and, on a saint's day, rode to the fields, where he injured his foot so severely that it seemed untreatable. Despairing of life, he prayed for absolution of the sentence binding him in the presence of his lords. The clergy answered that it was impossible, but he would have to swear to uphold the Church's ordinance regarding the wrong he had done to King Richard. The duke swore and immediately delivered King Richard's pledges. After this, the king amended his life and received another warning to do so again. A man from Cenomania went to Saint James for great devotion and returned safely. Later, he had great devotion and went to the Holy Land to see our Lord's grave. As he went by the way alone, he saw one with a dreadful face and was very afraid. He blessed himself with the sign of the cross on every side in response.\ndespising the sign of the cross, you said that you could not defend it in that manner, but you shall be mine. If you wish to fall down to the ground and worship me, I will make you rich. The man seemed contrary and said, \"Christ's own gift is enough for me. I worship him alone.\" You will have something of mine, he said, and threw a thin mantle upon the man's head, which burned the hair of his head and made his skin black. The man was afraid and cried out to St. James. St. James came immediately and drove out the demon, asking what it was and from whom it served. \"I am a demon,\" it replied, \"and I tormented the Christian kings on their journeys in the eastern lands. I took King Richard prisoner through my servant, the Duke of Austria.\" After King Richard was released, I besieged him entirely and especially his chamber and treasure, which he gathered hastily. When these words were spoken, the demon:\nvanished he away, and the man was comforted and left his way that he had intended and turned home again to Cenomannea. He told King Richard what he had seen and heard, and showed him his swollen and scalded head. Then King Richard amended his own life and manners. About that time, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, was the king's representative in England. The archbishop of York was dead. And Hubert convened a great council at York.\n\nAbout that time, there were two who seemed to be planning to benefit the king in every way, but for various reasons they could not do so. For Abbot Cadonencis warned the king of the fraud of his officers. Therefore, he wanted their outrage to be punished so that people of the countryside could live in peace. But William with the long beard warned the king of the outrage of the rich men who spared their own riches and plundered the poor. Then this abbot had a warrant and came to London in the month of February and summoned some officers before him.\nA country or province's leader, named William with the long beard, had used and was called that due to his desire to appear more worthy and respectable in speech and gatherings of many. He was quick-witted but somewhat illiterate and excessively merry in disposition. He sought a great name and began to undertake new deeds and actions. His disgraceful and shameful actions against his own brother were a sign of his madness in his other deeds. For he accused his brother of treason against the king because he did not receive as much generosity and expense as was customary. His brother was a burgher of London and had sent him to Shrewsbury. He was scorned by the prince for that deed, yet by favor of some men he had a place among the great of London. Among the people, he bitterly criticized the corrupt and outrageous behavior of the rich towards the poor and thus incited.\nThe men greatly loved and desired freedom excessively. So, he gathered many to him as if they were truly bound to him with witchcraft. He had tendants for his horses five hundred thousand and two thousand men from London, as if for the common purchase of all. When he had so many favors, he would stand for the poor people and for the king's profit in every gathering and council. He would accuse the rich men before the king, claiming that they did him great wrong because he was true to him. Then he returned and began to work with deceit again, as was his wont, more eagerly and more trustingly. He comforted his favorites as if by the king's favor.\n\nNoise and news of this conspiracy spread out, and Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, who had jurisdiction over the realm, heard of it. He summoned the people and recounted what had been told to him.\nand for putting off all evil suspicion, he prayed fair and asked for pledges. The people were pleased with his fair speech and gave and delivered him pledges. But this William held forth as he had begun and had much folk about him and went with great boast and array and made openly Convents and counsels, and gathering of men, called himself the savior of poor men, and made great boast and bragged, saying that the forwardness and outrage of mighty men should be allayed, and that in a short time. And he took a theme from holy write and began to preach in this manner: Haurietis aquas in gaudio de fontibus saluatoris, that is, draw up water with joy of the wells of the savior. I am he, the savior of poor men, you are poor men and have experienced the hard hands of the rich, now draw you and lift up water of wholesome lore from my wells, and that for joy, for the time of your visibility is come. I shall quote he depart and divide waters from waters. The people is water, then shall I.\n\"Depart the true and meek people from the false and proud ones. I shall separate good men from evil ones as light from darkness. By counsel of lords, Hubert sent for William, for he should stand and answer to that man. He came at that time as he was summoned, but he had so many people about him that the one who had sent for him was afraid and hesitated, and he was apprehended by two London burghers. When he might be found alone without people around him, men with weapons were sent to take him. But William, with his axe, slew one of the burghers who had spotted him. Anon, William, with a few of his men and his concubine who would never leave him, went into a church, that was there beside St. Mary's Church at Bow, where he would not defend himself as if in a church but as if in a castle with strength, and hoped in vain that his people would come and deliver him. The people were sorry for the danger he was in, and is.\"\nDespite the challenges presented by the text, I will make every effort to clean it while preserving the original content as much as possible. Here's the cleaned version:\n\n\"wondering due to the pledges they had given him and fear of the knights they saw armed, they could not reach his deliverance. William was reluctant to come out, but was eventually compelled by fire and smoke. When he emerged from the fortified gates, the man he had slain, Forkite, had stabbed him in the abdomen with a knife. But then he was hanged with nine companions who would never leave him. However, false accusers defamed the Archbishop as a murderer, not only that but also to wipe away the shame of their own conspiracy and to prove that those who condemned William were wicked men and evil doers. By cunning and deceit, they devised a plan to make William have the name and worship of a martyr. A priest of William's kin led the chain that bound William under a sick man's head and publicly proclaimed that the man was healed. This news spread among the people, and they came quietly by night.\"\nand took away his gibbet, paring the earth little by little that was stained with his blood. He made a great ditch and kept the earth as if it were holy relics to heal the sick. Names and tidings of this deed spread far and wide, and a great company, both of sly men and fools, came to the place and stayed there by night. Always came there a great multitude of lewd men and fools. And as much reverence as they showed the dead man, so much vileness they put upon him, damning him. This error had spread so far that it would have witched away.\n\nWise me and ready, and they readily took hand to worship God. He shrouded him. Though it was late, and he knew that he had defiled St. Mary's church and lay there with a woman while he was there, and his men did not come to his will to deliver him, he forsook Mary soon and called the devil to help and prayed that he would deliver him. William's fawners denied all this and said that it was falsely feigned. The vanity of this tale filled up.\ndo it and endured for a while, keeping the strife at bay / For truth is steadfast and stronger in the long term / but falseness feigned vanished away in short term /\n\nThen Hubert, the Archbishop, ruler of the realm, cursed that priest and set men of arms to guard that place / because men should not be able to carry out the deceit in short term / And the people's tumult began to subside\n\nThat time, an holy priest named Fulco came to King Richard and said, \"King, I say in the name of Almighty God that you marry your three evil daughters soon, lest some worse thing befall / You lie, you hypocrite, said the king. I have no daughters, / yes, you have, said he. You have Pride, Covetousness, and lechery.\n\nThe king had lords gathered and said, \"I yield my lechery to the prelates of the holy church.\" They who saw this Fulco took him and put him in bonds / but he could not be bound.\n\nThis year died Rees, prince of Wales / Of him one said in this manner / O blessing of battle, child of\nchivalry Defence of conscience, worship of arms / Arm of strength, hand of largesse / eye of reason / brightness of honesty / bringing in breast Hector's prowess, Achilles sharpness, Nestor's sobriety / Jupiter's hardiness, Samson's strength, Hector's worthiness / Eurialius swiftness / Ulysses fair speech / Solomon's wisdom /\nAjax's hardiness / O clothed in nakedness / the hunger's meat / fully filling all men's bones / that him would bid / O fair in speech / fellow in service / honesty of deed and sobriety in word / glad of semblance and love in face / goodly to every man and righteous to all /\nThe noble diadem of Wales' fairness is now fallen / that is Rees is dead / all Wales mourns / Rees is dead / the name is not lost but bliss passes / The bliss of Wales passes / Rees is dead / Rees is away / the enemy is here / for Rees is not here /\nNow Wales helps not itself / Rees is dead and y.\ntake away / But his noble name is not dead, for it is always new in the world wide / This place holds great worship if the birth is observed / if men ask what is the end / It is ashes and powder / here he is hidden / but he is unhinged for named otherwise / And suffers not the noble duke to be hidden from speech / his prowess passed his manners / his wit passed his prowess / his fair speech passed his wit / his good deeds passed his fair speech\n\nAfter Celestinus the third, who was called Lot and suffered for five months. This was a lettered man and made the books De miseria humanae conditionis and Speculum miseriae and many constitutions. He condemned Abbot Ioachim's book that he had made against Peter Lombard, master of sentences. He also condemned Amy Carnotensis with her heretical lore.\n\nAlso that year when the emperor was dead, the princes of Germany discorded for some cause, Otho and some Philip the fifth, Henry's brother. But Philip was treacherously slain, and Otho was crowned by Pope Innocent.\nA man named Frederick fought against the Romans because they had not paid him homage. He became known as Frederick, king of Apulia, and opposed the Pope's wishes. In the fourth year of his reign, the princes of Germany made Frederick Emperor. He had a victorious battle against Otto. This year, a certain William de Wimaris, Viscount of Lemonde in Britain, discovered a great treasure of gold and silver on his own land and sent a large portion of it to King Richard. Richard refused it, insisting that it was rightfully his by his lordship. The viscount then besieged the castle called Calux, believing the treasure was there. The castle's ministers came out to the king and offered him the castle and all that was in it, except for their lives, limbs, and armor. But the king refused and ordered them to defend themselves instead.\nthe king and the duke of Brabant went about to examine the weakness of the castle. On one day, Bertrand Ghedon, an archer, shot an arrow at the king with a dart. Therefore, the king ordered that the castle should be taken in every way, and all those within should be hanged. He had them take him who had wounded him and do so. The arrow was removed, but the iron remained inside, and veins and nerves were pierced. The ninth day after the king should die, he sent for him who had wounded him and spoke to him, saying, \"What did you ever do to me that you have wounded me to death? You killed my father and my two brothers, and now you would have killed me as well. Therefore, it pleases me that you suffer any pain. So, let you be dead. Then the king commanded that he should be set free and gave him a hundred shillings sterling. But after the king's death, the duke of Brabant had him flayed alive and hanged.\n\"than King Richard died the sixth day of April and his body was divided in three and buried in three places. One said in meter in this manner: \"Viscera carnalia, corpus fontes servat every one, et cor Rodomagum magne Ricardi tuum. In terra dividitur unus, quia plus fuit uno. Non superest uno, gracia tanta viro, that is, thy bowels are at Carlisle, thine heart at Roan, thou great Richard. He is departed in three, for he was more than one, and so great grace is not in one man alive. Another meter said in this manner: \"Christe tuus calicis predas preda calicis, ere brevi denis, qui tulit aera crucis. Hic Ricardus iaces, sed mors si cederet armis, Victa timore tuo cederet armis tuis, that is, Christ, the thief of the chalice, pray, for short metal thou didst give him that took the metal from the cross. Here thou liest, Richard. But if death would spare, we would have overcome with fear of thee, wielding thy weapons.\" Truecross. Here King Richard is called Calvus, pray for him, for he was slain at a.\"\nCastle called Calux\nKing Richard died without children; his brother John, without land, became king after him. Immediately, John seized Richard's treasury at Chinon and sent Hubert, the Archbishop, to arrange matters in England. Thomas of Thornton took Angouleme to Arthur, Duke of Brittany, the son of the elder brother Geoffrey. The lords of Anjou of Anjou and of Chinon in Touraine gathered around Arthur, and, according to the custom of the land, the elder brother's son would rule if the eldest son died without a son. Constans granted Geoffrey's heritage to the King of France. However, John quickly overthrew Anjou. At Easter at Rouen, John was girded with the sword of the duchy of Brittany. On Holy Thursday at Westminster, he was crowned king of England by Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury. That day, John spoke to him and said, \"Sir, you should not be proud of the yoke of servitude.\"\nOf John's feast, King John sailed into Normandy. There were true English and French, and they agreed with each other with writing. Whoever of them broke first and pledged his men to the other king would be relieved of his homage and fealty and torn to the other king. But afterwards, King John intended to slay his new Arthur. Then, the king of France occupied many lands beyond the sea.\n\nAlso, this year, the earl of Flanders became King John's legate. The king of France made Arthur a knight and took his homage for the lands of Anjou, Cenomanie, Peytois, and Touraine. Of little Britain and Normandy.\n\nAlso this year, a dispensation was made solely between King John and his wife, the earl's daughter of Gloucester, due to kinship in the third degree. And by the king of France's counsel, King John wedded Isabel, the daughter of Enguerrand, and granted her Henry and Richard, dukes of Cornwall and three daughters. He took tribute from every temple land in England immediately, three shillings.\nWent again into Normandy. At that time, the third Earl of Chester, Ranulph, left his wife, Constance, Countess of Britain, whom he had married, the daughter of Rauf de Feneger. Therefore, he died without children, as some men believe. This year began the lordship of Tartres. This dwelt under the hills of Inde, who was the son of John and went to robbing and reiving. He took prayers from other nations. A prophecy said that this city could not be taken except by an angel. But the enemies entered the city through a place of the wall where an angel was painted. And so, the men of the country knew at last that they had been deceived by the double meaning of an angel. The second Frederick was Emperor for three and thirty years. He was crowned by Pope Honorius. First, he favored the holy church as if it were his mother. But later, he plundered the holy church as if it were his stepmother. Therefore, Pope Honorius cursed him and excommunicated his men.\nThe people/population, under Pope Gregory, renewed the same sentence against Frederick. Frederick took his own son Henry, King of the Almains, and had him killed in prison. The prelates whom Pope Gregory had summoned, he cursed. He went to the Holy Land and left more desolation and discomfort than consolation and comfort. At last, he was deposed as the fourth Pope Innocent. While he was besieging a city in Italy, he lost his treasure. The pope's legate chased him into Apulia, and there he fell ill and died.\n\nAbout this year, such great rain, thunder, and hail fell that it hindered the rain and destroyed vines and corn. Men were scorched and birds were seen flying in the air with their feathers singed and their bills filled with burning coals. They set houses on fire.\n\nAlso, in this year, Saint Hugh of Lincoln died. However, he was buried at Lincoln. To his burial came the pope's legate and the three Archbishops of Canterbury, of Dublin, and of Rennes, and thirteen bishops and two kings of England and Scotland.\nCome there to swear fealty on Hubert Archbishop's cross and to do homage to King John. On that day, a woman who had been blind for seven years regained her sight, and a pursuer of purses was lame in his hands until he was delivered by the prayers of the Clergy. This man was of the nation beyond the sea. He was made prior at Wicham, besides Salesbury, and then was made Bishop of Lincoln. When he was installed at Lincoln, the Archdeacons asked him for a horse or a cow for his stable. He said he would forsake the bishopric rather than give anything for such a thing. Wild fowl would provide food at his hand.\n\nThis year Eustace, Abbot of Fountains, came into England to preach God's word. Among other miracles, he blessed the well by the side of Canterbury. Those who drank from it had their heels healed. A woman who had a demon within her drank from it and cast up two black toads.\nEustace turned anomones into hounds and then into great asses, flying up into the eye and leaving foul fores in their place. Through his preaching, Eustace made many men abandon usury and Chepyng and feasts on Sundays. He ordered that a light should burn always before God's body in churches and that lords at the table should have alms dishes. However, some prelates envied Eustace and said, \"You have no leave to set your hook on other men's ripest grain. There is much corn but few workers.\" And so he went into Normandy.\n\nIn the province of York, in the month of December, five moons were seen in heaven. One was in the east, another in the west, the third in the south, the fourth in the north, and the fifth in the middle of heaven. They circled around the other moons six times, as if in an hour, and vanished away at last.\n\nAt Lammas at the castle of Marble, King John took and killed his new Arthur and imprisoned his sister Eleanor at Bristowe.\nThe year was the sixth of the third Innocentius, in which the Order of Friars began in the region of Tholons, under Duke Dominik. However, it could not be confirmed before the first year of Honorius. That year was marked by a harsh winter, lasting from Ides of March to the Annunciation. King John married his bastard daughter to Lewis, Prince of Wales, and gave her the castle and all the lordship of Essex in the Welsh marches. This was the year that Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, died, leading to great strife in the Church of Canterbury. Some chose the supporter, while others the Bishop of Norwich. Innocentius, the pope, intervened and decided in favor of Langton. Hounds and mastiffs were killed in all the forests of England. In South Wales, in the land of Morgan, a knight appeared to Master Morris in his sleep.\n\"want to play with him and make verses, either with another, beginning and ending so that one should end the other's verse. In this appearance, the knight spoke to Master Morrys and said, \"Master Morrys, I want you to end this verse. Destroy this kingdom, King of kings. But you will not, it seems, Master Morrys, for you have almost completed a full verse.\" \"Thou art old and slow,\" said the knight. \"Therefore end in this manner: Destroy this kingdom, King of kings, with double harm. Also, this year, Henry, King John's oldest son, was born to Isabella. He married her and gave her Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and three daughters: Isabel, the empress; Eleanor, who was first married to William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, and later to Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who gave her six children; and Joan, who married the king of Scotland. This year marked the beginning of the English conquest, which lasted for seven years continuously.\"\nIohan refused to take Steven of Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, confirmed by the Pope. King John also chased the monks of Canterbury and took their goods into his own hands. Therefore, the Pope excommunicated King John's men and wrote to the next pope to summon them against John Heretics named Albigenses. Some of them were burned alive. Saracens came out of Africa with three thousand armed men and occupied a great deal of Spain. Therefore, Innocentius the Pope sent messengers to various nations for help and support of the holy lands, as the Saracens had built fortifications on Mount Tabor to wage war against Acre. This year Saint Francis began the Order of the Friars Minor besides Assisi. The king of France with a great host occupied the clues of Normandy against King John. The Pope's legate Pandulphus came into England and spoke to King John.\nand charged highly that he should be obedient to the Church of Rome. The king saw danger on every side from the king of France and also from lords of his own lands who had, by writing, turned themselves to the king of France. Then the king yielded his kingdom of England and Ireland, and also for himself and his heirs, to Pope Innocentius and his lawful successors forever. So that after that time he and his heirs should be feudatories to the Church of Rome and pay every year seven hundred marks for England and two hundred marks for Ireland. If he or any of his heirs failed in this condition or in the payment, he would fall from the right of the kingdom. After that, Pandulph went forth and compelled the king of France to withdraw from Normandy. Steven Tharchibishop and those exiled with him came into England and reconciled the king and his favorites in the church of Winchester. But he made them swear that they would restore all that had been wrongfully taken. About that time.\nKing John caused the hanging and drawing of a holy man named Pieres of Ponfret, for he had warned him of many misfortunes that would befall him due to his cruelty and fornication. He had also warned him that he would reign for only 14 years, but he reigned almost 16 years, not knowing that he had reigned freely for only 12 years, but for three years not freely, as Pieres had once threatened him and taught him many things that he later told to bishops and wicked people. In a time, John lay for three days and three nights as if he were in a trance and was roused, and saw the joys and pains of good men and evil. On St. Andrew's eve, King John took the Castle of Rouchester. There, many gentlemen were conspiring against him. Louis, the king's brother of France, came into England at the prayer of the lords and took homage and fealty from Frenchmen and Englishmen, as well as from the king of Scotland, at London. But the Pope's legate, Gnaud de Colmieu (Windesore).\nPope Innocencius died, and the third Honorius was pope after him for ten years and eight months. In his first year, he conferred the order of Friars Preachers. For the third Innocencius was reluctant to confirm that order. King John died at Newark on St. Calixtus' day, the seventeenth year of his reign in the sixth month. But he was at the Abbey of White Canons at Crogham, and was buried at Wroxton in the midst of the congregation of monks.\n\nHowever, common fame tells us that he swore there at a meeting that the love that was then worth half a penny would be worth twelve pence within that year if he could live. A monk of that house heard this and gave him poison to drink, shaved him, and dressed him, and he drank to the king as if he were his taster. And so both the king and he died on St. Simon's day.\n\nAnd on St. Simon's day, and in the ninth year of his age, King Henry, John's son, was made king. He was helped by the strength and wisdom of the Pope's legate, the bishop of Winchester.\nof Penbrooke and Chester, for Ranulph Earl of Chester took Lincoln against Lowybled the castles of Chartley, Beston, and Thabbey of Delacres of the White Order, for the costs of these castles he took tolls from all his land. Also in this year, St. Thomas Becket the martyr was translated by Steuen the Archbishop during the solemnity. He found hire and provision for all men who asked it in the way between London and Canterbury. Also on the day of the translation, wine ran in pipes continually in various places of the city, and the cost that Steven made in this land wedded Joan, King Henry's sister. On St. Luke's Eve, a wind came out of the north side that broke down houses, orchards, and woods. Belhous and Belfries were also destroyed. Fiery dragons and evil spirits were seen flying about in the whirlwind. At Oxford, a man nailed to the cross said he was Jesus, but by the judgment of the holy church he was taken to be punished, and at Abingdon he was.\nDavid, Earl of Scotland, had a son named John, who married Lewelin's daughter, the Princess of Wales, in what appeared to be a final accord between him and Lewelyn and his heir Ranulph, Earl of Chester. King John of Jerusalem came to England to aid the Holy Land. The lords of England granted England to King Henry. Shortly thereafter, King Henry took the fifteenth penny in all England. This was the first year that the Friars Minor came to England, two years before the death of St. Francis. After Honorius, Gregory was Pope for fourteen years, which strengthened the sentence of cursing against Frederick the Emperor. Therefore, the Emperor took many prelates and two Cardinals to Compiegne to compile decretalia. In a time, this Pope was besieged by the Emperor in the city of Rome. He saw that the Romans had taken the Emperor's side. Then he took in his hands the heads of the apostles Peter and Paul and made a procession from St. John Lateran to St. Peter's Church and so he avenged.\nThe hearts of the Romans/therefore the archbishop feared them and lived far away. Steven Archbishop died at Paris and quoted the Bible there, marked the chapters, and edited King Richard's life, leaving many good books after him. The great dean of London, Richard of Wethered, was archbishop after him, as well as Thialune, a learned woman. First, she was chancellor and then bishop of Paris, leaving many books after her that she had made: De Sacramentis.\n\nCur Deus Homo, De Fide et De Legibus, De Unione Corporali et Spirituali. Gregory took the time occupied in King Henry's time and sailed over the sea with a great stir between the king and Lewes at Chester in the chapter of monks with his father. His sister's son, John Scot, was earl after him. This Ranulph died without children and had four sisters. The eldest, Maud, was married to David, an earl of Scotland. Of her, John Scot was born. The second sister, Mabel, was married to the earl of Arundel.\nThirdly, Agnes was married to the Earl of Derby, William de Ferrers. The fourth Hawys was married to the Earl of Winchester, Robert de Quinycy. King Henry founded the hospital of St. John without the Gate at Oxford and laid the first stone when Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, was dead. At that time, St. Edmond of Abingdon was archbishop and treasurer of Salisbury. He died beyond the sea in the eighth year of his bishopric and was buried. Frederick the Emperor married Isabella, daughter of King Henry, that year. Jews were brought before the king at Westminster because they had hidden a child for a year at Norwich and, after circumcising him, intended to nail him to the cross. King Henry married the daughter of the Prince, John of Chester and Huntingdon, who died without children at Dereham. The Earl's prerogatives of realty were filled into the king's hand, and his sisters, who were his eyes, had other lands. Therefore, in copesation, because such a fine lordship should not be divided.\nBetween the distances of women, this John had four sisters: Margaret was married to Alain of Galway and bore the maid Deverghyl; this maid was married to John Bailol, king of Scotland; Isabel was married to Robert de Bruys; the third sister died childless; the fourth sister Alda was married to Henry de Hastings. This year, October the legate came into England and ordered many good ordinances for the profit of the holy church. While he passed through Oxford, there was great fighting between the scholars and some of his men, and one of his men was killed. He confirmed Edmund as archbishop that year. This year, the kings of the Tatars, having overcome the eastern lands, departed in two companies. One party of them destroyed Hungary and Pannonia so greatly that men of the country ate the flesh of their own children, and many scraped the powder of a hill and ate it as if it were meal. They entered Wales and David, the prince.\ncam to him at ruthla\u0304d / that yere dyed seint edmo\u0304d at po\u0304teny & bonefas was ar\u00a6chebisshop aft{er} him / this edmo\u0304d was born at abendon besides oxe\u0304\u00a6ford / & had an holy fader & moder / his faders name was edward rych\u0304 by his surname / by asse\u0304t of his wif he lad relygyous lyf at\neuesha\u0304 / his moders name was mablye / she vsed the heer & an ha\u00a6berion / & fought in her flesshe ageynst the fflesshe / Edmond was born cleene of al wem of childhode on saynt edmondes daye the kyng and martir / and lay al that day from the morow tyde to e\u2223uen as though he were a swowne / So that they that were there wold haue buryed hym yf his moder had not withsayd hym / he was cleped edmond that is gracyous and clene / for he was bor\u2223ne on a saynt edmondes daye / And also whyle his moder was with childe with hym / she wente a pylgremage / and badde her bedes at saynt edmondes tombe / and there she was first ware that the childe was alyue / \u00b6 From his fyrste childhode this vsed his wytte to the studye of goodnesse by occupacion of\nIn good and custom, the master should have control and banish all wicked deeds, even if he appeared shy with all the flowers of virtues. He chose the cleanness that makes man next to God. In proof of this, he dedicated his vow to our lady through his mother's counsel. He used the herb and fasted every Friday with bread and water. He used every Sunday and holy day to say all the saver before dining. In his childhood, he learned grammar but was afflicted with a headache so severely that he had no hope to progress in learning. His mother spoke to him and said, \"I think that the lewd and unseemly tonsure that you use is the cause of your woe.\" Afterward, he used the tonsure of a clerk and was cured of all that woe. One day, he walked alone by himself beside Oxford, and a fair child appeared to him and said, \"Hail my leaf. I wonder that you do not recognize me. Namely, while I am always by your side in school and in other places, therefore, what you see in my forehead.\"\nwritten/print it every night in thy own face / The writing was Ihesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum / that is, Jesus of Nazareth, king and ruler of the Jews / and he bound his hands / because he should not bless himself / and he prayed in his heart / and the enemy came between him and the wall / and he conjured him by the shedding of God's blood / that he should tell with what he might be most chastised / with that thou hast now named, quoth the fiend /\n\nAnother time he had forgotten to say this prayer / O beata et intemerata / And St. John the evangelist appeared to him in his sleep / and threatened him to strike with a palm / And for holy writing says that he who does not correct the small falls away little by little / and he would every day shame him and cleanse him of venial sins / by the enticing of the old enemy's hostess not only with signs and becks, but also with words entered her mouth to tempt St. Edmond / and she came to the holy man's chamber.\nwas stripped and scourged, and so she put off her garments. When the enemy could not prevail against the maiden, he entered by the wife to assault him. But Edmond would not take her offerings without the husband's leave. He put her to shame. And though he was not in holy orders, he was a master of arts. He heard mass and said his hours every day before he would read, and was profitable to his scholars, for he taught them mass as well. When he took money from his scholars, he placed it in a window and said, \"powder to powder, and ashes to ashes,\" but the money was often taken away by his accomplices in games or secretly by thieves. When he read arithmetic, his dead mother appeared to him in his sleep and asked, \"What figures are these that you study, my son?\" He answered such and such. Then she painted three circles in her right hand, as if she meant the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, and said, \"Son, study these figures from now on.\"\nHe seldom sat in church but had his beads standing or kneeling, for he was a noble preacher, a sharp arguer, and a mild listener. He was raised and took heed of falsehood, and was wise in answering questions, bringing great profit in reading. Great abstinence filled him away from his beard and head, so that his lips seemed cloudy. He always used great food and left flesh on Mondays and Wednesdays, and also in Lent, that is, the entire length of time that Alleluia is closed, he would taste no flesh the day before he would sing his mass, and so it often happened that he ate no flesh in a month at all. He ate but seldom twice a day, he cared not for lectures and medicines, for great kneeling his knees were hard as the soles of his feet. Every day he said three pairs of matins and hours of the day of our lady and of the Holy Ghost with Placebo and dirige. A night after his first sleep he would advise and say certain prayers.\nIf one unwelcome word comes, he would not be pleading causes; he would have men avoid visiting his offices. He challenged the cleanliness of his servants by contract, so that if any of them fell into lechery, he would take his leave and depart. He spent his time in acts of charity and offerings, and the redemption of his sins. He had before him painted the image of our lady and the passion of our Lord, and the lesson came from the book. Before the image, he had his head, and great devotion came from it. The time of eating and sleeping and readying himself when he could not study, he considered lost. As often as he opened his Bible, he would worship it with a cross. When the legacy of the cross was committed to him, he took no legal proceedings against it, but traveled on his own expense. He preached at Oxfordford, Gloucester, Wyrcetre, and Reyn.\nthat filled the people with fear, turning them back with his prayers. It happened that as he slept in his study, a candle fell down on his Bible and burned, but when he awoke, no burning was seen. Also, with his pen, he made three crosses on a skull that he had, and it vanished. His hair that he wore were thrown into the fire when they were old, but they could not burn, and in the ashes of his hair not a single worm could be found. Sometimes messengers were sent from Canterbury to Salisbury. The dean of Salisbury spoke to them and said, \"You are welcome and evil come. You are welcome because you worship our church, but you are evil because you take our treasure with the treasurer. He made no apology for drawing from his own hose and showed himself. Every man that he met on the way, he would light down from his horse and hear his shrift, sparing no delay in coming to his inn.\"\nfor wind not for rain nor other weather, he journeyed on like the olive tree that holds bitterness within itself and offers sweetness from the oil, thus he was hard on himself and easy and goodly to others. He beat his breast often with his hand and his knees against the ground. So, clerks who lay in cells worshiped all women, but he was never moved by this, except for a time when one blamed him for speaking often with a fair woman. He answered and said, \"See not how fair she was, you know it, I was by the wall,\" and he hated givers of gifts and said in French, \"Entreprendre,\" and prendre is but one letter alone. At last, by the urging of the devil king Henry and the chapter house of Canterbury, he rebelled against them. In the confusion, he acted as if he knew it not and kissed them and preserved himself and did all other homely deeds. And when his friends said he was too mild, and gave...\nexample to other men to arise in the same way; he answered and said the swelling of the sea as milk. We shall suck and eat wild honey in the wilderness of this world with John the Baptist, the forerunner of our lord. The power of taking revenge must be withheld only in God's hand. I will not take revenge on other men's faults and be called long and uncouthly named because of how he might relieve the holy church that was made subject and thrall. It was counseled that the king and other men who were rebellious should be warned. And if they would not amend, then the wretch of Cdenounced, accursed one, would not be amended. Rather, it was preferable for him to suffer malice for a time than to show his might in pleas and strife. For if he had done all that he could, it might happen that the Pope's legate who was then in England would undo all his sentence and deeds and so comfort the king to do worse deeds. But if the Archbishop were present and corrected not her transgressions and errors, it would not.\nHe seemed to want to atone for his actions through feigned submission, so he was preferable to be absent for a while to show this by the sorrow of his heart and his deep disagreement with her malice, rather than his last sickness worsening and becoming severe. He intended to return on St. Edmond's day, when the sacrament was brought to him. He said, \"Thou art my lord. In thee I have loved. In thee I have believed. In thee I have preached. In thee I have sought, and none other. They say it goes into the womb, but I say it goes into the soul and thought. Then he witnessed the wounds of the image of the crucifix and kissed them sweetly, saying, \"You shall draw up water in joy from our saviors' wells.\"\n\nAfter Celestinus the Fourth's election as Pope in the year six months, he filled the vacant Cardinal seats with honest and noble persons from the Order of Preachers. He made Cardinal Hugh a member of the Order of Preachers.\nThis pope claimed all authority over the Bible and made great concordats upon it. This pope convened a council at Lugdunum in France. There he canonized St. Edmond, the archbishop, seven years after his death. He decreed that the rebel Emperor Frederick should be deposed and replaced. In Spain, a Jew dug up a stone in his orchard to make it more fertile. In the middle of that stone, he found a book as large as a saucer with trilingual writings in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. It spoke of three worlds. From Adam to Antechrist, it declared the nature of mankind and set the beginning of the third world in Cryst in this manner: In the third world, God's son shall be born of maiden Mary, and he shall suffer death for the salvation of mankind. The Jew read this and was immediately converted. In England, there was such great famine that a bushel of corn was sold for twelve shillings. That year, St. Edmond was translated, and Frederick the Emperor died cursed.\nAfter his son Manfred assaulted the kingdom, and the treasure of Sicily, until Charles, the king's brother of France, prevented him from both the kingdom and his life. When Frederick was dead, Innocent the Pope procured the election of his successors for the pyre, and so were chosen the duke of Turing and the Earl of Holland. But they died soon, and Richard, the king's brother of England, the Duke of York, was chosen instead. This struggle lasted for many years with great cost. In the world, there was great commotion, it brought down the high from their lofty heights, it left nothing unscathed. \u00b6 That year in London, there was a solemn procession towards Christ's blood, sent by the patriarch of Jerusalem to King Henry. That same year, Louis, King of France, went to the Holy Land and took Damietta. But in the following year, he was taken by the Sultan in battle in the field, and William Longsword was dead. Longsword is a long sword. An hundred thousand and fifty thousand.\nhuerdes marked with the sygne of the hooly crosse come to paris and destroyed hughely the vnyuersyte & slewe many Clerkes / Kyng henry yaf to to his eldest sonne Edward gascoyn / Ideyd saynt Robert grosthed bis\u00a6shop of lyncoln the nynth day of october / He was connyng in all the lyberal artes and specially he expowned many thynges in in logyk etyks & astrologye / he sente to the fourth pope innocent a pystle sharp ynough that begynneth in this maner / Our lord Ihesus Cryste he sente that pystle by cause the Pope greued the Chirches of englonde with taxes and payementis vndue and vncustumable / Also for he had yeuen his lytel neuewe a chanon\u00a6rye with the fyrste that voyded in the chirche of lyncolne / But this Robert wold not receyue the childe but he wrote to the pope and sayde that he nother wold nor shold receyue suche to the cu\u2223re of soule that couth not rule hym self / therfor this Robert was somned to the court and acursyd / Thenne from Innocents courte he appellyd to Crystes owne trone / Than after\nRobert died on a night that the Pope lay in his bed and rested. A bishop appeared to him, dressed as a bishop, and spoke to the Pope, saying, \"Arise, wretch, and come to the church, and I will strike you with my cross on the left side, near your hand. The Pope died. Therefore, although Robert was a noble man who performed many miracles, the court would not allow him to be canonized.\n\nAfter Innocent IV, Alexander was Pope for seven years and four months. Peace was established between King Henry and the popes after that time, and the kings of England were to do homage to the popes. King Henry took three thousand marks from him.\n\nHenry then had his charter confirmed by the pope's authority. Shortly thereafter, there was such great famine that a bushel of corn was sold for sixteen shillings. At Oxford, during the Feast of the Trinity, Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, and others gathered.\nother lords chose twelve peers and, by their counsel, changed the king's ministers, expelling his four half-brothers from the land. This was the cause of the Barons' War. King Henry sailed into France and made a shameful accord with the King of France. He ceded Normandy, along with other lands beyond the sea, on condition that he leave the land of Gascony whole. After Alexander IV, Urban V was pope for nearly four years. He was the first patriarch of Jerusalem. With their help, he drove out the host of Rome that Manfred had placed in St. Peter's land. The pope also gave the kingdom of Sicily to Charles, the king's brother of France, if he would depose Manfred. This was done. Around that time, at Teynemouth, a Jewish man filled a cask on a Saturday and would allow no man to draw him up for the reverence of his holy day. But Richard of Clare, Earl of Gloucester, would allow no man to draw him up the following day.\nOn a Sunday, for the reverence of his holy day, the Jews died. This year, strife arose between the king and the lords of England because the king refused to uphold the ordinances established at Parliament regarding St. John's lands and goods. The universities were expelled from Oxford as a result. Eventually, the king and the barons came to an agreement at Leys in Southwark on the 14th of May, and engaged in battle. They took King Henry and his brother Richard, Duke of Cornwall, Edward, King Henry's eldest son, and many other great men captive. They compelled the king to uphold these ordinances, and held him in ward at Harford for eight months. During this time, the province of Chester was granted to Simon.\nof Montford, Earl of Leicester: The king's son Edward, Earl of Hertford, escaped from ward due to Sir Roger Mortimer's help. Mortimer had left because he wanted to attend to a courser. Edward escaped to the hill Dunmore. There, Mortimer's banner was displayed. After Lammas, there was a hard battle at Evesham between the king and the barons. Simon, who was treacherously withdrawn by the Earl of Gloucester, was dead, along with many other noble persons. Great fame tells us that he performed many miracles, but they were not shown out of fear of the king. Simon's knights held Castle Kenelworth against the host of England for half a year. After Urban IV, Clement was pope for about four years. After him, the papal see was vacant for three years and two months. Clement had a wife and children first, and later became an advocate and chief counselor with the king of France. When his wife died, he was made pope.\nBishop of Poitiers and Archbishop of Narbonne and then Bishop of Sabina, and Cardinal and legate, sent to England while he was absent; during his absence, he was chosen as Pope. Afterwards, with his mild living and holy demeanor, he caused many troubles for the Church. Also, when Conradin went to Sicily to wage war against Charles, this Pope publicly declared in a sermon that Conradin's endeavors should come to nothing. About All Saints' Day, October, the legate came to England and arranged many matters for the profit of the Church. By his counsel, King Henry granted that they could reason for the lands that had been forfeited due to the rebellion against the king. The Earl of Derby, Robert de Ferrers, seemed to have grieved the king most, and the following year he again grieved the king. He was taken and disinherited, along with his heirs, and some who could pay on behalf of him and his heirs, a pound a day. At London, on All Saints' Day, October, the legate denounced the Londoners and the portents.\nacursed / and said that they were acursed in Pope Clement's council. He entered them and forbade them the company of Christian men. / Then he suspended the bishops of London and of Chichester from their office until they were absolved by the pope. / Therefore, the Londoners besieged Octavian in the Tower of London until many bishops armed had him away. / Octavian took taxes from the holy church for three years while he was in England and then went into hiding, destroying the noble city. / King Henry lay with his host outside London until peace was made between him and the barons. / Octavian departed from England with a huge treasure. / Edward the king's son and many others took the sign of the cross. / Pope Clement died. / And Saint Edward the king and confessor is translated on the fourth day of October in King Henry's time. / And King Henry had the twentieth penny of lewd men's cattle and the taxes of the holy church for three years by the pope's assent. / This year Edward the king's eldest son and his wife.\nAfter Clement the tenth, Gregory was pope for four years. In the third year of his papacy, he convened a council at Lugdunum for the benefit of the Holy Land. He went there in person. In this council were messengers of the Tartes and the Greeks. The Greeks promised to return to the unity of the church. There were six hundred bishops and a thousand prelates. One said, \"Gregory the Great gathered all kinds of men.\" He ordered that from then on, all persons with care should be priests, and that after that time, no one should have the power to assign his benefices at his own will, but all benefices should be paid to the mother church. Gregory charged the church with tithes for six years. He condemned the plurality of benefices with care. He also approved some states.\nOrders of beggars as preachers and minors, and some he suffered as Carmelites and Augustinians, and some he reproved as penitents, called de penitencia and de valle viridi and other such. Also, this year Henry, king of England, died on St. Edmond's day of Pontivy. And men believed that he ended his life skillfully, for he had troubled himself wrongfully while alive. He had reigned for five hundred thousand years and was deprived of shedding blood. For the pope's legate, who ruled pilgrims in the holy land, and the king of France also died. This king, while he lay sick, prayed in this manner: \"Lord, I pray that thou make us despise the wealth of this world and fear none of its miseries. And for the people, thou art Lord to thy own people. And I shall enter into thy house, and I shall pray to thy holy temple.\"\n\nEdward, son of King Henry, came out of the holy land into England on the second day of August, and was crowned king on the thirteenth day.\nBefore December, and the morrow after his coronation, he took openly homage and fealty of Alexander, King of Scotland. Then, in his second year, he made laws. After the tenth Gregory the Fifth, the fifth Innocent was Pope, five months. This was before Tarentasius, of the order of preachers, a doctor of divinity. After him, the fifth Adrian was Pope, two months. Sometimes this was sent from Pope Clement into England to quell the strife between the king and the barons. After him, John XXI was pope eight months, he who was called before Peter, and was famous in many and diverse sciences, but after that, John the third Nicolas was pope, as it were three years. This year, Lewyn, Prince of Wales, would not come to the king's parliament in England. King Edward went into Wales and founded the castle of the Flint and strengthened the castle of Ruthin. There Lewyn submitted to the king and gave him fifty thousand pounds for the trespass and for the island of Mon, a thousand marks by the year.\nPope Nicholas made the Jews and their supporters pay for clipping money and for evil changes. He ordered that all Jews be rounded up. After Nicholas IV, Honorius was pope for about seven years in his fourth year. He changed the copes of the Friars Carmelites from red to clean white, which had previously been rayed and bedecked. The false Walsh caused great harm and damage to Englishmen. But King Edward came around St. John's Feast and wrested towns and lands from the Walsh that were in their midst, holding the castles on the sea side for himself. From this action came great peace and rest afterwards. Later, about St. Luke's Feast, Lewis's head was struck off and brought to the king and sent to London. Shortly thereafter, his brother David was taken, who was outside of all the woe. In the great parliament at Shrewsbury, he was first tortured, then drawn by horses, then hanged by the throat, and then quartered and dismembered.\nHere lies the torturer of English men, wardEN and tutor of Welshmen, Prince of Welshmen, Lewelyn, ruler of God's people. Chief precious stone of them that were in his time, flower of kings that were before, example of them that shall be after this time, leader in prayer, law and light of the people. But the Englishmen said in this manner: Here lies the deceiver, prince of betrayers, fox among evil doers, God of Welshmen, a cruel duke, a sleeper.\n\nKing Edward made English laws to be held in Wales for England should restore the tithing and other metal that was molten and ran into the sea. That year a bushel of wheat was sold for four pence, on St. Margaret's and grass that stood on the [bank/edge].\nAfter the death of Richard II, Edward II grew powerful in London such that a bushel of corn was sold there for more than the taxation of Norwich imposed by the fourth Innocent. The Jews were expelled from England and never returned. After the death of the fifth Celestine, Nicholas V was taken from Ankersley and served as pope for a few years, perhaps three. In that year, Alexander I, king of Scotland, died without children. Great strife ensued over who should be king of Scotland after him, as there were many claimants due to close kinship and blood relations that could not be fully determined without the presence of the chief lord. It was then discovered through authentic and old writings that the king of England is the chief lord of Scotland, and that he should know and judge such cases.\nIn the year after Edward's time, King Edward searched all the abbeys of England, Scotland, and Wales to determine his rights in that matter. In the chronicles of Marian the Scot, of William of Malmesbury, of Roger of Huntingdon, and of Raph le Bruys, it was discovered that in the year 910 AD, King Edward the Elder made the kings of Scotland and Cumbria his subjects. In the same chronicles, it was discovered that in the year 913-914 AD, these aforementioned Scottish and Cumbrian men chose Edward the Elder as their lord and patron. It was also discovered that in the year 962 AD, King Athelstan of England conquered Constantine, King of Scotland, and allowed him to reign under him. Athelstan's brother, King Edred of England, conquered the Scots and the Northumbrians, and they submitted to him and swore allegiance. It was also discovered that Edward, King of England, conquered.\nAlanus, son of Kenneth, king of Scots, swore an oath. There, Canute, king of England and Denmark, in the fifteenth year of his kingdom, overcame Malcolm, king of Scotland. Afterward, he ruled the four kingdoms of England, Scotland, Denmark, and Norway. It was also found that St. Edward gave the kingdom of Scotland to Malcolm, who was the son of Kumbre. William the Bastard, in the sixth year of his kingdom, overcame Malcolm, king of Scotland, took an oath of homage and fealty from him. William the Red did the same as his father had done. William, king of Scotland, came to his lord, King Henry, in Normandy, and did homage to Kings Richard and John at Lincoln. On St. Albans.\nAlexander, king of Scotland, is recorded to have wedded Margaret, daughter of King Henry, at York and did him homage in the year of King Henry XXXV. This is recorded in the king's chronicles towards the lords, kings of England. Then came together at Norham, on the border of England towards Scotland, the king of England with his wise men, and the king of Scotland with the readiest and worthiest men he had. There the king of England asked first that the Scots should peaceably assent to Scottish rule, namely because it belonged to him as their chief lord. The Scots replied that they knew of no such sovereign who belonged to the king of England, and said that they could not answer such things without a head and a king to whom it pertained to hear such treaties. They would give no other answer at that time, for they had each made an oath to the other after King Alexander's death. These oaths they must uphold on pain of cursing. King Edward took advice and made his letters patent to the Scots.\nScottes understood that the arrival of the Scottes in England at this time should not initially be detrimental to coming back into England or Scotland regarding the dispute over the succession in the Scottish kingdom. The Scottes granted, through their letters patent, that they would receive right before this king, as before the chief lord, and would hold firm and stable all that he would ordain in this matter. However, it seemed wise at the time that King Edward could grant no right of succession in the kingdom to anyone unless he had previously right and possession in the kingdom of Scotland. Therefore, in the king's English side, security was given to the Scottes that the kingdom would be restored within two months to him who had right to it, on pain of a hundred thousand pounds sterling to be paid at Rome in aid of the Holy Land. Additionally, on pain of cursing and entering into the king and the realm of England if he refused.\nrestore the kingdom as it is said / And so the Scots, with charters, yielded and accepted King Edward as king of Scotland / with Castles, rightfully, with customs and usages / and set wardens who should save for him all the revenue and profit of the land in the meantime / when this was done, after long pleas and disputes on either side, King Edward took heed of the strength of the reasons and evidence in either party and gave judgment for John de Bailleul / John acknowledged that the king of England was chief lord of Scotland, and did him homage and swore fealty / This year died John Pecham, archbishop of Canterbury / Master Robert of Wynchester was archbishop after him / war broke out in Wales on a great day / therefore King Edward came to Chester around St. Nicholas's feast / and took the isle of Anglesey in Latin, called Mon in English, and built new the city and castle of Beaumaris / At that time, the woods in Wales were\nHewen down those who were great supporters of the country to hide themselves during war time, and strong castles were built in various places by the sea side. After that, Madoc was taken and brought to London. After this time, war ceased in Wales and Welshmen lived as Englishmen, gathered resources, and feared loss of cattle. At this time, King Edward searched all the abbeys of England and brought all the money found to London. He also arrested all the walls and fellows, and afterwards filled a great ditch with corn and wine.\n\nAfter the fifth Celestine, the eighth Boniface was Pope in the year 1119. His first year was a year of grace. In that year, he granted large and great pardons to pilgrims who wished to come to Rome and visit the Apostles Peter and Paul. He completed the sixth book of decretals, in which he settled many great doubts. He incorporated many extravagant constitutions, such as the Constitutions of Honorius, Adrian, Innocentius, and others, and did away with them.\nall that was wrongful is a constitution not put in the course of law called an extravagant constitution. This deceived his predecessor Celestinus, causing him to resign the papacy and return to an anchorite's life. Men say that for this reason, Celestinus prophesied about him in this manner: \"You come up as a fox; you shall reign as a lion; and die as a hound.\" For he made Pope Celestinus issue a constitution that allowed him and every pope to freely resign the papacy. When he became pope, he revoked the same constitution. Then he ruled strongly, setting down some Cardinals and gentlemen of Colonna, and withstood the king of France in many ways. Not only that, but he found the aforementioned brothers of Colonna conspiring together. He took Pope Boniface and turned his face toward his tail, making him prick about to the last breath and killing him with pricking and hunger. John de Balliol was made king of Scotland against the king of England and against his own oath.\nand that, by counsel of some men of Scotland, the year after William Waleys of the nation of Scots waged war against King Edward. But he was chased the second year after. King Edward slew 60,000 Scots at Fotheringhay on a Monday before the feast of St. Mary Magdalene. But the Scots grew stronger and stronger, three years before Geders' time, the third after the conquest, and beat down Englishmen often and English places near their marches. Some said that this misfortune fell upon Englishmen for the softness of the English. And some said that it was God's own wrath, as the Prophecy says that Englishmen should be destroyed by Danes, by Frenchmen, and by Scots, as it is touched in the end of the first book. The king made seizure in his hand all the temporalities of clerks and put them out of his protection, for they would not reward him of their revenues the year before last against the Scots. By the assent of the clergy, Robert, Archbishop, had purchased an inhibition of the pope that no [unclear]\nA clerk should reward the king of the church's goods, but many clerks purchased the king's protection without the counsel of the lords. King Edward, with little Englishmen and Welshmen, sailed into Flanders, as it were, against the king of France. It was a common saying that King Edward loved the king of France's daughter so much that he would gladly give up Gascony to the king of France for his daughter Blanche. But Edward was old, and Blanche was a young woman. King Edward wedded Margaret, the king of France's sister, and took her two sons, Thomas and Edmond. King Edward suddenly condemned false money that was slightly brought up. Men called this money pollards, crockards, and rosories, and they were put forth little and little in place of shillings. First, he made one of them worth half a penny, and then he forbade them. This year Edmond Earl of Cornwall died without children. This Edmond was the son of Richard Earl of Cornwall.\nThis year was a year of grace, in which many pilgrims went to Rome. King Edward gave his son Edward, the Prince of Wales and the Earldom of Chester. At London, William Waleys, leader of Scots, was hanged and drawn. His head was cut off and placed on the Bridge of London for all to see. His body was quartered and sent to various places in England. This year, King Edward sent letters to Pope Boniface to declare England's right and lordship over the Realm and kings of Scotland. Robert le Bruys had complained to the Pope that King Edward was wrongfully disturbing the Realm of Scotland. Therefore, the Pope wrote to the King of England that he should desist from such disturbances, but he should be able to clearly show his right. After the election of Boniface as pope, the Archbishop Benedict of the Order of Preachers was pope for less than a year. One said of him in this manner: \"A man named Benedict has been appointed as blessed.\"\nbenefactors, bid farewell; adversaries, curse; malefactors, bid evil; do well, you blessed. After Benedict, the fifth Clement was pope for about twelve years. He traveled, building castles and gathering treasure. He condemned the Order of Templars and ordered the compilation of the seventh book of decretals, called \"Clementines.\" Shortly thereafter, in a council he convened at Vienne, he revoked the same book. However, his successor, Pope John XXII, renewed it, published it, and put it into the canon law.\n\nThis Clement was the first to change the popes' residence from Rome to Avignon. People wondered whether this act was done by divine ordinance or human audacity.\n\nAlso that year, King Edward made a harsh inquisition against the Jews and those who transgressed against the crown.\ninquisition high tribunal / Robert de Bruys took wrongfully the kingdom of Scotland / and about Easter, he slowly seized John Comyn at Dunfermline in the church of the Friars Minor, for he would not assent to him in this treason. But the king of England came and chastised this Robert and avenged the injuries inflicted on John. that year, King Edward died on St. Thomas's Day, the translation taking place beside Carlisle at Burgh upon the Solway, in the year of his reign five and thirty. Robert Archbishop of Canterbury was exiled and saw his death in his sleep at Rome. After the first Edward, his son, was king, the second Edward after the Conquest, immediately he had again in his possession the lands of Gaveston and gave him the duchy of Cornwall. He made him ward of England while he was about his own marriage by the sea at Boulogne. He wedded Isabella, the only daughter of Philip, king of France, and came.\nEdward was crowned king at Westminster on the Sunday in Quinquagesima, which is the day fourteen nights after All Hallows is closed. He was crowned by the bishop of Winchester, with the authority of Pope Clement. Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, was exiled from England at that time. This Edward was fair of body and great of strength, and unsteadfast in manners and habits. If one is to believe the common tale, he abandoned the company of lords and was drawn to harlots, singers, jesters, carters, deliverers, and dykers. He was a rower, as were sailors and other craftsmen, and gave generously and was solemn in making feasts. Ready to speak and varied in deeds, he was unhappy against his enemies and cruel to his men, and strongly loved one of his own.\nWhisperers and did him great reverence and worship, and made him great and rich. This brought joy to the lover, evil speech and backbiting to the leeches, slander to the people, harm and damage to the realm. He favored those in holy church who were unable and unworthy, which later became a stake in his eye and a spear in his side. In his time, there was great famine and continual rain of beasts, such that none had seen before that time. Dimes were always gathered and contributions paid. Spiritual and temporal was always pulled and, by the pope's suffrance and by color to the outside, much filled the kings' treasuries. But by the king's outrage, all was wasted and spent in idleness. However, in one point this king succeeded: Wales never rebelled against him. In other ways, he misfortunes always happened. In his beginning, he loved Pierce Gaveston and had before sworn against his company at his father's behest. But he sent after him again from beyond.\nthe king, due to him being disobedient to Queen Isabella, was expelled from the sea. Upon reaching England, the royal treasure was rampantly wasted and spent. Yet, for the sake of peace, Pier was brought back. However, the king's treasure was wasted and spent once again. The lords, in turn, removed Pier from the king and took his horses and treasure to Northumberland. They besieged him in the Castle of Scarborough and captured him. His head was struck off at Gauereshill by the sides of Warwick. But when Pier was dead, the king resumed his old ways and turned to other men. Therefore, Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, convened a solemn council of the province. Many noble statutes were decreed to aid the realm. The king was sworn to uphold these ordinances, and Robert the Archbishop granted his blessing to all who would do so and his curse to those who would not.\nThe king constantly drew close to his favorites and did not keep his promises, which led to much talk among the Commons and grumbling against him, especially Robert, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Thomas Earl of Lancaster. They conspired against him for many years, opposing him until he surrendered at the last struggle in Ireland. Afterward, about the nativity of our lady queen, he confronted him again at Chesham in Flanders. The king was with him for a while and then left him in the castle of Scarborough. The lords besieged him, took him, and brought him to Dartington, where they killed him besides Warwick. Pierce was born Edward after the conquest at Windsor. The Archbishop of Winchester died, and Master Thomas of Cobham was translated to Worcester, and Walter Reynolds, the king's treasurer, was made Archbishop shortly thereafter. The king then went in.\nIn the year 1390, Robert Bruce, with great force, marched to Scotland but was shamefully defeated on St. Edward's day. In the same year, a knight from Lancaster stirred up war against his own lord, Thomas Earl of Lancaster, but by Martinmas he was pardoned.\n\nAfter the fourth Clement (Pope Clement IV, 1265-1268), the twenty-second John was pope for approximately eighteen years. He renewed the seven books of decretals and advanced the study of three languages: Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. To avoid appearing as one who took bribes, he prohibited the plurality of benefices. Therefore, every creature should be content with one benefice and its cure, and this pope should receive the fruits of the other benefices that were vacated by death or resignation.\ntranslation: A person instituted should choose whether he would have the tax of the benefit or the surplus, bringing huge treasure to the pope's hand. But the Duke of Bavaria, who called himself emperor, often troubled him. Also, in this year, there was great death among men and beasts, and great falling of rain in summer and harvest, resulting in the death of Cornsold for forty shillings. A writer named John had a cat that was with him around Pentecost at Oxford. This John publicly claimed that he was heir to England. At Northampton before the king and lords, he was falsely accused and hanged and drawn. Two cardinals came into England and cursed Robert le Bruys and his supporters, entered Scotland. King Edward favored the two Spencers, Hugh the father and Hugh the son, against the will of the lords. Therefore, Thomas Earl of Lancaster and many others withdrew the king's strength.\nThey made them (the Spencers) leave their color by the king's consent and exiled these men, seizing their castles in Wales. They took away their beasts and gathered resources, occupying Gloucester during the winter. Shortly thereafter, without consulting other men, the king sent for either Hugh or Wreth, and strife increased from day to day. Among all this, Lord Mortimer seized Chester in the marches before the Earl of Lancaster could be ready. He pursued the king's knights until the king came about Shrewsbury with a great multitude of footmen. Due to a lack of money and because the Earl of Lancaster was too far behind, the knights departed. The two Mortimers were forced to surrender and did so, and they were imprisoned in London. Then the king went to Gloucester and had with him either Spencer. He went to Lyndon Field around St. Cedd's day to take the Earls of Lancaster and those of his faction who were at Tutbury and in hiding.\nat Burton, while the king passed the water outside the town at Afored, the Earl of Lancaster and his men fled from the town of Burton to the City of Burgbridge. Andrew of Herkeley came with the king's side and killed the Earl of Herford right on the bridge on the sixteenth day before April. He took the Earl of Lancaster and many other noblemen. The most notable of them were hanged in various places by the throat. But the Earl was beheaded at his own Castle of Poultrey on the tenth day before April. There is much dispute among the common people regarding this Earl and his deeds, as to whether he should be accounted among saints or not. Some say yes, for he did many charitable deeds, worshiped men of religion, and maintained a true quarrel as it seemed to his life's end. His enemies, however, died shortly thereafter in shameful deaths. Others say the contrary and tell that he was a husbandman and did not leave his wife, and defiled a great multitude of gentlewomen and widows. If any man\noffended hym a lytel he lete hym sle anon / Apostatas and euill doers he fauoured strongly for they sholde not be punisshed by the lawe\u00b7 Also he wolde commytte alle his doynges to one of his secretaryes to doo with as he wolde / \u00b6 Also that be fled shamely in tyme of fightyng for the right vnto the deth / and suche one sholde not be acounted a saynt namely whyle le was ta\u00a6ke and slayne maugre his trethe / But offrynges and likynes of myracles that ben now done in the place there he was by what yssue they shal take it shall be knowen after this tyme / From that tyme to the syxand the condicion of the quene drough\u0304 toward seruage till that the kyng of Fraunce pursued hugely the kyng of Englond / for hommage of Gascoyne was not done / \u00b6 About the Ascencion of oure lord the kyng helde a parlemente at yorke / there he made hugh the spenser the elder / Erle of wynchestre and Andrewe of harkley erle of Carleell / The same yere aboute Lammasse the kyng wente in to Scotlond And though he had none withstandyng / yet he\nlost many men with sickness and hunger / About the Nativity of our lady the king came homeward again. And the Scots took the castle Norham, and afterward about St. Luke's tide at the abbey of Bella Laura on Blackhammer / they had nearly taken the king at table if he had not fled / but they took the Earl of Richmond. And the king's treasure was lost / the quartered and his head escaped out of the tower of London by a sleeping draught that his wardens had drunk / About midwinter for making peace, the queen of England was sent to her brother, the king of France, who had assaulted a great part of Gascony / About the Nativity of our lady, the king sent his son Edward into France to do homage for the duchy of Guyenne that was given him. And the king of France kept him with his mother in the court of Pontieu. The mother and the son dwelt so beyond the sea, and would not come back, nor dared not for fear of the Spaniards.\nThen the king of England, by the counsel of the two Spencers, outlawed and banished his wife and his son openly in London, labeling them traitors of the realm.\n\nThis year, around Michaelmas, the Queen of England and her son Edward and Roger Mortimer, who had escaped from the Tower of London with little support, came into England. They landed in Essex and headed towards London. The king was there at the time. It was remarkable that the land was still quiet without any noise or shedding of blood. And the king fled from London to west Wales, and they easily followed him on foot.\n\nThe following morning, on St. Calixtus day, by the counsel of the burgesses of London, the king's treasurer, Bishop of Exeter, was beheaded without the north door of St. Paul's Church. And the following morning, the Tower of London was taken by the burgesses of London, with the help of the queen and her son. Shortly thereafter, on St. Simon and Jude's day, the queen and her men took the castle of Bristol. There, Hugh the Spencer.\nThe elder was hanged and disemboweled. His head was sent to Winchester. In the same year, on St. Hugh's Day, the Earl of Arundell was captured in the Shropshire countryside. He was beheaded at Hereford. The same week, the King of England was taken at the Castle of Neth in West Wales and imprisoned in Kenilworth Castle. Hugh Spencer the younger was captured with the King and beheaded at Hereford. His head was sent to London Bridge. In the octaves of Twelfth Day, a parliament was convened in London. According to common ordinance, messengers were sent to the imprisoned King to resign their homage. Three Bishops, Three Earls, Two Barons, Two Abbots, and Two Justices attended. Sir William Trussel, knight and procurement for the parliament, spoke to the King on behalf of all the others and said:\n\nI, Sir William Trussel, in the name of all the others, say:\nof all men of England and of all the Parliament, I resign to Edward the steward. I renounce and reject all power from him, and I shall never be obedient to him as king after this time. This was openly proclaimed at London in the same year, on Candlemas Eve, when Edward the king's son was made a knight.\n\nEdward the Third, Edward's son, was fifteen years old when his father was still living and was crowned king at Westminster on a Candlemas day.\n\nIn his beginning, gracious happenings and fortune arose. Then the earth bore fruit, the climate was temperate, the sea calm, and King Edward was brought out of the Castle of Kenilworth to the Castle of Barkley. There, many conspired to aid in his deliverance, but he died around the feast of St. Matthew the Evangelist.\n\nOf his living and his deeds, it is still debated among the people, as it was once with Thomas of Lancaster.\nWhether he should be accounted among saints or not, for neither imprisonment nor persecution, and grief proves a man a saint, but the holiness of the life accorded thereto. Such things are indifferent to good and evil. A sinful man it is a fair grace of such penances with contrition to do away his sins and leave his penances in purgatory, though they do not make him flee to heaven without any pain of purgatory, but presumption and pride of evil men and sinful trust and hope in vain that they and others like them should have no pain in purgatory. Also, liking and willing that wives have to tend and make tidings spread hugely of such worship, until the building upon such uncertain ground begins to slide. At the parliament of Winchester, Edmond of Woodstock was headed for he had conspired against the king, as it was said. The aforementioned Edmond was the king's emmet and earl of Kent. The sixteenth day before June this third king Edward after the Conquest had his eldest son.\nsonne edward borne of his wyf the quene the erles doughter of henaud / \u00b6 Also that yere on the morow after saynt lukes daye / Rogyer mortimer that made men clepe hym erle of the marche was taken at notyn\u2223gham and sente to london / And there by dome af the parlemente he was hanged and drawen on saynt Andrews euen / \u00b6 About lammasse Edward de bayllol that was somtyme kyng of Scot\u2223land entred in to scotland for to recouer his kyngdome with ly\u00a6tel strengthe of englysshe men vnnethe two thousand and slewe syxty thousand of scottes at gledesmore / The kynge of Englond promysed thand to remeue the syege / And but yf he soo dyde he wolde yelde to the kynge the Cyte of berwyk / In the mene tyme the Scottes brente in northumberlond as traytours shold / and besyeged the Castel of banburgh / ther in laye the quene of englond yf they myght in that wyse brand vn\u2223gyrd in a place fast by barwyk that is called bothhull besydes Halydon \u00b6Englysshe Archers bete doune the Scottes and hors\u00a6men pursued hem and chaced hem till it was\nIn the night, there were deaths of eight Scottish earls, a thousand and three hundred horsemen, and five and thirty thousand other men. When this was seen, Barwick was summoned to the king of England. It is wonderful to tell that there were no deaths among the English men, but only a knight and a squire and two foot soldiers. In the feast of Geruasius and Prothasius, Edward Balliol, very king of Scotland, did homage for the Kingdom of Scotland to Edward, king of England, at the Castle upon Tyne, in the presence of three bishops, earls, barons, and a great multitude of people. And soon thereafter, the Scots rebelled. Therefore, in a cold winter, the king of England went in galley and destroyed the countryside up to the Scottish Sea, and repaired the Castle of Rokesburgh, and there he and his men were sustained all winter long. The twenty-second pope John died in the advent of our Lord. And in the same week, the twelfth Benedict was made pope, who was first.\nmonk and then Abbot of white monks and then bishop in his diocese and then Cardinal and at last pope / He made Constitutions to religious men of various orders concerning their Rules and their orders / About St. Gregory's day, King Edward in full parliament at London created a duchy of the earldom of Cornwall and gave it to his eldest son Edward, and the earldom of Chester in addition / Also there he appointed five earls: one to Derby, another to Northampton, the third to Huntingdon, the fourth to Sarum (Salisbury), and the fifth to Gloucester / Great strife arose between the kings of England and France / The king of France wrongfully took many lands and towns in Gascony / Therefore the king of England proposed many fair offers and made peaceable overtures to the king of France, desiring to regain his lands / But all in vain / Then the king raised money on all sides / And about St. Margaret's day, King Edward passed the sea.\nKing Edward went into Flanders and then to Coloyn, where he associated with Emperor Charles the Bold and the Flemings. By their counsel, he intermingled French forces with his own and burned and destroyed the northern territories of France up to Tournai. Around Candlemas, King Edward returned to England, leaving his wife and children there for safety in Antwerp, Belgium. He convened a parliament in London and ordered English subjects to pay a tribute of one-fifth of their goods and cattle, as well as all men's wages. He also arranged for his own journey expenses and made lords of the next towns to provide him with the profits. This year was marked by great scarcity of money and abundance of other things, with a quarter of wheat selling for two shillings in London and a fat ox for half a mark. King Edward set sail toward Flanders with two ships.\nhonored ships on St. John's Baptist's day / But by the coast of Flanders he met the great navy of France strongly armed. Therefore, all that day he and his men considered what was best to do. And in the morning, a noble knight, Robert of Moreley, came to help with the northern navy of England. There was a strong battle / in the sea / Such a battle was never seen in the English coasts / By God's help and favor, French men and Normans were sharply shot; some were killed with strokes, some drowned by their own will, and some were taken and their ships also. Few escaped who could flee away as fast as they might. / Then the King of England came to Flanders with a great host and destroyed the northern part of France. He besieged the strong city of Tournai for some time. But in the end, for lack of money, his slow procurators sent him not out of English treasures. Truces were made between the kings on either side, and so each went his way. King Edward.\nHis navy went into little Britain; there he lost many men due to unholy meetings and drink. But two cardinals were sent by the pope to make a truce between the kings for three years during which time the right that the king of England challenged in the Kingdom of France could be declared. In his coming again from Britain, King Edward had great sickness due to a tempest at sea. And men said that the king of France's regiomants had caused that tempest. Pope Benedict died. And the Archbishop of Rome was Pope after him, called the sixth Clement, a man of great clergy but a great waster and spender. So he gave his cardinals titles of the holy church that were void in England, and therefore the king of England was angry. And the year of our Lord was A.D. 1344. The king forbade the carrying out of the pope's provisions and commanded that no one should do so after that time.\nIn the festival of St. Thomas of Canterbury, King Edward took the sea unwilling, disregarding his men's wishes. But he was led by a knight from Harcourt, who had once been outlawed in France. The king landed at Hogges by the Seine in the south of Normandy, spoliated Caen and other cities, and his men grew rich. But the king of France had destroyed the bridges of rivers on every side, preventing the hosts from coming together and fighting for King Edward. He rode in Normandy, took prayers in every side, and on St. Rufus' day, the martyr, the seventh and twentieth day of Lammas month, at Cressy in Picardy, King Edward gloriously overcame the king of France. He chased him and slew two kings of Bohemia and of Morocco, the duke of Lorraine, two bishops, eight earls, many noble lords, and two thousand knights, and others.\nmen without name chased the people that fled away alive. There, King of France was wounded in the thigh and throat, and twice unhorsed by King of England as it was said, and escaped unhurt. England besieged Calais for twelve months and more, for Calais was once a great enemy to English men. That year, on the morrow after Michaelmas day, in Monte Tumba, the seventeenth day of October, English men and especially those of the diocese of York seculars and rulers defeated the Scots who had come by the enticing of the King of France to Durham. Bruce, King of Scotland, William Douglas, and other great lords were taken. And the others were dead and chased. About St. Bartholomew's feast, Philip, King of France, who had arrived as if to fight and especially to break the siege of Calais, fled away privately in the dawning, and left there his tents and a great deal of victuals in them. The men of Calais saw that and yielded up.\nKing Edward went to Cyte for a month and was ordained in Calais, then returned to England around Michaelmas. He granted true peace for nine months at the Pope's request. However, during his journey out of Little Britain, he encountered a great tempest at sea and lost many noble knights. Therefore, King Edward made a profound complaint and said, \"My good lady, Saint Mary, what does this mean, and what does it signify, that at my departure for France I have wind and weather and all things at my will, and in my return toward England I have tempest and many hardships? This year brought great rain from the feast of Saint John's nativity and lasted until midwinter afterward. It rained every day, either by day or by night. This year brought great death to people all over the world, beginning in lands to the southeast. Therefore, hardly anyone was left alive, and some religious houses were abandoned.\nbut two / The pope Clement died on St. Nicholas day / And immediately the Pope's chief penitencer, Stephan Bisshop Hostiensis, was chosen pope and was named the sixth Innocent / Also that year began great scarcity of things that should be sold. So, the sale of things was for double the price than it was accustomed / \u00b6Also, the sea and the land began to be more barren than they were before / \u00b6 This year it was agreed and sworn between the kings of England and France / that the souls of the kings were not to be set to the indentures that were written / the agreement was that the king of England should have all his lands of the duchy of Guyana that were taken from him before by the king of France / So, the king of England should leave and resign up to the king of France all the right and claim that he had to the Kingdom of France upon doing so were sent solemn messengers from the king's half of England \u00b6 Henry, the noble duke of Lancaster / Henry, earl of Richmond / Michael of Northburgh.\nBishop of London and Guy de Bryan were sent to the Pope's court to have the counters signed. Recorded in the Pope's bulls. However, through some fraud of France and with the Pope's consent, the counters were invalidated. Therefore, England prepared to fight to recover and win back the lands that had been taken unjustly. The King of England entered France with a great force of knights. But he was told that Barwick had been taken. He turned back and delivered Barwick from the power of the Scots.\n\nThis year was so dry that in the three months of April, May, and June, not a drop of rain fell to the earth. On a Friday, it seemed to the Pope and the cardinals that same year, at the nativity of our Lady, the King of England's eldest son Edward sailed into Gascony with many men-at-arms and archers to recover and win back the lands of the duchy of Guyenne that the King of France had long wrongfully withheld. There, Edward stayed for a year without any reason.\nIn the meantime, he took and defeated and plundered and burned large cities that were in rebellion against him, such as Narbon, Carcassonne, and others. But at the end of the year of his coming, on the first and second day of the month of September, while the Duke of Lancaster besieged the city of Bourges in Britain, Edward passed by the banks of the river that is of the duchy of Guyenne. The king of France came with a great host and fought against him, but the men of the king of France were slaughtered and routed. The king of France was taken and brought to Bordeaux in Gascony, and he remained there until Whitsuntide. Around Whitsuntide of that year, the aforementioned Edward sailed out of Gascony into England with John, king of France's men. And immediately, the Pope sent two cardinals into England to negotiate peace between the two kings. The cardinals stayed in England for a full year, and the third cardinal came on his own initiative to comfort the king of France and stayed with the other cardinals at\nIn the year 1400, around All Hallows' Eve, King James I of Scotland was released from imprisonment in the Odyssey Castle, which had lasted for several years. This year, at the Roman court, a great conflict arose between Cardinal Armas and the Friars. Additionally, there was significant destruction in Britain and Normandy, instigated by Philip, the king's brother of Navarre, as well as by Sir James Bourchier and Robert Knolles, and numerous English men, without the king's permission.\n\nThis year, outside the Assumption of Our Lady, King Edward IV of England and his eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales, along with the Duke of Lancaster and nearly all the English lords, resided with a large army of horsemen and archers, numbering approximately a thousand chariots, at Sandwich for some time. Around Michaelmas, they subsequently sailed to Calais. The aforementioned duke.\nThe prince sailed to the same place around Candlemas. He began to ride in the realm of France, but they lay in Burgundy. In the meantime, the Normans landed at Winchelsea with a little navy in England on the fifteenth day of March and assaulted that town. They slew men and burned some of the town. But many of the seamen were slain and drowned, and the other part of the seamen fled to their ships and left England as they were compelled by the Abbot of Bayeux and the strength that was with him.\n\nThis year, about St. Dunstan's feast, the king of England took truces with the king of France in hope of peace. He came with his host again into England. But he lost many men, horses, and chariots besides Paris on the eighteenth day after Easter due to a storm that filled that area at the time. About Lammas next thereafter, the conflict between Armacan and the Order of Beggars ceased.\nThe popes representatives, as well as the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Lancaster, and many other English lords, along with the King of France, went to Calais to reform the peace between England and France. The peace was reformed and assured with mutual guarantees from both sides. The kings of England and France then returned to their respective kingdoms around Michaelmas. Shortly thereafter, messengers were sent to Avignon to the pope to confirm the peace and the conventions on both sides.\n\nGod be thanked for all his deeds.\n\nThis translation is completed on a Thursday, the eighteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord 1451, the thirty-first year of King Edward III after the Conquest of England, the year of my lord's age, Sir Thomas Lord Berkeley.\n\nThus ends the book named Proloconycon, made and compiled by Ranulph Monk of Chester.\nBerkeley was translated into English by one Truese, a vicar of Barkley. Since the completion of this book by the said Ranulph was in the year of our Lord 1451, many things have fallen that were required to be added to this work. Because human minds in this time are easily forgetful and few now write such things in their records as daily happen and occur, I, William Caxton, have undertaken to write first and foremost the said book of Prolocutions. I have changed some rough and old English words, that is, certain words which in these days are neither used nor understood, and furthermore, I have had it printed to make it accessible to those who may wish to know the matters contained therein. The book is general and covers a wide range of notable subjects.\nMake another book after this, titled \"_,\" which shall have its chapters and table of contents separate. I dare not presume to set my book next to his for various reasons. One reason is that I have not, and cannot obtain, books of authority treating of such chronicles, except for a small book named \"Fasciculus Temporum\" and another called \"Aureus de universis.\" In these books, I find very little material since the said time. Another reason is that my rude and simple making ought not to be compared to, or joined with, his book. Then, by the grace of God, I shall set my work apart to complete the years since he finished his book, to the year of our Lord MCCCC LX and the first year of King Edward the Fourth's reign, which is approximately one hundred and three years.\n\nFollowing this foregoing book of Prolicronicon, I have endeavored to order this new book, by the suffrance of Almighty God, to continue.\nIn the year 1008, Robert Knolles, a captain of a great English company, had won many fortresses in France through Orleance, Band, and Normandy. In October of that year, he left his garrisons and approached Paris. There, he took a stronghold named Amblanullers. The men of Paris sent out their soldiers to attack, but they were quickly defeated and forced to retreat into the town. Daily, they assaulted the French forces up to the gates of Paris. They held Paris so tightly that, in the end, they were compelled to buy the place from him and pay him large sums of money to leave. Afterward, they destroyed many things.\nplaces in Champagne and Marche near the Castle, three knights were made: Robert Knolles, Tome Fouque, and another, who were captains of great Foyson of Englishmen. They plundered the town, which was rich as said, having as much good and valuable property as worth five hundred thousand motons of gold. The ransom of prisoners of individual persons was an over great sum. And when the Englishmen had seen the lords of the town and plundered it for eight days, they threatened to burn the town. The inhabitants, who were left in the town, agreed to give them forty thousand motons of gold and sixty precious stones valued at ten thousand motons of gold, and whatever good they would take, except the jewels of the church of St. Germain, which they should keep as pledge for their payment to Midsummer, and as for the walls, they.\nIn the year 1365 of our Lord, and fifty-three years into the reign of King Edward the Third, the peace was finished and agreed upon between the kings of France and England, as previously stated. At All Hallows' Time, after both kings had met with their councils, the articles and conditions of the peace and accord were displayed. Both parties agreed and promised to observe and keep them. A solemn mass was then sung, and after the third Agnus Dei on God's body and the communion, the greatest lords of both realms, who were present, swore to uphold and keep the said peace and accord, as well as all other agreements that had been ordained between them.\n\nAt around this time, Saint Bridget, a holy widow from Sweden, had many revelations to be revealed to all the church's people. She instituted and founded [instituted and founded] them.\nan order new of women and men, of which she is Patron/ her feast is kept on the 22nd day of July/ In the same year, there were great and sudden tempestues, and strong lightning and thunder/ By which happenings, boughs of trees were destroyed/ And the devil appeared in monstrous likenesses to many people in various places and spoke to them/ Also in various places around the world, earthquakes occurred in such numbers that Basyle the City filled down with many Castles around it/ At that time, men lived in woods like beasts and dared not enter into Cities/ At that time, there were many battles/ Pestilence and famine in many places/ Also in various places, the Earth cast out white water and foul-smelling water, which overthrew and caused the fall of Castles and strong places on many places of the world/ In this year, at the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul, King Edward held a parliament at Westminster/ In which was shown/ the peace/ and accord made between the two kings/ Item, In the same year, at the Ascension.\nEven in this year was seen an eclipse of the Sun. Due to this, a great drought filled the land, and this for the lack of rain caused great scarcity of corn and high prices. Also in the same month, rain fell in Burgoyne almost like blood, and a cross almost readable in the sky was seen there. In France, England, and many other places, two castles appeared, from which issued two hosts of armed men. One was clad in white, the other in black. And when the battle began between them, the white overcame the black. But soon after, the black overcame the white. Then they both retreated into their castles and vanished away. In this year there was a great pestilence, and Sir Harry Duke of Lancaster died. In the same year, Edward, Prince of Wales, married the Countess of Kent. She was once divorced from the Earl of Salisbury due to the same knight. Around this time, a great company of diverse people came together.\nNations assembled them, among whom the governors and leaders were Englishmen, who caused much harm in France. Afterwards, another company of various nations, called the White Company, did much harm in the Lombardy countries. In this same year, Sir John of Gaunt, the third son to King Edward, was made Duke of Lancaster by his wife and heir of Henry, Duke of Lancaster who died. In this year, there was a great wind, which overthrew houses, trees, and many a steeple in England. King Edward made his son Leonel Duke of Clarence and his other son Edmund Earl of Cambridge. In this year, it was ordained by Parliament that men of law should plead in their mother tongue. In that year, the kings of France, Cyprus, and Scotland came into England, who were worshipfully received. After they had been here for a long time, two of them returned to their countries. However, the king of France, due to great sickness that he had, remained behind.\nThis year, in London, there was a great frost lasting from St. Andrew's tide to the fourteenth of April. In this year, there was a scholar who slept continuously for seven years. After he awoke and lived for a long time, there was a great battle fought between Sir John of Montfort, Duke of Britain, and Sir Charles de Blois. But the victory fell to Sir John with the help and support of Englishmen. This same year, King John of France died and was buried at Saint Denis in France. After the fifth Urban was pope for eight years, this was Abbot Massylen of the Saint Benedictine order, a doctor of decrees and a holy man. He issued a great pardon for war against the Turks. To him, St. Bridget was sent from Christ for confirmation of her rule and order. At last, he was poisoned and died. In this year, St. Catherine of Siena was in her prime and holy.\nA virgin of the Order of the Friars Preachers held the stigmata in her hands and feet and side, who died in the year of our Lord MCCC and fourscore. In this year, Peter Pen from Thepayd, which in old time was granted for the continuance of the school in Rome, was ordained. In this year, at Bordeaux, Richard Prince Edward's son was born, who, after the death of his father and King Edward, was crowned king in the eleventh year of his age with the rightful consent and assent of all the commons of the realm. This year brought great variation in Spain and great war between Peter, the rightful king of Spain, and Henry his bastard brother. So much so that King Peter came to Bordeaux to ask for succor and help from Prince Edward. Edward had great compassion and pity on him, and with the permission of King Edward his father, he pursued aid and help. In this time, three days were seen in the Scottish sea, two eagles, one coming from the south, and the other from the north, fiercely fighting each other.\nIn this year, Gedier first discomfited the northern eagle and then fled back to his own costs. Shortly after, many stars gathered together on one heap, which fell down to earth with fiery trails in the likeness of lightning. Their flames burned men's clothes and scorched the ground. In this year, Prince Edward and his brother Duke of Lancaster led a large army into Spain. They had a battle at Nazares against Harry the Bastard, who had deposed King Peter and won the battle, taking the victory. The bastard and his men were put to flight, and six thousand of his party were killed and two thousand prisoners were taken. Among the prisoners were Sir Bertram Clerk, Earl of Denbigh, and many other lords. The noble Prince Edward restored King Peter to his kingdom once more. In the same year, a comet was seen between the north and south with tails toward France. In this year, Duke of Clarence, Edward's son, went.\nIn this year, Melane married the daughter of Galoys, and in the nativity of our lady, he died. In this same year, the bastard of Spain returned and slept with King Peter on the twenty-second day of August. In this same year, the Frenchmen broke the peace, riding in Guyana and Pontieu taking castles and towns, subtly and untruly suspecting the English men as the cause of the breaking of the peace. In this same year, the Duchess of Lancaster died and was buried at Paul's in London.\n\nIn this year, the forty-third of the king, there was a great pestilence and a great plague of beasts. And so great waters filled that they caused great destruction of corn. So much that the next year following, a bushel of wheat was worth three shillings and four pence.\n\nIn the last day of May, a parliament was held at Westminster for the breaking of the peace of the Frenchmen, and how the wrongs might be redressed and averaged. In this same year, Queen Philip died.\nAt Westminster, this same year, the Duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Hereford, with a great company of men-at-arms, sailed over sea towards Flanders. At Chalkhill between St. Omer and Guines, there was a large host of Frenchmen, and the English host encamped nearby, who had been there for some time. Various English men gave counsel to engage the Frenchmen in battle, but the lords and captains refused.\n\nSoon after, the Earl of Warwick arrived. When the Frenchmen paid their wages and supplies and fled, Warwick hastened towards Normandy. In his journey back towards Calais, he died of the pestilence. In his absence, Sir Robert Knolles was made governor.\n\nWhen they entered France, as long as they remained together, the French dared not approach them. But at last, due to envy and covetousness among them, they quarreled and divided into various companies.\nWhiche courageed the Frenchmen so much that they came freely upon our Englishmen and for the most part took and slew them. In the same year Pope Urban came from Rome to Avignon, intending to make a final peace between England and France, but before he began his treachery he died. Some say he was poisoned. After Urban, Pope Gregory was pope for eight years. This pope was called before Peter de Bellaforte; he was dean Cardinal and died in Rome in peace. After him came great turmoil in the church, which God allowed through Edward being at Bordeaux, began to impose taxes upon the duchy of Guyana. Wherefore the city of Limoge rebelled and fought against him, and other places did the same, causing him to take and destroy that city and slaughter all that were therein. Soon after, Prince Edward came into England, leaving behind him in Gascony the duke of Lancaster and Sir Edmond Earl of Cambridge with other worthy men.\nIn the Parliament at Westminster, a subsidy of 50,000 pounds was granted to the king from the lay fee. And in hated by men of the Church, the lords removed the chancellor, treasurer, and the prive seal, and in their place put secular men.\n\nIn the 48th year of King Edward's reign, and the Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Cambridge, the king's sons, came from Guyana into England and were married to two sisters and heirs of King Peter of Spain. That same year, French men besieged Rochel.\n\nWhy\n\nGascony, with a great company of men-at-arms, approached the harbor of Rochel, but before they could enter, a strong Spanish navy appeared against them, which defeated the English men and took the Earl, along with great treasure and many other noble men. Then King Edward, with a great host, entered the sea to relieve the siege of Rochel, but the wind would not serve him, so he stayed long at sea, incurring great cost.\nAfter a good wind but it could not, and so he returned home again. Then the Duke of Lancaster with a great host went into Flanders, passing through Picardy to Paris, and through all France, until he came to Bordeaux without any resistance. Around this time, Wenceslas, son of Charles, King of Bohemia, was elected and chosen to be Emperor. He being a child, took no heed or notice of the empire. After he had reigned for twenty-four years and after many warnings, he was deposed, his lecherous life having defiled it.\n\nIn this year, two bishops were sent from the poor man - one of Ravenna and one of Carpentras - to treat between the two kings of France and England. The day was held at Bruges in Flanders. For the King of England, there was the Duke of Lancaster, the Bishop of London, and many others. And for the French king, the Duke of Burgundy, his brother the Bishop of Amiens, and many others. But they concluded nothing.\n\nIn the fifty-fifth year of\nKing Edward's reign began on Trinity Sunday, the eighth day of June, in which the noble Prince Edward died at Kennington. His obsequies were held at Westminster, and from there he was carried to Canterbury, where he was buried beside St. Thomas' shrine. Around this time, Bartolomeo and Baldus, great doctors of law, were in their prime. After the death of Pope Gregory the XII, the Schism of the Church began, which lasted for 11 years. At Rome, Urban VI was forcibly elected pope by the Romans, against the Cardinals' intentions. Fearing him, the Cardinals fled to the city of Ferrara and chose Robert of Geneva, known as the Seventh Clement, in his place. The Schism thus began. In the fifth year, Adam Stable, the mayor of London, was dismissed on the 21st of March. Nicholas Brembre was chosen in his place by a letter from the king. The same year saw a great parliament.\nIn Westminster, the king asked for a great subsidy, but the Commons answered that they could no longer bear such charges. They knew well that the king had sufficient resources for himself and for saving his realm. However, if the realm were well governed, it would not lack commerce, merchandise, or riches. They complained about various officers of the realm and specifically named Lord Latimer, the king's chamberlain, and Dame Alice Piers, for the great wrongs committed by their counsel. They demanded that they be removed and replaced with wise, proven, and competent individuals. Among others, they chose Sir Peter de la Mare as their spokesman. After Sir Peter publicly revealed the truth, exposing the wrongs done by various people in the king's household, immediately after the king's death.\nof the good prince Edward was placed in Parliament. A subsidy was granted to the king, both from the Clergy and the temporalities. And every man of the Holy Church was given twelve pence, and taken away four pence, except for the four orders of Friars.\n\nThe same Prince Edward, the son of Richard, was made Prince of Wales. And to him the king gave the Duchy of Cornwall and the Earldom of Chester.\n\nIn the 13th year of King Edward's reign, on the 15th of June, King Edward himself died in his manor at Sheen. From there, he was brought to Westminster and buried respectfully at the south side of St. Edward's Shrine. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen.\n\nAfter King Edward III, Richard II reigned, who was the noble Prince Edward's son of Wales. King Richard was born at Bordeaux. He was crowned at Westminster in the 11th year of his age.\n\nIn the second year of his reign, the Lord Latimer and Sir Rauf Ferys were in dispute and arguing.\nSir Robert Hawle and one Shakley attacked high mass time the said Hawle. Shakley was arrested and put in the Tower of London. It is said that this was done by commandment of the Duke of Gloucester. Why he came and was acquitted at Westminster is not clear. He made great amends and gave great gifts and jewels therefore to the said church.\n\nAbout this time, the feast of the Visitation of our Lady began, instituted by Pope Urban VIII, according to the form, and the same pardon was granted to the feast of the Sacrament. This feast is held on the second day of July.\n\nAt this time, the great master of Rhodes entered into Turkey with a great company. And there, by the Greeks who were with the Turks, he was discomfited and taken. The remainder of his people were killed or taken before a castle called Sayette. In the third year of his reign, certain galleys of war came from France into various ports of England and robbed, burned, and killed much people.\nIn the same year, at a parliament held at Westminster, it was decreed that every man and woman over fourteen years of age should pay to the tax four pence. This led to much unrest, for in the fourth year of his reign, the Commons were divided into various parties in England, and they caused much harm. They were known as the \"Hurling Time.\" The leaders of these factions were Jack Straw and Wat Tyler, and they assembled at Blackheath. On Corpus Christi Day, they marched into Southwark and released all the prisoners from the king's bench and the marshalsea. They then proceeded to London and robbed all the aliens and strangers, took the Archbishop of Canterbury and the prior of St. John's heads at Tower Hill, and then returned to London where they killed men of the law and other worthy men in various parts of the city called Sauoy. They subsequently destroyed it.\nand they bore away Saint Martin's grant. They released all from custody who were there for any reason. Then they went to the Temples and to all other inns of men of the law. They despoiled and burned their books. Then they came to London and took out all the prisoners, felons and others, from Newgate. They both captured and destroyed their books. Then, on Monday, King Richard sent for the Mayor of London, William Walworth, and his aldermen. They went to speak and determine the intentions of these rebellious people.\n\nThen this Jack Straw let make an oath in the field that all his people should come near and bear his cry and will. Then, the aldermen, having indignation for his presumption and insolence, and the mayor seeing that he did not revere the king, began to confront him. And they struck down the said Jack Straw, Captain of the Rebels. And his head was raised up so that all might see it. And forthwith Inconteneable killed all the leaders.\nmy governed people swept away / Then the king forthwith dubbed the mayor knight / and five of his brethren Aldermen: Sir William Walworth Mayor, Sir Nicholas Brembre, Sir John Philpot, Sir Nicholas Twyford, Sir Robert Landre, and Sir Robert Gayton. And after this, as they might take and get these rebels and my governed people, they hanged them up by ten, by twelve, twenty and so on. / In the fifth year, there was a great earthquake throughout the world on the twentieth-first day of May. Of which, all manner of people were greatly afraid. / In that year, Queen Anne came into England and was married to King Richard at Westminster. / In the sixth year, Sir Henry Spencer, Bishop of Norwich, went over sea with a Cross in Flanders and took the towns of Gravening, Burgh, and Dunkirk. And there he laid one and fifty English ships. But the Bishop allowed the burning of the ships with all the plunder in the same haven. And he had a great battle with the Flemings at Dunkirk.\nThere were slain an huge multitude of Flemings. The bishop with his retinue went and besieged Ipswich for a long time but he could not get it. And because many of his men died there from the flux, he returned to England. The same year saw a battle done within the king's palace at Garton Squyer, Appdiscomfited them. All this time lasted the Schism. For Urban at Rome was chosen Peter de Thomacelli, named Boniface VIII. After Clement was chosen in Avignon, Peter de Luna, named Benedict XIII, and he reigned for twenty years. And after Boniface, Innocentius VII for two years. And after him, Gregory XII for 12 years. And after him, Alexander Greek for one year. And then after him, Johannes XXII. At the Council of Constance, Martin V was chosen. And so, of all these aforementioned popes from Gregory XI to Martin V, the Schism lasted for forty years, it was not known who was the very and undoubted one.\nIn the eighth year of King Richard's reign, Earl Edmond of Langley, the king's uncle, went to Portugal with a large army of men-at-arms and archers, to strengthen and help the king of Portugal against the king of Spain. There, the king of Portugal gained a victory. Earl of Cambridgeshire returned to England with his army. In the same year, King Richard held his Christmas at El and came to King Richard for support and aid, as the Turks had devastated and destroyed much of his land. It was concluded that the king should give him something in return for saving his people so far, as it was a great risk. And so the king gave him gold and silver and many rich gifts, and taught him the ways of God, and he departed from England. In the same year, King Richard led a great and powerful army towards Scotland. The Scots sent to the king and requested and made great efforts to have a truce. A truce was taken.\nIn the ninth year of his reign, a parliament was held at Westminster. The king made and created two dukes, five earls, and a marquess. Sir John Holland, the king's uncle, Earl of Kent, was made Duke of York. Thomas, Earl of Wodehouse, another uncle of the king, was made Duke of Gloucester. Leonel, Earl of Oxford, was made Marquess of Dorset. Harry Bolingbroke, the duke's son of Lancaster, was made Earl of Derby. Edward, the duke's son of York, was made Earl of Rutland. John Holland, Earl of Kent's brother, was made Earl of Huntingdon. Thomas Montagu, Earl of Nottingham, was made Earl Marshal of England. Michael de la Pole, knight, was made Earl of Suffolk and Chancellor of England. At this same parliament, the Earl of March was proclaimed heir apparent.\nIn the reign of England, after King Richard, the Earl of March went over sea to Ireland to his lordship's domain of Ulster, which was his by inheritance. There, as he lay at a time in a castle of his, a great multitude of wild Irish men came upon him, and he came out of his castle and fought manfully with them. There he was slain.\n\nIn the tenth year, the Earl of Arundel went to the sea with a great navy, and there he met a full fleet coming from Rochel loaded with wine, which were the enemies' goods that floated he took and brought into various harbors in England, and some to London, where a ton of Rochel wine could be bought for twenty shillings.\n\nIn the eleventh year of his reign, there was a meeting of certain lords in England concerning the destruction of rebellions, that is, Sir Thomas Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, Sir Richard Earl of Arundel, Sir Richard Earl of Warwick, Sir Harry of Bolingbroke Earl of Derby, and Sir Thomas Mowbray Earl Marshal.\nThese five lords understood the cunning and governance of the king's council. Therefore, those who were part of the king's council at that time fled from the land. That is, Master Alasdair Neill, Archbishop of York; Sir Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk and Chancellor of England; and the Marquesses of Douglas; Sir Robert Lever; these three lords never returned to England, as they died beyond the sea. These five lords above named held a parliament at Westminster. There they took Sir Robert Tresilian, Justice of Peace, Sir Nicholas Brembre, Knight and Citizen of London, Sir John Scalesbury, Knight, and Usher Serjeant, along with others who were judged to death and were drawn to Tyburn, and hanged. In the same parliament, Sir Simon Beverley, Knight of the Garter, Sir John Beauchamp, Knight Steward of the king's house, and Sir John Bernays were beheaded at Tower Hill. Also, Robert Belknap, John Holt, John Cary, William Burgh, Robert Fulthorp, and John Lokton were justice's itinerants.\nwere exyled in to Irlond ther for to dwelle all her lyf ty\u2223me / \u00b6In the twellifth yere duryng the sayd parlemeand squyers for all maner straungers that wolde come / holdyng and alle other. And alle they of the kyngys hous were of one sute / thryr Cotys / theyr armys / theyr sheldand cheynes of gold han\u00a6gyng theron whiche hertys was the kynges leuerey that he yaf to lordes ladyes knyghtes and squyers to knowe his houshold pe\u00a6ple from other / Thenne four and twenty ladres comynge to the Iustys ladde four and twenty lordes with cheynes of gold and asayd from the tour on horsbak thurgh the Cyte of london in to smythfeld / To this feste cam many grete lordes straungers oute of Fraunce / henaud / Ho\u00a6lond and of other countreyes / whiche feste and Iustes endured four and twenty dayes vppon the kynges cost / whanne the feste was ended and Iustys the king thankyng the straungers de\u2223parted / In the thirtenth yere was a bataille dene in the pala\u00a6ys at westmestre bitwene a Squyer of nauerne that was with the kinge / and a\nSir John Walssh, squire, was accused of treason for putting points against this Walssh, but in the end, Walssh of Naverne was overcome and defeated in the field. He was then immediately stripped of his armor and taken out of the palaces to Tyburne, where he was hanged.\n\nIn the fourteenth year, Sir John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, with a great host, went to Spain to claim and challenge his right to the Crown of Spain through his wife's title. He was accompanied by the Duchess, his wife, and his three daughters. Afterward, they had great communication about this matter, and it was agreed and concluded that the king of Spain should marry the Duke of Lancaster's daughter. In return, Spain would give Lancaster gold and silver, which was cast into great wedges and so many other jewels as eight chariots could carry. And every year during the life of the duke and his wife, ten thousand marks of gold were to be paid by Spain, of which gold they of Spain were to take the adventure and bear the jeopardy.\nIn this year, the duke brought annually to Bayonne, by assurance made, his assigns / Also, the Duke of Lancaster married another of his daughters to the King of Portugal at the same time / And then he returned and came again into England with his wife / In this year, the Turks made great war against Christendom to the city of Jaffa / Therefore, the Jaffa authorities sent to the King of France and to the King of England for aid / And so, there went out from France five hundred knights with the Duke of Bourbon and the Earl of Ewe, and others / And out of England went the Earl of Albemarle, a valiant man, with certain archers / They shipped at Marseilles and went and besieged the Turks in Barbary and made many skirmishes, putting out the Saracens often / But in the end, the Turk feared and made truces for a while / And delivered all the Christian prisoners and paid ten thousand ducats / So the Christian men returned home again /\n\nIn the fifteenth year of King Richard's reign.\nIn the park, the earl was slain with a knight's spear as he cast it from him, when they had engaged.\n\nThis year, John Hinde, at that time the mayor of London, John Shadeworth, and Henry Vanner were dismissed from their offices before St. John's Day. The king seized the franchises and liberties of the City of London. He appointed and established Sir Edward Dalyngridge as wardEN of the City, and he remained in office until the first day of July in the year 15[.]\n\nThen, Sir Bowdyn Radington was made wardEN to St. Simon's Day and Judgment Day. The reason for this was because a baker's man brought a basket of horse bread into Fletestreet. A man of the bishop of Sarum took out a horse's hoof from the basket. The baker man struck the bishop's man. The bishop's man broke the baker man's head. Neighbors came to rescue him and to arrest the bishop's man, but he escaped from them.\nThe Constable came to his lord's place, but those within kept him out. Then the mayor came with a large crowd, threatening to expel him or burn the place down, along with all those inside. The Bishop, who was also the Treasurer of England, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, came before the king and his officers in his chamber at the Tower of London. They deposed the mayor and sheriffs and called for the good Queen Anne and the Bishop of London. The king granted the French and liberties to the City of London, and they gave to St. Edward's shrine a table of silver and enameled standing on the altar. After this, the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs met with the king, submitting themselves humbly to him as they should. The king, through the City, received them with great triumph, and they brought him to Westminster. On the morning after, the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs presented the aforementioned table to the king.\nother yields prayed the king for their liberties and franchises, as they had before time, and so the king granted them all their asking and returned home again. In the same year, the duke of Lancaster was sent to France to demand a million of scutes which was due for the reason of King John, and various places as Pevensey Rochell and a part of Guy\u00e1n. He was answered by the French council that the English men-at-arms had done harm in France above the truces to the sum of three millions, which ought to be repaid first, and so he departed again. In the seventeenth year, certain lordships came out of Scotland homeward in a smaller fleet, and at York he died. Sir William Douglas, baneret of Scotland, and Sir Peter Courtenay, the king's baneret of England, rode together to gather certain courses of war and challenged the Scottish knight, saying he might not have the better, yielded it over, and would have no more of the challenge. Thenne.\nOne Cokburn, a Scottish squire named Nichol, rode five courses, and at every course, the Scot was thrown both horse and man. This same year, on the seventeenth day of June, the good Quith died and was buried at Westminster by St. Edward's shrine.\n\nIn the year 1494, true truces were made between the king of France and the king of England for four years. Around Christmas, King Richard went first into Ireland, following after Wenzelaus. Rupert, alias Robert, was Emperor for nine years. This Robert, duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine on the Rhine, was a just and true man and a Catholic. He was crowned by Pope Pius the Ninth. He entered Italy with a great army against Duke Galyas. However, he returned with great loss.\n\nAbout this time, the cursed heresy of John Wycliffe was in England, and John Hus in Bohemia, and Jerome of Prague. This heresy affected many people. And under the guise of a lamb, Wycliffe hid cruel intentions to subvert the entire state of the Church.\nAnd the scandalous scheme in this evil time was a great help to them. Also, during this time, the heresy of the Adamites began to grow in Bohemia, but it was put down by the busiest. They were excessive and shameless. For they went naked and indulged in lechery with women indiscriminately. Peter of Ilkley and John Gerson, doctors of divinity from Paris, were in their prime during this period. In this year, there were marvelous great winds continuously for three months, and especially in September, which overthrew great trees with fruit houses and steeples. In Langres, France, a great star and five little stars were seen assaulting the great star, and they pursued it for the space of an hour, and a voice calling from heaven was heard. Afterward, a man appearing to be made of copper was seen holding a spear in his hands by the great star and struck it. After that, it was no longer seen. In other places, we heard the noise of harassed men fighting.\n\nIn the ninety-fifth year.\nyere of kyng Rychard / he wente to Calays / and maryed there quene Isabel the kynges doughter of Fraunce\u00b7 At whiche tyme the Frensshe lordes were sworen on a booke that alle couenauntes. Forwardys and composicions ordeyned and made on both sydes shold be truly holden and kept withoute contradiction or dylaye in ony maner wyse / And whanne this Ryal maryage was done and fynysshed / kynge Rychard with dame Isabel his quene cam in to Englond And the mayer of london with all his bretheren with grete mul\u00a6titude of the Comons of the Cyte & the Craftys resseyued hem worshipfully atte Blacheth and brought hem to saynt Georges barre / And there takynge theyr land the Quene roode to kenyngton / \u00b6And after that withynne a whyle the quene cam to the Toure of london / at whoos comyng was moche harme done / For on london brydge were nyne personnes crow\u00a6ded to deth / Of whome the pryour of Typtre was one / And from the tour she wente thurgh the Cyte of london to west\u00a6mynstre / and there she was crowned / \u00b6 And after this\nKing Richard, by appointment, delivered the town of Brest to the Duke of Brittany, causing much trouble and sorrow which lasted until his death. In the twentieth year, King Richard held a great feast at Westminster. The soldiers who had guarded Brest arrived, and sat in the hall after dinner. The Duke of Gloucester then said to the king, \"Sir, have you not seen those who sit at dinner in your hall?\" The king asked who they were, and the duke replied, \"These are your men who have served you and come from Brest, and now do not know what to do, and have been poorly paid.\" The king then said they would be paid. The duke of Gloucester responded in great anger, \"Sir, you ought first to put yourself in debt to gain a town or castle through war against your enemies, before you sell or deliver any towns that the kings of England have gained and conquered.\" To this the king angrily replied, \"How dare you say that?\"\nThen the duke his uncle said it again. Then the king began to grow angry and said, \"Do you think I am a merchant or a fool to sell my land? By Saint John the Baptist, no. But truly, our cousin from Brittany has rendered and paid to us the sum that my predecessors had lent upon the town of Brest. Since he has paid it, it is reasonable that this town be delivered to him again. Thus began the conflict between the king and his uncle. And afterward, at Ardres, there was a council of certain lords: the duke of Gloucester, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earls of Ardern, Warwick, and Marchal. Anon, after the Earl Marshal, who was Captain of Calais, betrayed them and let the king know of all their council. Whereupon, on the twenty-fifth day of August, the duke of Gloucester was arrested at Plaxton in Essex and brought to the Tower of London. From thenceforward, he was murdered and slain without process of law or justice.\nIn the twentieth year of King Richard, at the parliament held at Westminster, the Earl of Arundel, the Earl of Warwick, Sir John Cobham, and Sir John Cheyne were arrested and detained. The Earl of Arundel found security for an answer and was released until the parliamentary time. At the parliament, the Earl of Arundel was brought before all the lords and sentenced to death. He was ordered to walk from Westminster through the City of London to Tower Hill, where his head was to be struck off. Six lords rode with him to ensure the execution was carried out, as they feared he might be rescued by men from London. The archbishop of Canterbury's brother was baptized for eternity, and Sir Thomas Mortimer was also baptized. The Earl of Warwick came before the parliament and was sentenced to the same death, but due to his age, he was released into perpetual imprisonment. The Monday following, Sir John Cobham and Sir John Cheyne were sentenced.\nKing Richard released the judgment against me for being drawn and hanged, instead granting perpetual imprisonment. After this, King Richard held a grand feast and opened court, where he created five dukes, a marquess, and five earls. The Earl of Derby became Duke of Herford; the Earl of Ruthland, Duke of Lancaster; the Earl of Kent, Duke of Surrey; the Earl of Huntingdon, Duke of Exeter; the Earl Marshal, Duke of Norfolk; the Earl of Somerset, Marquess of Dorset; the Earl of Spencer, Earl of Gloucester; the Lord Neville, Earl of Westmorland; Sir Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester; Sir William Scrope, Earl of Wiltshire; and Sir John Montague, Earl of Salisbury. There was a great feast for all these lords and others who wished to attend.\n\nIn the same year, a great debate and discord arose between Duke of Herford (Earl of Derby) and Duke of Norfolk (Earl Marshal). Their disagreement grew so intense that they went to war and engaged in battle.\nIn the reign of King Richard, the dukes of Herford and Norfolk had their gloves, taken up before the king and sealed. The day and place were assigned at Coventry. The king came, along with the Duke of Lancaster and other lords. When both parties were ready to fight in the field, the king took the matter into his own hand. He immediately exiled and banished the Duke of Hereford for ten years, and the Duke of Norfolk for life.\n\nIn the twenty-second year of King Richard, blank charters were made, to which all the rich men of the realm were compelled to affix their seals. It was rumored throughout the realm that he had set England up for sale to Sir William Scrope, Earl of Wiltshire, Sir John Bushy, Sir John Green, and Sir John Bagot. The king appointed his uncle, Sir Edmond of Langley, Duke of York, as his lieutenant while he was in Ireland in his absence.\n\nIn this year, the Duke of Lancaster died and was buried at Poulton in London.\n\nThen King Richard...\nKing Henry entered Irland with many lords and great ordinance. He was warmly received there, and the land yielded to him, swearing to be his true liege men and doing him homage and fealty. Thus, Henry conquered most of Irland in a little while.\n\nWhile King Richard was in Irland, occupied, Harry, Earl of Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, the son of King Richard, who had made Duke of Hereford and exiled him for certain reasons, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, were in Ravenstone in the north. By the color of his title to the Duchy of Lancaster, Harry raised and assembled the people as he went, amassing a great multitude. For the people were so oppressed by King Richard's officers that almost all the Commons of the land were ready to abandon him and seek relief from the Earl of Derby.\n\nInconvenient news reached King Richard in Irland about his landing and the Commons rallying to him.\nAnon he made himself ready and came over to England with all his host / and arrived in Milford Haven / And there they stayed for two days to refresh themselves / And in the meantime, the lords and most of the people began to murmur and grumble, for they saw that the Earl of Derby was growing stronger and stronger. Sir Thomas Percy called them together to break the Rede of his office, for he was steward, and bade every man go his way unwitting the king. And so in the night every man went his way, leaving the king alone save two or three lords with a few men. These lords, for safety and by the counsel of the steward, brought the king to the Castle of Flint, where he was taken and delivered to the Earl of Derby, who brought him to London. And then were taken at Bristol Sir William Scrope, Sir John Bush, Sir Harry Green, and Sir John Bagot. But Sir John Bagot escaped. And thus, as he was coming to London, he was taken in ward.\nThe news reached the city where King Richard had come to Westminster. The people of London, in their fury and madness, planned to harm King Richard their sovereign lord, but the mayor and aldermen, with the help of the sad men of the town, turned them back to London. However, they seized Sir John Sackville from the king's chapel and imprisoned him at Ludgate. Sir John Bagot, who had escaped from Bristol, was captured in Ireland and brought to London, where he was imprisoned in Newgate.\n\nSoon after this, King Richard was brought to the Tower of London. A parliament was then held, where King Richard was deposed of his crown. King Henry was chosen and taken as king. To him, King Richard resigned the crown and the realm of England. From the Tower, he was taken to Leeds Castle in Kent, and then to Pontefract Castle.\n\nThen the Duke of Lancaster\nHenry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, was crowned King of England at Westminster on St. Edward's day. Then the king made his oldest son, Henry, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester. Thomas Arundel, who had been Archbishop of Canterbury before, was made Bishop of London. The man who had been made Archbishop by King Richard was made him Bishop of London instead, and the Earl of Arundel's son was put in prison. On the twelfth evening, the Duke of Aumerle informed the king that the Dukes of Surrey, Exeter, Salisbury, and others of their affiliates had conspired to make a mock coronation and kill the king. That night, the king secretly went to London. These lords, who had planned to carry out the mockery, discovered their counsel had been betrayed. Immediately, they and their followers went westward. At Syon Abbey, the Duke of Surrey and the Earl of Salisbury were taken and beheaded.\nSet on London Bridge and at Oxfordford, two knights were taken: Sir Bennet Seely and Wintercel, a squire. They were beheaded and quartered. Their heads were set on London Bridge, and the quarters sent to other good towns.\n\nAt Prithwell in Essex, Sir John Holand, Duke of Exeter, was taken with the Commons of the Country. His head was struck off and sent to London, where it was set on London Bridge.\n\nAt Bristol, the Lord Spencer, made by King Richard Earl of Gloucester, was taken, beheaded, and his head sent to London and set on London Bridge.\n\nIn the same year, Sir Bernard Brokes, Sir John Seely, Sir John Maudelyn, and Sir William Ferby were taken and imprisoned in the tower. After being judicially tried, they were hanged and beheaded. Their heads were set on London Bridge.\n\nWhen King Henry saw that these lords had risen and assembled great people to put him to death and restore King Richard again to his Crown and his scepter, he thought:\nSir Pierces of Exton was commanded to go straight to Pontefract and deliver the world of King Richard. He departed from the king and went to Pontefract Castle, where King Richard was in prison. The king was at table for dinner, and as soon as Sir Pierces and his retinue entered the chamber, they found the king and eight men with him, each man holding an axe. When King Richard saw Sir Pierces and his followers enter the chamber, defensively armed, he pushed the table aside and stood in the midst of them, grabbing an axe from one of their hands. Defending himself, King Richard killed three of the eight. Seeing the king defend himself so bravely, Sir Pierces was greatly shocked and terrified. He immediately attacked the place where King Richard usually sat. As King Richard fought and defended himself, going backward, Sir Pierces struck him on the head.\nWith his axe he filled the ground, then King Richard cried for mercy. And then he gave him another stroke on the head, and so he died. Thus was this noble king slain and murdered. And when the king was dead, the knight who had slain him sat down by the dead body of King Richard. He began to weep, saying, \"Alas, what have we done? We have put to death him who has been our king and sovereign lord for twenty-two years. Now I have lost my honor. Never shall I come to this place again, but I shall be reproached. For I have acted against my honor.\"\n\nAfter this, on the twelfth day of march, the body of noble King Richard was brought through London to Paul's, which corpse was laid on a chariot covered with black, and four banners, of which two were of the arms of St. George, and two of the arms of St. Edward. And there were a hundred men clothed in black, each bearing a torch. And the city of London commanded thirty men in white.\nEvery man brought a torch / And the corpse was laid open, the visage being visible so that each man might see and know it was his body and that he was indeed deceased / For many men did not believe it / And from thence he was carried to the Friars at Langley and there was buried / May God have mercy on his soul Amen /\n\nThe common English opinion is that King Richard did not die in the manner previously described, but that he died first and the other lords were dead / He was so angry and so sorrowful / that he abstained from eating for four days, as they say / And when King Henry understood that he would not eat, he sent two prelates to comfort him / And when they had arrived, he confessed to one of them / The penance given to him was that he should eat his meal / But the food would not go down, nor could it enter his stomach /\n\nFor the conduits of his body were then said to be blocked / Then the noble King Richard, who was buried at Langley, may God have mercy on his soul.\nAnd then King Henry was easily king. He found in King Richard's treasure nine hundred thousand nobles and fifty thousand nobles, as well as jewels and vessels amounting to the same or more. Thus, King Henry had all his goods. Furthermore, in the second year of King Henry the Fourth, Sir Roger of Clarengton knight and two of his men, and the prior of Lande with eight Friars were drawn and hanged for treason. In this year, a great dispute arose in Wales between Lord Gray of Ruthin and Evan of Glyndwr, Squire of Wales. This Evan raised a great number of Welshmen and kept the country strong, doing much harm. He destroyed the king's towns and lordships in Wales, robbing and killing the king's people, which continued for a long time. He took Lord Gray prisoner and made his daughter marry him and held him captive there.\nwith his wife / But he and all his company fled to the mountains where the king returned and came back to England because of the loss of his men / In the same year, there was a great scarcity of wheat in England. A quarter was affected, and from then on, there was great abundance. Also, Sir William Sawtry, the priest, was degraded from his priesthood / Around this time, the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans sent an herald of arms with letters to King Henry / by which he challenged him to fight within the lists at Bordeaux, or in some other suitable place, with a hundred gentlemen without reproach against as many gentlemen without reproach / To which the king answered respectfully, referring to a time when it pleased him / he would come with a number fitting for a king / and conquer his right / At that time, he would be answered at full strength / And so the matter was settled / In the third year, they were married at Winchester. From then on, she came to London.\nAnd so forth to Westminster / And there she was crowned Queen / In the same year, Blanche, the oldest daughter of King Henry, was wedded at Colyne to the duke's son of Bayers with great solemnity / In the seventh year, a star called Stella Comata was seen / And immediately after was the battle of Shrewsbury on Mary Magdalene's eve, in which battle Sir Harry Percy was slain / and Sir Thomas Percy taken and kept two days / and after he was hanged, beheaded, and quartered; his head was set on London Bridge / And in this battle, the Prince was shot in the head with an arrow / And the Earl of Stafford was slain under the king's banner / And many other lords, knights, squires, and gentlemen were put to death in the said battle.\n\nIn the fourth year, the Emperor of Constantinople came into England with many great lords and knights to see the king, the people, and the Realm's commotees.\n\nThe same year, the Lord Castel, with a great multitude of Britons and Normans, landed a mile.\nout of Plymouth, on St. Lawrence day, about None, came into the town and stayed there all that day and all that night until it was ten in the morning, and robbed and despoiled all that was in the town, and carried it away at their own will.\n\nIn the fifth year, there was a great battle at sea, three miles out of Dartmouth, between Englishmen and Britons, where, thank God, the Englishmen had the victory. There were taken and drowned more than five hundred gentlemen of French and British men. The lord castle was the principal leader and captain, who was taken and killed.\n\nAlso, in the same year, William Serle, one of those who murdered the good duke of Gloucester at Calais, was taken in the march of Scotland and brought to London. There he was drawn, hanged, and beheaded. His head was set on London Bridge, and his quarters were set up in four good towns.\n\nIn the sixth year, a justice was held in Smithfield between the Earls.\nIn Scotland and Sir Edmond Erle of Kent responded to Morryf's challenge for certain war courses with sharp spears on horseback. The field was in Kent's possession, and he showed Morryf great respect. In the same year, Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York, and the Earl Marshal of England, Lord Monbray, assembled a great power against King Henry. They were captured, and Scrope, the worthy Clerk Archbishop of York, was soon afterward shown to have performed many miracles. In the seventh year, the Mayor of London, John Woodcock, and the commonalty broke up all the ways between Maidstone and Kingston due to their opposition to the French threat against the City of London. In the eighth year of King Henry, Dame Lucy, the Duke of Malines' sister, came to England and was married royally to Sir Edmond Holland, Earl of Kent, in the priory of St. Mary Overies in London.\nIn the same year, Sir Robert Knollys, a great warrior at the time, built a bridge at Rochester and a chapel at its foot. Sir Robert died and is buried in the White Friars in London, having drowned at London Bridge as he came from Westminster toward the Tower in a barge. In the same year, Dame Philippa, the elder daughter of King Henry, was married to the King of Denmark. In the same year, a man called the Welsh clerk named a knight Sir Percyval was accused of treason, and they fought in Smithfield. The knight was disgraced, had his armor spoiled, and was drawn out of the field to Tyburn and hanged. In the same year, Sir Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Lord Bardolf, coming out of Scotland with a great company, were taken by the northern forces and had their heads struck off. They were brought to London and set on London Bridge. In the ninth year, Sir Edmond Earl of Kent was made Admiral of the Sea.\nThis year, one kept the sea worthily with many rich ships. He eventually landed at the coasts of Britain in the Isle of Brittany and besieged the castle. He sacked it, but in a quarrel, he was killed, yet the castle was never taken. His men returned home again with his body, which was buried with his anniversaries worshipfully. Also, in this same year, there was a great frost that lasted fifteen weeks, which frost destroyed for the most part all the small birds.\n\nThis year, the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans was treacherously killed at Paris at the command of the Duke of Burgundy. For it was so that the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans had come to visit the Queen. And as he returned to his inn, certain persons ordered by the said Duke of Burgundy lay in wait. They attacked him and killed him cruelly, striking out his brain. One of his gentlemen was killed with him. Therefore, on the morrow was a great council. The assembly, among whom was the said duke who had commissioned it.\nThis is a record of the murder and a strict commandment was given to the Provost of Paris to investigate who committed this great murder. As soon as the murderers had killed the duke, they set fire to a house. While the people came to put out the fire, they had their horses ready and escaped, riding into Flanders. The next day, when all the lords had assembled again, much inquiry and searching took place as to who might have committed this murder. Then the said Duke of Burgundy stood up and said that he himself had ordered it for certain causes, which he would justify, and he immediately left the council and went to his lodgings, taking his horse and a private money bag with him, and rode straight to Lille. Afterward, the Duchess of Orleans, his wife, the Duke's daughter of Milan, and her eldest son's wife, the sister to the king, arrived. These women had previously been queen.\nKing Richard's wife, humbly requested justice from the king, who was then in session as judge, and sat in the judge's chair. The king said he would administer justice to those responsible for the horrible crime against his seal and only brother. They should know this as soon as possible. After this, the Duke of Burgundy requested permission to appear before the king and his council to justify the death of the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, which was granted. He came with a large army into Paris. Before the king and his council in a public parliament, the Duke of Burgundy, through a doctor of divinity named Master Jean Petit, made his justification. The Duchess of Orl\u00e9ans appeared before another doctor of divinity and made her replication. This matter was settled.\n\nIn the tenth year, the Seneschal of Hengham came to England with many other gentlemen to do arms and pay homage. The Seneschal\nThe third day came in another challenger and Sir John Cornwall knight engaged him in the field and had the better of his adversary.\n\nThe fourth day came in another Henewer and against him came Sir John Cheyne's son and he defeated him. For this, the king dubbed him knight.\n\nThe fifth day came in another Henewer and to him came Sir John Stewart knight who defeated him.\n\nThe sixth day came another Henewer and to him came William Porter squire and he had the better of the Henewer and was dubbed knight by the king.\n\nThe seventh day came in another Henewer and to him came John Standish squire and he had the better and was dubbed knight.\n\nThe same day came another Henewer and to him came a squire from Gascony who had the better and was dubbed knight.\nThe eighth day came two newcomers / And to them came two soldiers from Calais / who were brothers and had the better in the field / And thus ended this challenge with much reverence / The king then entertained the strangers royally / And at their departure gave him rich gifts / and so they departed and went home /\n\nIn the eleventh year, a battle was fought in Smithfield between two squires / One called Gloucester / And the other Arthur / who fought well and manfully for a long time /\n\nAnd the king took their quarrel into his hand / and made them go out of the field to make amends /\n\nAnd they were divided from their battle / And the king granted them grace / This same year, the Common spiritualities were demanded but no answer was given at that time / For the king wanted to be advised /\n\nAfter Rupert Sigismund was elected and chosen emperor this same year / and was emperor for seventy-two years /\n\nThis Sigismund was king of Hungary, who was a very Christian and meek man.\n\"Deeply devoted and holy, and after the toppling of some worthy persons to be canonized, this was a special succor to the Church, which he found sorely afflicted and desolate due to schism. But he, through his marvelous wisdom and industry, greatly succored it. He spared not himself nor his own until there was a very and full union in the Church. \u00b6 He had nine battalions against the Turks, which he led triumphantly. What more shall I say, but all the laud that has been given to Constantine, Theodosius, Charlemagne, Otto, and all other emperors worthy of praise, may surely be applied to this Sigismund. He was crowned by Eugene. \u00b6 After this, the Kingdom of Bohemia was a great indulgence to those making war against heathen men, Turks, or heretics, or those not obedient to the Church of Rome. In the same year, Johann of Babylon, a false lollard and heretic, was burned in Smithfield, who denied that the Sacrament was God's body.\"\nIn the twelfth year of King Henry, Owen Glendower was taken, a supporter of him, and was judged to death at London. His four quarters were set up in four market towns, and his head on London Bridge. In the thirteenth year of his reign, Sir John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset and Captain of Calais, died. He lies buried in the Abbey of the Thorney Island. In the same year, the ambassadors of France came from the Duke of Burgundy to Prince Henry's son for help and support against the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans. Then went over, the Earl of Arrundell, the Earl of Kyme, and the Lord Cobham with many other knights and squires, and had a great retreat against the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans. And at Saint-Pol, beside Paris in France, they met and had victory over the Frenchmen and the Armagnacs. The Duke rewarded Richard our Englishmen handsomely, and they returned.\n\nNot long after, the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans sent ambassadors to King Henry to have help and support against the Duke of Burgundy.\nAt this time, the king made Thomas his son duke of Clarence, John his son duke of Bedford, and Edmund Duke of Gloucester. Thomas Beaufort, Earl of Dorset, and the Duke of Anjou he made Duke of York. Then he ordered the Duke of Clarence, Earl of Dorset, and Sir John Cornwall with a great retinue to pass over into France to help and strengthen the Duke of Orleans. The lords and their retinue sailed into Normandy. There they encountered a thousand armed men of the French, who were put to flight, and seven hundred armed men of the French were taken. Many prisoners were also taken. They rode forth through France, taking castles and towns, killing many Frenchmen and taking many prisoners. They passed through France until they came to Bordeaux, where they remained a while. They set the council in order and rested. Then they returned home again. In this year, the coin was struck both of gold and of silver.\nIn the fourth year of King Henry's reign, galleys for war were made for the king, with the intention of passing the sea and proceeding to Jerusalem. But God visited him with great and fierce infirmities. One day he was brought to St. Edward the Confessor to take his leave. While there, he became so ill that they thought he would die. They took him to the abbot's place into a large, fair chamber and laid him upon a pallet before the fire. When he came to himself again and did not know where he was, he asked his chamberlain where he was and what the chamber was called. The chamberlain told him that he was at the abbot's place and that the chamber was named Jerusalem.\n\nThe king then said that his time had come and that it had been prophesied that he would die in Jerusalem. The king prepared himself for God and soon after died in the same place.\nChambre: On his soul, God have mercy. Amen.\n\nThen the body was carried from there in a barge by water to Feversham. And from there to Canterbury by land. There, in Christ's church, St. Thomas shrine, he is buried. Thus ended King Henry the Fourth around mid-Sunday, in the year of our Lord, 1485.\n\nAfter King Henry the Fourth, his son, born at Monmouth in Wales, reigned. This Harry, who was the fifth Henry after the Conquest, was a noble and wise man. After his father's death, when he took upon himself to be king, he changed all his conditions and was suddenly challenged and left all his old wild manners. He charged all those who had been accustomed to his wild living that they should avoid his presence and come no more there.\n\nThis man did many great things in his days, and reigned not fully ten years. For in the tenth year of his reign and sixty-three years of his age, he died. And is buried worshipfully at Westminster. In.\nIn his first year after being crowned, which was the nineteenth day of April, he sent to the Friars at Langley where the body of King Richard II was buried. He allowed the body to be removed again and brought it to Westminster in a royal chariot covered with black velvet and banners of various arms. All the horses in the chariot were covered with black and beaten with diverse arms. Many torches burned by the chariot until they reached Westminster. There, he allowed a royal tomb to be made and buried him next to Queen Anne, his wife, as he desired. About whose sepulcher there stand four great tapers burning continually. And one day in the week perpetually, he has a Dirge with nine lessons. And on the morning, a solemn mass, both noted, is given weekly in pensions to poor people, &c. 6, all ordered by this king at great pain. And on the day of his anniversary, twenty pounds in pensions are annually given to pour out to the people.\n\nAdditionally, this king:\nOrdered by his life and founded the charter at Shene, and the house of Syon of St. Bridget's order. He did much good to the work at Westminster where he lies buried, and ordered three masses perpetually to be sung over him daily, as well as certain lights to burn at high mass and evensong, and twenty pounds to be given yearly at his anniversary. He ordered all this, besides his war in Frauce and other great acts. \"On whose soul Jesus have mercy, Amen.\"\n\nIn this first year, Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, was condemned as a heretic by the holy church and committed to the tower. From there, he escaped. Immediately after, he and his companions conspired against the king's death and that of his brothers. They had planned to assemble by night in St. Giles's field for the purpose of carrying out their evil plan. But blessed be God, the king and lords had knowledge of their intent, and took the field.\nIn the first year of his reign, they were forestalled on their coming and took many priests, clerks, and other lewd men of their sect from all parts of England, intending to find their captain, Sir John Oldcastle, at Syre John Oldcastle's castle. But they were deceived. For many of them were taken, and ninety-three were hanged on one day upon new gallows newly made fast by the same field by the highway. And seven of the greatest heretics were burned, hanging on the gallows. And Sir Roger Acton knight was taken and hanged upon the same gallows for the same cause.\n\nIn the second year of his reign, the general council began at Constance for the suppression of the Holy Church and for the deposition of the Schismatics, and for the election of one true pope. Also in this year, John Clifton skinner and Richard Baker of Lombard Street were burned for heresy. Furthermore, at the instigation of his council, the king sent letters to the king of France.\nshould render and deliver to him his inheritance, which his predecessors had held for him. Or else he would do his duty to claim it with the help of God and his subjects, with the sword. To whom it was answered that the king was over young and tender in age to wage war against them, and in disdain he sent to him a ton of tennis balls to play with. And when the king understood his answer, he immediately called a council, and there he showed them this matter.\n\nMatter. \u00b6 And there it was concluded by the said council, and in particular by the spiritual and great Normans, and they would help him to their power. It is said that the spiritual had to do without the land, that he would have labored to take from the church the temporal possessions. And therefore they concluded among themselves that they should restrain him for going and making war over the sea in France, for conquering his rightful inheritance. And so it was concluded and agreed that the\nThe king and lords with all their power should meet at Southampton at Lammas, next after. And so, the eighteenth day of June, the king rode through London with his whole host, royalty toward Southampton. And there, being ready to pass and all his lords assembled, Sir Richard Earl of Cambridge, brother to the duke of York, the Lord Scrope, Treasurer of England, and Sir Thomas Gray knight, were taken and arrested for high treason, as they were plotting the king's death. For this reason, they were judged and condemned to death. And on the nineteenth day of July, they were beheaded. Then, the king and all the lords with their army took the sea with five hundred sail and laid siege to Harlech by land and water. And he ordered his arrangement to the town. And on the twenty-second day of September, the town was given over to him. Then, he appointed the captain and filled it with Englishmen. The king then sent into England and let it be proclaimed in every good town that\nWhat crafty man would come there to dwell and inhabit the town, and should have houses and household for himself and his heirs forever? Then came there many craftsmen and inhabited it.\n\nThe king, seeing the town well supplied with victuals and men, passed by land towards Calais. Then the Frenchmen, hearing of his coming, broke the bridges so he should not cross the River Somme.\n\nThe king went so far upwards that he crossed and came into Picardy. And then the Frenchmen were at Agincourt, Rolandcourt, and blared with all the royal power of France, except the duke of Burgundy. Who would not come there nor allow his son, the lord of Charlies, to come there.\n\nAnd when the king saw that the English yeomen had their hosen turned or bound beneath the knee, having long jacks. But every man had a good bow, a sheaf of arrows, and a sword.\n\nThen he set his field and set the duke of York in the vanward. And in the night he ordered.\nEach man should sharpen the stake at both ends and pitch it into the ground in front of him. And so, on the morning, he had his confessor who made them confess and gave them general absolution. Then the king rode through the field and comforted them, promising them that he would rather die that day than yield. And then every man took heart and courage. And so they faced the coming of the Frenchmen. Who they received on their stakes, stumbling and falling down from horse and man. In such a way that our men shot at them and fought, and through God's grace, the victory remained with the king, and the Frenchmen were overwhelmed, and were killed by them, ten thousand and more. And many great lords and gentlemen took prisoners. And when the king had thus gained the field, tidings came that a new battle of Frenchmen was coming towards him. And then he cried out and commanded that every man should sleep.\nAnd the duke of Orleance heard that the prisoners and other great lords had sent word to the Frenchmen that if they came on, they would be slain. The Frenchmen, for the sake of saving the prisoners' lives, withdrew them. And so the king had and kept the field, and when the worship of the battle was over, in the field were slain three dukes, nine earls, and nearly a hundred barons, and forty-five thousand gentlemen in coats of armor. Blessed be God and all the English, the duke of Brabant was taken alive, but when the king commanded that every man should kill his prisoner, he was slain. On his soul and all others, God have mercy, Amen. Thus, by the help of Almighty God, the king of England and his seven thousand Englishmen won the field from the Frenchmen, who numbered more than four score thousand men with all the royal lords of France except the king and Dolphin. And when all was done, the king demanded.\nHere is the cleaned text:\n\nThe name of the next place was Agincourt. They answered, \"Agincourt.\" Henry then declared that the battle should be called and named the Battle of Agincourt. The king, keeping the field with his host all night, departed towards Calais the following morning with his prisoners. This included the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, the Duke of Borbon, the earls of Eu and Vend\u00f4me, Burgundy, and many other lords and gentlemen. They brought all of them back to England with him, where he was received with honor, joy, and pomp in every place. The forty-second day of November saw the king's arrival in London. Every Englishman who had been a good prisoner or had acquired good loot from the French, for they were richly and costly arrayed, enjoyed the spoils.\n\nIn the third year of his reign, the Emperor Sigismund of Austria came into England and was received most worshipfully at Dover.\nThe Duke of Gloucester and the City of London received the duke with the mayors and all the craftsmen at Blackheath on the seventh day of May. Saint Thomas welcomed the king himself with his lords and rode with him through the city and offered him a magnificent reception at Paul's. Then, they rode to Westminster, where the king lodged him in his own palaces. The Duke of Holland came into England, whom the king received worshipfully and lodged in the bishop of Ely's place in Holburne. When the emperor had seen the manner of this land and its commodities, he was elected and chosen to be a brother of the Garter, which he took and received gladly and wore thereafter. Then, the king brought him to Calais, and there the Duke of Burgundy came to pay homage to the emperor for the county of Flanders, whom the king also received.\nReceived, worshipfully, and then the emperor took leave of the king and departed. Each took leave of the other, and the king returned to England. The emperor went to Zierixsee in Zeeland, and then to Dordrecht in Holland. In the fourth year, the duke of Bedford, earl of March, and other certain lords with their retinue fought on the sea against seven galleys of Genoa and fifty other vessels, such as hulks, barges, galleys, and galley-ships. Three great galleys, along with their patrons, were taken. A great hulk called the Black Hulk of Flanders was sunk. The remainder fled away, and this was done on Our Lady's Day of the Assumption. Also in this year, at a parliament held at Westminster, the king was granted a fifteenth and a dime to maintain with his armies. And this year, the king sailed with all his retinue over the sea to Normandy again and landed on Lammas Day at Tours. And there, at the landing, the king made eighty and forty knights.\nKing Wanne took the town of Tok and the castle without striking, and he made Sir John Kyggley captain thereof. Then the king sent the marshal to the lords whom they had summoned. It was announced immediately, and the lord brought the keys to the king. The king delivered them back to him and made him captain of the lords. Then the king went to Caen and besieged it. He entered the town and gate with a sudden assault, but the castle held out. The captain asked for a respite of forty days for delay of relief, and under the same condition, the city of Bayeux with other towns and fortresses, numbering fourteen, were placed under the king's protection. On the hill before the castle of Caen, the king pitched all his tents and pavilions, which seemed as much a town as Caen. And when news came that no relief came, at the end of forty days, the captain delivered the keys and castle to the king. In the same way, Bayeux with the other fourteen towns and fortresses were taken.\nThe king delivered also the towns and castles, of which the king made the Duke of Clarence their captain and governor. In Canterbury, the king held his feast of St. George, where he made fifteen knights of the bath. And then, before he departed, he sent the Duke of Gloucester to Chartres to get it, which he besieged and laid siege to for a long time. The king sent to various towns and took them daily, so that he gained control of all the towns, castles, piles, strengths, and abbeys from Pont-l'\u00c9chiquier to Rouen. Around this time, the Council of Constantine continued, during which the schism of forty years was ended, and the heretics, that is, John Hus and Jerome, were burned. Many good things were instituted and ordered. It was determined and decreed by the holy synod that the council wisely gathered and assembled represents the church universally has immediate power from Christ. To whom every estate, whether papal or secular, is subject.\nA state as other is bound and hold to obey in things that touch the general reformulation of the church, that is, in faith and manners, both in head as in members. Item, the general council should always be held every ten years. In this council, Pope Martin was chosen to be, who was Martin V and was pope for fourteen years. And there was the unity, who was long desired for the defense of the faith. This was a mighty pope above all others, rich and a man of great justice. He kept the streets and highways securely and in peace. He destroyed heretics. He did many good things with the help of the noble Emperor Sigismund.\n\nAnd to recover the holy land, he gathered much treasure. But by death that came upon him, it was thwarted. And a little before his death, he ordered a general council to be assembled in Basel. In the fifth year of King Henry V's reign, Lord John Oldcastle was taken.\ncon\u2223uycte by the clergye for heresye / and dampned to fore the tempo\u2223ral Iuges for tresonne / And soo he was drawen and hanged in saynt gyles felde vpon a newe payr of galows with a cheyne of yron / and vnder the galewes was made a grete fyre which bren\u00a6te galowes and alle / \u00b6 In the syxthe yere the kyng besyeged the Cyte of Roan / whiche endured half yere and more And atte laste the Cyte beyng in grete famyne putte oute moche peple as women and children whiche deyde for honger. moo than thyrtty thousand / & also seyng that noo rescowse cam appoynted with the kyng & gaf ouer the toun vnto hym which he receyued\nAnd anone after that Roan was goten deepe and many other tounes in baas normandye gaf them ouer withoute strook or sye\u00a6ge whanne they vnderstode that the kynge had goten Roan / \nAAlso this same yere hadde ben a pees made and sworne by\u2223twene the duc of burgoyne and the dolphyn / whiche were sworn vpon our lordes body that they shold loue and assyste eche other ageynst theyr enemyes / And after this\ncontrary to this, Duke John of Burgundy was slain and brutally murdered in the presence of the dolphin. Therefore, the Frenchmen were greatly divided and, out of sheer necessity, labored to make a treaty with the king of England. The king of England continually attacked their towns, castles, and fortresses. Also, in this same year, Queen Joan was arrested and brought to the castle of Ch\u00e2teaux-Gaillard in Kent. And one Father Randolf, a doctor of divinity, her confessor, was later killed by the fall of a tower during a dispute. And afterward, Queen Joan was released. In the seventh year, both kings of France and England came to an agreement, and King Henry was made heir and regent of France. And he was married to Catherine, the king of France's daughter, at Troyes in Champagne on Trinity Sunday. And this was arranged by the means of Philip, newly made duke of Burgundy, who was sworn to King Henry. And in order to atone for his father's death, he became English. Then, the king, with his\nA new wife came to Paris. There, he was warmly received. And from there, the king and his lords, along with the Duke of Burgundy and many other French lords, laid siege to various towns and castles that held out for the Dauphin's party. They won them, but the town of Melun held out for a long time due to its good defenders. In the eighth year, the king and queen crossed the sea and landed on Candlemas Day by the morrow, and the fourteenth day of February the king came to London. And the twenty-fourth day of the same month, the queen was crowned at Westminster. In the same year, shortly after Easter, the king held a parliament at Westminster. At this parliament, it was decreed that the gold in English coin should be weighed, and none received except by weight. And shortly after Whitsunday, the king sailed to Calais. He passed through France, and twenty-two days before the king came over, the Duke of Clarence was killed in France, and various other lords were taken prisoners.\nThe Earl of Huntingdon, the Earl of Somerset, and various others were killed because they refused to hire archers but wanted to fight the Frenchmen themselves. Yet, when he was slain, archers rescued the Duke's body, which they intended to carry with them. God have mercy on his soul; he was a valiant man. In the same year, between Christmas and Candlemas, the city of Meaux was taken, which had been long besieged. And this same year, the Queen set sail from Hampton and crossed to the king in France, where she was warmly received by the king and also by her father and mother. King Henry thus won firmly in France and held great esteem, and he dined at a great feast in Paris, crowned and the queen also, who had not been seen before. All people resorted to his court. However, the king of France held no esteem or rule but was left almost entirely.\nall one. In this year, the weather cock was set upon Paul's steeple at London. In this year, in the month of August, King Henry VII saw that he should die. He made his testament and ordered many things nobly for his soul. He devoutly received all the rights of the holy church. Therefore, when he was anointed, he said the service with the priest. And when the verses of the Psalm, \"Miserere mei Deus,\" were said, which began \"Bene fac Domine in bona voluntate tua, syon ut edificentur muri Ierusalem,\" he bade them tarry there and said, \"O good Lord, thou knowest that my intention has been and is, if I might live to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. Then the priest proceeded and made an end. And immediately after this most noble prince and victorious king, flourishing in his time of Christian chivalry, whom the whole world doubted, gave his soul into the hands of God and died at the said Boys de Vincent beside Paris, the sixth.\"\nThen was the body embaled and cered and placed in a richly adorned chariot. An image similar to him was placed upon the corpse, open with various banners, and the chariot was richly adorned with arms of England and France. The old arms, such as St. Edward's, St. Edmund's, and others, were present with a great multitude of torches. The king of Scotland and many other lords accompanied the body until it reached Westminster in England. In every town along the way, he had solemnly sung his dirge at evening and mass on the morning. And on the seventh day of November, the Corps was brought through London with great reverence and solemnity to the monastery of Westminster, where he now rests. On his tomb is a rich image of him, self-like, in silver and gilt. He is daily remembered and prayed for there. On his soul and all Christian God, have mercy, Amen.\nnotated that King Henry the Fifth was a very noble prince after he was king and crowned. However, in his youth, he had been wild and reckless, sparing nothing of his lusts and desires but accomplishing them as he pleased. But as soon as he was crowned, anointed and sacred, he was suddenly changed into a new man. He set all his intent on living virtuously, maintaining the holy church, destroying heretics, keeping justice, and defending his realm and subjects.\n\nHis father had previously deposited, through his labor, the good King Richard, and had pitifully caused him to die. For this offense, he had sent to Rome to be absolved of it. For this offense, the pope, our holy father, enjoined him to make amends perpetually, and like as he had done, to be taken from him his natural life. Therefore, he should found four tapers to burn perpetually about his body, so that for the extinction of his bodily life, his soul might be saved.\nA soul may forever be remembered and live in heaven in spiritual life. And also that he should every week on the day that comes about his death have a solemn Mass of Requiem, and in the evening beforehand a dirge with nine lessons and a dole, pouring alms always on that day for enveloping shrouds, eight pennies to be given. And once in the year at his anniversary, his body to be held in the most honorable way and distributed that day to twenty touched and was a leper before he died. Also then this noble Prince of England, who had them in the Chapter House of Westminster for the reform of order, where he had communications, and also with bishops and men of the spirituality. In so far, that they doubted sore that he would take the temporalities out of their hands, wherefore by his labor and procuring of the spirituality he encouraged the king to challenge Normandy and his right that he had in France, to the end to set him a work there that he should not seek occasions.\nto entre in to suche maters / And soo alle his lyf after he labouryd in the warrys in conquerynge grete parte of the Royamme of Fraunce / that by thagrement of the kynge charlys hadde alle the gouernaunce of the Royamme of Fraunce / And was proclamed Regent and he\u2223yr of Fraunce / And soo not withstandyng alle this grete warre that he had yet he remembryd his soule / and also that he was mor\u00a6tal and muste deye / For whiche he ordeyned by his lyf the place of his sepulcre / where he is now buryed and euery day thre mas\u00a6ses perpetuelly to be songen in a fayr chapel ouer his sepulcre / Of whiche the myddel masse and the fyrst and the laste masse shal be as it is assygned by hym as it appereth by thyse verses folo\u2223wynge / \n\u00b6 Henrici misse quinti sunt hic tabulate\nQue successiue sunt per monachos celebrate / \nDie dm\u0304ca \u00b6 Prima sit assumpte de festo virginis alme / \nPoscit postremam. Cristus de morte resurgens / \nPrima salutate / de festo virginis extat / \nFeria ij Nunciat angelicis / laudem postrema choreis / \nEsse\ndeum natum (God is born) / de virgine prima (from the virgin first) testifies /\nFeria 3 (Feast day 3) commemorates the born / so the last mass is for Mary /\nPrima (first) should be celebrated / in honor of the noble Nazareth\nFeria 4 (Feast day 4) announces that Mary is the last conceived\nSemper (always) the first to honor / should be from the body of Christ\nFeria 5 (Feast day 5) the last fate / from the purified virgin /\nFits properly as the first / to be celebrated from the holy cross\nFeria 6 (Feast day 6) and greet / the last Mary /\nAll to the saints is the first to honor\nSabbato (Saturday) the last for rest for the dead requests to be\nSemper erit (it will always be) the middle of God's property /\n\nAnd yet this noble king Henry the Fifth founded two houses of Religion /\nOne called Syon beside the Thames of the Order of St. Bridget, / both for men and women /\nAnd on that other side of the River Thames, a house of monks of the Carthusian order /\nIn which two places / he is continually prayed for night and day /\nFor ever whenever they of Syon rest / they of the Carthusian house do their service /\nAnd in like wise whenever they of the Carthusian house rest / the other goes to /\nAnd by the ringing of the bells of either place /\neche knoweth whanne they ende theyr seruy\u2223se whiche ben nobly endowed. and done dayely there grete almesse dedes / as in the chartrehous certayne children ben founde to scole and at Syon certayne almesse gyuen dayly / And yet besyde all this he hath founded a recluse whiche shal be alwey a preeste to praye for hym by the sayde chartrehous / whiche preest is wel & sufficiently endowed for hym and a seruaunt / Loo / Here maye all prynces take ensample by this noble prynce that regnynge so lytel tyme not fully x yere / dyd so many noble actes / as wel for his sowle to be perpetuelly remembryd & prayde fore. as in his wordly conquestys / and he beynge in his moost lusty age despy\u2223sed and eschewyd synne / and was vertuous and a grete Iustyser In soo moche that alle the prynces of Crystendom dradde hym / & also of hethenes / And had determyned in hym self yf god wol\u00a6de haue sparyd hym that he wold haue warryd agayne the sara\u2223syns / and for to knowe the ayde of other prynces & all the passa\u00a6ges in that iourney he\nA knight named Sir Hugh de Lanoye of Henawd was sent to Jerlm. But before he returned, he died at Bois du Vinceet in the 54th year of his age. May God have mercy on his soul.\n\nKing Henry VI, as a child, reigned at the age of one year and was involved in the Battle of Vernon in Perche. After King Henry V, his son, who was not yet fully a year old, began his reign on the first day of September in the year 1414. This king, still in his cradle, was doubted and feared due to his father's great conquest and the wisdom and guidance of his uncles, the Duke of Bedford and the Duke of Gloucester.\n\nThis year, on the 20th day of October, King Charles of France died and lies buried at Sainte-Denis. The Duke of Bedford was then made regent of France, and the Duke of Gloucester was made protector and defender of England. The first day of March following, Sir William Tayllour, the priest, was degraded from his priesthood.\non the morning after he was burned at Smithfield for heresy, / This year, Sir James Stewart, king of Scots, married Jane, the duchess, daughter of Clarence, of her first husband, the earl of Somerset, at St. Mary Overreys, / Also this year, on the seventeenth day of August, was the battle of Vernon in Perche between the duke of Bedford, regent of France, and the duke of Alencon. The duke of Bedford had on his side the earl of Salisbury, Montagu, the lord Talbot, and all the power they could muster in Normandy, as well as many captains with a large number of the duke of Burgundy's men. And on the other side was the duke of Alencon, the duke of Touraine, the earl of Douglas, the earl of Bougainville, and many lords of France, and a large company of Scots and mercenaries. Then the earl of Douglas challenged the duke of Bedford, calling him \"John,\" and he sent word back that he would find that day that his sword was of steel. And so the battle ensued.\njoined on both sides and fought long, for there was no man who should have the better fortune, the victory filled on the French party. For there were slain the Earl of Douglas, who little before was made Duke of Touraine, the Earl of Bothun, the Earl of Almarle, the Earl of Tonnerre, the Earl of Vauntes, and the Vicount of Nerbonne, one of those who slew Duke John of Burgundy kneeling before the Dauphin, and many more, to the number of ten thousand and more. And the Duke of Alencon and many other lords and gentles of France were taken prisoner, but the Scots were slaughtered right down to the last man of them all. In the third year of King Henry VI, the Duke of Gloucester married the Duchess of Holland and went over sea with her into Holland to take possession of his wife's inheritance. There he was honorably received and taken for lord of the land. But soon after, he was forced to return home again, leaving his wife and his treasure that he brought with him in a town.\ncallyd mounse in henawd / whiche promysed for to be trewe to hym / Not withstandyng they deliuer\u2223de the lady to the duc of Burgoyne / whiche sente her to gaunt / And from thens she escaped in a mannes arraye / and cam in to Zeland to a toune of her owne callyd Zierixee / And from thens she wente to a Toune in holond called the Ghowde. and ther she was stronge ynough and wythstode the sayd Duc of burgoyne / and sone after this the duc of gloucetre sente ouer in to Zeland the lord fytzwater with certayne men of warre and Archers for to helpe and socour the sayd duchesse of holond / whiche londed at a place in Zeland callid Brewers hauen / where the lordes of the cou\u0304tre cam doune and fought with hym / and in conclusion was fayne to withdrawe hym and his meyne to the see ageyne / but yet he slewe and hurte diuers lordes and moche peple of the cou\u0304\u00a6treye / And soo retorned home ageyne and preuayled noo thyng\nAlso this same yere therle of Salysbury / therle of Suffolke the lord wylby / and the lord scalys with\nTheir revenue laid siege to the City of Mans, which City was granted to them in a short time, along with sixty-three other strong towns and castles. At this time, all of Normandy and a great part of France were under the obedience of the King of England. The remainder of France was in great trouble and misery.\n\nIn the fourth year, on the same night that John Coucher, the mayor of London, took charge, there was a great watch in London due to affray between the Bishop of Winchester and the Duke of Gloucester, protector. The mayor and the people of the City wished to remain with the Duke of Gloucester as protector of the Realm, but by the efforts of lords who intervened, and particularly by the efforts of the Prince of Portingale, it was agreed that there would be no harm done. After the Battle of Vernon in Perche, the Duke of Bedford came over into England. And on Whitsunday, Harry dubbed all these knights whose names:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end.)\nFollow this: Richard duke of York, also the son and heir of the duke of Norfolk, earl of Oxford, earl of Westmoreland, the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland, the son and heir of the earl of Warwick, The Lord Roes, Sir James Butler, the lord Marshal, Sir Harry Gray of Tankerville, Sir William Nevill, Lord Fauconbridge, Sir George Nevill, lord Latimer, the lord Welys, the lord Barkley, the son and heir of the lord Talbot, Sir Rauf Gray, Sir Robert Ver, Sir Richard Gray, Sir Edmond Hungerford, Sir Robert Wynkefeld, Sir John Botteler, Sir Roland Cobham, Sir John Pasche, Sir Thomas Tunstall, Sir John Chidyock, Sir Rauf Langford, Sir William Drury, Sir William apThomas, Sir Richard Carbonel, Sir Richard Wydeville, Sir John Shirley, Sir Nicholas Blonket, Sir Rauf Ratcliff, Sir Edmond Trafford, Sir William Cheyne, Sir William Basington, Sir John Junor, Sir Gilbert Beauchamp. In the fifth year, the duke of Bedford.\nwith the duchess his wife went over sea to Calais, and a little before went over Harry, Bishop of Winchester. And on Lady Day Annunciation in our lady church at Calais, the Bishop of Winchester, having sung mass, was made Cardinal. And he knelt before the high altar, and the Duke of Bedford placed the hat on his head. And there were his bulls red as well of his charge as the rejoicing of his spiritual and temporal benefits. Also this year there was great abundance of rain, which destroyed the substance of hay and corn. It rained almost every other day.\n\nThis year the good earl of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Montagu, laid siege to Orleans. At this siege he was slain by a gun that came out of the town. May God have mercy on his soul, Amen. For since he was slain, Englishmen never gained or prevailed in France, but always began to lose little by little until all was lost.\n\nAlso this same year, a Breton murdered a good widow in her bed without Algate.\nWe find him worthy of alms / And he took away all that she had / Then he took the great cross of the holy church at St. George's in Southwark / and there took an oath to this land / And as he went, it happened that he came by the place where he committed the cursed deed in the suburbs of London / And the women of the same parish came out with stones and cannels and killed him / Notwithstanding, the Constable and many other men being there to keep him / For there were many women, and had no pity / Also this year, the Duke of Norfolk with many gentlemen and yeomen took his barge on the eighth day of November at St. Mary Overies to go through London Bridge / and through misguidance of the barge / it overthrew on the piles / and many men drowned / but the duke himself with two or three leaps upon the piles / and so were saved with help of men above the bridge / who cast down ropes / by which they saved themselves.\n\nThis year on St.\nKing Henry Leonardo, aged seven years, was crowned at Westminster. At his coronation, six and thirty knights were made. This year, on St. George's day, he crossed the sea to Calais towards France. Around this time, and before the kingdom began great misery and tribulation, the dolphin and his party started a war and gained certain places. They made destructive raids on Englishmen through the actions of their captains, specifically La Hire and Ponthus de Sancerre. A maid, whom they called La Pucelle de Dieu, rode like a man and was a valiant captain among them. She undertook many great enterprises to such an extent that they believed they could recover all their losses through her. Despite this, in the end, before the town of Compi\u00e8gne, the three English parties of Picards, Burgundians, and Englishmen, along with Sir John of Luxembourg, a noble captain of the duke of Burgundy, were unable to prevail.\nOn the twentieth day of May, the said girl was taken in the field, armed like a man, along with many other captains. They were all brought to Rouen, and there she was imprisoned. She was tried by the law and sentenced to be burned. But she claimed to be pregnant, which granted her a reprieve for a while. However, it was eventually determined that she was not pregnant, and she was burned in Rouen. The other captains were treated as men of war and questioned accordingly.\n\nIn the same year, around Candlemas, Richard Hunding the wool packer was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake. Around mid-year, Sir Thomas Baggely, priest and vicar of Maunden in Essex near Walden, was disgraced and condemned as a heretic and burned in Smithfield.\n\nAdditionally, during this year, while the king was in France, there were many heretics and Lollards who had planned to rise up and cast bills in various places. However, praise be to God, the captain of these heretics was captured.\nwhoos name was william mandeuyle a weuar of Aben\u2223don and bayly of the same toune / whiche named hym self Iak sharp of wygmoryslonde in wales / And afterwarde he was byhe\u00a6ded at Abendon in the whitsonweke / on the tewisdaye / \n\u00b6 This yere the seuenth day of december kynge harry the syxthe was crowned kyng of Fraunce at parys in the chirche of oure lady with grete solempnyte / There beyng prese\u0304t the Cardynal of englonde / the Duc of Bedforde / and many other lordes of frau\u0304\u00a6ce and of englonde / And after this Coronacion and grete feste holden at parys / the kyng retourned from thens to Roan and soo towa\u0304rde Calays / And the nynthe daye of Feuerer londed at douer / whome alle the Comyns of kente mette at beramdoun / bytwene caunterbury and douer alle in reede hoodes / And soo cam forth till he cam to blackheth where he was mette with the mayer Iohan wellys with alle the craftys of london cladde alle in whyte / And soo they brought hym to london the one and twe\u0304\u00a6tyest daye of the same moneth / This yere was a\nThe restraint of the woollys at Calais caused by the soldiers due to unpaid wages. The Duke of Bedford, regent of France, came to Calais the Tuesday in the Easter week, and the following morning, many soldiers of the town were arrested and put in ward. He rode to Therouanne, and by the means of the bishop of Therouanne, he wed the daughter of St. Paul, and returned to Calais.\n\nThe eldest day of June, on St. Bernabas day, there were four soldiers of Calais who were chief instigators of the restraint: John Maddley, John Luand, Thomas Talbot, and an X. The town was banished at that time. Before this, Lord Regent and his wife were banished to London.\n\nAbout this time, Pope Martin died. After him, Eugene the Fourth was chosen as pope in Rome by the Cardinals and was a very and undoubted pope. However, he was put and expelled out of Rome shortly after.\nIn this time, Basile was summoned to the council, and because he could not attend, they deposed him. But he did not submit or resign, instead he fled to Rome and remained there for seventeen years.\n\nAbout Whitsuntide of this year, the Heretics of Prague were destroyed. Two of their journeys suffered losses exceeding twenty thousand, including their captains Procapius, Saplico, and Lupus presbyter.\n\nA live Englishman and heretic, Master Peter the Clerk, was taken this same year. Also, there was a great frost and a strong one lasting eleven weeks. It began on St. Catherine's Eve and ended on St. Scholastica's Day in February. During this time, the vintage from Bordeaux arrived over Shotters Hill.\n\nThe council of Aras took place and there was a great betrayal between the King of England and the French king. Many lords from both parties were assembled at this council. At this council, an offering was made to:\nThe king of England performed many great things with the help of a legate who came from Rome, who was Cardinal of Saint Cross. These offers were refused by the Cardinal of England and other lords who were there on behalf of the king. As a result, the Duke of Burgundy, who had long been English sworn, abandoned our party and returned French with the help of the same legate. He made peace with the French king, receiving recompense for his father's death, which included the county of Pontieu, the lordship of Macon, and much more, as specified in the treaty. Our ambassadors returned home again, having been with Burgundy and his Burgundians and Picards throughout the conquest of Normandy and France. In this same year, there was a great battle at sea between the Genoese and the king of Aragon. The Genoese gained the victory, taking the king of Aragon, the king of Navarre, and the great master of Saint James in Galicia, along with three hundred others.\nknights and squires and many other people / This was on St. Dominic's day. In this year, three suns were seen, and they followed the threesome rule and governance in the church, that is, of Eugenie, of the council, and of neutrality. In this same year, 1434, there was a great wind that overthrew steeples, houses, and trees. About this time, there was a holy maid in Holland called Lydwina, who lived long only by miracle and ate no food. This year, the Duke of Burgundy began his Order of the Golden Fleece and organized certain knights of the order, and made statutes and ordinances, much in accordance with the Order of the Garter. Also this year, the French had attempted to steal Calais during the fishing season. Many valuable prizes from France had safely conducted to come to Calais to take berrying. The soldiers of the town had a custom to come to the church and leave their staves standing at the church door, which staves the Frenchmen.\nwhich were arranged like fishermen had proposed to have taken them, their weapons and winnings, the town, but one of them lay with a common woman the night before, and told her their counsel. She, on the morning, told the lieutenant, who forthwith commanded that every man should keep his weapon in his hand sacredly and other. And whenever they perceived this, they sailed straight for deep waters and took the town. And on new years eve after they took Harlech.\n\nAnd thus Englishmen began to lose a little and a little in Normandy.\n\nThis year there was great unrest throughout England, as the Duke of Burgundy was rumored to be planning to besiege Calais. Therefore, the Earl of Mortain, with his army that he had intended to lead into France, was countermanded and ordered to go to Calais instead. Which was at that time well provisioned and manned. For indeed, Sir John Ratcliff was lieutenant of the king in that town, and the Baron of Dudley lieutenant of the castle.\nThe Duke of Burgundy, with the power of Flanders and many others, encamped before Calais and set siege to the town. Each town of Flanders had their tents by themselves. This siege lasted three weeks. During this time, the Duke of Gloucester, protector of England, took most of the English lords and sailed over to Calais to rescue the town or to fight with the Duke and his host if they would have stayed. London and every good town of England sent over sea certain people well armed with the best and chosen men for the war. The second day of August, the Duke of Gloucester arrived at Calais with all his army and five hundred ships and more. The Duke and all his host in the siege, as soon as they saw the sails in the sea, departed from the siege before approaching Calais harbor. They left behind much supplies and fled.\nThe duke of Gloucester laid siege to Flanders and similarly did the siege before Guines, where the people of Guines took the great gun of brass called Dygon, and many other great guns and serpents. When the duke of Gloucester arrived with his host, he entered Flanders and remained there for several days, causing little harm except for burning two fair villages, Popering and Belle, and other weak houses. He then returned home again. This same year, the king of Scots besieged Roxburgh with a large population, but Sir Rauf Gray departed from the castle and ordered rescues. However, as soon as the king understood his departure, he suddenly broke his siege and went his way, leaving much order behind him where he gained no worship.\n\nThis year, on the second day of January, Queen Katherine, who was the king's mother and wife to King Henry the Fifth, died and departed from this world. She was carried royally through London.\nand so to Westminster, and there lies buried worshipfully in our lady chapel, also this same year, the fourteenth day of January, the gate with a tower on it was finished on London Bridge toward Southwark with two arches, and all that stood thereon. This year, a great treason was held between the earl of Warwick and the duke of Burgundy, between the king and the duke, where the Cardinal of England, the duke of Norfolk, and many other lords were present for the king, and the duchess, having full power of her lord as regent and lady of his lands, was there. An abstinence of war was taken by both parties in the name of the duchess, and not of the duke, because he had broken his oath and liegeance he had made to King Henry. Therefore, the king would never write or appoint nor have anything to do with him after, but all in the duchess's name. Also this year, Queen Joan died, the second day of January, who had been King Henry's fourth wife.\nIn the year that Queen Philippa lies buried in Canterbury, where King Henry IV is her husband, all the lions in the Tower of London died. This had not been seen for many years before.\n\nIn the 15th year of King Henry, Emperor Sigismund of Hungary and Knight of the Garter died. The king kept his body at Paul's in London, where a royal hearse was made. The king, in his mourning attire, was present at evensong, and on the morrow at mass. After him was elected and chosen Albert, Duke of Austria, who had married Sigismund's daughter to be Emperor. This Albert was made king of Bohemia and Hungary because of his wife, Sigismund's daughter, who left no other heir. Albert was emperor for only one year; for he was poisoned and so he died. Some say he died of a flux, but he was a virtuous and pitiful man. So much so that all the people who knew him said that the world was not worthy to have his presence.\nThis year, King James I of Scotland was murdered in his chamber by a Welsh squire, Master of Lowe, born of low birth. He had secretly married Queen Katherine before this, and they had three sons and a daughter. Master of Lowe was arrested and imprisoned in Newgate at the order of the Lord of Gloucester, protector of the realm. He managed to escape prison with the help of a priest, his chaplain. He was recaptured by Lord Bermond and brought back to Newgate. Later, one of his sons was made Earl of Richmond, another Earl of Pembroke, and the third a monk of Westminster. This year, on New Year's Day at Baynard's Castle, Master of Lowe set up a stake of wood suddenly after none and killed three men cruelly. At Bedford on a shrove day, eighteen men were killed.\nIn the eighth year, Sir Richard Beauchamp, the good earl of Warwick, died at Rouen. He was lying tenant-general of the king in Normandy at the time, and his body was brought to Warwick, where he lies worshipfully in a new chapel on the south side of the quire. Also in this year, there was a great dearth of corn in all England. A bushel of wheat was worth forty pence in many places in England, yet people could not afford enough. Therefore, Mayor London sent out to Prussia and brought back certain ships laden with rye, which eased and did much good to the people. Corn was so scarce in England that in some places poor people made their bread from fern roots. This year, the General Council of Basel deposed Pope Eugene and chose Felix, who was duke of Savoy, and then the schism began, which lasted until the year.\nour lord a MCCCC & xlviij / This felyx was a deuoute prynce / and sa\u2223we the sones of his sones / and after lyued a deuoute and hooly lyf / And was chosen pope by the counseyllr of basyle / eugenye de\u00a6posed / and soo the scysme was long tyme / and this felyx had not moche obedyence bycause of the neutralyte / for the moost parte and wel nygh al cristendom obeyed & reputed eugenye for veray pope / god knoweth who was the veray pope of them both / for both occupyed durynge the lyf of eugenye / This yere Syr Rychard wiche vycary of hermettesworth was degrated of his prysthode / at powlys / and brente at toure hylle as for an heretyk on saynt Botulphus day / how well at his deth / he deyde a good cristen man wherfore after his dethe moche people cam to the place / where he hadde be brente / and offryd and made a heep\nof stones / and sette vp a crosse of tree and helde hym for a saynt till the mayer and shreues by commaundement of the kynge and bisshops destroyed it / and made there a donghyll. Also this same yere\nthe shreues of london fette oute of saynt martyns the grau\u0304te the sayntuarye fyue personnes / whiche afterward were restored ageyne to the sayntuarye by the kynges Iustyces / After Alberte the thyrde Frederyk was chosen Emperour / This Frederyk duke of ostryche was longe Emperour / and differyd for to be crowned at Rome by cause of the scysme / but after that vnyon was had he was crowned with Imperyal dyademe with grete glorye and tryumphe of pope nycholas the fourth / This was a man pesyble quyete and of synguler pacyence / not hatyng the chirche\u00b7 he wed\u2223ded the kyng of portyngales doughter / \nIN this yere dame Elyanore Cobham duchesse of gloucetre / was arestyd for certayne poyntes of treasonne leyd ageyn her / wherupon she was examyned in saynt steuens chapel at west mynstre byfore tharchebisshop of Caunterbury / and ther she was enioyned to open penaunce for to goo thurgh chepe berynge a and after to perpetuel prison in to the Ile of man vnder the kepynge of sir thomas stanley / \u00b6 Also that sa\u2223me tyme was\nMaster Thomas Southwell, a canon of Windsor, and Master Roger Boldingbroke, a clerk, were accused of using necromancy. A woman named Margaret Jurdemayne, also known as the Witch of Eye, was arrested along with them for counseling the Duchess of Gloucester. Master Thomas Southwell died in the tower the night before he was to be tried, claiming he would die in his bed and not by justice.\n\nIn the year 20-, Masters John Hum and Roger Boldingbroke were brought to the Guildhall in London. Before the Mayor, lords, and Chief Justice of England, they were tried and condemned to be drawn, hanged, and quartered. However, Master John Hum was pardoned by the king and released. But Master Roger was taken to Tyburn, where he confessed that he had committed no crime and never transgressed in what he died for.\n\nNevertheless, he was hanged, beheaded, and quartered.\n\nOn whose soul may God have mercy.\n\nMargaret Jurdemayne was burned.\nThis year, the lord Talbot laid siege at Smythfeld, but the Dolphin rescinded it and won back the bastion that the English had built. This year, there was a great fear in Fletestreet at night between men of the Court and men of London. Many men were killed and some were injured. One herbert was the chief cause of the mishap and fear. This year, at the election of the Mayor of London, the Commons named Robert Clopton and Rawlyn Holand Taylor, and the Aldermen took Robert Clopton and brought him before the Mayor as customary. Certain tailors and craftsmen cried out, \"Not this man, but Rawlyn Holand!\" The Mayor, who was Padyshir, sent those who cried out to Newgate, where they remained a long time and were punished. In this year, various ambassadors were sent to Guyana for a marriage for the king for the earl of Armagnac's daughter. This marriage was concluded, but by the earl of Suffolk's men, it was hindered and put off.\nAnd after this, the earl of Suffolk sailed over the sea to France. There, he arranged the marriage between King Henry of England and Margaret, the king's daughter of Sicily and Jerusalem. The following year, this marriage was concluded fully. By this marriage, the king was to deliver the duchy of Anjou and the earldom of Maine, which was the key to Normandy, to her father.\n\nThen, the earl of Suffolk departed with his wife and diverse lords and knights in the most royal state that could be mustered from England, with new chariots and palfrays. They passed through Cheap [1] and then sailed over the sea. They received her and brought her slowly afterwards to Hampton, where she landed and was royally received. And on Candlemas, even before a great tempest of thunder and lightning at after None, Paul's Steeple was set on fire on the middle of the shaft in the timber, which was quenched by the labor of the mass priest of the [1] Cheap: a market area in London.\nThis year, the Earl of Stafford was made Duke of Buckingham. The Earl of Warwick, Duke of Warwick, Earl of Dorset, Marquess of Dorset, and the Earl of Suffolk were made Marquess of Suffolk. In this year, King Henry married Queen Margaret at Southwark. She came to London on the eighteenth day of May. And along the way, all the lords of England received her with great respect in various places. In particular, the Duke of Gloucester and the Mayor and Aldermen of London met her. The craftsmen in blue gowns, embroidered with the device of their craft, met her with red hoods. They brought her to London, where there were various pagents and countenances of diverse histories she performed in various places in the city, royal and costly. And on the thirtieth day of May, the said queen was crowned at Westminster. There were three days of celebration within the sanctuary before the abbey.\nyere the pryour of kylmayn appeled therle of vrmond of treasonne / whiche hadde a day assygned to them for to fyghte in Smythfeld / and the lystys were made and feelde dressyd / But whanne it cam to poynt the kynge commaunded that they shold not fyghte / but toke the quarels in to his owne honde / and this was doone. at the Instaunce and labour of certayne prechours & doctours of london as mayster gylbert worthyngton parson of sa\u2223ynt Andrews in holborne and other / \u00b6 Also this yere cam a grete ambassate in to englonde onte of Fraunce for to haue con\u2223cluded a perpetuel pees / but in conclusion it torned vnto a trcallyd ob\u2223seruauntes / whiche obseruauntes ben encreaced gretely in Ita\u00a6lye and in almayne / \u00b6 This Bernadyn was ca\u2223nonysed by pope nycholas the fyfthe in the yere thousand foure C and fyfty / Iohannes de capestrano was his disciple / whiche pro\u00a6uffyted moche to the reformacion of that ordre / for whome God shewyd many myracles also / Here is to be noted that from this tyme forward kyng harry neuer\nProspered, he went not forward, but fortune began to turn against him on all sides, as well in France, Normandy, Guyana, as in England. Some men hold the opinion that King Henry gave a plenary commission to Sir Edward Hull, Sir Robert Roos, the Dean of St. Seneryns, and others to conclude a marriage for him with the sister of the Earl of Armagnac. This marriage was promised and concluded, but it was later broken. It was broken by the means of the Marquess of Suffolk. And he wedded Queen Margaret, as is said, which was a dear marriage for the Realm of England. For it is known very well that to have her was delivered the duchy of Anjou and the earldom of Maine, which was the key of Normandy for the Frenchmen's center. And besides this, the said Marquess of Suffolk asked in plain parliament a fifteenth and a half to fetch her out of France. Lo, what a marriage was this, in comparison to that other marriage of Armagnac's? For there should have been delivered so many castles.\nIn the year 25 of King Henry, a parliament was held at Bury, called St. Edmond's Bury, where all the commons were commanded to assemble.\n\nAnd towns in Guyana, and so much good should have been you with her, that all England should have been enriched thereby. But contrarywise, fill, therefore every great prince ought to keep his promise. For because of the breaking of this promise, and for Queen Margaret's marriage, what loss the Kingdom of England has had, by losing Normandy and Guyana through division in the realm, the rebellion of the Commons against their prince and lords, what division among the lords, what murder and slaying of them, what fields fought and made, in conclusion, a man has lost his life. The king deposed the queen with her son, forcing them to flee to Scotland, and from thence to France, and so to Lorain, the place where she first came from. Many men deem that the breaking of the king's promise to the sister of the Earl of Armagnac was the cause of this great loss and adversity.\n\nIn the year 25 of King Henry, a parliament was held at Bury, known as St. Edmond's Bury, where all the commons were commanded to assemble. The loss to England was significant due to the presence of the queen and her son, who could have enriched the country. However, things took a turn for the worse. Every great prince should keep their promises. The breach of this promise, Queen Margaret's marriage, and the resulting division in the realm led to rebellion among the Commons against their prince and lords, as well as murder and slaying of the lords. A man had even lost his life. The king deposed the queen and forced her to flee to Scotland, then to France, and finally to Lorain. Many believe that the king's broken promise to the sister of the Earl of Armagnac was the cause of this great loss and adversity.\nIn the most defensible array to be there, the duke of Gloucester, Hugh Frederick, the king's uncle and protector of England until the king's age, arrived at the parliament. Upon his lodgings, he was arrested by the constable of England, Sir Thomas Beaufort, who was accompanied by the duke of Buckingham and many other lords. Immediately after his arrest, all his servants were commanded to depart from him, and twenty-three of the chief among them were also arrested and sent to various prisons. Five to seven days after this arrest, the said duke was dead. May God have mercy on his soul. The exact cause and manner of his death are not known to me. Some said he died of sorrow, some said he was murdered between two featherbeds, and others said an hot spit was put in his fundament. But how he died, God knows. Once he was dead, he was laid open so that all might see him.\nAnd so lords and knights of the shires, with burghers, came and saw him lie dead, but couldn't discern whether he was wounded or dead. Here men may mark what this world is. This duke was a nobleman and a great scholar, and had worshipfully ruled this realm to the king's benefit, and could never be found fault with him. But envy of those who were governors caused the destruction of this nobleman. They feared he would have impeded that delivery. And after they sent his body to St. Albans with certain lights for burial. Therefore, Sir Gerard of Clifton had the charge to convey the corpse, and it was buried at St. Albans Abbey. Five persons of his household were sent to London, and there they were tried and judged to be drawn, hanged, and quartered. Among them were Sir Roger chamberlain, knight, Middleton Squyer, Herberd a squire, and Arthur a squire.\nFive persons were drawn from the Tower of London and hastily hanged, then beheaded and quartered. The Marquess of Suffolk displayed before them the king's pardon under his great seal, and they were pardoned by the executor. They were then brought back to London and freely delivered. Thus began the trouble in England over the death of this noble duke. All the commoners of the realm began to murmur and were not satisfied. After Pope Eugene's death, Nicholas the Fifth was elected pope. This Nicholas was chosen despite the schism. Nevertheless, he gained the obedience of all Christian realms. For after he was elected, and the Lord of St. John had resigned the second year after Nicholas' consecration, and the said Felice was made legate of France and cardinal of Savoy, and resigned the whole papacy to him.\nThis was the thirty-second dispute between Eugenie and Felix, lasting sixteen years. The cause was Eugenie's deposition as pope, despite his disregard for the decrees and statutes of the Council of Basile. He refused to obey the general council, leading to the ongoing conflict. One party claimed the council was superior, while the other denied it. However, the pope was believed to be superior. God bless all things, give and send His peace in the holy church, spouse of Christ. Amen.\n\nThis Nicholas was a doctor of divinity from Jena, of humble birth. Eugenie, who was favored by most Christian princes, resigned in his favor. There was a verse regarding this.\nIn the year of King Henry XXVII, peace reigning between France and England, a knight of the English party named Sir Francis Aragon took a town in Normandy named Fougers. Against the peace, this act began much sorrow and loss, for it was the occasion by which the French gained all of Normandy. In the year XXVIII, a parliament was held at Westminster. From there, it adjourned to the Black Friars at London, and after Christmas to Westminster again. In this same year, Robert of Cane, a man from the western region, with a few ships, took a flotilla of ships coming out of the bay laden with salt. These ships were from Prussia, Flanders, Holland, and Zeeland, and he brought them to Hampton.\nThe merchants in Brugys, Ipswich, and other places could not be delivered or their debts discharged until they had paid for the damages and injuries to the ships. This was paid for by the merchants of the staple every penny. Similarly, the merchants and goods in Denmark were also arrested and made large amends. In the same year, the French took the town of Pout-au-Ch\u00e2teau by surprise, and there Lord Fawconbridge was taken prisoner. After that, in December, Rouen was taken and lost, with the duke of Suffolk present during the parliament. For this reason, all the commons of England were in great turmoil over the delivery of Angio and the merchants, and later over the loss of all Normandy. In some places, men gathered and made resistance, took and had justice.\nAnd then the said Parliament was adjourned to Leicester. And there, the king brought with him the Duke of Suffolk. When the commoners understood that he was out of the tower and come there, they desired to have execution on those who were causing the delay of Normandy and had been responsible for the death of the Duke of Gloucester. They named the Duke of Suffolk as the chief instigator, along with the Bishop of Sarum, Daniele and many others.\n\nTo appease the Commons, the Duke of Suffolk was exiled from England for five years. During this time, while he was in Parliament, he went to Norfolk and took shipping to leave the kingdom. This year, as he sailed on the sea, a ship of war called the Nicholas of Towers met with his ship and found him there. They took him out and brought him onto their ship before the master and captains. He was examined and, in the end, sentenced to death.\nThey put him in a casket and his chaplain was to shrine him. And that done, they brought him to Douver Road and there set him in the boat and struck off his head. They placed the body on the shore and set the head nearby. This was done on the first day of May. What avails him now this deliverance of Normandy? Here you may see how he was rewarded for the death of the Duke of Gloucester. Thus began sorrow upon sorrow and death for death.\n\nThis year, 1450, was the great grace of the Jubilee at Rome, where there was great pardon. A great multitude of people from all of Christendom resorted there.\n\nThis year, Sir Thomas Chell was overthrown at Fermingham and many Englishmen were killed and taken prisoners.\n\nThis same year, there was a great assembly and gathering of the Commons of Kent in great numbers. They made an insurrection and rebelled against the king and his laws.\nA Captain named John Cade, an Irishman who called himself Mortimer Cousin to the Duke of York, gathered and organized these men and brought them to Blackheath. He made a bill of petitions to the king and his council, showing the injuries and oppressions the common people suffered under the pretext of coming to him. He had a large crowd of people. On the seventeenth day of June, the king with many lords, captains, and soldiers marched towards him at Blackheath. When Captain Kent understood the king's approaching with such a large force, he withdrew with his people to Sevenoaks. On the twenty-eighth day of June, the king came with his army, set in order, and encamped at Blackheath. The king, through the advice of his council, sent Sir Umphery Stafford, a knight, and William Stafford, a squire, two valiant captains, with certain people, to fight against the captain.\ntake him and bring him and his accomplices to the king. Who went to Sevenoaks, and there the captain with his followers met with them and fought against them. In conclusion, they both and as many as refused to yield or flee were killed. During this skirmish, a great variation among the lord's men and common people of Blackheath arose against their lords and captains, openly declaring that they would go to assist and help the captain of Kent. But if they could have execution on the traitors near the king, they said, to which the king replied no.\n\nThey openly declared that the lord Saye, Treasurer of England, the Bishop of Salisbury, the Abbot of Gloucester, Daniel and Truelove, and many more were traitors and deserving of death. For this reason, the lord Saye was arrested and sent to the Tower of London. Then the king, hearing news of the death and overthrow of the Staffords, withdrew himself.\nAfter the victory over the Staffords, the captain took Sir Umfraville's salad and his brigantines filled with guilt nails and spurs, and dressed him like a lord and a captain. He and his men then went to Blackheath, where the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Duke of Buckingham were present. They found him witty in his speech and requests, and they departed. The third day of July, he entered London with all his people, and there he made proclamations in the king's name, declaring that no man should rob or take anyone's goods without payment. He rode through the city in great pride and struck his sword upon London Stone in Cannon Street. While in the city, he sent to the Tower to have\nThe lord say and they fetched him and brought him to the guildhall before the mayor and aldermen, where he was examined. He said he should and ought to be judged by his peers. And the commons of Kent took him by force from the mayor and officers who kept him and took him to a priest to shrive him. He was beheaded in Cheape, and they set his head on a spear and carried it about the city. And the same day, at mile end, Crommer was beheaded, and before or after noon, the captain with certain men of his main went to Philip Malpas hows and robbed him and took away much goods. From thence he went to St. Margaret Pattens to Gerst's hows and robbed him as well. At this robbery, various men of London, including neighbors, participated and took part with them. For this robbery, the people's hearts were filled with fear by him, and every thrifty man was afraid to be served.\n\nThe lord say, treasurer of England, died thus. Afterward, they set his head on a spear and carried it about the city. The same day, Crommer was beheaded, and before or after noon, the captain, with certain men from his main, went to Philip Malpas's hows and robbed him, taking away much goods. From there, they went to St. Margaret Pattens to Gerst's hows and robbed him as well. At this robbery, various men of London, including neighbors, participated and took part with them. The people's hearts were filled with fear by him, and every thrifty man was afraid to be served.\nFor there were many men in London who avoided and feigned a desire to see a common robbery, which God forbid. For if he had not robbed, he might have departed, except for the lord scalies who kept the tower. And on the fifth day of July, he struck off a man's head in Southwark. And the night after, the aldermen and the Commons of the City concluded to drive away the captain and his host, and sent to Lord Scales at the tower and to Matthew Gough, a captain from Normandy, that they would assault the captain that night with them of Kent. And they did so and came to London Bridge in Southwark before the captain had any knowledge of it. They fought with those who kept the bridge, and the Kentishmen went to arms and came to the bridge and shot and fought with them, and took the bridge, and made the men of London flee, and killed many of them. This continued all night back and forth until nine of the clock in the morning.\nAnd at last they burned the drawbridge. In this night, Sutton, an alderman, was slain, along with Roger Heysaunt, Matthew Gough, and many others. And after this, the Chancellor of England sent a pardon general to the Captain, as well as another for all his men. Then they departed from Southwark, each man to his house.\n\nAnd when they were all departed and gone, proclamations were made in Kent, Southwark, and other places, that whoever could capture the Captain quickly or dead should receive a thousand marks. And one Alexander Iden, a squire of Kent, took him in a garden in Southwark. In the taking of the Captain, John Cade was slain, and his head was set on London Bridge.\n\nImmediately after that, the king came to Kent and sat his justices at Canterbury to inquire who were accessories and chief cause of this insurrection. And there were eight men judged to death in one day and others.\nThe king went into Surrey and the western country, where the bishop of Salisbury had been killed little before, and this year saw so many judged to death that thirty-two heads stood on London Bridge at a time. In the year 30, the Duke of York came out of the March of Wales with the Earl of Devonshire and Lord Cobham with great pomp for the reform of certain injuries and wrongs, and also to have justice on certain lords near the king. He took a field at Brentheth beside Dartford in Kent, which was a strong field, causing the king with all the lords of the land to go to Blackheath with a great multitude of people armed and prepared for war. When they had mustered on Blackheath, certain lords were sent to him for treaty and appointment, which were the Bishops of Ely and Winchester, and the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick. They concluded that\nThe duke of Somerset should be held to answer to articles put forward by the duke of York, and then the duke of York should break his field and come to the king, who was promised by the king. The king commanded that the duke of Somerset be held in ward, and then the duke of York broke up his field and came to the king. However, contrary to the previous promise, the duke of Somerset was present in the field, attending the king and making the duke of York ride before him as a prisoner through London. They intended to keep him in custody, but a noise arose that the earl of March's son was coming with ten thousand men to London's ward. The king and his council feared this and concluded that the duke of York should depart at his will. Around this time, great discord began to arise between the prior and the knights of the duchess's order, who were lords of that country. The Commons.\nand towns rebelled against the lords / and made such great war that at last they called the king of Poland to be their lord / who came and was received, and laid siege to the castle of Marienburg / which was the chief castle and strength of all the land / and took it / and drove out the master of Denmark and all other places of that land / And so those who had been lords for many years / lost all their seigniories and possessions in those lands /\n\nIn the year of our Lord 1403, the city of Constantinople, the imperial city of Greece, was taken by the Turk / the emperor was slain / and innumerable Christian people were destroyed and taken captive / by which price Christianity perished in Greece / and the Turk became greatly exalted in pride /\n\nIn the year of our Lord 1403, on St. Edward's day, Queen Margaret was delivered of a fair prince / who was named Edward / On that same day, John of Normandy was chosen to be mayor of London.\nThe day he was to take his oath at Westminster, he went there by water with all the crafts. Previously, the mayor, aldermen, and all the crafts had ridden on horseback. This practice had never been used since then; instead, they had always gone by water in barges. You have already understood that, contrary to the king's promise and the conclusions reached between the king and the Duke of York at Brentford, the Duke of Somerset did not go to war but remained near the king and held great power. He was made Captain of Calais and ruled the king and queen as he wished. The great lords of the realm and the commons were displeased, and the Duke of York, Earls of Warwick and Salisbury, with many knights, squires, and a large crowd came to remove the said Duke of Somerset and others from the king's presence. Hearing of their approach, the king considered, with his counsel, going westward instead of meeting them. He had the Duke of [...] with him.\nSomerset, the Duke of Buckingham, the Earl of Stafford, the Earl of Northumberland, and many others were with the king when Duke York and his companions understood that the king had departed from London. Immediately, York changed his course and came to St. Albans on the thirty-second day of May. There, he met the king, who sent certain lords to keep the peace and depart. However, while they were negotiating on one side, the Earl of Warwick and the march men entered the town on the other side and fought against the king and his party. The battle lasted a long time, but in the end, Duke York obtained victory in this journey. In this battle, Duke Somerset, the Earl of Northumberland, the Lord Clifford, and many knights and squires were killed. Many more were injured. The following morning, they brought the king in a great state.\nIn London, a document was lodged in the bishops' palaces. After this, there was a great parliament. In this parliament, the Duke of York was made protector of England, the Earl of Warwick was made Captain of Calais, and the Earl of Salisbury was given charge of matters before the king, who were set apart and could not rule as they had before. In this year, Pope Nicholas the Fifth died, and after him came Calixtus III. Calixtus III was an old man when he was chosen and continued to be ill, which prevented him from carrying out his zeal and desire against the Turks. The reason for this was his age and illness. \u00b6Calixtus III instituted and ordained the festival of the Transfiguration of our Lord to be celebrated on St. Sixtus' day in August due to the great victory that Hungary had against the Turks on that day. He was chosen pope in the year 1451 and died in the year 1458.\nThat same day, he ordered the festival of the transfiguration to be consecrated. In this year, a great affray broke out in London against the Lombards. It began when a young man took a dagger from a Lombard and broke it. Therefore, in the morning, the young man was summoned before the mayor and aldermen, and for this offense, he was committed to prison. But the mayor departed from the Guildhall to go home to dinner. However, in Cheap, the young men of the merchant guild, for the most part apprentices, held the mayor and sheriffs still in Cheap and would not allow them to depart until their fellow, who had been committed to prison, was delivered. And so, by force, they rescued their fellow from prison. The mayor and sheriffs departed, and the prisoner was released. Had he been put in prison, his life would have been in jeopardy. And thus, a rumor against the Lombards began in the city, and the same evening, the craftsmen of the town gathered and ran to.\nThe Lombard houses were plundered and robbed by various individuals. The mayor and aldermen came with the honest people of the town and drove them out. Some of the thieves were sent to Newgate. The young man who had been rescued by his fellows saw this great disturbance and rioting against the Lombards and departed, going to Westminster to seek sanctuary, or else it would have cost him his life. Afterward, Oyer determined to do justice on all those who had rebelled in the city. William Marowe, the Duke of Buckingham, and many other lords were present to oversee the execution. But the citizens of the city secretly prepared and armed themselves in their houses, intending to attack the common bell, which is named Bow Bell. However, they were prevented by sad men who came to inform the Duke of Buckingham and other lords, and the citizens were reluctant to act.\nIn this year, the whole city no longer remained, for they doubted that it would rise again against them. However, two or three of the city were judged to death for this robbery and were hanged at Tyburn. And immediately after the king, the queen and other lords rode to Coventry and withdrew from London for these reasons. And a little before, the duke of York was sent forward to Greenwich. He was discharged from the protectorship. And my lord of Salisbury was dismissed from his chancellorship. And after this, they were sent forward by private seal to come to Coventry, where they were almost deceived and the earl of Warwick also was involved and would have been destroyed if they had not acted wisely.\n\nThis year, four great fish were taken between Earith and London. One was called the Sea Mary, the second a swordfish, and the other two were whales. In this year, for certain fears done in the north country between Lord Egremond and the sons of the earl of Salisbury, Lord Egremond, whom they had taken, was taken.\nwas condemned in a great sum of money to the earl of Salisbury and therefore committed to prison in Newgate in London. When he had been imprisoned for a certain period and escaped, along with three other prisoners, he went on his way. Around this time, the earl of Worcester and his wife went to Calais with a fair fleet and took possession of his office. About this time, there was a great reformation of many monasteries of religion in various parts of the world, which were reformed according to the first institution and continued in many places. Around this time, the craft of printing was first discovered in Mainz in Germany. This craft is now widely practiced in many places, and books have become very expensive and plentiful due to this craft.\n\nThis year saw a great battle in the marches between Hungary and Turkey at a place called Septegrade, where innumerable Turks were slain more by miracle than by human hand. Only the hand of God struck them. Saint John of Capistrano was there.\nIn this year, the Christian people, who were then afraid, pursued the Turks where an infinite multitude was slain and destroyed. The Turks claimed that a great number of armed men followed them and that they were afraid to turn back. They were holy angels.\n\nThis year, the prisoners of Newgate in London broke free and went upon the leads and fought against them of the City and kept the gate for a long time, but in the end, the town gate turned against them, and they were then put in fetters and irons and were severely punished as an example to others.\n\nIn this year, there was a great earthquake in Naples, in which forty thousand people perished and sank into the earth.\n\nItem, in the year six and thirty, St. Osmond, formerly bishop of Salisbury, was canonized at Rome by Pope Calixtus.\n\nAnd on the sixtieth day of July, he was translated at Salisbury by the Archbishop of Canterbury and many other bishops.\n\nAnd in August after Sir Piero de' Bosco and many other captains.\nmen went to the sea with a great navy and came to the downs by night. They landed and came to Sandwich both by land and water. They took the town and rifled and despoiled it. They took many prisoners and left the town bare, which was a rich place and much good there. They took with them many rich prisoners.\n\nIn this year, in many places in France, Austria, Flanders, Holland, and Zeeland, children were gathered in large companies to go on pilgrimage to St. Michael's mount in Normandy. These came from far countries. The people marveled at this and many supposed that some wicked spirit had inspired them to do so. But it did not last long due to the long journey and also for lack of provisions as they went.\n\nIn this year, Rainald Pecock, Bishop of Chester, was found to be a heretic. He was abjured on the third day of December at Lambeth in the presence of the Archbishop of Canterbury and many bishops and doctors, and lords.\nThe Duke of York and his books were burned at Poulton's cross. You have heard before how certain lords were killed at St. Albans. Therefore, the eyes of those who were slain harbored a grudge and wrath against the Duke of York, the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury. The king, through the advice of his council, summoned them to London. The Duke of York arrived on the sixteenth day of January with four hundred men and lodged at Baynard's castle in his own place. The Earl of Salisbury came on the fifteenth day of January with five hundred men and was lodged in his own place. Then came the Dukes of Exeter and Somerset with eight hundred men and encamped outside Templebar. The Earl of Northumberland, Lord Egremond, and Lord Clifford arrived with fifteen hundred men and lodged outside the town. The mayor at that time, Geoffrey Boleyn, kept a great watch with the Commons of the City and rode about the City by Holburn and Fletestreet with a five thousand men.\nwel-armed and ready to keep the peace, and the fourteenth day of February, the earl of Warwick came to London from Calais, well seen and worshipfully, with six hundred men in red jackets, his brow darkened with a ragged staff behind and afore,\n\u00b6 And he was lodged at Gray Friars,\nAnd the seventeenth day of March, the king and queen came to London and there was a concord and peace made among these lords, and they were set in peace,\n\u00b6 And on Our Lady Day, the twenty-fifth day of March, a thousand four hundred and eighty-five, the king, queen, and all these lords went in procession at Paul's in London, and anon after the king and lords departed,\n\u00b6 In this year there was a great affray in Fletcher's Street between men of the court and men of the same street, In which affray the queen's attorney was slain.\nAlso this same year, as the Earl of Warwick was at a council at Westminster, all the king's household men gathered them together to have slain the said earl, but by help of God and his friends he was saved.\nThe lord recovered his barge and escaped their evil enterprise. The coques came rowing out with spites and pestles against him. On the same day, he rode toward Warwick. Shortly after, he received a commission and sailed to Calais. Soon after this, the Earl of Salisbury, coming to London, was encountered at Bloreheath with Lord Audley and many others who had been arranged to distress him. But, having learned of this, he was accompanied by his two sons, Sir Thomas and Sir John Nevill, and a great fellowship of good men. They met and fought. Lord Audley was slain, along with many gentlemen of Cheshire and many people. His two sons were hurt, and going homeward afterward, they were taken and brought to Chester by the queen's men.\n\nAfter Calais, Pius was pope and was chosen this year, 1458. He was called before the Council of Basile to appear before Eneas, an eloquent man and a poet laureate. He wrote in the council of Basile:\nThis text describes Nicholas V, who \"ordered a noble traytery for his own instruction. He also canonized Saint Catherine of Siena. / This pope granted great Indulgences and pardons to those who would go to war against the Turk, and wrote an Epistle to the great turk exhorting him to become Christian. / And in the end, he ordered a passage against the Turk at Ancona. To this drew out many people from all parties of Christendom, of whom he sent many home again because they suffered not. Immediately after his death at the said place of Ancona, in the year of our Lord 1449, on the 14th day of August, / In the year eight and thirty of King Henry, Duke of York, the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury saw the government of the Realm stood most by the queen and her council, and how the great princes of the land were not called to council but set aside, & not only so, but it was said throughout the Realm that said lords should be destroyed utterly, as it openly was shown at.\"\nbloreheth by them that wold haue slayne the Erle of Salesburye / The\u0304ne they for sauacion of theyr lyues and also for the comyn wele of the Royame thought for to remedye thyse thynges / assemblyd them to gyder with moche peple and toke a felde in the west coun\u00a6tray / to whiche the erle of warwyck cam from calays with ma\u2223ny of thold soudyours / as andrew Trollop / and other / in whos wysedomes as for the warre he moche trusted / and whanne they were thus assemblyd and made theyr felde / the kynge sente oute his commissyons and preuy sealys vnto alle the lordes of hys ro\u00a6yamme to come and awayte on hym in theyr mooste defensable wyse / and soo euery man cam in suche wyse that the kynge was strenger / and hadde moche more peple than the duc of york / and the Erles of warwyck / and Salysbury / For it is here to be noted that euery lord in englond at this tyme durst not dysobe\u2223ye the quene / For she rewlyd peasybly all that was done about the kynge / whiche was a good symple and Innocent man / And thenne whanne the\nThe king arrived at the place where York and his companions had encamped and intended to stay and fight. But in the night, Andrew Trollop and the old soldiers of Calais, with a large company, suddenly departed from York's host and went straight to the king's camp, where they were joyously received. For they knew the intentions of the other lords and the nature of their field. Then York and the other lords, seeing them deceived, held a council that same night and departed from the field, leaving behind most of their people to guard it until the morning. York, with his second son, then departed through Wales toward Ireland, leaving his eldest son, the Earl of March, with the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury. They rode straight into Devonshire, and there they received help and aid from Denbigh.\nA squire owned a ship that cost 100 nobles and sailed from there to Grensey. There, they were refreshed and then sailed to Calais, where they were received into the castle through the postern gate before the townspeople knew of it. Duke York took shipping in Wales and sailed over to Ireland, where he was well received. King Henry, being with his host in the field and not knowing of this sudden departure, sent men in all haste to follow and pursue them, but they did not meet with them as they had hoped. The king then went to Ludlow and dispossessed the castle and town. He sent the Duchess of York with her children to Lady Bokyngham, her sister, where she was kept for a long time. The king then appointed Duke Somerset as Captain of Calais, and these other lords departed, and were subsequently proclaimed as rebels.\nThe duke of Somerset took to himself all the Southerners who departed from the field and made ready in all haste to go to Calais and take possession of his office. When he arrived, he found the Earl of Warwick there as captain, as well as the Earls of March and Salisbury. He landed at Scales and went to Guines, and there he was received. It happened that some of the ships that came over with him arrived at Calais harbor of their own free will. In these ships were taken diverse men, such as Jenyn Fynchyll, John Felaw, and Kabyn, who was later in Calais. And after this, men continued to come over the sea to these lords in Calais, and they grew stronger and stronger. They borrowed much good from the staple. On the other side, the duke of Somerset, being at Guines, sent people to him, who came out and quarreled with those of Calais.\nwith them who endured many days / during this daily scuffling / much people came daily to these lords / Then on a time, at the advice of the council, the lords at Calais sent Master Denham with a great fellowship to Sandwich. He took the town, and there the Lord Rivers and the Lord Scales' son took many ships in the harbor / and brought them all to Calais / with these ships, many mariners of their free will came to Calais to serve the Earl of Warwick / \u00b6 And after this, the Earl of Warwick, at the advice of the lords, took all his ships and manned them well / and sailed himself into Ireland to speak with the Duke of York / and to take advice on how they should enter England again / And when he had been there and completed his errands / he returned again toward Calais / and brought with him his mother, the Countess of Salisbury / And coming in the western countryside on the sea, the Duke of Exeter, admiral of England, was there in the Grace Dieu accompanied.\nwith many ships of war met the Earl of Warwick and his fleet, but they did not engage in battle. The people with the Duke of Exeter held greater will and favor towards the Earl of Warwick than to him. Therefore, they departed and safely reached Calais. God bless.\n\nThe king's council, seeing that these lords had obtained these ships from Sandwich and taken the Lord Rivers and his son, ordered a garrison to remain and guard Sandwich. They appointed Master Denham and many others to stay. No man, merchant or merchant vessel, was to go to Flanders via Calais.\n\nThe people of Calais, upon hearing this, sent out Master Denham and many others to Sandwich. They attacked the town by water and land, captured it, and brought Mountford, their captain, over the sea to Rysbank. There they beheaded him. Daily, men came over to them from various parts of England.\n\nAfter this, the said earls marched.\nWarwick and Salisbury came over the sea with a large number of people and landed. The country drew near and came to London, armed, to let the lords of the king's council know their truth and intent. They assembled them and told them that they intended no harm to the king's person, only removing those around him.\n\nAnd so they departed from London with a great procession towards Northampton, where the king was accompanied by many lords and had made a strong field outside the town. Both parties met and fought a great battle. In this battle, the Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Shrewsbury, Viscount Beaumont, Lord Egremond, and many knights and squires, and others were killed. The king himself was taken in the field and later brought to London. And immediately afterward, there was a parliament at Westminster during which the Duke of York came from Ireland with the Earl of Rutland, riding with a large retinue.\nThe text appears to be in Old English, specifically Middle English. I will translate it into Modern English and remove unnecessary characters.\n\nGreet fellowship into the palaces at Westminster and took the king's palaces. And came into the parliament chamber, and took the king's place, and claimed the crown as his inheritance and right, and cast forth in writing his title, and also how he was the rightful heir, wherefore much needed to be done, but in conclusion, it was appointed and concluded that King Henry should reign and be king during his natural life. For as much as he had been king for so long and was possessed, and after his death, the Duke of York should be king and his heirs kings after him. And forthwith should be proclaimed his apparent heir, and should also be protector and regent of England during the king's life. With many other things ordered in the same parliament. And if King Henry, during his life, went against this appointment or any article concluded in the said parliament, he should be deposed, and the duke should take the crown and be king. All which things were enacted by the authority of the said parliament. At.\nIn the Parliament of the Commons of the Realm, assembled in the common hall, came and treated upon the title of the said Duke of York. Suddenly, the crown, which hung then in the midst of the said hall, the abbey of Westminster's fraternity's symbol, was brought down. This was taken as a portent or sign that the reign of King Henry was ending and the crown, which stood on the smallest tower of the castle of Douver, was also brought down that same year.\n\nSince the queen with the prince was in the north and absent from the king, and would not obey such things as were concluded in the Parliament, it was ordained that the Duke of York, as protector, should go northward to bring in the queen and subdue those who would not obey. With him went the Earl of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Neville, his son, and many people.\n\nAt dawn in Christmas week, they were all overcome and slain by the lords of the queen's party \u2013 that is, the Duke of York, Earl of Salisbury, and many others.\nRutland, Sir Thomas Nevill and many more, including John Harow of London, Captain of the foot men, and Hanson of Hull, were taken alive and brought to Pontefract. Afterward, they were beheaded, and their heads were sent to York and placed on the gates. In this way, the noble prince, the Duke of York, was slain. May God have mercy on his soul and all Christian souls. Amen. At this time, the Earl of March, hearing of his father's death, requested assistance and aid from the town to avenge his father's death. Then, the queen, with the lords of the north, having distressed and slain the Duke of York and his followers, came southward with a great multitude and powerful army to come to the king and defeat the conclusions taken by the parliament earlier. Against their coming, the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Warwick, with many people and order, went to St. Albans. They led King Henry there.\nencountered in such a way and fought that the duke of Norfolk and the earl of Warwick, with other of their party, fled and lost the journey where King Henry was taken. The queen and her party, being at their above, sent immediately to London, which was on Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent for victuals. The mayor ordered by the aldermen that certain carts laden with victuals should be sent to St. Albans for them. And when those carts came to Cripplegate, the Commons of the city that kept that gate took the victuals from the carts and would not allow it to pass. Then certain Aldermen and commissioners were appointed to go to Barnet to speak with the queen's council for entering that the northern men should be sent home again into their countryside. The City of London dreaded sore to be robbed and despoiled if they had come.\nDuring these troubled times, the Earl of Warwick encountered the Earl of March on Cotteswold, coming from Wales with many Welshmen. Both were heading towards London. As soon as this news reached the king, queen, prince, and all the other lords, who were then at St. Albans northward with their people, they immediately ordered Lord Bonely and Sir Thomas Criel, who had been taken in the journey, to remain. The Duchess of York, who was at London and heard of the loss at the Battle of St. Albans, sent her two young sons, George and Richard, overseas to Utrecht. Philip Malpas, a wealthy merchant of London, Thomas Vaughan squire, and Master William Hattoncliffe, along with many others, took a ship from Antwerp to go to Zeeland. On the other coast, a Frenchman named Colompne captured a ship of war and took them.\nprisoners were brought into France, where they were paid greatly for their reason, and there was much good and riches in that ship. Then, when the Earl of March and the Earl of Warwick had met on Cotswold Inconsent, they concluded to go to London. They sent word immediately to the Mayor and the city that they should come. The city was glad of their coming, hoping to be relieved by them. And so they came to London. And when they were come and had spoken with the lords and estates, it being concluded that King Henry had forfeited his crown and ought to be deposed according to the acts made and passed in the last parliament, the Earl of March, Edward by the grace of God, eldest son of Richard Duke of York, as rightful heir and next inheritor to his father, took the crown on the fourth day of March in the year of our Lord 1461.\nThe possession of the Kingdom of England at Westminster in the great hall. Afterward, in the church of the abbey, and offered homage and obedience to King Edward the Fourth as their sovereign, liege, and lawful lord. It was then proclaimed throughout the city: King Edward the Fourth, by name. Immediately after, the king rode in his royal state northward with all his lords to subdue his subjects at that time in the north and avenge his father's death. And on Palm Sunday, after having had a great battle in the northern county at a place called Towton, not far from York, where, with God's help, he gained the field and had the victory. Thirty thousand men and more were reportedly killed among his adversaries. In this battle, the Earl of Northumberland, Lord Clifford, Sir John Neville, and many other knights and squires were slain. Then, King Harry, who had been king during this time, was present.\nThe queen and prince at York / hearing the loss of that field and so much people slain and overthrown / immediately departed, all three, with the Duke of Somerset, the Lord Roos, and others, towards Scotland. The next day, King Edward with his entire army entered York and was proclaimed king, obeyed as he should be. The mayor, aldermen, and commons swore to be his liege men. After he had stayed a while in the north and all the country there had turned to him, he returned southward, leaving the Earl of Warwick in the northern parties to keep and govern that country. About midsummer, in the year 1461, and the first year of his reign, he was crowned at Westminster and anointed king of England, having the whole possession of the entire realm. I pray God save and keep him, and grant him the accomplishment of the remainder of his rightful inheritance beyond the sea. And that he may reign in them.\nplayshire of almighty God, heart of his soul, honor and worship in this present life, and well-being and profit of all his subjects, and that there may be a true final peace in all Christian realms, that the Infidels and heretics may be withstood and destroyed, and our faith enhanced, which in these days is sore diminished by the power of the Turks and heathen men. And that after this present and short life we may come to the everlasting life in the bliss of heaven, Amen.\n\nAnd here I end this little work as nearly as I can find, according to the form of the work made before by Ranulph Monk of Chester. Where there is fault, I beseech those who shall read it to correct it. For if I could have found more stories, I would have set them in it, but the substance that I can find and know I have shortly set forth in this book. To this end, that such things as have been done since the death or end of the sad book of Polycraticon should be remembered and not omitted.\n[In oblivion forget not, pray, all who see this simple work, pardon me for my simple and rude writing. \u00b6 Completed on the second day of July, the twenty-second year of King Edward the Fourth and the thousand four hundred and forty-two years of the Incarnation of our Lord.] Finished by Caxton.", "creation_year": 1482, "creation_year_earliest": 1482, "creation_year_latest": 1482, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"}, +{"content": "Tenant in tail: II, III, III, III, V, V, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, VI, III, III, III, VI, V, V, VII, VIII, VIII, VII, VII, VIII, VII, VIII, I, I, I, I, I, V, V, II, II, II, II, C, V, III, III, III, C, D, VIII, VIII, C, C, C, C, C, C, C, F, F, G, G, G, G, H, I\n\nTenant in tail: The one who holds land or tenements to himself and to his heirs indefeasibly, and is called in Latin feodum simplex, that is, a fee simple estate.\nhereditas & sim\u2223plex id est qd legittimu\u0304 uel puru\u0304 / & sic feodu\u0304 simplex id e\u0304 qd hereditas legittima vel hereditas pura \u00b6Qar si home voill purcha{ser} t{er}rez ou ten\u0304tez en fee simple il coueint auer ceux {per}olx en son purchas a auoir & tener a luy & a sez heirz q\u0304r ceux {per}olx cez heirz font lestate denheritance \u00b6Qar si home purch\u0304 t{er}res {per} ceux {per}oles a auoir & tener a luy a toutz iours: ou {per} tielx {per}ols a auoir & tener a luy & a sez assignez a toutz iourz en ceux deux cases il nyad estate fors{que} pr t{er}me de vie pr ceo q\u0304 il faut ceux {per}olx sez heirz lez queux {per}oles tantsoleme\u0304t font lestate denheritance en toutz feoffementz & gra\u0304tez \u00b6Et si h\u0304ome purch\u0304a t{er}res en fee simple & deuya sanz issue chescun qi\u0304 est son prochein cosyn collatall de lentier sank de quel pluis long degre q\u0304 il soit de luy poet enh\u0304iter & auer mesme la t{er}re come heire a luy \u00b6Mes si soit piet & fietz & le pier ad vn frere qi est vncle a le fitz & le fitz purch\u0304 terrz en fee simple & morust sanz\nif a son prevails without an heir and his uncle inherits as he should according to the law, and the uncle dies without an heir, the land passes to the heirs of the uncle and not to the son or his nephew, because the son's lineal descent and the nephew's ascension are disregarded. But if the son purchases land in fee simple and owes it without an heir from his side, his heirs inherit it before any heirs from his side's side. However, if there are no heirs from his side and he dies, the land descends to the heirs of his wife. But if a man holds land in fee simple who has issue and dies, and his son enters into his tenements as son and heir to his mother, and then owes it without issue to his tenants, the land passes to the tenants.\nheirs of the father should entertain the tenants and farmers of the heirs of the father. And if there is no heir of the father, the serf of the one who holds the land will inherit it from the tenants. In the same way, if the tenants or farmers descend to the son of the father, he enters and can die without issue, and the land will descend to the heirs of the father, excluding the mother. And if there is no heir of the father, and the serf of the one who holds the land will inherit it, and the heirs of the father exclude the mother. Furthermore, if there are three brothers and the youngest brother purchases lands in simple fee and without issue, the elder brother will inherit and exclude the youngest. And similarly, if there are three brothers and the eldest purchases lands in simple fee and without issue, the youngest will inherit and exclude the eldest.\nA man who is the chief executive officer (CEO) is more worthy of land than one who has no fee simple right to inherit a home unless he is the heir of the entire estate, for if a man has issued two sons from different women and purchases land in fee simple, the land will not be divided between the younger brother or other close relative, unless the younger brother is of half the age of the elder brother. And if a man has sons and daughters from one womb and sons from another womb, and the son from the first womb purchases land in fee, and dies without issue, the daughter will have the land according to descent, and the elder son will not have it for this reason, because the daughter is of the elder sister's lineage. And if a man holds land in fee simple and has issued sons and daughters from one womb and sons from another womb, and the son from the first womb dies and the heir enters and dies without issue, the daughter will have the inheritance and the elder son will not have it again, for the elder son is not the heir to the father, but to his brother.\nIf the younger brother enters the land after his father's death, the elder brother can only enter and possess the land if the younger brother has no heir. But if the younger brother enters the land before his father's death and his uncle enters as heir to him, since the uncle is the full heir to the elder brother's share, the elder brother can only enter and possess the land as heir to his uncle, provided he is the full heir to the elder's half of the land. And indeed, this is the case: the term \"enhbitance\" is not only understood to mean the entire share, but a man is called enhbitance only because heirs can inherit from him. Therefore, in accordance with the law, a man who holds land can only be called enhbitance if heirs can inherit from him.\nde son purchas, he will say that it is his right and inheritance, and he will swear this in various other charters concerning lands which a man or woman may have outside of his demesne, as it appears in the registers. And in such cases, if a man can have a manual occupation or receive it as tenant of freehold lands and thus say in court, in counties and in pleas, that such things were not in manual occupation, but were his own: he will say that he was such a tenant in fee simple, \u00b6Item purchas is called the possession of lands or tenements which a man has by his own right or agreement to which possession he has no title from any descendant or closest relatives through his demesne and so on.\n\nTenure in fee simple is by force.\nThe following text describes the different ways in which lands were held under the statutes of Westminster, specifically regarding lands held in fee simple. The text states that all enhancements made to such lands were held in fee simple, with the exception of certain lands which were held conditionally under the lord's lease. These lands could be held in two ways: generally and specifically.\n\nLand held generally was that which was given or held by a man and his heirs, born of his body. In such cases, the general tail refers to the fact that the land is held by the heirs, male or female, of the person to whom it was given, even if that person had multiple wives and issue from each, as long as any issue was born of his body.\n\nHowever, in another manner, lands could be held specifically, meaning they were given to a woman and her heirs under the condition that they held the land subject to the lord's will. In such cases, various barons could potentially be considered issue, as each baron could potentially inherit the land through the woman, depending on the lord's wishes.\ndon\u0304 & pr ceo tielx donez sou\u0304t appellez generall taill \u00b6Tenau\u0304t en speciall taill est lou ten\u0304tez son\u0304t donez a vn home & a la feme & a lez heirz de lor deux corps engendrez en tiel cafe null poet enheritet {per} force de le done fors{que} ceux q\u0304 son\u0304t engendrez {per}ent eux deux Et est appelle speciall taill pr ceo q\u0304 si le feme deuie & il p\u0304nt auter feme & ad issue lissue del second feme ne {ser}ra iammez enh\u0304itable {per} force de tiel done ne auxi lissue del secund baron\u0304 le feme si le p\u0304mier feme deuie \u00b6Et m\u0304 le maner est lou ten\u0304tes sont donez {per} vn home a vn aut{er} ones{que} vn feme q\u0304 est la file ou le cosyn\u0304 a le donour en frank mariaige le q\u0304ll done ad vn enh\u0304itau\u0304ce {per} ceux {per}olx frank mariaige a ceo annexe cot q\u0304 ne soit expssement dit ou reh\u0304ce en le done cest assauoir q\u0304 lez donez auerou\u0304t lez ten\u0304tez a eux & a lour heirez {per} enter eux engendrez Et ceo est dit especiall taill pr ceo q\u0304 lissue del se\u2223cund feme ne poet enh\u0304itet &c vt sup\u0304 \u00b6Et nota qd hoc verbu\u0304 tallia re idem est qd\n\"and it is certain that one can set a limit or determine the extent of an inheritance, even if it is forced upon the heirs and they inherit it for a long time, it is called a limited fief, that is, an inheritance with a limited tenure. If they hold the general tail, they must pay the rent or enter into the receipt in their own right, and the tenant in particular holds the land in this way: for each tenant in the tail, the donor owes more services than the tenant owes to him, and the donees and their issue render these services to the donor and to the heirs. The services in frank marriage are received in this manner, from the donor to the donees in frank marriage. The first degree is for this reason: \"\nA female heir is a question of one who has done homage to be the heir, either sister or other kinswoman, to the donor. And of their issues, it will be accounted the second degree. And of their issues, it is the third degree for him. And this is to be observed and so forth. And the reason is because after each such done, the issues that come from the donor and the issues that come from the donees, after the first degree has passed, can marry each other according to the law of the Church. And the done in a frank marriage will be the first degree of those four degrees that a man can see in one plea, a breach of right in the year 31 Edward III. The plaintiff counted his true estate and it was held by an antiquated service of the Church and so forth. And all those mentioned above are specified in the aforesaid statute of Westminster, second session. There are various other states in the same way as this, not specifically mentioned by name in the text.\nThis text appears to be written in an old form of English or another language, and it contains several errors and unclear characters. Based on the given requirements, it seems that the text is an excerpt from an old statute or legal document. Here is a possible cleaned version of the text:\n\n\"this statute applies to cases where it is done according to the equity of this statute for a man and his male heirs, born in his house, to inherit, and his female issue does not exclude any other heirs, in the same manner it applies for a man and his female heirs, in which case his female issue will be compelled to inherit by force and form, and his male issue will not inherit for those cases where the heirs specified in the statute are to inherit and those not willing are to be observed by the donor. In the case where lands are given to a man and his male heirs, and he has two sons and a younger son who enters as a male heir, and he has a daughter and a younger daughter, his brother will have the land and not the daughter, unless the brother is the male heir: otherwise, the shares of those specified in the statute will be distributed to others.\"\nIf heirs are males of his body, he grants the land to those who have issue, male and female, and afterwards, he grants the land to the males of those heirs. But in such a case, the donor enters into possession of it if the donee is dead without a male heir in the law, and the female heir cannot convey the land to him as male heir. And in the same manner, lands are granted to a man and his wife and the male heirs of their bodies. [Item] If lands are granted to a man and his wife and the male heirs of his body. [Item] If lands are granted to a man and his wife and the male heirs of his husband's body: in such a case, the man holds in the special tail and the wife for life only. [Item] If lands are granted to a man and his wife and the male heirs of her body: in such a case, the man holds in the general tail and the wife for life only. [Item] If lands are granted to a baron and his wife and the male heirs of his body: in such a case, the baron holds in the special tail and the wife for life only. [Item] If lands are granted to a baron and his wife and the male heirs of her body: in such a case, the baron holds in the general tail and the wife for life only. [If]\nIf the baron and his wife, and their heirs, the wife's body being the baron's, have estate in a special tail, the baron, except for term of life, holds it. But if lands are given to the baron and his wife, and they have estate in the tail for this reason, since it is not limited to one more than another, they have such estate as they were granted and the heirs of their two bodies.\n\nItem, if land is given to a man and his heirs, whom he engendered of his body, his wife being in this case, the baron holds it in special tail, and the wife had no heirs.\n\nItem, if a man issues a son and heir, and the land is given to the son and his heirs of his body, his father, this being good tail, is still alive at the time of the gift. And many other estates arise from this tail, the particulars of which are not specified in the aforesaid statute.\n\nMoreover, if a man gives or holds lands to another to have and to hold, this is not in special tail.\na person says heirs are males or females. It is done, made in fee simple for this, which is not much limitation {per} the done of the body, issued male or female, will be and shall be taken {per} the equity of the said statute, and for this reason it is in fee simple and so on.\nTenant in tail after possibility disputed exists, it is granted to a man and his wife in particular, tail, if one of the two is alive at the time, the one who survives is tenant in tail after possibility disputed. Heirs have issued and one of them died\ncot (?) who lasted during the life of the one who survived, he shall not be tenant in tail after possibility disputed. Furthermore, if the heir issued without heirs, then there shall be no heir in life who can enforce {per} the tail given to the one who survived {per} force of the tail. And the heir who is heir to the grants in a particular tail shall not be tenant in tail after possibility disputed and so on.\nTenant {per}\nA courtesied tenant is a man who holds land from a woman, be it in fee simple, fee tail general, or as heir of the fee tail specific, and the woman, whether male or female, holds it during her life. This is called being held by the courtesy of England, as there is no other term for it except in England. And no one has said that the tenant by courtesy would not be a tenant if the child born of his wife is not yet heard cried out for want of a father, or if the wife survives or dies.\n\nA tenant in dower is a man who holds certain lands in fee simple, fee tail general, or as heir of the fee tail specific, and the woman, after the death of her baron, shall be endowed with the third part of those lands or tenements that were her dower or were in her husband's fee simple, for as long as the marriage lasts, and she shall have and hold them in severality, for the first part of her life, whatever the cost or trouble may be to her.\n\"Ele is not allowed to marry her baron unless she is of full age, and the woman should not have passed the age of nine years. And note that according to the law, the woman will not have her dower except for the land that was in the possession of her baron during the marriage. In some countries, she will render the moiety. And in every town and borough, she will have leniency. And in all such cases, she will be called tenant in dower. Dowry is called dowry at the host's church. And dowry is called dowry by the consent of the parties. Dowry at the host's church is given by a man of full age who is espoused to one woman and when he comes to the house of the monastery to be espoused and the affiance enters between them, he endows his wife with his entire land or the moiety or the lesser portion, appearing to be appropriate, according to what is espoused. Endows his wife at the house of the monastery of terres or tenants or with the consent of his father and assigns it.\"\nIn this case, the text appears to be in Old French, and it discusses the rules regarding dowries after a woman's husband's death. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"In this case, after the husband's death, the wife enters the cell, saved by no null assignment. It has been said in this case that the husband granted her a deed for the endowment and presented it to her. If, after the husband's death, the baron enters and agrees to any such endowment, the church is excluded from claiming any other dowry from the coenobite land or those who held it from the said baron. However, if the wife wishes and can refuse such a dowry to the church and others, and she can be in dower only according to the consent of the coenobite law. Note that no woman will be in dower without the prior consent in the aforementioned form. If the baron or heir appears in either of these cases and the wife has not passed seven years after the husband's death, and she had such a dowry or not, it is noted that in all cases, the land or those who held it appeared before the coenobite.\"\nsaz assigne ment is none. Mez lo the certificate does not appear to indicate if it endows the party at the beginning or the end of the text where it is endowed, with the exception of the part that is endowed only to the person who holds the custom in the beginning or the end. In such cases, it is assigned to him when it is not constated beforehand which part pertains to the three or holds it for her dower. \u00b6Moreover, if two joint tenants of the land hold land in fee and one alienates it to another, in such a case the woman holds her dower in the land that her husband purchased to hold and occupy in common, and her dower cannot be assigned by metes and bounds. \u00b6And she shall not be greatly endowed with lands or tenements which her baron holds jointly or otherwise from her mother. \u00b6Moreover, it is provided that if she holds in the tail and the husband has held seisin of the land, she will serve for a small or nothing for the land for the woman.\napse from death, a baron issues a writ for a tenant to enter into possession of his wife's dower and issue it not from the reversion, unless he has issued from the tail. A tenant is such a case, if he is in fee simple and is of full age, he endows his wife at the house of the monastery of the church and pays and the wife enters. In such a case, the baron may read the writ. Otherwise, it is as it seems, the father is such a tenant and holds fifteen acres of the said forty acres by service of the church, and the other eighteen acres of which the land is held in chief enter in his twenty acres held of him and they have come to be a garden in chief during the nonage of the infant and the mother entered into the remainder and occupied it as a socage. If in such a case the wife demands dower in the garden in chief, endowed of these tenements.\n[Service de cheese in the court of the King or in another court in the garden, the gardener in charge of the cheese may pledge this matter and pray that he will be augmented with the best of the tenants' holdings, which the woman holds as a garden in socage, as it has been said, and ask that she endow him with it, provided that the value of the land claimed by the tenants held in cheese is equal to the value of the third part of the tenements that the garden in chivalry holds. And if the woman cannot make this grant, judgment will be made that the garden in cheese will hold the lands from her until the ninth year of the child, quit of the woman, and after such judgment the woman may grant him seisin and endow him with the best of the tenants' holdings as gardens in socage are worth, and this dower is called the best dower.]\nNota: A woman cannot make a dowry be less than what is decided in the king's court or in other courts. A woman may do this for the salvation of her state during her nursing period, which lasts until the ninth year of her infant. Therefore, one sees five kinds of dowries. This is to wit: dower according to the common law, dower according to custom, dower to the host church, dower by the consent of the father, and dower of the most valuable. And remember that in every case where a man takes a wife from such states of tenements, etc., the issue that he may have through the woman may inherit the tenements of such states which the woman holds. After her death, the woman will have the tenements herself, according to English courtesy and otherwise not. In every case where a woman marries from such states of tenements, and it is possible that she has no issue by the baron, it is also possible that she may inherit the tenements of such states which the baron holds.\ncome heir a son baron de tielx ten\u0304tez ele auera sa dower ou auterment ne \u00b6Qar si ten\u0304tez sou\u0304t donez a vn home & a lez heirez q\u0304il engendra de corps sa feme en tiel case la feme nad riens en lez ten\u0304tez & le baron ad estate fors{que} come done en le speciall taill vnquore si le baron de\u2223uie saunz issue mesme la feme {ser}ra endowe de mesmez lez ten\u0304tez pr ceo q\u0304 lissue q\u0304ele {per} possibilite puissoit auer {per} m\u0304 le baron puissoit enh\u0304itet mesmez lez ten\u0304tez. Mez si la feme deuyast viuaun\u0304t son baron & puis le baron p\u0304nt auter feme & morust cest secund feme ne {ser}ra mye endo\u2223we en cest case causa qua supra\nTEnaunt pur t{er}me de vie est lou home lessa t{er}rez ou ten\u0304tz a vn auter pur terme de vie le lesse ou pur t{er}me de vie dun auter home en tiel case le lesse est tenaunt a terme de vie Mez {per} co\u00a6men {per}lance celuy qi tient pur t{er}me de s\u0304 vie demesne est appelle tenau\u0304t pur terme de vie Et celuy q\u0304 tient pur terme daut vie est appelle te\u2223naunt pur t{er}me dauter vie \u00b6Et est assauoir q\u0304 yad le\nThe feoffor and the feoffee, the donor and the donee, the lessor and the lessee. The feoffor is a person who endows another with land or tenements in fee simple. He who makes the feoffment is called the feoffor. And he to whom the feoffment is made is called the feoffee. The donor is a person who gives another land or tenements to hold. He who gives the land is called the donor, and he to whom it is given is called the donee. The lessor is a person who lets another hold certain land or tenements for life or for years, or for a term at will. He who makes the lease is called the lessor, and he to whom the lease is made is called the lessee. And every one who has held land or tenements for life or for years, or for a term at will, is called a tenant at will or a tenant from year to year. But those who have held land in fee simple have a free tenement, and the tenant in fee simple holds in the free tenement and the tenant in the tail holds in the free tenement and the tenant in the tail holds in the free tenement and the tenant in the tail holds in the free tenement and the tenant in the tail holds in the free tenement.\ntenement and so forth, a tenant for term of years holds a lessor's land or tenements from another tenant for term of years, except for the number of years granted, which is accorded the lessor and the lease and the rent. And if the lessor in such a case reserves for himself an annual rent on such a lease, he may distrain for the rent in the temple-court. And it is furthermore provided that in the lease for term of years, whether it is made or not, it does not require any rent or service to be rendered to the lessor for the term. But he may demand what he wishes in the same lease. Furthermore, from feoffments made in the country or gifts or leases for term of life, if such free tenements pass, if it is done with or without the king's licence, it is due to the lessor one shilling and other customary payments. Furthermore, if a tenant for years or tenants holds from another for term of years, he must surrender the tenement to another for term of life or in fee simple, and in such cases where free tenements pass, if it is done with or without the king's licence, it is due to the lessor one shilling and so forth.\nIf the lessor is not to remain in the tenements for a term of years or otherwise, he must leave them as they were when he entered, except for the franked tenant and the receipt in the lessor's hand. But if the term in such a case ends before the tenant has received the frank tenement or fee, it is the frank tenantment or fee that remains due to those who are to remain.\n\nIf a man wishes to make a feoffment (grant) to another, whether it be of lands or tenements that he holds, and there are several villages or tenements involved, the livery of seisin (delivery of possession) made in one village suffices for all the other lands and tenements involved, except for the feoffment itself.\n\nHowever, if a man makes a feoffment of lands or tenements in various counties, he must pay a livery of seisin in each county, and in any case, a man will have the great duty of a simple fee simple fee tail or frank tenement without livery of seisin.\nTwo men come and exchange one quantity of land from one to another, and one grants his land in exchange for the land that the other grants. In such a case, each can enter the other's land without any payment or written contract. And if the lands or tenements are of diverse costs, that is, if one is in one cost and the other in another, they can make a settlement concerning these exchanges.\n\nAnd note that in exchanges, the parties should have common property in the lands to be exchanged, otherwise not. For if one wishes to grant land in exchange for another's land, it should be granted in fee simple, as agreed upon by both.\n\"In the same manner, it is agreed and granted among them that one will have in one land fee simple in depth and in depth in the other land, except for the term of life. Or if one will have in one land fee simple in depth generally and in depth in the other land fee simple specifically, it is not necessary that in exchanges the estates of both parties be equal. That is, if one has fee simple in one land that the other will have the same estate in the other land. And the same applies to other states. However, there is nothing to charge regarding the value of the lands, for the land is worth much more to one than to the other, except that the estates in exchange should be advantageous and each party should have the greater estate in the land in exchange. And in each of their estates, mention will be made of the exchange.\"\n\n\"Item, if a man exchanges one land for another\"\nFor the given input text, I will clean it by removing meaningless or unreadable content, line breaks, and other unnecessary characters while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nOutput:\n\nFor the term of ten years, the lessor must allow the lessee to enter into his tenements without fail, so that he can enter into the same tenements after death. However, if a man makes a feoffment to another and a letter of attorney is given to one to deliver to him, but this delivery is not made in the lifetime of the one who made the feoffment, neither the feoffor nor the attorney has any right to the tenements, except for the purpose of the feoffment made before the delivery, and if no delivery is made after death, the right to these tenements is maintained in his heir or in some other.\n\nItem, if tenements are held by a lessee for half a year or a quarter of a year in such a case, if the lessee damages the lessor, the lessor may have damages against him and the damages shall declare the amount in the year next following, he shall have a special declaration on the truth of his damage.\ncounte ne abandonne le breton pour ceo qu'il ne peut avoir aucun autre breton ou tenir sont moins un homme a un autre, avoir et tenir a lui la volonte le moins possible, car le volontaire peut ouster a tous temps si le locataire emprunte la terre et le locateur apres l'emprunteur et avant que les bl\u00e9s soient m\u00fbrs, il oustera le locataire et aura frais entre granges et grenier a savoir, et devoir volontiers entre sur lui. Autrement est si tenant pour premier temps apres la fin de sa terre emprunte la terre et la terre finisse de produire avant que les bl\u00e9s soient m\u00fbrs. En ce cas, le locateur ou celui en ruercion en possession aura les bl\u00e9s a cause que le tenant conna\u00eet la certitude de sa terre et quand la terre sera finie. Item si un messes est le locataire a un homme, tenir a volonte par force, il l'oustera.\nIf a feoffment is made between two parties for the same land, and the grantee lives on it in fee simple, the grantor or his executors have no right to enter between the parties or interfere with the land, unless it is for reasonable reasons during the grantor's lifetime. The land remains in the possession of the grantee after the grantor's death, and the executors have no right to enter between the parties regarding the land, unless it is for reasonable reasons.\n\nIf a feoffment is made to one person of another's land and the grantee delivers the feoffment to him in the presence of witnesses, the person to whom the feoffment is made has the right to enter and take possession and occupy the land at his will, provided the person who made the feoffment consents.\n\nIf a lease is less than desirable to hold, the lessor is not obligated to sustain or repair it as he would be with a long-term lease. However, if the lessor voluntarily made the lease, he cannot evict the lessee unless it is at his will.\n\nItem, if a lease is insufficient to hold, the lessor is not obligated to maintain or repair it as he would with a long-term lease. But if the lessor voluntarily made the lease, he cannot evict the lessee unless it is at his will.\nA volunteer waster comes to an abatement of measures or to the coping of works; it is said that the lessor shall have an action against him for trespass if he comes without consent of the lessor, constructing nothing for the tenant, or if the lessor, at his will, receives from him an annual rent, he may distrain for the rent arrears or have from it a debt action at his election and so on.\n\nThis is a tenement according to a court roll. A man is said to be such a tenant of a manor who has a custom in that manor and it has been so for a time when memory does not run contrary to certain tenants of the manor. They have used to have lands and hold them and their heirs in simple fee or fee tail or for life, and they have wanted to serve the lord only as long as the custom of the manor did not allow them to alienate the land for any reason, because the servant could come into it as a forfeited thing to him. But if he wants to alienate his land to another, he can only do so with the assent of the court and so on. The servant is bound to use it who has an estate in such a form or in such a tenure.\nA brought this case to the court and surrendered one messenger and others into the hands of I of D and his heir or the body of the same, for execution or in accordance with the term of his life. And I of D took the messenger and others from the court, held them, and for the same cause and term of life or for his body, executed or held them, and did this in accordance with the custom of the manor and rendered the services and customs previously accustomed and so on. He gave the court a fine and so on. He did this in good faith. And those who act in this way are called tenants, tenants by the copy of the court roll, for they have no other evidence of their tenements except the copies of the court rolls. And these tenants shall not employ or be employed from their tenements by the King. But if they wish to employ others for their tenements, they shall have a plain plea made in the court in this form or to this effect: A brings an action against C of D for a real action, namely for the land, specifically.\nvno mesnaggio quadraginta acris terra quarta acris prati et cetera cuper pertiuus et facit protestaciones sequi quarela ista in natura bitis dominus assis mortis antecessorum ad communi lege vel bitis dominus assis novis dissie ad communi lege. Aut natura bitis de forma donationis in descendere ad communi lege. Or in nature de ascensu auter et cetera Plegio pro F et E Et cot ascuns tielx tenuatez out inheritauce solonc le custome del maner vnci ils nonont autestate forsqe a le volonte le ser solonc le cours del coe ley. Car il est dit si le ser eux oustas ils non erant auter remedium forsqe de suer a leur ser per peticio. Car si eux ont auter remedium ils ne seront dit tenetes a volonte le ser solonc le custome del maner. Mez le ser ne veet enfreynder le custome qe est raisonable en telz cases. Auxi ysont auters tenetes qe sont appeles tenetes per la verge Et tielx tenetes sont en autiel natur come tenetes per copye de cour rolle. Means: The mesnaggio, or steward, of the quadraginta acres of land, four acres of meadow, and other pertinents, makes the necessary protestations to follow the quarela (dispute) in the nature of the bitis dominus assis, or lord of the manor, concerning the mortis antecessorum, or deceased ancestors, and their inheritance according to the common law, or the new dissiie of the lord of the manor. Or in the nature of the ascensu, and other matters, a pledge for F and E, and the cot, or cottage, and other tenures out of the inheritance, solonc, or solely, the custom of the manor applies. They are called tenetes, or tenants, by the verge, or rod, and such tenants are in the same nature as tenants by copy of court roll.\nThe text is written in Old French, which requires translation into modern English. Here's the cleaned and translated text:\n\nThe rod is pure and simple, whatever they wish to surrender their tenements to the sergeant, they will have a small rod for the custom and usage in their hand, which they will give to the seneschal or bailiff according to the custom and usage of the manor. And he who has the land will pay land rent in the court and be taken into the roll, and the seneschal or bailiff will deliver the custom to him who has the land or another rod in the name of the lord. And for this reason, they are called tenants of the rod, not having other evidence except the copy of the court roll. And in various lordships and manors, there is told custom, if it is told, the tenant holds the custom.\n\nIf one wishes to alienate his tenements, he can surrender them to the bailiff or the king or two proctors of the lordship. He who has the land will have it in fee simple, freehold or for life, and they will present all this to the next court and to him who has the land, the copy of.\ncourt rolle auera mesme la t{er}re soloncz lentent de le surre\u0304dre \u00b6Et is\u2223sint est assauoir q\u0304 en dyuers seignouries & en diuers maners yso\u0304t mul\u00a6tes plusours dyuers customes en tielx cases q\u0304nt a p\u0304ndre tenementes & q\u0304nt a pleder & q\u0304nt as auts choses & customes a faire Et tout ceo q\u0304 nest pas encont reason poet bein estre admytte & alowe en tielx tena\u0304tez q\u0304 teigno\u0304t soloncz le custome dun seignourie ou soloucz le custome de ma\u00a6ner cot q\u0304 ils ount astate de enheritan\u0304ce soloncz le custome de seignourie ou de maner vncore pur c q\u0304 ils ne ount ascun fra\u0304kteneme\u0304t {per} le cours de le co\u0304en ley ils sont appelles tena\u0304tes de vase tenure Et diuers dyuer sitees y sont {per}ent tena\u0304tes a volu\u0304te q\u0304 e\u0304 emz {per} lees son lessor {per} le cours de coe\u0304n ley Et tenant soloncz le custome del maner en le forme auant dit Qar tenau\u0304t a volu\u0304te soloncz le custome poet auer astate denherita\u0304\u00a6ce come est aua\u0304tdit a le volu\u0304te le seignour soloncz le custome & vsage del maner Mez si home ad t{er}rez ou ten\u0304tz q\u0304ux ne so\u0304t demz\n\"this manor or seigniory or such custom was used in the form reported and should lessen such taxes or rents to one another, and those heirs of the lessor are voided in this case if the lessor dies and the heir enters the lessor's service, he shall have an allowance towards him. These heirs of the lessor are void if the lessor dies and the heir enters the lessor's service, and he shall have an allowance towards him. Moreover, a tenant by the custom in certain places is to repair and maintain such measures and keep them at the lessor's will. A tenant by the custom in certain places is to render fealty and keep it at the lessor's will. And many other diversities are among them.\n\nExplicit Liber primus\n\nBeginning of Liber secundus\n\nHomage is the most honorable service and the most humble thing. For when the tenant renders homage to his lord, he becomes his man and the tenant shall be generous towards him and shall say, \"I, your man, am your man from this day forth, and I shall be faithful and loyal and true.\"\"\nyou shall present yourselves with bended heads before him, acknowledging your faith to the king and serving him sincerely. If an abbot or other religious person presents himself to your servant, he shall not say \"I owe it to you\" but rather \"I present myself to you in the name of God.\" He shall say \"I present myself to you, I shall be loyal and faithful to you, and I shall render the faith that I owe to the king.\"\n\nIf a woman makes her submission, she shall not say \"I owe it to you\" but rather \"I present myself to you,\" for it is not fitting for a woman to say what she would become to any man except her lord, to whom she is married. She shall say \"I present myself to you, I shall be loyal and faithful to you, and I shall render the faith that I owe to the king.\"\n\nA good man came to see the constable [Note: in the year 15 E. iii, the man and his wife made homage and fealty to the constable for the services you have rendered in B and C and to him.\nauthors villages and countryside altogether subjected themselves to the king and swore fealty to him, and we and other signors did the same. Then they did homage and held their lands from him on one liveries. The baron spoke to the sheriffs, and both sheriffs did homage to the liveries. But if a man holds several tenancies which he holds from several lords, he will say in the end of his homage, \"I swear loyalty to the king and to other lords,\" [and note that] no one will do homage but to one of the three, for it is a maxim in the law that a man will not do homage except for term of life, nor will he receive homage unless the baron, during his life, does homage to him. For this reason, if a woman holds lands or holds them in fee simple or in fee tail which she holds from her lord by homage, the baron and heir do not hold them unless the baron, during his life, does homage to her. Therefore, if he has title to have them held by the courtesy, he will.\n\"A woman and her husband hold each other rightly. If a woman owes homage to the baron, she and her baron are held as tenants by the court, and she does not render homage to her lord unless she has an estate, except for the term of her life. It is also said that homage is rendered in the tenure, and anciently homage was rendered to the ancestress and others.\n\nFidelity, that is, loyalty, is in Latin, and the vassals will render loyalty to their lord. They will keep their men at their disposal on a pound of land and say, \"God bear witness, my lord, that I will be faithful and loyal to you, and I will carry the faith and loyalty that I claim from you, and I will perform the customs and services that are due to you at the appointed times, as I believe God and the saints command, and I will not bend the knee except to do fealty and humbly render homage as it has been said in homage. And let diversity be granted, they say, for the rendering of fealty and homage. For homage can only be done to the lord himself. However, the seneschal serves the court or the lord.\"\"\nThe bailiff is to take fealty for the lord. (Item) a tenant holds land on term of life and will never take fealty and various other differences exist regarding fealty and tenure. Fealty is also called in Latin scutagium, that is, a service in shield and he who holds the land on scutage holds it in service of the church and also it is said that he holds it in service of the church for one fee and a part of one fee of service of the church, and so on. And it is said that when the king makes a royal progress to subdue the Scots, he holds it for one fee of service of the church to be beyond the king for twenty hours. He holds a quarter part of the fee and service of the church to be beyond the king for ten hours, and so on. But it appears in the plea and arguments are made in a good plea.\n[sur le d\u00e9tenu d'une \u00e9crite obligatoire porte par un heure gris Anno. VII. E. III, il ne signifiait rien \u00e0 ceux qui le tenaient, sauf s'il voulait trouver une autre personne convenable pour le conduire dans la guerre, car il semble \u00eatre une bonne raison car ceux qui le tenaient \u00e9taient languissants, presque incapables d'aller ou de chevaucher. Et, de plus, il y avait un autre homme ou homme de religion, une femme soumise \u00e0 ces services, qui ne disposait d'aucune dot dans ce cas. Et Ser William Herle, chef juge de la cohorte banque, disait dans cette affaire que l'\u00e9cuage ne serait pas accord\u00e9 avant le Roy l'alaisse-lui, et il \u00e9tait en jugement dans cette affaire, soit apr\u00e8s les quarante heures seront compt\u00e9es du jour du muster de l'arm\u00e9e royale, faite par le conseil et par commandement du Roy, soit du jour o\u00f9 le Roy entre en \u00c9cosse. Parce que, apr\u00e8s ce voyage royal en \u00c9cosse, il est convenu, par autorit\u00e9 de l'\u00e9missaire, que l'\u00e9cuage sera \u00e9valu\u00e9]\n\nSur the detainee of an obligatory writ carried by an hour-long grey Anno. VII. E. III, it meant nothing to those who held him, unless he wanted to find another person suitable to lead him in the war. It seems reasonable because those who held him were languishing, almost incapable of going or riding. And, moreover, there was another man or man of religion, a woman subject to these services, who had no dot in this case. And Ser William Herle, chief justice of the cohort bank, said in this case that the scutage would not be granted before the Roy goes, and he was in judgment in this case, either after the forty hours are counted from the day of the royal army's muster, made by the council and by the command of the Roy, or from the day the Roy enters Scotland. Because, after this royal journey to Scotland, it was agreed, by the authority of the envoy, that the scutage would be assessed.\nSomeone holds certain lands, some of which he holds entirely in fee simple for the service of the church, which he held before the King paid him for it, as we ordered by permanent decree that someone who holds lands entirely in fee simple for the service of the church should not pay his servant unless twenty shillings, and he who holds a half fee should not pay his servant except twenty shillings and so on, for more or less. And no tenant pays more than the stipulated rent for this reason, that the rent they pay is in name only, as it is in name only that the permanent decree assesses the rent they pay as the rent for the service of the church. But otherwise, the rent is certain that will be paid to the church.\ntenure of socage, and if a homeholder in general is subject to estuage, it will be understood as a service of the church. This is called an estate treated as estuage, and it is held with homage and homage is rendered to it. For this reason, he who holds estuage holds homage, fealty, and estuage. And it is indeed the case that when estuage is thus established by authority of the lord of the land, the estuage will have the same status as the estate, by the lord's command and so forth, because they understood these tenures to have been granted by the lords to render such services to defend their lords, just as the king and to keep their men in peace and quiet, and the Scottish lords mentioned above. And for this reason, those who hold such estates should yield primages to their lords, and their men in such cases can go.\ndistreyners are to be directed to the steward or sheriff of the counties, and others, to collect such estuages from them as appears in the register. Those estuages which are not owed to the king in Scotland, and which were not paid to him in person, the king shall not have.\n\nItem, in such a case, if the serjeant distrainer's tenant, who holds from him by service and rent for the estuage, is in Scotland, and the serjeant wishes to make a royal progress in Scotland, and the estuage is assessed permanently if the serjeant requests it from his tenant, and the tenant pleads that he was due to pay the king in Scotland for xl hours, and the serjeant requests the contrary, it is said that this shall be tried by the certification of the Constable of the host of the King in Scotland, in writing, under the King's seal and others.\n\nTenures by homage, fealty, and scutage are to be held as service for the church and to render guard, marriage aid, and relief. A tenant who holds such a tenure is to keep the land from him until his heir male is twenty-one years old, unless the serjeant has otherwise surrendered the land.\nThe text appears to be written in Old English, specifically Middle English. I will translate it into modern English while maintaining the original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text reads: \"del heir de XXI years and under, who is called a plain age, for he who is such an heir, according to the law, is not able to perform such service before the age of XXI. And also, if such an heir is not married until after the death of his ancestor, the servant will have the guardianship and the marriage of him until the age of such a heir of fourteen years or more, for the servant will not have much guardianship of the land or body because a woman of such an age can have a baron able to perform the service of the church. And if such an heir is a woman of fourteen years not married at all times of her ancestor's death, the servant will have the guardianship of the lands held from her until she is of the age of sixteen years, for it is given by the Statute of Westminster that he must wait two years following the said fourteen years before he can offer her a marriage without dispensation.\"\n\nCleaned text:\n\nAn heir of twenty-one years and under, who is referred to as a plain age, cannot perform the required service according to the law before the age of twenty-one. Furthermore, if such an heir is not married before the ancestor's death, the servant will be responsible for their guardianship and marriage until they reach the age of fourteen or more. The servant will not have significant control over the land or body because a woman of such an age can have a baron capable of performing the church's service. If such a woman is not married at all during her ancestor's lifetime, the servant will maintain guardianship of the lands granted to her until she reaches the age of sixteen. According to the Statute of Westminster, the servant must wait two years following the said fourteen years before offering her a marriage without a dispensation.\nA poet enters and exits his ser's service, but if this heiress, female, is married before the age of fourteen, she should have been in the service of her ancestor until the age of fourteen, and the ser would only have been in charge of the land for the fine of fourteen years from the age of the heiress. However, she and her baron could then be in the land and oust the lord, for as long as the ser could not marry her, who is married. Before this statute of Westminster, such an issue, female, who was under the age of fourteen at the time of her ancestor's death, could enter the land and oust the ser, if it appears so according to the recital and other people of this statute. This statute was made in such a way, it seems, to the disadvantage of lords, as it is commonly understood in other statutes.\nA septnor may not marry the heir's daughter before the age of fourteen years, nor may a man hold a manor of one other man in service of the church, while holding another manor of another man in service by priority and posteriority, and the manors descend to the heir as long as they are held in the same manner, provided that the servant of one man is charged with guarding the body of the heir and the manors held by him, and the servant of the other man is charged with guarding the manors held by him in this case, until the daughter reaches the age of fourteen years. The septnor cannot have or hold the marriage of these heiresses except for two years before the age of fourteen, and so on.\nThe poet must be over fourteen years old to marry and inhabit a land, except for the one to whom the marriage is given. For this reason, a female heir who is fourteen years old can enter such land, unless it is not inhabited by posteriority and so on. And note that the full age of male and female is called the age of twenty-one, and the age of discretion is called the age of fourteen. For those ages, a female may agree to marriage or not, and if a gardener marries a woman when she is fourteen, and then later disagrees to the marriage, it is said that the gardener is not bound by the law to marry another gardener because the gardener had once been married and therefore was outside the guardianship of his body and lands.\n\"If he [a man] was outside the guard, he would not have more than a quarter of a year before his marriage, for in the same manner, if the garden married him and the woman was lacking the legal age of fourteen or twenty-one, such an engagement could not disagree with the marriage for ten years. He is therefore not bound by the statutes of Merioneth concerning those who married such women, as it is not said of lords who married them, whether they were villains or burghers, if such women were under twenty-four years old and of such age that the marriage could not be concluded, then if their parents compelled them, the lords should release them and marry them to the heir and all the rest is converted into the heir's property, according to the disposal made, if they were twenty-four years old and consented, no penalty followed. And it is the same law that no damage is done to the woman in this case.\"\nThe text appears to be written in Middle English, and it discusses the status of Merton charter regarding married women's inheritance. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nThe guardian is married, demesne of the age of thirty years. It was often questioned how persons should be understood concerning the confinement and the like, regarding the Merton charter, which seems to be applicable to this point, and in it, no action was brought against this Merton charter concerning this matter, unless it was very old or no action was brought against it prior to this dispute. And if any action could be brought against such matters, it would be considered a disgrace to those who hear it, and persons would be heard in such a manner. That is, if persons are quarreling, that is, if persons are lamenting among themselves or if it is evident that the cousins of such an infant have caused lamentation and have come together for the shame brought upon their cousin. This disgrace would be a disgrace to them, and the next of kin could not descend to the inheritance nor enter and dispossess the demesne.\n\"Chrie and if he does not want another to be with the child, the one who makes fair issues and profits should render account to the child when he comes to his full age or otherwise the child is taken away from him and the guardian is entered in his place and so on. But beware of this, for there are many other diverse disagreeable things that are not specifically mentioned, such as if the one in charge is poor or has only one eye or one hand or is deformed, decrepit, or horrible, or has continuous infirmity. And if the male heir is of age twenty-one years after his ancestor's death, he should not marry in such a case, and the sergeant will not have the marriage of such a heir for twenty-one years [without] disparaging him.\"\nThe text appears to be written in Old French. Here is the cleaned version in modern English based on the provided text:\n\nIf a man named Gardeyn in the church intends to marry a woman of twenty-one years old, without dispensing and the heir refuses and is not married to her before Gardeyn has the value of the marriage of that heir, then that man, if that heir is male, will marry a woman of twenty-one years old, and he will encounter the will of the gardener in the church before Gardeyn has the double value of the marriage. And this is, of course, due to the status of Merto\u0304 mentioned in the same statute.\n\nMoreover, various tenants owe their lords service in the church and not in escheat nor will they pay escheat, unlike those who owe service to their lords in castles, towns, or other places of the castle. They serve one tour of the Castle for their lord or one house or another place of the castle, for reasonable garrison, but they do not hold or pay if enemies want to enter or have entered England and in other cases they do not serve in the church and do not pay escheat.\nescuage, as it is said in the tenure by great serjeanty: in all cases where a man holds from his lord by service of Charlot, service was due to the sergeant and marshal. And if one tenant who holds from his lord by the service of entire fee of Charlot, his heir must pay relief and purport to the sergeant until the sergeant has C. sixpence for relief and from the one who holds by the quarter part of the fee of Charlot twenty-five shillings and so on. One man may hold the same land of his sergeant by the service of two fees of Charlot and pay relief at the time of his ancestor's death to his sergeant ten pounds. Also, if it is a mother and son, and the mother died while the father of the son was living, and the mother left her land to be held in service of Charlot, if both mother and father died, and the land descended to the son, the sergeant would have guardianship of the heir's body because no one else.\nA servant is to guard his lord's body for as long as his father lasts, preventing him from marrying his heir apparent and the servant, unless the father is dead and the land is held in Church and the servant holds it from the heir or both, in such a case the lord, after his wife's death, grants it to another. It is also the case that there is a garden in right in the land, and a garden in fact in the land. A garden in right in the land is that which the servant holds because of his lordship over the land and the heir, as the seignior after his wife's grant, either with or without the land or the heir, is held by another by the force of the grant, which is called a garden in fact.\n\nA tenant in socage is he who holds the land from his lord by certain services for all kinds of services, except for services to the Church. Just as one man holds his land from his lord by fealty and certain rents for all kinds of services.\nA person who holds land in fee and certain rent for all kinds of services or a person who holds in fee and fealty for all kinds of services, such holding in fee and fealty is holding in socage, for anyone who holds that is not holding in chief is holding in socage. It is said that the reason for such holding is called tenure in socage, because socage is that which serves and soca serves because it is a carucate, that is, a soke or a charter. In ancient times, a large part of tenants who held from their lords in socage were required to come to their soke courts each of the said tenants in socage every certain number of days in a year to render and sow the demesnes, and for this reason such customs were made for the benefit and sustenance of their lords, and they were quit in all other ways of service to their lords. Therefore, because of these customs, they were exempted from all other services to their lords.\n\"These services were made to be held or kept, which were called tenures in Socage. But afterwards, these services were changed into money according to the demands of tenants and the desire of their lords, in an annual rent and so forth. The name of tenure in Socage did not remain. And in various places, tenants found these services instead of their soke, which were not tenures of the Church, but were called tenures in Socage. Item, if a man holds of his lord by Socage, it is indeed so, that when Socage is due and is assessed by the court to render a sum or to pay a sum, the tenant pays to his sergeant, except for a mark for Socage, and nothing more and nothing less than the sum or the small sum that Socage is due and is assessed. Such a tenure is held in Socage and is not a service of Chevauch\u00e9e. Mez, the sum that the tenant pays for Socage is certain, the tenant may be such that the sum that he pays for Socage is not certain.\"\nTenant paier pays to be at one fee the render and other fee, so long as it is assessed and so on. Such tenure is called tenure by service of the Church.\n\nItem, if a man holds his land for a pension certain rent to his lord for castle guard, such tenure is called tenure by service of the Church.\n\nMoreover, the tenant himself must do or have done castle guard for him or another, such tenure is called tenure by service of the Church.\n\nItem, in all cases, the tenant holds of the sovereign to pay him some certain rent, this rent is called rent service.\n\nItem, in such tenures in socage, if the tenant has issue and they are under the age of fourteen years, the nearest heir to whom the inheritance cannot descend, and the guardianship of the land and the heir is in the hands of the heir when he reaches the age of fourteen years. Such a guardian is called a guardian in socage.\n\nIf the land descends to the heir from the father, then the mother or other near kinsman from the mother's side shall have the guardianship. And if the land descends to the heir from the side of the son, then the father or other near kinsman from the father's side shall have the guardianship.\nme\u00a6re douqes le pere ou le {pro}chyn amye de part son pere auera le gard de tielx t{er}res ou tenementez. Et quant le heire vient al age de xiiii ans complete il poet entrer & ouster son garden en Sokage & occupier la terre luy mesme sil voet. Et tiel Garden en Socage ne prendra as\u2223cuns issues ou {pro}fites de tielx terres ou tenementez a son vse demesne mez tauntsolement al vse & {pro}fite del heir & de ceo il re\u0304dra accompte quant il pleist al heire ap\u0304s ceo q\u0304 le heire ad complyse le age de .xiiii. aunz \u00b6Mes tiel Gardeyn sur soun accompt auera allowance de tou\u00a6tes resonable costez & expenses en toutes choses &c \u00b6Et si tiel Gar\u2223den maria le heire demz le age de .xiiii. auns il accomptera al heire / ou a sez executours del value del mariage coment que il ne prist rie\u0304s pur le value del mariage pur ceo qe il serroit rette son\u0304 folye demesne qe il luy voleit marie saunz prendre le value del mariage si non\u0304 q\u0304 il luy maria a tiel mariage qe taunt vault come le mariage del heire &c \u00b6Item si ascun auter home q\u0304\n\"if a tenant named Prochyn Amy and others occupied lands or tenements called Gardin in Socage, he would be compelled to render an account to the heir, just as if he were his Prochyn Amy and others. But if he did not plead in court that he was not their Prochyn Amy and others, he would answer for the lands or tenements called Gardin in Socage or Nemey. However, if the heir had completed the age of 14 years and the Gardin in Socage continued to be occupied until the heir came of full age, which was up to the age of 21 years if the heir had reached full age, he would have an action of account against the Gardin of Socage or against him as against his bailiff. Item, if the Gardin in Cherry undertook seizure and the heir was in default, the executors had the seisin during the new age. But if the Gardin in Socage undertook seizure and the heir was in default for 14 years, the executors did not have seisin.\"\nmy lord, a person cannot descend to the garden who is not the heir, and the reason for the diversity is because the garden in Chrie has one use, and the garden in socage has another use, and in such a case, the garden in socage is entitled to demand an account from the heir, except for the king's solemanly. It is the serjeant of the land that holds the land in socage after the death of the tenant, and he will have relief in such a form, this is to say, if the tenant held of the serjeant in fee and rent paid annually or quarterly, the lord will have from the heir his tenant's rent that amounts to what he paid annually, as if the tenant held of the serjeant in fee and ten x shillings of rent payable at certain terms of the year, unless the heir pays the serjeant x shillings for relief of costs, the x shillings that he paid for the rent.\nIn this case, the servant remains with the deceased, holding the relief for the lord maintaining that age, for the heir cannot have the guard of the body or the land from the lord. And the servant in this case does not wait for the payment of his relief according to the set times and days for the payment of the rent. Instead, he must have his relief maintained for this reason, so that he may distress his tenant after death for the relief. In the same manner, the tenant holds from his servant fealty and a pound a year or a pound a year by the pound of pepper and the tenant must pay the servant a pound of comyn or a pound of pepper instead of the rent of comyn or pepper. In the same manner, the tenant holds to pay annually certain numbers of capons or geese, or a pair of gloves or certain bushels of fruit and suchlike. However, in any other case, the servant must remain to distress for his relief only at certain times, as the tenant holds from his lord by a rose or a bushel.\nThe Roses were present at the feast of St. John the Baptist's nativity, they could not be detained by their lord for their relief and so on, until the Roses, during the course of the year, could have their growth and so on, and similarly and so forth. Item, if anyone happened to want to demand service from a man for any reason, the man could only be bound to serve his lord in fealty until he had rendered fealty to his lord, and whatever service was due to him in that case was owed to no other servant, save for a long time continued, he would be out of memory and remembrance of the one who held the land from the lord or his heirs. Or, if the tenants wished and more quickly and more readily, men could be found.\nIf the land is not held by the lord or his heirs beforehand, then the serf will lose his estate of the land or forfeit it for some other reason, unless he is holding it in fealty, for it is reasonable that the lord and his heirs should have service rendered to them to prove and testify that the land is held from them. And because the serf did not want to begin the tenure with any other service besides fealty, it is reasonable that a man should hold in fealty only. And when he has done fealty, he has shorn his servants.\n\nItem, if one man lets land to another for life or holds it without rendering any rent to him, he will do fealty to the lessor for this reason, because he holds from him. Similarly, if a lease is made to a man for an annual rent, it is said that the lessee will do fealty to the lessor for this reason, because he holds from him.\nde luy & ceo est {pro}ue bien {per} les {per}olx de bre de waste. quau\u0304t le lessour ad cause de porter bre de waste enuers luy le q\u0304l le bre dirra q\u0304 le lesse tient lez ten\u0304tez de le lessour pur terme dez aunz. issint le bre {pro}ua vn tenure enter eux &c \u00b6Mez celuy qe est tenan\u0304t a volu\u0304\u00a6te solonc{que} le cours de le coe\u0304n ley ne ferra fealte pur ceo q\u0304il nyad nul certeyn sure astate. Mez autment est de tenaunt a volunte soloncz le custome de vn maner pur ceo q\u0304il est oblige de faire fealte a sou seignor {per} deux causes. Lun est per cause de le custome. Lauter est pur ceo q\u0304ill prist son astate en tiel forme pr fait fealte &c\nTEnure en frank almoign\u0304 est lou vn Abbe ou vn priour ou auter home de religion ou de seynt esglyse tie\u0304t de son seignor en frank almoign\u0304 q\u0304 est adire en laten in libera\u0304 elemosinam Et tiel tenure commensa a dep\u0304mes en auncien temps en tiel fourme. \u00b6Quant vn home en auncien temps fuyst ssi\u0304 de cten terrez ou ten\u0304tz en son demesne come de fee & de mesmez lez t{er}res ou ten\u0304tez enfeffa\nIn the same manner, a prior and his son are granted and desired to have and hold, and for their successors, in pure and perpetual alms or in frank alms, or such other lands or tenements that are held in frank alms, from the grantor or feoffor and his heirs in frank alms, in these same tenements or where they were granted in ancient times, to a dean and the chapter and their successors, or to a person of a church and his successors, or to some other home of the holy church and its successors, if he had the capacity to take such grants or feoffments, and those holding in frank alms are obliged by right before God to do Orisons, Masses, and other divine services for the souls of their grantors or feoffors and for the souls of their heirs who have died, and for the prosperity and good life and soul's health of their living heirs. And for this reason, they made no default to their servants for this cause.\ndyuyne {ser}uice e\u0304 melior pr eux deua\u0304t dieu q\u0304 ascuns fesau\u0304s de fealte Et auxi pr ceo q\u0304 celx {per}olx fra\u0304k almoig exclude le {ser}r de auer ascu\u0304 teren\u0304 ou temperell {ser}uice Mez de auer tan\u0304tso\u2223lement dyuyne & spirituell {ser}uice de estre fait pur luy &c Et si\u0304 tielx q\u0304 teignon\u0304t lor ten\u0304tes en frank almoign\u0304 ne voulon\u0304t ou faylou\u0304t de faire tielx dyuyne {ser}uice come est dit &c le {ser}r ne poet eux distreyner pur cel noun fesaunz &c pur ceo q\u0304il nest myse en cteyn q\u0304ls {ser}uices ils doit faire Mez le {ser}r de ceo poet comple\u0304der a lour ordynarye ou vysetour luy pri\u0304\u00a6an\u0304t qe il voleit metter punissement & correccion de ceo & au\u0304xint de {pro}\u00a6uyder q\u0304 tiel neclygence ne soit pluis auan\u0304t fait &c Et le ordynare ou vysetour de droit ceo doit faire &c \u00b6Mez si vn Abbe ou vn priour &c tient de son {ser}r {per} certeyn dyuyne {ser}uyce en cten de estr fait si come a chan\u0304\u00a6ter vn messe chescu\u0304 vynderdy en le semaign\u0304 pur lez almes &c vt supra ou chescu\u0304 auer a tiel ior a chau\u0304ter placebo & dirige &c ou de\nA chaplain should sing mass and distribute alms to 3 poor households or 3 deniers a day in such a case, if this divine service is not performed, the servant is to be restrained. Such tenure is not called tenure in frankalmoign but tenure of divine service, for in tenure in frankalmoign no mention is made of any kind of service that one may hold, as one cannot hold tenure in frankalmoign in such an explicit manner. Item, it is asked if one held tenure in frankalmoign, would he pay fealty to the donor or his heirs before the fourth degree passed. It seems that one would not hold tenure in frankalmoign for this reason, as one holds it in frankalmoign to perform divine service for one's lord, as previously stated, and one is charged to do so according to the law of Saint.\nesglise & pr ceo il est excuse & dis\u00a6charge de fealte \u00b6Mez tenaunt en fraunk mariage ne ferra {per} son te\u00a6nure tiel seruyce et si il ne ferra a son seignour fealte donq\u0304s il ne fer\u2223roit a son seignour ascun maner de {ser}uyce ne spyrituell ne temperell le quel serroit enconuenyent et encountre le reason que home {ser}ra tena\u0304t de astate de enheritaunce a vn auter et vnqore le seignour nauera null maner de {ser}uice de luy come il semble et issint il semble que il fer\u2223ra fealte a son {ser}r deuaunt le quarte degree passe &c. Et quaunt il ad fait fealte il ad fait toutz sez {ser}uices &c \u00b6Et si vn abbe tr coe\u0304n seal\nali\u0304enou\u0304t m\u0304 le tenaunt a vn seculer home en fee simple en ceo case le se\u00a6culer home ferra fealte a le seignour pur ceo q\u0304 il ne poet tener de son {ser}r en fraunk almoign\u0304. qar si le sei\u0304gnour ne doit auer de luy fealte donqez il uauera null maner de seruice qe {ser}roit enconuenyent lou il est signor & le teneme\u0304t est tenuz de luy \u00b6Item si home graunta a cell iour a vn abbe ou a vn priour &c\nt{er}rez ou ten\u0304tez en fraunk almoign\u0304 cest {per}olx fraunk almoign\u0304 sount voidez pur ceo q\u0304il est ordeigne per lestatute que est appelle Quia emptores terra{rum} le q\u0304l estatut fuist fait Anno xviii E\u00b7 primi qe null poet alyener ou graunter terrez ou teneme\u0304tez en fee simple de tener de luy mesme issint si home ssi\u0304 de certeyn tenementes quels il tient de son seignour per seruyce de ch\u0304r & a cell iour il per li\u2223cence &c graunta mesmez lez tenementez a vn abbe &c en fraunk al\u2223moigne labbe tiendra inmedyatly mesmez lez teneme\u0304tez per seruice de ch\u0304r de le seignour son grauntour & ne tiendra mye de son grauntour {per} cause de mesme lestatute issint qe nul home peet tener en frank almoig si non qe soit per title de prescription ou per force dun graunt fait a ascun de ses predecessours deuaunt mesme le statute fait en fra\u0304k almoig \u00b6Mez le Roy poet doner terrez ou tenementez en fee simple a teuer en fraunk almoigne ou per auters seruyces qar il est hors de cas del es\u2223statute \u00b6Et nota qe uull poet tener terrez ou\ntenementes in Frank Almoigne belong to the grantor or his heirs. And for this reason, it is said that if the tenant is a sergeant and the tenant is an abbot who holds his tenements in Frank Almoigne, if the mesne (intermediate lord) wishes to have them without the heir, the mesne tenant must pay rent to the said lord Peramont, and the abbot holds from him immediately by fealty, because he cannot hold from him in Frank Almoigne. And note that where such a man of religion holds his tenements from his lord in Frank Almoigne, his lord is held by law to acquire them in every way of service that the said lord Peramont wishes to have or to demand from the tenements. And if he does not acquire them thus, he will suffer the tenant to be distrained and [recover] from him his damages and the costs of his suit.\n\nTenants hold their land from their lord by homage, and the tenant and his ancestors are held by him.\nThe same lord is held in fealty and by his ancient ancestors, who have rendered him homage and called it ancestral homage because of the continuance that has existed by prescription in the fief held by them from him in the same fief, and in the lordship held by him from them. And this service of ancestral homage was granted to him as security, which is to say that the serf who is alive and has received homage from such a tenant is obligated to guarantee his holding when he is possessed of the land held from him by ancestral homage. And similarly, this service by ancestral homage was granted to him as acquittance. This means that the lord is obligated to acquit the tenant towards all other lords, in every kind of service. It is also said that if such a tenant is heavily indebted by a writ of summons and comes before the court, and he brings his guarantor to the court and declares that he and his ancestors have been held of the land.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be related to feudal law. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"The lord and his ancestors, who is heir, are bound by oath and custom not to disclaim in the lordship if the lord who is vouched for did not receive homage from the tenant or any of his ancestors. However, if the lord who is vouched for has received the homage of the tenant or any of his ancestors, he cannot disclaim. On the contrary, he is obligated by law to guarantee the tenant. And if the tenant defaults on the land, the voucher will recover in value against the vouchers and tenants whom the voucher had vouched for at the time of vouching or afterwards. And it is to be noted that in every case where the lord can disclaim in his lordship according to the law in the court of record, his lordship is extinguished and the tenant will hold from the lord the sergeant who made the disclaimers. However, if an abbot or priest and others are vouched for by force of homage, the abbot or priest cannot disclaim as the abbot or priest is.\"\nIf a subject holds land from another in fealty and the fealty is not continuous in the same lineage of the grantor, the grantee shall not have the guarantee of the land from the lord for this reason: because the continuance of the fealty in the tenant and in his lineage through the alienation is disconnected. And so it is seen that if a tenant holds land from his lord in fealty and the tenant holds it from another in fee simple, he holds the land per fee simple, not in fealty from the lord.\n\nIf a subject holds his land from his lord in fealty and fealty and he has made homage and fealty to his lord, and the lord has granted it to his sergeant, the sergeant and the heir descend from the sergeant. In this case, the tenant holds the land per fee simple, not in fealty from the lord.\n\nItem, it is said that if a subject holds his land from his lord in fealty and fealty, and he has made homage and fealty to his lord, and the lord has issued it to his sergeant, the fitz and the heir descend from the sergeant. In this case, the tenant holds the land per fee simple, not in fealty from the lord.\nIf the servant has paid homage to the lord, he is excused from paying homage to any other heir of the same lord. If the servant, after paying homage to him through his tenant, grants service to another in fee and the tenant turns and the tenant's grant is confirmed, the tenant will not be compelled to pay homage to the lord. However, the tenant will pay homage to the one who recovered the fief, as he did before to the grantor. In this case, the tenant will pay homage to another.\nA man's comment on what he did in homage to two, for the estate that received the homage is defeated {perhaps} to recover it. He did not turn it in his mouth, but held it falsely or defeated it, unless it was against his lord's will. And so, in various cases, a man comes to the lordship to recover it, and he comes to him {perhaps} to ask or out of grace to the lordship. Item, if a tenant who must do homage to his lord comes to him and says, \"Sir, I wish to do homage to you before these witnesses, which I hold from you, and I am ready to do homage to you here before these witnesses {perhaps} because I ask you to receive it from me.\" And if the lord has refused this, the tenant cannot be distrained for the homage due beforehand, which the lord required the tenant to do to him, and the tenant refused it. Item, a man may hold his land in homage, ancestral lands or through service of knighthood.\nAuxiliary is how a poet keeps his land in fealty to an ancestress in socage and the like. To hold by great serjeanty is how a man holds lands or tenements of our sovereign the King, in return for the service he renders to the King in person, such as carrying the King's banner or lance. Or being his marshal. Or carrying his sword before him at his coronation. Or being his steward or his butler. Or one of his seven chamberlains of the rest. Or performing other such services and the like. And the reason why this service is called great serjeanty is because it is more grand and more worthy service than that in the tenure by estates. For he who holds by estate is not limited by his tenure to do any more special service than another who holds by estate. But he who holds by great serjeanty must do a special service to the King which he who holds by estate does not have to do. Item\nIf the person holding land from the king must pay relief to the heir if the heir is of full age, unless the heir holds a fee simple from the king. However, if one holding land from the king by sergeancy must pay relief to the king when the heir is of full age, the heir must pay the king the value of the lands or tenements that he holds from the king by sergeancy, to oust the charters and reprises for the lands that he holds from the king by sergeancy. And it is further stated that sergeancy is latent, that is, it is service and great sergeancy is great service.\n\nFurthermore, those holding by estate must perform their services outside the realm. But those holding by grace serjeanty for the king's person must perform their services within the realm.\n\nMoreover, it is said that in the marches of Scotland, those holding by cornage from the king, that is, to carry a horn to warn men of the country and the like, when they heard that the Scots or other enemies intended or sought to enter England and the like.\nAll service is gratuitous servitude. Mez, a tenant, owes service to some other sergeant who serves the king for this corv\u00e9e service, which is not great serjeanty. Mez can only hold serjeanty from the king himself. A man cannot hold serjeanty from anyone else, unless it is from the king alone.\n\nItem, a man saw in the year 11. H. that Cokayne, the chief baron of the exchequer, came to this court bringing with him a copy of a record in these words: \"This tenant holds such land from the king by serjeanty to find one heir to go to war wherever the tour marches and so on, and he asked if he had been great serjeanty or little serjeanty.\"\n\nAnd Hank also said that he had been great serjeanty because he had service to do for the king's person, and if he could not find anyone else to do the service for him, he himself had to do it when the justices granted it to Cokayne, who did not respond.\n\nAnd note that all who held serjeanty from the king held it by service dear and:\nle Roy de ceo a\u2223uera garde mariaige & relief Mez le Roy nauera de eux estuage si ils ne tiegnont {per} estuage &c\nTEnure {per} petit Seriauntie est lou home tient sa terre de nre {ser}r le Roy a render a Roy annueleme\u0304t vn arke ou vn espee ou vn dagger ou vn cotell ou vn launce ou vn pier de gauntez de feere ou vn {per}e de spores de ore ou vn seete ou dyuerz see tes ou de reuder auters tielx petit choses to chaunt la guerre Et tiel seruice nest fors{que} Socace en effecte pur ceo q\u0304 le tenaunt per sa teuure ne doit alet ne faire ascun chose en son {pro}pre person touchan\u0304t la guert Mez de render & paier annuelement cteyn choses a Roy sicome vn ho\u2223me doit paier vn rent \u00b6Et nota qe home ne poet tener {per} gran\u0304t Seri\u00a6antie ne {per} petit seriantie si non de Roy\nTEnure en Burgage est lou vn auncien Borough\u0304 est de q\u0304 le Roy est {ser}r & ceux qe ount tenementez demz le borough teignont de Roy lour tenementez qe chescu\u0304 tenan\u0304t pur s\u0304 teneme\u0304t doit paier a Roy vn certen rent {per} an &c Et tiel tenure nest\nFor a tenant in Socage: In the same manner, there is another server, either spiritual or temporal, who is the server of such a Borough, and the tenants of such a Borough owe each one of them an annual rent to their server. And this is called holding in Burgage, because the tenements in the Borough are held of the lord of the borough by rent called the burgage rent. And it is indeed the case that the ancient towns called boroughs were the most ancient towns in England, for those towns which now are Cities or Counties in ancient times were boroughs and were called boroughs. For from such ancient towns called boroughs, the burgesses came permanently and one by one to hold of the King as their lord. Item, for the better government of such boroughs, they had diverse customs and usages which other towns did not have. For some boroughs had such a custom that if a man had several sons and the youngest son inherited all the tenements which were due to his father, the borough itself was inherited by the father as if he were the heir.\nIn ancient English borough customs, a woman would inherit all the lands and tenements that belonged to her husband and his baron, in boroughs. In such boroughs, the customary fee was due to the husband's heir, not the husband himself, the lands and tenements in fee simple, the borough itself demanding this at the time of the husband's death. The heir was then obliged to allow the executor to enter these tenements and have and hold them alone, save the form and effect of the executor's entry without any survivor's consent, save one person in law. A husband could not grant or give lands to his wife during the marriage, except under this custom. He could only bequeath lands to his wife in fee simple or in fee tail for life or for term of years, for this custom would not take effect otherwise than after his death. For all debts.\nA person who has not disposed of matters before death, and if a man makes various testaments and various bequests at different times, and yet fails to dispose of the remainder by will, and a man is accustomed to dispose of his property by will, such executors can alienate and view the tenements which he had in fee simple for distributing a certain sum of money for his soul. In such a case, if the disposer of the tenements and the tenements descend to his heir before the executors can sell them after the death of their testator, they can dispossess the heir and make feoffments, alienations, and estates to whomsoever the vendor is made, and they can see here an example of a man making a loyal estate, and yet he had nothing in the tenements at the time of making the estate, and the reason is because the custom and usage was such. Since custom, from a reasonable cause, has often taken the place of law.\n\nNote that no custom is permissible contrary to such custom.\nThis text appears to be written in Old French, and it discusses the concept of prescription in law. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"this is the title of the prescription. It is, in effect, about memory not fading with various opinions, and the title of the prescription being one in the law. Some have said that memory of time is called the time of limitation in the law. For instance, in the statute of Westminster the third, it is done so that the deed of right is the highest brief in its nature, and such a brief can recover its right of possession from the most ancient times that a person could do so by law and the like. Until it is done according to the said statute, in a deed of right, nothing should be heard regarding the season of its ancestry from longer than the time the King Richard the First mentioned. This is proven to be the case, as continuance of possession or other customs and usages after the said time is the title of prescription and the like.\"\n\nTherefore, the text can be summarized as follows: The title of a prescription refers to the concept of memory not fading with time in law, and the term \"memory of time\" is synonymous with the \"time of limitation.\" The statute of Westminster third states that a deed of right is the highest brief in nature, allowing a person to recover their right of possession from ancient times. Until this statute was enacted, nothing could be heard regarding the season of the deed's ancestry for a longer time than the time mentioned by King Richard the First. Continuance of possession and other customs and usages after the said time are also considered part of the title of prescription.\n\"this is a title of description that was announced and because they have said that there was another title of prescription before, which was in front of the common law, a statute of limitations and so on. This was an old custom or usage or other thing that had been in use since memory of men did not contradict it. They said that this custom had been proven through the plaintiff who wanted to plead a title of prescription of custom and so on. He would say that this custom had been in effect since a time when memory of men did not exist. And this is why this matter was pleaded, since no man was alive then who had heard any proof to the contrary or had any knowledge of it. And this title of prescription was in the common law and no statute had been issued against it. Therefore it died as it was in the common law, and the statute of limitations of right and so on is of such long time passed. Therefore, for this reason. And many other customs and usages had such ancient origins. Item, each.\"\nA Borough is a town where the inhabitants, called vileins, pay customs to the lord, who is their lord, in return for certain lands or tenements, provided that the custom is either his or voluntary on his part, and they serve their vilein as porter, carrier, and other services. The lord's vileins also spread the manure the vilein spreads on the land and husbands it. And other free men hold their tenements according to certain customs through these services, and their holding is called tenure in vilenage, and they are not villeins unless they hold land in vilenage or villein land and no excessive custom on the land forces a free man to make a vilein a villein. So if a villein purchases lands in fee simple or in fee tail, the lord of the villein cannot make the land villein land.\nItem, a peasant enters the land and evicts the serf and heirs, and if the serf wishes to remain on the land as a tenant, he may do so. Item, each peasant, who is a serf by title of prescription or confession in court, is a serf, whether it be he or his ancestors have been serfs for a long time. Or if a free man acknowledges himself to be a serf in court of record before the issue which he dares to assert, those issues which he will have afterwards are serfs. Item, if the serf purchases land and alienates the land to another before the serf seizes the land, and the serf cannot enter the land because he will be considered mad and did not enter before the land was in the main the serf's, similarly, if the serf buys goods and sells or gives them to another before the serf seizes the goods, and the serf cannot have them afterwards because the serf did not seize them before the serf could. Item, if the serf is before any such thing.\nIf the villein claims that he is the sole owner of the lands and openly enters the courts with this claim, and if the business is not subject to the lord's jurisdiction in any way, this is considered good in law. The occupation that the villain acquires after such a claim will be subject to the law, unless the king himself had previously purchased the land or entered it before the villain. Or if the villain bought goods and sold them before the king's entry, the lands will remain with the villain as long as they are not the king's. \"Quia nullus tempus occurrit Regi\" (No time occurs to the king).\n\nItem, if a man leased certain land to another for life, and a villain purchased the reversion from the lessor, in this case it seems that the sergeant of the villain can come to the land and claim the reversion as the sergeant of the said villain, for in another form he could not come to it.\nA rection: a vilean cannot enter on the tenant's land during his lifetime and if he must delay, after the tenant's death the tenant's land becomes his. For perhaps the vilean wished to have greater power or alienate the rection to another while the tenant was alive. In the same manner, a vilean purchased an acre of land from an Eschequer fully encumbered, such that the serf of the village could come to the said Eschequer and claim the land, and through this claim the land was in his possession. However, if the serf had to wait until after the encumbrance and present his clerk to the said Eschequer, in the meantime the vilean could alienate the acre. Therefore, the serf was ousted from his presentation.\n\nItem, there were vileans regarded and regarded as vileans. Vileans regarded were those who behaved in a manner typical of vileans and those who lived in the same manner were considered to be of the same stock as vileans regarded.\n\"Despite the passage of time: And a great villain is a man who, in his manner, acts as a villain, and he grants favor to one villain over another, except he is a villain in deed and not in appearance. Similarly, if a man and his ancestors who are heirs have been seised of a villainy and of their ancestors who were villains in deed for a long time, such villains in deed are villains. And no one who cannot grant or alienate such things can be a grantor or scribe of them, unless it is he who claims the villainy and his ancestors.\n\nIf it is to be shown in court, let him who wishes have some advantage from it. And because a grant or alienation of a villain does not exist without deed or other writing, a man could not acquire in a villain in deed without manifestation of writing, unless it is he who claims it and his ancestors.\"\nHere is the cleaned text:\n\n\"heire is Mez of these things concerning or pertaining to one manner or others that have been or hold of these lands and tenements, and have been or hold of these things as concerning or pertaining to the manner or these lands or tenements, from a time when memory does not reach. And the reason is because such manner or lands or tenements cannot pass by alienation without deed and the like. \u00b6And indeed, nothing is called regarding to a manner, except vileinage and other things such as plowlands and pasture, are named appurtenances to the manner or the lands or tenements. \u00b6Item, if a man is found in court of record to be a vilein who was not a vilein before, he is a vilein in gross. \u00b6Item, a man who is a vilein is called a vilein or a neif, and a woman who is a vilein is called a neife, as a man who is a villager is called a villager and a woman who is a villager is called a vayue. \u00b6Item, if a vilein puts his wife to another man, the issue between them shall be the vilein's.\"\nA vilein may be a nephew and live at a baron's house, but he is a vilein by record in law, as he is the son of one who cannot inherit because he cannot endure before any. A vilein is able and frankly subject to all manner of actions towards each person, for the most part towards his lord and sometimes towards others, as he may have an action of death against his lord or against an ancestor who is his heir. There is also a Neife who is running from her lord's servant and may have an action of rape against him. If a vilein executes the will of another and was indebted to the testator in a sum of money that is not much in this case, the vilein who is the executor of the testator will have an action of debt against him for this reason because he will not recover the debt from his lord. The lord may not take anything outside of his possession.\nvileyn qe est executour les bn\u0304z le mort & si\u0304 il face le villeyn come executour auera acco\u0304n de tspas de mesmez lez bn\u0304z issint prises enuers son {ser}r & rcouera damagez al vse le testatour Mez en toutz tielx casez il couie\u0304t q\u0304 le {ser}r q\u0304 e\u0304 defendaunt en tielx accon\u0304s face son {pro}testacion qe le pleyntif est son villeyn ou auter nient le vylleyn {ser}ra enft q\u0304 le mater soit troue pur le {ser}r en count le villein come est dit \u00b6Item si\u0304 vn villeyn suyst vn acco\u0304n de\ntrans ou vn auter acci\u0304on enuers son {ser}r en vn counte et le {ser}r dit que il ne {ser}ra respondu pur ceo q\u0304il est son villeyn regardaunt a son maner en auter couute &c & le pleyntif dit qeil est fraunk et de fraunk astate et nemye villeyn ceo {ser}ra trie en le con\u0304te ou le pleyntif auoet consceu s\u0304 accion et nemye en le cou\u0304te ou le maner lst & ceo est in fauore\u0304 liberta\u2223tis Et pur ceo vn estatut fuist fait Anno ix Regis Ricardi secundi le tenor de q\u0304ll ensuyst en tiel forme \u00b6Item {per} la ou plusours villeyns & mefes si bien dez\nLords from other gentries, if they are spiritual or temporal, submit themselves to cities and places subjected to the lord of the city, such as London and others resembling it. They feign various services due to their lords, and the lords grant them letters patent or charters, stating that the lords or others shall not be prevented by their vassals from their responses in the law, due to this status. If any vassal wishes to sue a manner of action against his lord in any county where it is difficult to distinguish, the serf must first plead that the plea is his or make a protestation that he is the serf, and plead other matters in bar. And if they are in issue and the issue is found for the serf, the serf is a serf if he was a serf before, according to the same statute. However, if the issue is found for the lord, the serf is a free man because the lord did not take him as his serf in the first place.\nItem a serf may not disobey his lord, for if he does, the lord may impose grievous fines and reasons upon the king. It seems that the serf will not have a plea in his own cause against his lord, except for damages. And if the serf recovers damages in this case and has execution against his lord, and the lord pays the damages and the execution is voided, the serf may not recover.\n\nItem if a serf is summoned in a real action or a personal action against his lord, and the lord wishes to plead in disability of his person, he may not make a full defense, but may only defend against tort and force. He must show judgment if he is summoned and respond.\n\nItem there are six manners of men who should be counted as to whether they have actions and judgments if they are:\n\nThese should be if they are.\nThe respondent &c. responds and the second is the defendant or plaintiff in a case before it. The second is the person who is the real party in interest in an action of debt or on another action or in an indemnity. The tenant or defendant may produce all the matter of record and warrant it and demand judgment whether he shall be answered for this because he was outside the law during such time that he was the warrantor. The third is an alien who, not being subject to the jurisdiction of the sovereign, if such alien wishes to bring a real or personal action, the tenant or defendant may say that he was born in such a country that is outside the jurisdiction of the sovereign and the sovereign and the court will judge whether he shall be answered. The fourth is a person who has been sued in the king's court on a writ of Praemunire and is outside the king's protection, and if he has taken the king's protection and has produced all the matter of record against him, he may have judgment if he is to be answered because the king and the writs are concerned with things for the protection of which a man is protected and these things lasted for the time that a man is in such a case outside the protection.\nThe king is not able to be identified or protected by the law for the king or for the person who is a homeborn and professes in such a way that he took or the defendant claims that such a person entered religion in such a place in the order of St. Benedict. And the monk or one in the order of the Friars Minor or the Brothers of Penance, and the monk professed and was not from other orders of religion, and the superior judged whether it should be answered. And the cause is because when a man entered religion and was a professed person, he was dead in the law and his son or other heir might inherit from him according to how he was actually dead and when he entered religion he could make his testament and executors and the executors would have an action of debt due to him from within religion or another action that the executors could have if he was actually dead. And if he did not make executors when he entered religion, then the ordinary could commit the administration of all his goods to others as he was actually dead.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be discussing legal procedures related to excommunication. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"Le isme est ou home est excommen\u00e9 {per} le loi de Sainte \u00c9glise. Il y a une action r\u00e9elle ou personnellement tenu ou d\u00e9fendu, qui peut plaider ceux qui sont excommen\u00e9s et contester les lettres de l\u00e9sion, sous peine de ne r\u00e9pondre et ainsi de suite. Mais dans ce cas, si on plaite contre ceux-ci, ils ne peuvent pas donner la r\u00e9ponse ni abattre le proces sauf si le juge leur permet de faire une r\u00e9ponse ou r\u00e9attachement sur leur brevet et cela reste naturellement attach\u00e9 \u00e0 leur brevet et ainsi de suite. Mais dans autres cinq cas, le brevet abat et ainsi de suite, si le mati\u00e8re ne peut \u00eatre d\u00e9bit\u00e9e. Item, si un vilain fait un chapelain servir un autre de son serviteur, il ne peut le saisir comme tel et le servir, car c'est ainsi qu'il est un vilain. Mais il semble que si le vilain entre en religion et est profess\u00e9 et ainsi de suite, que le serf ne peut lui prendre ni servir parce que il est mort en loi ni plus qu'un franc homme\npourrait prendre une nef \u00e0 sa femme, le serf\"\nA poet found one who sat with the baron's wife without his license and will. My remedy is to have an action against the baron for this, as the serf had an action against the sovereign of the house who admitted and harbored his villein in the same house without his license and will, and recovered his damages to the value of the villein, for he who professes himself a monk and is a monk is a mere monk and will be taken as such, unless it is decreed otherwise by the law of the Church. And he is bound by his religion to keep his cloister and if the serf could take him outside of his house, he would not live as a living person, nor would it be convenient for his religion. For if a child of the body and land is brought up from infancy to the age of fourteen and enters religion and is professed as a gardener, no other remedy is available except for the guardianship of his person, except in cases of raucous behavior against the guardianship in the city.\nThe following text describes medieval laws regarding manumission and enfranchisement of serfs:\n\nItem in many various cases the serf may grant manumission and enfranchisement to his villain. Manumission is defined as the act by which the serf frees his villain from his land and power. It is called manumission because it releases the villain from the serf's hand or power. Similarly, every kind of enfranchisement granted to a villain by his lord is called manumission. Furthermore, if the serf grants his villain an obligation for a certain sum of money, a grant, an annuity, or land or tenements for a term of years, the villain is enfranchised. Similarly, if the serf grants his villain a fee simple of any lands or tenements, either by gift or by sale.\nen fee simple fee taill / ou pur t{er}me de vie & lyuera a luy ssiu\u0304 ceo e\u0304 vn enfraunchesment\u00b7 Mes si le {ser}r fait a luy vn lees de t{er}res ou ten\u0304tez a tener a volu\u0304te le {ser}r {per} fait ou sans fait ceo nest ascun enfran\u0304chesment pur c q\u0304il ne ad ascun maner certentene seurte de son astate mez le {ser}r luy puist ouster q\u0304nt il voleit. Auyi si le {ser}r suyt enuers son villeyn vn Precipe qd redd si'il reco\u2223uera ou soit nousnye apres apparan\u0304ce ceo est vn manumyssion pur ceo q\u0304 il puisoit loyalment entrere en le tere sauz tiel suyte \u00b6En m\u0304 le ma\u00a6ner est si il suyt enuers son villein accion de dette ou de couena\u0304t ou de accompt ou de tspas ou h{us}modi ceo est vn enfra\u0304chesme\u0304t pr ceo q\u0304il puy soit enprisoner le vyleyn & p\u0304nder sez bn\u0304z sauns tiel suyte \u00b6Mez si le {ser}r\nsuyst son vileyn {per} appelle de felonye ceo ne enfraunchesera pas le vy\u2223leyn coment q\u0304 le mat de appelle soit troue encont le {ser}r pur c q\u0304 le {ser}r ne puisoit auer le vileyn de estre penduz sans tiel snyte. Mes si le vilei\u0304\u00a6ne\nItem, the same offender is pardoned for the felony called against him and is acquitted since he recovered damages against his serjeant for the false appeal and so on, because the villain is pardoned due to the judgment of damages done against him by his serjeant. And there are many other cases and matters where one villain can be pardoned against his serjeant and so on.\n\nItem, if a serjeant in a certain manner wishes to write, he may testify that it is customary for him to remember the time when memory does not run, that each tenant holds it not in the manner in which Maria his daughter holds it from any man without the serjeant's leave, and fines are imposed on the serjeant for the manner in which it was, during the time this prescription is in effect. But no one should make such fines against villains alone. For each free man may freely marry his daughter to whom it pleases him and his daughter, and for this reason such a prescription is void.\n\nHowever, in the Kent county courts held in Gascony, according to the custom and usage, the sheriff [per] the custom and usage.\ntems wherein memory does not run against the Fitz, they ought to inherit the custom, for it is allowable because there is no reason why each Fitz is not as much a gentleman as Lewis Fitz and, in some cases, has greater honor and value, and if he has nothing personal ancestry, they could not increase in this way and so on. Item, the custom is called Borough English in any Borough, and the Fitz will summon all tenants and so on, and this custom is also practiced without any reason why the Fitz should not be father and mother, because they cannot prevent the most numerous of all brothers from inheriting and so on. However, if a man wishes to prescribe that if he is injured, he may distrain and detain them until fine is made to him for the damage to his will, this prescription is void because if tort is done to a man, he would be the judge in his own demesne, for this reason, if he has damage other than the value of a mail coat, he could not.\nassesset and a poor man shall serve in every case, and this position or prescription should be used if it is in every case necessary. A man who wishes to pledge lands or tenements shall pay a fine to the lord for marriage dues or for the marriages of these daughters or girls. Therefore, this man shall pay this fine for the marriage and so on, because it is the folly of such a poor man to pay in this form or to hold himself in such bondage. However, a poor man does not make himself a serf in this way.\n\nThere are three kinds of rents: rent service, rent charge, and rent seek. Rent service is when the tenant holds his land from his lord by fealty and rent or homage fealty and rent or other service and certain rent. And if rent service is due at any time, the serf must remain at the disposal of the lord for that purpose.\nA ore home vo\u00a6leit doner terrez ou ten\u0304tez a vn aut{er} en le tail rendant a luy certen re\u0304t il de co\u0304e droit poet distreyner pur le rent arret cot qe tiel done fui\u0304st fat sanz fait pur c q\u0304 tiel rent e\u0304 rent {ser}uice \u00b6En mesme le maner est si leez soit fait a vn home pur t{er}me de vie rendant certen rent ou pur terme danz rendant certen rent &c Mez en tiel case ou home sur tiel done ou lees voille re{ser}uet a luy vn rente seruice il couynt qe le tnercion de lez t{er}rez ou ten\u0304tz soient en le donour ou lessour Qar si home voill fait feffeme\u0304t en fee ou voille doner t{er}res en le tail remaynder ouster en fee si\u0304ple sa\u0304z fait r{ser}ua\u0304t a luy cten re\u0304t tiel r{ser}uacion e\u0304 voide pr c q\u0304 nul re\u2223uercio\u0304 e\u0304 en le donor & tiel tena\u0304t tient sa t{er}re i\u0304mediatly de le {ser}r de q\u0304 s\u0304 do\u2223nor tenuyt &c &c e\u0304 {per} force de le statut Quia emptores tra{rum} Qar de\u2223uaunt le dit estatut si home fesoit vn feffeme\u0304t en fee simple {per} fait ou sa\u0304z fait renda\u0304t a luy & a sez heirez cten re\u0304t c fuist re\u0304t {ser}uice & pr\nIf it is possible to distrain a man for rightful debt and if he makes no restitution of rent or service that the feoffee held from the feoffor for the service that the feoffor was obliged to render, then, if a man makes an endowment to such a year, he remains out at fee or dies before the term of his life, and leaves a tenant in fee or a feoffment in fee, and during his minority, he restores to him and to his heirs a certain rent and that if the rent is adequate, it is to be distrained and, thus, this rent is a rent charged for this reason, that these lands or tenements are charged with this distress solely by force of the scripture and not by any right. And if such a man makes an endowment, this rent is without the clause put in it that he could distrain and, thus, this rent is a rent sought for the reason that he could not see the rent if it was otherwise by means of distress, and if he was not in this case, except for this.\nrent it is without remedy as it will be said afterwards. Moreover, if a man is granted certain land by deed or possibly an annuity rent issuing from another's land outside of the same land to another in fee or in tail, or for life and the like, or with a clause of distress and the like, then this rent is not in distress and is therefore secure. And note that a rent secure, that is, when the revenues are free from distress, is when no distress is incident to them. Furthermore, if a man grants a rent charge to another and the rent is to be paid directly to the grantee or if he wishes to sue a brief of annulment of this rent against the grantor or to distrain for the rent, and the distress is retained, he cannot do both and have both at once. For if he recovers through the brief of annulment, the land is discharged from the distress and the like, and if there is no brief of annulment between the parties for the arrears and the tenant is in possession and the grantor has taken the distress on the land and the like, the tenant must be repledged and the grantor may have the distress on the land.\ncourt of record donques is the land charged, and the person of the grantor is discharged from action of ejectment or scire facias concerning this land, but only in regard to the land and tenements mentioned and donques the land is charged and the person of the grantor is discharged, Item if a man does such a thing as if A of B did not annually pay to the feast of Nativity for the term of his life the sum of 20 shillings of loyal money which donques clearly appears to A of B to distrain for this purpose in the manner of F and so it is a good retainer for those to whom the manor is charged through distress etc and further the person of him who does such a thing is discharged in this case from action of annuity for the reason that he grants no annuity to the said A of B otherwise than that he may distrain for such annuity etc, Item if a man has a rent charged to him and to his heirs issuing from certain land, if he purchases this rent from another\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in Middle English, and it seems to be related to land law. The text appears to discuss the circumstances under which a grantor can be discharged from an action of ejectment or annuity, and the circumstances under which a tenant can purchase a rent from another.)\nThe land and its heirs are bound to pay the full rent, which extends and is only due to the fact that the rent cannot be approached in such a manner. But if a man who holds the land by purchase of the service of the lord from whom the rent issues, this does not extinguish the rent, but the service in this case can be approached and will be approached, only up to the value of the land. But if a tenant holds the land from his lord by service, such as a plowshare or a spade or a key of Gilgall, and in such a case the lord has purchased the land with this service, then the rent will be approached as stated above. But in this case, the homage and fealty will remain entire to the lord, because the lord will have the homage and fealty of his tenant.\nThe remaining lands and tenants continue to hold them, as they did before, for the reason that some services are not annual services and cannot be provided except through the escheat. If a man has a rent charged upon him and his father purchased the charged lands from those who held the charges, and this land descended to his son who now holds the rent charge, this rent charge will be paid only from the value of the land as it is assessed for rent service, for the reason that the portion of the land purchased by the father does not come to the son through his father's demesne, but through the court of law. If a serf and tenant holds from his serf, and the tenant grants the rent to another and receives fealty from him, and the tenant turns to the grantor of the rent, then this rent is sought from the rent for the reason that the tenants are not held to the grantor of the rent, but to the serf who received fealty from him.\nfealty. A man holds his land from another in fee and fealty and certain rent, if the servant grants the rent, the homage and rent follow the grant. A man holds his land from his lord in fee, fee simple, in homage, fealty, and certain rent, if the servant grants the homage of his tenant to another, saving the remaining services and the tenant renders it to him according to the form of the grant. In this case, the tenant holds his land by the grant and the servant who granted the homage will not have the rent recovered as rent, nor can he distrain for the rent on account of the fealty or homage, nor can it be severe in homage and fealty, for all such services can be demanded if the tenant is present and the like. Homage, fealty, and service are services by which lands or tenements are held and they are such that in no manner can they be taken except by adhering and the like. Because homage, fealty, and service are services through which lands or tenements are held and they are such that in no way can they be taken except by adhering and the like.\ncome services Mez indeed is a diminished rent, which was once a fee-simple rent service for whatsoever is severe, according to the grant; the servant of these rent services cannot be called rent service, unless he owes this rent only what is incidental to each kind of rent and therefore it is called rent seck; Item, if a man reserves lands or tenements for another for life and grants rent to another in return, excepting the reversion of the land, this rent is not forsken rent seck, unless the grant has no reversion of the land; Mez, if the grantor grants the reversion of the land to another for life and holds it in demesne, he is bound to pay the rent as rent service, because all the rent and service in such cases\n\nCleaned Text: Come services. Mez is indeed a diminished rent, which was once a fee-simple rent service for whatever is severe, according to the grant. The servant of these rent services cannot be called rent service unless he owes this rent only what is incidental to each kind of rent and therefore it is called rent seck. Item, if a man reserves lands or tenements for another for life and grants rent to another in return, excepting the reversion of the land, this rent is not rent seck unless the grant has no reversion of the land. Mez, if the grantor grants the reversion of the land to another for life and holds it in demesne, he is bound to pay the rent as rent service because all the rent and service in such cases belong to the grantor of the reversion.\nItem, if the grant of reception has been made to one person, the reception should not pass through the hands of another person by virtue of that grant. Item, if the sergeant and tenant holds the tenancy from the sergeant through the service of the lord, and the sergeant holds from the proctor, the sergeant must pay the proctor the service of menialty for it, and he must hold it immediately from various men through various services which were unknown, and the law allows the suffering of one inconvenience rather than many. Moreover, as long as the tenant held from the mesne [Lords], the mesne held for less than 20 shillings, except that he had previously had more in advantage from his sergeant, he will have the same quarter-rent as an annuity sought from the manor.\n{ser}r qe purchasa le tenaunt\u00a6cie &c \u00b6Item si home qe ad rente sekke est ssi\u0304 vn foitz de ascun {per}cel de le rente & apres si le tenau\u0304nt ne voet paier le rent q\u0304 e\u0304 aderer ceo est son remedie il couyent de aler {per} luy ou {per} aut{er} a lez terrez ou ten\u0304tz don\u0304t le rent est issaunt & la demaunder lez arregagez del rent. & si le tenant denya c de paier ceo denyer est vn dissiu\u0304 de le rent Auxi si le tenaunt ne soit adonqes prist a paier &c ceo est vn denyer & vn dissiu\u0304. Auxi si le tenaunt ne null aut{er} home soit demurra\u0304t sr le t{er}re ou les ten\u0304tz q\u0304nt il dda\u0304 lez arrerages &c ceo est vn denyer en ley & dissiu\u0304 en fait Et de tielx disseson\u0304s il poet auer assise de nouell dissiu\u0304 enuers le tenaunt et recouera la ssiu\u0304 de le rent & lez arregagez & sez damages & lez costages de son br & de son plee &c Et si apres tiel reconerer le rente soit auter\u2223foitz luy denye donqes il auera vn reddissiu\u0304 et recouera ses dowble damages etc \u00b6Et memorand qe cest nou\u0304 assi\u0304a est equiuocu\u0304 q\u0304r ascu\u0304 foitz il est pris\n\"In the beginning of the record of Assize, it is recorded that Assia came with recognition, etc. In the right of the Assize, it is further stated that the defendant may put in God and grant an assize. Additionally, there is a writ in the register called Magna Assize, which is a proof that this is not the same Assize. Sometimes, the entire assize is taken for this intent. It is more commonly and primarily called a new assize.\"\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it discusses various legal matters, including the seizure of pasture lands and rents. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"dissi\u00fa est pris pour tout le bre de l'assise Et en m\u00eame le manoir assis de co\u00e9hn de pasture est pris pour tout le bre de l'assise de co\u00e9hn de pasture & assise de mordancaster est pris pour tout le br de mortdau\u0301caster. & assise de darrein presentement est pris pour tout le br de l'assise de darrein presentement\u00b7 Mes il semble que ces brevets ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 s'appeler assises fuist \u00e0 cause de ceo que chacun de ces brevets il est command\u00e9 au vicque que il doit sommener un jury Et assise est prise pour une ordonnance pour mettre choses en un container, r\u00e8gle et disposicion si comme une ordonnance qui est entre les anciens \u00e9tats est appel\u00e9e assise pain et service etc \u00b6Item si c'est seigneur et tenant et le seigneur accorde la rentre de son tenant par son fait \u00e0 un autre sans ses autres services et le tenant attorne ceo est une rentre s\u00e9quelle, comme dit avant. Mes si la rentre lui soit deni\u00e9e au prochain jour de paiement il ny aucun rem\u00e8de pour ceo que\"\nI. There is no such thing as this possession. If the tenant holds it back when he should have surrendered it to the grantor before or after he wished to give him a penny or a coat and so on, in absence of seisin of the rent, and if afterwards he fails to pay the rent on the proper day of payment, he will have a new action. And similarly, if a grantor grants an annual rent to another and pays him a penny or a coat in absence of seisin of the rent, and afterwards fails to pay the rent on the proper day of payment, the grantor may have a remedy or otherwise be displeased and so on.\n\nII. Regarding rents, a person seeking to have seisin of a mortmains or a brief of aheirship or of cozynage and all other kinds of real actions. If the case be as it seems and he can have rent from some other source.\n\nIII. There are three reasons for the discharge of rent service: Rescue Replenished and Enclosed. Rescue is when the servant in the land held from him is distrained for his arrears of rent, and his distress is rescued.\nIf the server comes on the land and wishes to distrain and the landlord or other tenant will not allow him to distrain, replenishment is made when the server has distrained and replenishment is made from the distress, either by pound or by plea. Enclosure is when the land or tenements are issued so that the server can come to demand the lands or tenements for distrainment, and the reasons for these things are disputes made to the server, because the server is disturbed from his means by these things and comes to his rent. Quarters are caused by the dispute of rent charge. Rescous, replenishment, and denial are all disputes of rent charge, as it is said in the rent charge. And two are causes of the dispute of rent charge, denial and enclosure. It seems that there is another cause of all three rents mentioned above, if the server is in alienation in the land held from him for distrainment, and the tenant encounters and obstructs him on the way.\n\"This person is forced to bear arms or threaten him in such a way that he dare not come to the earth to demand his rent and so on, out of fear of death or loss of limbs. This is a reason why the servant is prevented from attending to what he should in order to demand his rent. And similarly, if this person who has a rent charge or seeks rent is prevented or does not dare to come to the earth to demand the rent and so on,\n\nExplicit libri Secundi\nIncipit Liber Tertius\nParceners are of two kinds: parceners according to the common law, and parceners according to custom. Parceners according to custom are the husband or wife, if they are of certain territories or holdings in fee simple or in fee tail, and have issue except for daughters and those descending to daughters and daughters' daughters, and they enter into those territories or holdings, or descend to them, and therefore they are called parceners, and those who are daughters are also parceners, and they are excepted only if there is one heir to the ancestor. And they are\"\nAppellez perceners pour ceux qui ont le terre, qui sont appel\u00e9s pertenaires de la terre de perticiater, et si il y a deux filles, ils sont appel\u00e9s deux perceniers. Si il y a trois filles, ils sont appel\u00e9s trois perceniers, et si quatre filles, quatre perceniers, et ainsi de suite. Si un homme est tenu en fee simple ou en fee taille et deuie sans issue de son corps engendrees, et les tenez decedont a ses seurs, ils sont perceniers. La coutume est avancee que les teneurs desdont a leurs tantes et ainsi de suite. Mais si un homme n'a qu'une fille, elle ne peut etre dite percener, mais est appel\u00e9e fille et h\u00e9riti\u00e8re et ainsi de suite.\n\nEt c'est en effet que la perticion des perceniers peut \u00eatre faite de diverses mani\u00e8res. Un est celui o\u00f9 les agr\u00e9sent ont le droit de faire partition et la perticion des tenements est faite comme si ils \u00e9taient deux perceniers \u00e0 diviser entre eux les tenements en deux parties, chacune partie \u00e9tant en seule propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et d'egal valeur. Et ainsi de suite.\nThree persons shall divide the titles into three parts, severally and so on. Another precision is between them and concerns their friends, to make a partition of the lands or titles in the aforementioned form. And in such cases, after this partition, the eldest daughter should choose one of the parts that she wants for her purity. And the second daughter after her, and the mother another part, and the fourth another part and so on. If there are more than four sisters and so on. If they are not all agreed among themselves because one of them could have such titles and another such titles and so on without a previous election and the property that the eldest sister has is called in Latin \"anicia pers\" if the other persons agree that the eldest sister should make a partition of the tenements in the aforementioned form. And if she does so, it is said that the eldest sister should pay more slowly afterwards to each of her sisters. Another partition and allotment.\n\"est comme si soient quart perdreurs et apres la perte de ces terres, chaque quartier de terre soit sommairement ecrit sur un petit parchemin et couvert entierement en cire, de sorte que rien ne puisse voir le parchemin, et donques les quatre piles de cire soient mises dans un bonnet\ngarder dans ces maisons un indifferant homme et donque les enfants en tenant a changement et allocation, Item un autre perdreur est comme si soient quart centeniers et ils ne veulent pas accepter une perte de la part d'un tiers, donc un homme peut avoir le brevet de trois ou deux d'entre eux, ou trois d'entre eux peuvent avoir le brevet fait entre eux et quand le jugement sera rendu sur tel brevet, le jugement sera tel que la perte sera faite entre les parties et que le vainqueur en personne soit present aux terres et tenements et etc, et que il fasse la perte\n\"\nA person pertaining to the same territory or tenement, be it assigned to the plaintiff or one of the defendants and another to another defendant, should make no mention in the indictment of the lord's superior or the pertinent, unless it has been done and notice given to the justices and so on, and it should be ensured that the lord's son will not have the first election and so on. The viscount may assign the first to one and the same person, and may grant the land to himself and so on. Note that the pertinent, by agreement, may be paid to the receivers in such a way. That is, one receiver will have one month's rent and the other receiver will have another month's rent, and the one who has the rent of twenty shillings.\n\nIn this case, the pertinent should be made between them in such a way. That is, one receiver will have one month's rent and the other receiver will have another month's rent, and the one who has the rent of twenty shillings and twenty shillings more and the pertinent, by agreement, may be paid to the receivers in full without any delay.\nsez heires paiera vn annuell rente de .v. s\u0304 issaunt hors de mesme le mese a laut {per}cener & a ses heires a toutez iours {per} cause q\u0304 chescu\u0304 deux aueroit owelte en value & tiell {per}ticion fait {per} {per}oll est assetz bon & mesme le {per}cener qui auera le le rente & sez hei\u0304rez purront distreyner de coe\u0304n droit pur le rent en le dit mese de le value de xx s\u0304 si le rent de v s\u0304 soit aderer en ascun temps en q\u0304com{que} mayns q\u0304 mesme le mese deuient coment qe ne fuist vnqes ascun escripture de c fait ent eux \u00b6En mesme le maner e\u0304 de toutz ma\u00a6ners terres & teneme\u0304tez &c\u25aa ou tiel rent est re{ser}ue a vn ou a dyuers des {per}ceners sur tiel {per}ticion &c Mez tiel rente nest mye rent {ser}uice mes e\u0304 re\u0304t charge de co\u0304e droit ewe & r{ser}ue pur egalte de le {per}ticion &c \u00b6Et nota qe null\nten\u0304tez de ceo els sont appelles Iourtena\u0304tez & nemye {per}ceners \u00b6Item si deux {per}ceners de le terre en fee simple fount {per}ticion enter eux & le {per}te de lun vault pl{us} q\u0304 le {per}te de lanter Sils furent a\ntemps de le {per}ti\u2223cion de pleyn age .s. de xxi ans donqes la {per}ticion toutdiz demurrera. & ne serra vnqes defete Mez si lez ten\u0304tez don\u0304t ils fount {per}ticion soient a eux en fee taill & le part q\u0304 lun ad est meliour en annull value q\u0304 le part de lauter coment q\u0304ils sount excludez dur lour viez a defer le {per}\u00a6ticion vnqore si le {per}cener q\u0304 ad le meyndr {per}t en value ad issue & dei lissue poet disagreentrer & occupier en co\u0304e laut {per}t al lotte a s\u0304 aunte et issint launte poet entrer et occupier en co\u0304e laut {per}t allotte a s\u0304 soer et c sicome null particion vst estre fait \u00b6Ite\u0304 si ii par\u00a6ceners de ten\u0304tez en fee p\u0304ignont barons & els & lour baro\u0304s fon\u0304t {per}ticio\u0304 ent eux si la {per}tie lun est meyndre en annuell value q\u0304 le part laut du\u2223raunt lez vies lour barons le {per}ticion estoiera en s\u0304 force vnqore ap\u0304s la mort le baron cely frme q\u0304 ad le meyndre part poet entre en la part s\u0304 soer come estauantdit & defet le {per}ticion. Mez si le {per}ticion yci fait {per} ent eux fuist tiel q\u0304\nA person who is part of an equal partnership shall have the same value in all cases, unless he cannot be defeated in this regard after that. If two partners are involved and the younger one was under the age of twenty-one when the partition was made, the property allotted to the younger one is considered of lesser value than the property allotted to the elder. In such a case, the younger one, during the time of his nursing and until he comes to full age, i.e., twenty-one years, can enter the property and take possession of it, and defeat the partition. But be careful not to let the younger partner take possession of all the profits of the lands or rents that were allotted to him, unless he agrees to the partition at that age. In such a case, the partition would remain and the profits of the half that he does not possess could be taken by the elder. And indeed, when it is said that males or females are of full age, this shall be understood to mean at the age of twenty-one years, since before that age.\nage is made or granted, release or confirmation, obligation, or author's writing, is made by two and others, in any such age is bailiff or receiver of any land, etc., it should be present and can avoid it. In addition, the homeowner has a tract of land in fee simple and has two daughters and owes them, and the daughters found perpetuity among themselves, so that the land in fee simple is allotted to the younger daughter in recognition of other tenements, and similarly allotted to the younger daughter if after such a partition.\n\nThe younger daughter alienated the land in fee simple to one other in fee, and had issue, a son or daughter, and the issue entered among those tenements and held by them, except for her aunt. And this is for the reason that the land was in fee simple to her, being one of the heirs, and no compensation was due to her from those tenements, it is reasonable that she has her perpetuity of those tenements, and we, for the same reason, consider that such partition does not cause any discontinuity of the tenement.\nThe text reads: \"Serra dit en\ufffds en le chapitre de discotinuace. Un autre cause est pour ceo q\u0304il Serra rette son folye del eigne soer que voet suffrer ou agreet a tiel perticion ou ele puissait avoir si ele voloyt le moyte de la terre en fee simple & de les tenues en le taill pour s\u0304 perpurture & isseint estre s\u0304az damage &c. Auxi si home ssi en fee dun carue de terre per iniust title & dissist vn enfant demz age du\u0304 autre carue de terre & ad issue deux filles & morust ssi\u0304 dambeaux caruez lenfant auxi adonqes etant demz lage & les filles entro\u0304t & fo\u0304t perpurture, isseint q\u0304 une carue est allotte a le perpurture lun come per cas a le puisne en allowance dau carue q\u0304 est allotte a le perpurture lauter si puis l'enfant entr en le carne dont il fuist ssi\u0304 sur la possession le perce\u0304ner q\u0304 ad mesme le carue donq\u0304z m\u0304 le percener pouvait entre en lauter carue q\u0304 soer ad a tenir en percenerie ouez luy. Mais si le puisne aliena m\u0304 le carue a vn aute en fee simple deu\u0304atre le\u0304tre l'enfant &\"\n\nCleaned text: \"Serra in the discotinuace chapter causes Serra to retain her folly of her own soil, which she would suffer or agree to such pertition or could have if she wanted the whole land in fee simple and its appurtenances for perpetual use and security from damage, and also if a man held a carue of land unjustly from her, and had an infant son of another carue of land and had two daughters, and they were of age and the daughters intermarried and damaged the land, one carue was allotted to the perpetrator as a case in allowance of the carue given to him, but if the infant entered into the possession of the carne from which he was in possession, the perceiver could not enter into the other carue unless the soil-holder had to keep it in percenery for him. However, if the tenant alienated the carue to another in fee simple instead of the infant, and\"\nIf the infant enters the enclosure before he can enter the water because he is prevented from doing so by some obstacle, and if the infant, before entering the enclosure, makes a sign for a short time or for the first time of his life, or in fear, saving his recognition for him, and the infant then enters the enclosure, he is for this reason not dispossessed of everything that was in him before, but he returns the recognition and the fee and so on. \u00b6If there are three or four performers and they find that one of the performers is defective, the loyal one among them can enter and occupy the lands outside that belong to all the other performers and compel the inhabitants to give new testimony of the lands into their hands and so on. \u00b6If there are two performers, and the wife of one and the husband and wife are among them, and the wife is detained by courtesy in this case, the performer who requested it can hold her by courtesy, but he cannot make her his wife.\nPercievers, in their custom, are called the husband or tenant in fee simple or in fee tail, who are of the Gaulish kind and have issued various fitz and devises and such lands or tenements. They descend all the sons through the custom, and they are entitled and bequeathed pertication among them through the custom, even though females do not participate and the brief of participation is only among those holding under the curtesy. Percievers, according to custom, are the husband or tenant in fee simple or in fee tail, who are of the Gaulish kind and have issued various fitz and devises and such lands or tenements. They descend all their sons through the custom, and they are entitled and bequeathed pertication among them through the custom, but only those holding under the curtesy may participate, and the brief of participation is only among them.\nThe following text describes a custom in England and North Wales, where if a father, who owns land in fee simple and has two daughters, one of whom is married, gives the father certain lands to a baron in exchange for his daughter in marriage, the baron and his wife will have no profit from the given lands unless they wish to put them in a \"hochepot\" or a \"pudding,\" meaning a commingled pot, where the remaining land not given in marriage remains. The baron and his wife cannot prevent the heir from occupying and benefiting from the remaining lands unless they wish to make a donation. This custom seems to be a common practice in English law.\n\"this pudding nest comes mys among us, meaning we must among us choose one or another to put in it, in this case, let them be given in a frac marriage or to others and their lands, or in a hochepot. If the baron and wife want to have heirs in others' lands, etc, this is called a hochepot, except for one term similar. Let them be given in a frac marriage and their lands in fee simple together, and this has been the entente between the parties. That is, let them be given in a frac marriage and the remainder, which shall not be given, shall be made in the form that follows. As we give a man a certain acre of land in fee simple, an acre of which is worth twelve pounds per annum, which has issued two daughters and one cost the baron, and the father gave an acre of the acre to the baron for his daughter in frac marriage, and the other father entered into the remainder. That is, in the twenty acres and he occupied it for his use, unless the baron\"\net le femme veille mettre les x acres donnes en frais mariage ou qu'ils en ont xx acres en hochepot. Donnez-leurs donc le prix de chacune de ces acres connu. Donque, le baron et la femme ont usurp\u00e9 x acres donnes en frais mariage. Ils ont cinq acres de s\u00e9paration de ces xx acres, et la m\u00e8re en aura le reste, soit xv acres de ces xx acres pour sa part, compte tenu que les x acres que le baron et la femme ont re\u00e7ues en frais mariage et les autres cinq acres des xx acres leur appartiennent \u00e0 une valeur annuelle \u00e9gale \u00e0 celle que la m\u00e8re en avait, et ceci de tout fait sur cette preuve. Les terres donn\u00e9es en frais mariage restent encore aux donataires et \u00e0 leurs h\u00e9ritiers, et cela ne serait pas inconv\u00e9nient et contre raison si la preuve en question n'avait rien \u00e0 voir avec ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait en frais mariage de ces terres. La raison pour lesquelles les terres donn\u00e9es en frais mariage seront mises en hochepot est cette raison.\n\"quant donaterez ou tenez en frais mariage ouesus sa fille ou autre cosin, il est entendu par la loi que tel fait par tel pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement de sa fille ou de son autre cosin et nous sommes tenus de le donneur et h\u00e9ritiers n'asculpter ni servir de eux sinon que la quart degree soit pass\u00e9. Et pour cette cause la loi ne permettra pas qu'il en ait rien du reste si non qu'il les donnez en mariage en hochepot, comme dit-on. Et si il ne veut donner les t\u00eates en mariage en hochepot, alors il n'a rien du reste pour cela, car cela sera entendu par la loi que cela est suffisamment avanc\u00e9 pour ce qu'elle soit acceptable et lui est contenue. De m\u00eame, la loi est pr\u00e9sente pour les h\u00e9ritiers, les dons en mariage et les autres perceveurs. Si les dons en mariage doivent avoir longue parent\u00e9 ou\"\nItem, placing in a hot pot and other things that were given in a frank marriage, according to the custom of the law of the twelfth and all times since, except when the hot pot contained thieves or others who were given in a frank marriage for the reason that the thieves or others descended to the daughters, either from the father, the donor, or the mother, the donor, or the brother, or anyone else, and the other reason is that in such a case she had given in a frank marriage whatsoever, and no such thing had been used before, except in the case where none of them were present with them.\n\nItem, if a man has three hundred acres of land, each acre being worth an annual value of two shillings, and he gives two daughters as promised, he must give fifteen acres to the baron and one daughter, and must hold fifteen acres in this case, but the mother will have the fifteen acres that were given to her alone.\nbaro2 et feme ne mettent en cette cas les xv acres a eux donnes en mariage en hochepot et c., parce que ceux-ci donnes en mariage sous de meme grade et bon annuel valeur, comme les autres terres descendent et c., car si ces terres donnes en mariage sont de moins ou de nulle valeur en vein et aucun intents, telx terres donnes en mariage sont mises en hochepot et c., parce que elle ne peut riez avoir de ces autres terres descendues et c., car si elle aurait ascu2 percel de ces terres descendues, elle aura plus d'annuel valeur que sa mere et c., car cela ne veut pas et c., Et si il est en ces cases mentionnees de deux filles ou de deux perceniers en meme et ensemble, cas sont plusours ses soeurs, selon ce que ce cas et le matrimoine est \u00b6 Et est en effet, que terres ou tenants donnes en mariage ne seront mis en hochepot, fors que celles qui descendent en fee simple, car celles qui descendent en fee taille seront faites comme nulles telles donations en mariage.\nItem, it is not allowed to put other people's lands in a pot or cauldron, unless they were given in a full marriage, as no woman has other lands or holds them from another man, except that one may put such land in a pot if it is remnant and she will have the right to it, and the remaining will descend to her &c. Item, one other person is to be chosen to be the potter, and he may have the right to choose and the others did not want to keep it among them, since it concerns them as much as it does him, if one pert is allotted to the lesser man to serve the lord, that which he should have instead of the others, so that he may keep the remnant in the pottery and occupy it with his right, and they willingly let him do so if such perticio is satisfactory and if it remains and the mulieres (women) willingly become potters of it, they may do so well.\n\"Eux please Mez (per)ticio2 (ser)ra fait (per) force de br (per)ticipacio2 (facie2) la auterme2 (qui) est pour la cot que chescu2 (per)cener aura sez (per)tez en severalt3 &c. Plus (ser)ra dit de (per)censors in the chapter of jointenants & auxi in the chapter of tenants in co2e\n\nJointenants are like home sez de terres or tenants &c and enter into feoffment.2 or 3 or iv or more to have and hold to them, before their lives or for term of their life (per) force of all feoffments or leases they are jointenants\n\nItem si2 two or three &c dispossess an other das tenures or tenants, a leur usage demesne donqs les dispossessors are jointenants. Mez si2 they dispossess an other of one of theirs, they are not jointenants, but that one who dispossesses is sole tenant and the others nothing in the tenancy, but are called coadjutors to the dispossessor etc\n\nEt note que dispossessor is (pro)pment the one\n\nEntre en ascun terres or tenements, the lettre is not acceptable and where soever this stands, the one who\n\"\nAnd it is indeed the nature of joint tenancy that he who survives shall have sole title to the lands, as if the jointure were continuous. For example, if three joint tenants are in fee simple and one has issued and died, those who survive shall have the entirety and issue, and the land shall not revert. But if the second joint tenant has issued and died, and the third surviving tenant has the entirety and issue, then he shall have it in fee simple and to his heirs, and otherwise, if there are encumbrances, it is determined that if three encumbrances are and one has issued and died, whatever comes to him shall descend to his issue. And if the encumbrance dies without issue, then whatever comes to him shall descend to his heirs, except that they shall not have it unless they disent and are not bound by the survivor's joint tenancy. In the same manner, he holds it entire in the hands of those who have jointly held or possessed or other real or personal property. For example, if they have jointly held or possessed a castle real or personal property.\nIf the person who receives the lands holds them for more than one term of years, the one who surrenders them will have the lands in entirety during the term, by force of the lease. And if a chief or other personal estate is given to more than one person, the one who surrenders will have the chiefdom alone. In the case of debts and dues, etc., if an obligation is made to more than one person for a debt, the one who surrenders will have the entire debt or owed amount, and the other parties will be bound by the same deeds or contracts. Some joint tenancies point to the fact that the one who has joint estate and is joint tenant for life, and they have separate inheritances. In such a case, the gifts have joint estate for their lives, and they inherit separately. If one of the donees has issue and the one who surrenders also has issue, the one who surrenders will have the moiety and the one who has issue will have the moiety of the land, and they will hold the land between them.\ncoe and are not joined as my lands are joined to coe, and the reason why this is the case in such cases is because the lands were given to them two, who, without further ado, are considered joined as theirs for the duration of their lives. In such a case, the lessee would have been joined to them for the duration of his life, and almost as if the lands were given to them at the same time, they were joined for the duration of their lives. And the reason for one heir entering into their estate and inheritance, as a man and woman can have, is because the law does not allow their estate and inheritance to be otherwise, unless the form and effect of the entire gift etc is to the heirs, one of whom engenders it from his body through certain women etc. Therefore, it is necessary by reason that they have separate inheritances, and in such a case, if an inheritance comes from a deceased donor after their death.\n\"If the donees have issued no dispute in life regarding the donor or his heir entering into the estate as in receivership, and the causes are that the heirs have separate inheritances and the receivership of this in law is severe, and the survivor of the issue of the other does not hold in feudal tenure. And as it is said of males, if the land was given to two females and their heirs of their two bodies, it is good jointure and one had the use and the other fee simple. If lands were given to two joint tenants in fee simple and one granted a rent charge payable to a third party, in such a case the grantor should pay the rent for the survivor's lifetime. In another manner, lands given to two joint tenants of the bodies of each other and one had broken the entail and the other had fee tail, etc. In another case, two joint tenants in fee simple grant a rent to a third party, the grantor should pay the rent during the survivor's life.\"\nrent charge empties the land after the grantor's death, charging the land through the survivor, and the land discharges it. The reason is because he who survives claims and holds the land through the survivorship, and neither he nor anyone else can have a charge against him for it, unless he is a tenant in common for life estate and owes a rent charge to that person, and must die without issue. In such a case, the tenant in common will hold the land charged for the reason that he lives as heir and so on. Item, if there are two joint tenants of lands in fee simple, and one of them dies holding it with the other, and the survivor bequeaths the lands to someone other than the survivor, and must devise and die, then the cause is because no devise can take effect after the death of the devisor.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be related to feudal law. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"terre mantenant doit \u00eatre tenu par son compagnon qui sureuille sur lui, lequel ne claimait rien en terre, sauf dans ses droits demesne, le suruoir solonc\u00e9 le cours de la loi et cetera. Et par cette cause cette disposition est vide, sauf que certains seigneurs percevaient des odieux dans tel cas de disposition et cetera. Item, it is commonly said that each joint tenant is as much of the land that he holds jointly and cetera, that is to say, he is as much in each cell and cetera, and this is to be understood because in each cell and there and in all the lands, he is jointly tenant if he is not otherwise with his companion etc. Item, if two joint tenants hold of certain lands in fee simple and one of them grants it to a stranger for forty years and is bound to pay him rent, after his death the lessee may enter and occupy the moiety due to him according to the term etc, as he had not otherwise possessed it during the life of his lessor.\"\nforce de le lease et le diversite en cause le cas de grat de la rentcharge et jointenaunt etc les tenants du tout fait comme ils furent avant, sans ce qui ascun a ascun droit durer a chaque percel de leurs terres, fors que eux memes et leurs terres sont en tel plite. Le lease fait jointement a un autre pur terme de dix ans. Mettent en question les lessives de lessees, adroit en meme la terre. De tout ceo que la lessour affirme et durer par force de la lessive, il doit durer par force de la lessive jusqu'a sa vie et cela est a la diversite.\n\nItem, jointures si ils veulent les faire, seront faites par preotion entre eux et la preotion sera assez bien faite, ils ne seront pas contraints par la loi, sinon si ils veulent faire preotion de leur propre volonte et agrement la preotion etait en leur force.\n\nItem, si un jointure est faite de terre a un baron et a sa femme et a une tierce personne. Dans ce cas, le baron et sa femme ne sont en droit de la terre que par moitie. Et la.\ncause the persons named above, i.e. the baron and his wife, are not the only ones in the same legal situation. The estate is held jointly by the baron and his wife and by two other men. In such a case, the baron and his wife only hold the third part and the others hold the remaining two parts. More will be said about joined tenancies in the chapters on tenures in this code. The Tenants in simple fee-tail or at the beginning of life, who have held such tenures by several titles and not by one joint title, and none of whom knew of this, were required by law to severally occupy such lands or hold them in fee simple and in dispute among themselves and for their profits in such lands or tenures and for their occupancy thereof.\n\"Per their lease, they were called tenants-in-chief in court, and one man was entrusted to them in fee and two others were entrusted to him by another in fee. They were held in separate titles because the latter two tenants-in-chief came into these titles through separate feoffments. It is indeed the case that when it is said anywhere that a man is in fee simple, he will be understood to be in fee simple without further saying, unless it is added specifically. If there are three tenants-in-chief and one of them is entrusted to another man in fee, then the latter tenant-in-chief is tenant or the other two tenants-in-chief are tenants jointly.\"\nIf the two parties are joined and of these two parties the survival lies between them, Item if two are joined in fee and one gives what is due to another, these are held in common and so on. But if lands are given to two men and to the heirs of their two bodies, the lands have an independent estate before their lives. And if each of two has issue and their issues hold in common and so on,\n\nBut if lands are given to two abbots, such as the abbot of Westminster and the abbot of St. Alban, they have and hold in common and not a joint estate. And the reason is because each abbot or other sovereign in his religious house was not made abbot or sovereign except that he was a mortal person in the law and when he became abbot, he was a man or person in the law alone, holding lands or tenements or other things in his own use and not another's secular use.\nhome poet & CEO commencement de leur purchase they are tenants in chief. if two deities requested never may it be entirely surrendered to the survivor, the one who requested and others, \u00b6It should be given as a gift to one abbot and one secular man to have and hold for themselves, the abbot and his successors, and the secular man himself and his heirs, they have been in chief what is above, \u00b6It should be given to a man who is not of the land, an enfeoffment or assignment of the land with a designation or limitation of the land in severalty at the time of the enfeoffment, so that the feoffee and feoffor hold their tenures of the land in chief. That is, the manor itself was not admitted to tenure in chief of the tenants or tenants in fee simple or in fee tail in the manor, but the tenants are in fee and one lessor granted it to a man for life and the lessor granted it to another for life.\nIf the two lessees hold in common for their lives and beyond, [Item if land is given to two to have and hold, half to one and half to another and to their heirs, the other half to the other and to his heirs, they are tenants in common]\n[Item if a man leases land to two men for life, and one grants the whole estate of it to another before the term of his life, and the one to whom it was granted is tenant, the question arises whether the lessor survives, and in all such cases it is to be remembered that in all similar cases where it is not expressly stated or specified otherwise, it seems reasonable that they are tenants in common]\n[Item if two joint tenants are and one lesses from the other for his life the tenancy lasts during the life of the lessor and the other is joint tenant, and the one lessing does not hold solely,]\n[And on this case a question may arise, namely, if the lessor is still alive when the reversion falls,]\nThe lessor was supposed to descend to the lessor's land or join the survivor there, {per} the survivor's request. Some have said that the survivor would have the ruling {per} the survivor, and they paid such a sum. The joint tenants would only be joint tenants if they held in fee simple and other such things, that one of them held it for life from him, and he had taken the rents of it {per} the lessor. It seems to them that the survivor who survived would have the ruling {per} the survivor. And others have said the contrary, {per} their reason being that one of the joint tenants had leased this from another for his life {per} the lessor. The rent was severe for the tenant {per} the lessor, and {per} my reason, the ruling was severe on the tenant holding under the lessor. Furthermore, if the lessor had reserved an annual rent on the lessor's land, the lessor would have the rent.\nAll is proved that the reception is only in him and no one rejoices in the reception, save he who keeps him alive and employed, etc. And if the lessor should survive, he will not receive at all whatsoever is proved that the reception is solely in the lessor, and so, by the franktenement issuing and being due, it seems that this estate will remain in demesne and fee, as it is said, because franktenement cannot by nature be annexed to a reception. It is also stated that he who leased was such, of this estate, in his own demesne and fee, and no one will have any jointure in his frank tenancy. Therefore, this will descend to his issue, etc. If, however, the law in this case is such that the lessor should live longer than the lessee and have the franktenement of the land which the rent is due, then the rent will revert to the lessor's issue upon his death, and the jointure and title will accrue to the joint tenant.\nTwo poets had the right to the ancient jointure and superseded all others for every hour. In the same manner, if this joining partner had the frail tenement and the lessee if the law was such that he was forced to yield, and he said he would have descended to the issue unless the jointure remained, then if there were three joining partners and one lessened his share in one campaign, he held that third share except where he himself and his companions were involved. And it should be noted that any time a release was made, it took effect for the one to whom the release was made, as stated in the case at hand and the person who released also, up to the baron, provided he had the same amount and the lady nothing, and if the releasee released and so on.\na woman met the baron in the rolls donque at the woman the most that the deed had, and the baron had no reason for this, except that in such a case the rolls would have to do estate to those to whom the rolls had done all that was affirmed to him who did the rolls &c And in any case, one roll would have to give up all the rights he had, that is, to grant it to the one to whom the rolls had been done Sicoe home, if he was of certain tenets, was said by two disputants if the disputants had taken away all the rights from him &c This right vested in him to whom the rolls had been done &c And the cause was for this reason that the two disputants had been embroiled in the tenements per tort &c and when one of the disputants had taken the rolls from the one who had the right &c\n\nThe cause was for this reason that he who had been wronged &c had taken the right directly from the other &c And in [an uncertain word]\nIn such a case, a release made to one person revokes it towards both parties if the parties held the estate by the law, that is, by feoffment and not by tort. In the same manner, if a disseisor makes a lease to one person for the term of his life, reminding or ousting another in fee, and if the disseisor released the one he held in fee to term of life, then this release revokes the lease towards the other party. And the reason for this is that the one held to term of life held the estate by the course of the law and for this reason the lease was made and carried out by way of extientisement of the rights of the one who was released. And the tenant to term of life does not acquire any more estate than he had before the release was made.\ncei and the right of those who rule extend and while they cannot enlarge the estate of the tenant during their lifetime, it is reasonable that those who rule will leave it to those in their stead and so it will be said in the chapter of inheritance \u00b6Item if there are two persons and one alien who has something affiated to another, it should be taken and held in common \u00b6Tenants in common can, by prescription, hold as tenants in common if one and the same have held it, or if those who held it had it in common, or if those who held it had it in common and there was a dispute about the proportion, and the memory of the time does not run out etc, and various other ways can be made and causes houses to be tenanted in common which are not expressed here \u00b6Item, in any case, tenants in common should have separate actions, and in some cases they should join in one action, for if they are tenants in common and they are disputed, they should have between them equal and no one should have more than the other, unless the one who has more had it by prescription or by the custom of those who held it before him.\n\"despite us, and the reason is because you hold them for several titles, Mez and I together are the joint holders, but they are dispersed and have only one joint title. If it is three joint holders, and one is released from all companions, they will have several assizes and in this form they will have in their ambidexterity one assize of the two parties for the sake of the parties themselves, which they call joint tenancy at the time of the disposition. As for the third party, the one to whom the release was made, he can convey one assize in his own demesne for the sake of the third party, which he holds by reason of the release and not solely by reason of the jointure. Item, when there have been actions that impair the reality, there is diversity among the perceivers.\"\n\"despite varying disputes and common holdings, if they perceive that certain land is in fee they have two heirs and one inherits from one heir's father, while the other inherits from the other heir's father. They enter into common possession and are disseised. In such a case, they have one assize and two assizes each.\n\nThe reason is that they come among various disputants, yet they are tenants and participants in the partition, but they do not consider or respect each other's self and possession of their own lands, rather they are tenants more because of the respect of the state of their ancestors in their mothers' lands, for they cannot be tenants or their mothers were not tenants before them, and this respect and consideration is such that at the first dispute, they have one title in tenancy which makes them tenants. And they are nothing more than that.\"\ncome heir to a lord's land, an ancestor's acre of the land descended to them and those who caused it to come to them had a common assize, and they had a suit commenced against them in various disseisins &c. Item, if they are tenants in chief of land in fee, they give the land to one man in tail or lesser to one man for life, rendering to them annually a rent and a libra of pepper and an escheator or a chiell and they were seised of this service, and afterwards the remainder went to the heir and they distrained for it and held it in fee, making restitution when the rent and libra of pepper were paid, and they had two assizes when the rent and libra of pepper were due, and when the escheator or chiell was forfeit, and the cause for which they had two assizes was because they were tenants in chief under various titles and when they made a fine in tail or in fee, etc., saving to them the reversion and rendering them a rent, etc. This reception is incident to their reversion, and therefore theirs.\nReverse and recognize each possession according to several titles, as their possession was made before rent and others could be more severe and rendered to them on the deed or leases, which are incidental to the law to their reversions. Such reversions are entitled to them under several titles, and they will have two assizes and each two in turn will present his plea, and he who cannot make a plea in assize of the moiety of the rent and the livery of the perquisites must have one assize for a man who cannot make a plea in assize. In no other manner do other retainers and other servants hold in coheir, for they generally hold under various titles. Item, those who have personal actions in their coheir, ought to have such personal actions jointly in all their names, that is, of the transfers or otherwise.\nIf tenants are in common, they shall have one joint action and one joint damages for the following offenses: touching their tenements as damaging their buildings, defacing, destroying, and fouling their herbs, disturbing their boys, and fishing in their ponds. In such a case, tenants in common shall have an action against the lessee and the undertenant for the personal and real damages.\n\nItem, if two tenants in common find a lease of their tenements with another for a term, and the rent is due and payable to them, they shall have an action of debt against the lessee and many actions for the same offense for the personal damages.\n\nItem, tenants in common may make a partition among themselves if they wish, how they will not be compelled by law to make a partition unless they have agreed and consented to it, and such a partition is as good as if it had been made and served as in the livery of seisin and the like.\n\nItem, as tenants are tenants in common of the land and tenants and the like, as was said above in the same manner.\nyou're possessed of real and personal property, such as lands and tenements, for the term of twenty years, and whatever is of these possessions, one of them you shall let grant to another, provided he pays rent to you during the term, and holds and occupies it. \u00b6If they are your tenants, they shall have the guard of the body and lands of an infant until he comes of age, and two great rents to another who has it granted to him, and those who have not been granted it shall vacate it and surrender it, and consider such lands and tenements as such. \u00b6In the manner of real and personal property, as they have jointly held or purchased or inherited a chattel or cattle, etc., and granted it to another, and those who have not been granted it shall have and consider such real and personal property as such. \u00b6In all cases where diverse persons have real or personal property, or lands or tenements, and the supervisor or executor dies, the executors shall take possession of these.\nmorust they tie the heir and occupy him, so that in his life he should have titles and rights in this, i.e. if the heirs have been in possession for a time and one of them occupies all and drives the other out of possession, etc. Those who are put out of possession shall have security of the land or tenements, unless the minor, if he is under age, is unable to manage it himself, and he who is put out shall have damages for the guardianship of the estate, etc. For this reason, those who are chosen as guardians should be reliable and able to approach and be severe, etc. No one of this kind should commit such actions, etc. which are contrary to these. The clause was violated and disregarded, etc. They trampled upon and suppressed it, etc. and in this manner they committed such actions, etc. He cannot have anything around it, for two cannot enter and occupy this, i.e. by all the tenants and holders, etc. Unless they possess personal property in this by divine titles, i.e. the heirs.\nIf a beast, whether ox or cow, is taken from a person outside of his possession near the water and no other remedy is available for him to recover what was taken from him, he may do to the person whatever he can in self-defense, until he can see the time and so on. In the same manner, a real castle which cannot be severely punished in the aforementioned case, if someone takes a child out of its possession near the water and no remedy is available through any action according to the law, he cannot recover the child until he can see his time and so on. Furthermore, if a man wishes to show a feoffment made to him or a deed granting him a real or personal estate, he must say, by force of the feoffment or deed, that he was in possession and so on. Moreover, it will be said of tenants in the chapters on reliefs and confirmations, and they will be chosen as tenants. A state exists where men have possessions.\nIn these cases, there are two kinds of tenancies: one is at will or at the pleasure of the landlord in law, and the other is on condition in fact. In the case of a tenancy at will, it is like a man who grants a lease to another, retaining rent payable to him and his heirs annually on certain feasts or at various feasts per year, on condition that the rent be paid and the landlord and his heirs may remain on the same lands or tenements, or if the land is alienated to another in fee, the rent is to be paid to him and his heirs, and if the rent is not paid at the specified times or before such times, the landlord or his heirs may enter and take possession of the lands or tenements and have and hold the same, and evict the tenant and his heirs. In these cases, if the rent is not paid at the stated times or before such times specified, the landlord or his heirs may enter and take possession of the lands or tenements, and they may have and hold the same, and evict the tenant and his heirs.\nIf the state of the feoffee is not defensible unless the condition is performed, etc. In the same manner, if land is granted on lease or in fee tail, or on such condition, etc. But the feoffment is made of certain lands reserved, a rent due on such condition, that if the rent is paid, the feoffee and his heirs may enter the land, provided they are satisfied or paid the rent due, etc. In this case, if the rent is paid and the feoffee or his heirs do not enter, the feoffee is excluded from it altogether, but the feoffee will hold and pay profits as long as he is satisfied with the rent due and until he enters, and the feoffee may enter and hold it in the same manner as he holds before, for in such a case the feoffee has nothing more than this in fee simple, except in manner of this. But a different distribution is made if the rent is paid and the profits are taken, etc. Item, various persons enter other lands and hold them.\neid B & haber suis sub ista condicione qd id B & her sui soluant seu solui faciant p\u0304fat A & her suis annuatim tale\u0304 redditu &c En cest cas sans ascun pl{us} dire le feoffe ad estate sur condicion. Auxi si les condico\u0304nz fur tielx Prouiso qd sem{per} p\u0304dict B soluat seu solui faciat p\u0304fat A. tale\u0304 redditu\u0304 &c Ou furent tielx Ita qd p\u0304dict B soluat seu solui fa\u00a6ciat p\u0304fat A tale\u0304 redditam &c En ceux cases sans pl{us} dire le feoffe ad estate fors{que} sur condico\u0304n issint q\u0304 sil ne {per}fourmast le condicion le fef\u00a6four & ses heires poient entre etc \u00b6Item auters {per}olx sont en vn fait qe causont lez ten\u0304tez estre condicionell Sicome sur tiel feoffement vn rente est r{ser}ue a le feoffor etc et puis soit mett en le fait qd si contin\u00a6gat redditu\u0304 p\u0304dictu\u0304 aretro fore in {per}te vel in toto etc qd tunc bene li\u2223ceat a le feoffour et a sez heires dentr etc Ceo est vn fait sur condicio\u0304 Mez il est diuersite {per} cest {per}oll Si contingat etc et les {per}olx {pro}sch\u0304 auauntditez Qar cest {per}oll Si contingat &c\nIf the condition is not met, it is of no consequence unless the feoffor and his heirs consent, in the cases mentioned, the feoffor does not need to include such a clause according to the law. However, it is common practice in all such cases to include such clauses. For instance, if the rent is due and payable at a specific time and place, and the lessor can clearly read the rent roll and the names of the heirs, it is proper to include such a clause for the purpose of declaring and expressing to laypeople the matter and condition of the feoffment.\n\nJust as a man who holds land from another may grant a lease of the same land to another for a term and rent, it is customary to include in the grant that if the rent is due at the day of payment or within a certain time and the lessor can clearly read the rent roll and the names of the tenants, the lessor may distrain and recover the rent arrears by right of the rent due.\n\"perplex were not present in fact &c. Item, if a feoffment is made under such condition that if the feoffor pays the feoffee a certain day etc. twenty pounds of silver which afterwards the feoffor may re-enter etc., In this case, the feoffee is called a tenant in mortgage, which is to be understood in French as a dead pledge and in Latin as a dead vadium. It seems that the reason why it is called a mortgage is because the feoffor was required to pay the sum or not, and if he did not pay, the land which he put in mortgage was to go to the creditor and he was dead to the land and all his rights in it, until payment and payment only was made. Item, just as a man may make a feoffment in fee simple or for life in mortgage, and all such tenants are called tenants in mortgage, provided they have estates in the land and so on. Item, if a feoffment is made in mortgage under such condition that the feoffor pays such a sum to such a day and so on, as they have done and agreed and the term begins when,\n\"\nIf the text is in Old French, I'll translate it to Modern English:\n\nThe feoffor must present himself before the day of peace &c unless the feoffee refuses to receive him before the due day & the feoffee does so, and the feoffor fails to pay the sum at the due time &c, he does not mention in the condition that the payment should be made to his heir instead of himself &c and the rents were not paid to the assesse, and the feoffee did not receive more than he should, even if he was paid by the father &c for this reason, if the feoffor pays the rents or tenders the money to the assesse &c and the feoffee refuses,\n\nHowever, if a stranger without interest in the demesne offers to pay the rents to the feoffee at the assessment day, the feoffee is not obliged to receive it &c And remember that in such a case, the tender of the sum of money is made &c and the feoffee refuses to receive it on behalf of the feoffor or his heirs entering.\ndonque the feoffee has no remedy to keep the money the coat law permits that which will be folly if he refused the money which was made a loan to him, Item if a feoffment is made under such condition that the feoffee pays the feoffor a certain sum of money between them, limit 20 li, before the feoffee has the land to himself and his heirs, and if he fails to pay the money at the set time and so on, it is not against the feoffor and his heirs, and before the set time the feoffee sells the land to another and makes a feoffment to him in this case if the second feoffee wishes to pay the sum of money to the set time to the feoffor and the feoffor refuses etc, the second feoffee has clearly held the land under the conditions And the reason for this is that the second feoffee had an interest in the condition for the salvation of the tenancy. In this case, it seems that if the first feoffee after selling the land wishes to pay the money at the set time and so on to the feoffor, he will be satisfied for the salvation.\nItem if a second feoffment is made, and the first feoffee was under the condition and this is not the case with both of them being set as good and valid, [and] if a feoffment is made with the condition that if the feoffor pays certain silver to the feoffee beforehand, and the feoffor reads and tenders the silver to the feoffee and his heirs, in such a case if the feoffor is obliged to pay the payment and reads to tender the silver to the feoffee, such tender is void because the time for payment has passed before the condition is that the feoffor pays the silver to the feoffee. This is to say that if the feoffor pays during his lifetime, the silver to the feoffee and before the time for tender has passed, [then] the tender has not passed through the feoffor's death. Otherwise, it seems that the feoffor should tender the silver before the day of payment, so that the time for tender has not passed per the death of the feoffor. Furthermore, it appears that if the feoffor is obliged to tender before the day of payment, the executors of the feoffor should tender the silver.\nThe feoffee must pay the rent on the day of payment, and if he refuses, his heirs may enter and do so. The reason for this is that the executors represent the person for whom the land is held in trust. If conditions for payment of a certain sum concerning lands or tenements are not fulfilled, he who was to pay the money is discharged and released from it completely.\n\nItem, if the feoffee has mortgaged the land before the day of payment, his executors and debtors, as well as his heir, must enter the land as he ought to. It seems in this case that the feoffee should pay the money to the executors and nothing to the heir, because the money had previously come to the feoffee in the manner of a loan. And it will be understood that the state was made either because of the prospect of the feoffee's money or because of a debt. Therefore, the payment will not be made to the heir as if the condition were that the feoffor should.\nIn the case of a feoffment to one who is heir, the payment should be made to the heir at the assessment and the feoffee is only required to make the payment before the year limit, provided the feoffment is not in mortmain. Regarding the question of feoffment in mortgage, it has been debated in what place the feoffor is obliged to pay the money to the feoffee at the assessment and so on. Some have said that in the case of a mortgage, the condition depends on the land, and if the feoffor has paid the money to the feoffee at the assessment and the feoffee is not present, the feoffor is discharged and excused from the payment of the money. However, it seems to some that the law is contradictory and that the default is in the feoffor, as he is obliged to pay the debt if the condition is fulfilled, even if the debtor is in another part of the realm, as if he were bound by an obligation of 20 pounds on the same obligation, which he is obliged to pay to the creditor at the time the obligation is fulfilled, and is obliged to pay 20 pounds in damages if he fails to do so.\nIn this case, the feoffor is obliged to ask those who are obliged to pay him the sum of 10 pounds and more, as long as it is demanded in England and assessed at that time. However, if the condition is not dependent on the land, as some have not said, it seems that the performance of the condition is not affected by the land. Nevertheless, the feoffor must perform a specific corporeal service to the feoffee, notwithstanding the place where such corporeal service will be performed in this case. The feoffor must perform such corporeal service at the feoffee's request and within England, wherever the feoffee may wish to have the advantage of the condition. It seems to them that the state of the land depends on the condition, and it is to such an extent that the condition depends on the land. However, this is not certain unless the land is reverted [in fee].\nal feoffee pays an annual rent and a penalty for default of payment one rent and so on, in a case where he does not need to hold the land to tender the rent, except for the part of the rent that issued from the land, for if he rent-seeks and the feoffee is not this rent, he may have notice for one month's delay, or he may earlier relinquish his entry or remain and the rent be denied to him, he may have action for damages. So it is with the diversity that arises from tendering the rent when it has issued from the land and tendering some in gross that is not issued from the land, and for this reason it will be a good and secure thing for him who wishes to make such a feoffment, to set aside a special place for the rent-sergeants to receive the money, the more special and the better for the feoffee. So be it. A feoffs B to have and to hold from A and his heirs, on the condition that A pays B on the feast of St. Michael the Archangel, provided that no probate of the will has come to church court.\npowels en loundres demz iiii. heurs {pro}sch\u0304 deua\u0304t le heur de none de m\u0304 le fest a le rode loste de north dore demz m\u0304 lisglis on al tombe de seynt Erkenwald ou al huys de tiel chapell ou a tiel piller demz m\u0304 lesglis q\u0304 adonq\u0304z bn\u0304 list al aua\u0304tdit A et a sez heires dentr etc\u00b7 en tiel cas il ne besoign\u0304 de q\u0304rer le feffe en aut{er} lieu ne de\u0304e\u0304 en aut{er} lieu fors{que} en lieu compris en lende\u0304ture ne de\u0304e\u0304 la pl{us} lo\u0304g temps q\u0304 le te\u0304ps specifie en m\u0304 lende\u0304ture pr tender ou paier le money a le feoffe etc \u00b6Ite\u0304 en tiel cas lou le lieu est lymyte le feoffe nest pas oblige de resceyuer le paieme\u0304t en nul aut{er} lieu fors{que} en m\u0304 le lieu issi\u0304t limyte: mez vnqore sil resceust le paieme\u0304t en aut{er} lieu ceo e\u0304 assetes bon\u0304. & auxi fort pur le feoffour sicoe\u0304 le rsceyt vst e\u0304e\u0304 en m\u0304 le lieu issint ly\u2223mite &c \u00b6Item en tiel cas de feoffement en morgage si le feoffour paia al feoffe vn chi\u0304uall ou vn hanap darge\u0304t ou vn anule dor ou aut{er}\ntiel chose en pleyn satisfactio\u0304 del money & laut{er} ceo\nThe CEO is in a good and strong position, as he has received some of the money that the chief owes him or has sold houses worth more than the value of the money he seeks from him. The CEO accepts this in full satisfaction &c. Item, if one enfeoffs another with land on condition that he and his heirs render to a strange man and his heirs an annual rent of 20 shillings &c, and if he or his heirs fail to pay this beforehand, the feoffor and his heirs may recover it from the stranger, and in this case, this annual rent is not necessarily rent for rent it could be service or rent charge or rent due, and if the stranger was not originally bound to this condition and was subsequently denied it, he will have no remedy if this annual rent is demanded in this manner instead of the feoffor or his heirs being able to enter &c.\nheirs enter for default of payment, unless the rent is in court and the heirs do not wish to pay according to the form of the deed, or the land is forfeited to the feoffee or his heirs for default of payment. In such a case, it seems that the feoffee and his heirs should seek out the stranger and his heirs if they are in England, for the rent is not issuing from the land and so on. [Note two things:] One is that no rent is due which is clearly stated not to be due on any feoffment done to the feoffee or donor or lessor or their heirs, and in no other manner is rent due to any stranger person. [The second thing is that] no one enters or re-enters who is entirely one person.\nA poet is received and not granted rent to persons except to the feoffee, donor, lessor, or their heirs. Such rent cannot be granted to another person unless the lessor or his heirs first render rent and a fine for the defect of payment of one rent and so on. If the lessor grants the reversion of the land to another in fee and turns tenant for life, the rent, after it is due, can distress for the rent, because the rent is incumbrated on the reversion, not otherwise. In such a case, the rent is taken away entirely for all time because the greatness of the reversion cannot come in cause qua supra. And the lessor and his heirs cannot enter during the lessor's tenancy, unless the lessor permits it and he has not alienated the reversion. If it should be otherwise, this is not permitted because he would be in his first estate and so on, and he cannot do this for the reason that he has alienated the reversion and so on.\nIf the tenant fails to pay rent for the duration of his life to the lessor and his heirs annually, and there is a default in payment, the lessor may re-enter and take possession of the land, and the tenant's retention of the land at the end of his life should be delivered to the server so that he may distrain the tenant for the rent. However, he cannot enter the land against the tenant's will by force of the condition, unless the tenant is not an heir of the feoffor.\n\nItem, if land is granted to a person for two years under such condition that it should be paid to the grantee forty marks within those two years, and he has had the land for himself and his heirs during that time, in this case, if the grantee enters the land without any livery being made to him by the grantor, and then pays the grantee the forty marks within those two years, he had no right to the land except for the term of two years because no livery was made to him at the beginning, and in this case, he had no right to it.\nperform the condition unless it had already disturbed the first great one, no one would have granted this, if the grantor had granted this to the first great one, he would have had the grant, the grantor would have been the one fractured and the fee on me the condition and so on. It if is land granted to a man for five years on condition that he pays the grantor ten pounds a year for the first five years, and the payment and the fracture is made to him by the grantor before he has paid or acknowledged anything except for the term of the five years and the payment and the fracture is made to him by force of the grant, or he has a simple condition and so on. And if in this case the grant does not pay much to the grantor the ten pounds a year demanded for the five years after the immediate passing of the two years, the fee and the fracture will be and shall be added to the grantor for the reason that the grantor could not maintain the grant for three years and occupy the land by force of the grant, and essentially for this reason.\ncondition de pert the great and the grantor is hindered and the grantor cannot enter the law, because of the enmity towards the condition and afterwards, for two years, the grantor will have good behavior towards the receiver and prove that he has obeyed the reprimand and in many cases of feoffment on condition of their loyalty between the feoffor and the frustrated, the feoffee and the frustrated did not approach and in such a case if the baron is alive before any estate is made to them, the feoffee, according to the law, must make estate for the woman if after the condition and afterwards enters into the condition that he may make some reduction of the land for the woman for term of life without wast, the remainder to revert to the feoffor's heirs and to his issue and for default of such issue, the remainder to revert to the feoffor. in such a case if the baron is still living before any estate is made to them, the feoffee, according to the law, must make estate for the woman if after the condition and afterwards enters into the condition that he may make some reduction of the land for the woman for term of life without wast, the remainder to revert to the feoffor's heirs and to his issue, and for default of such issue, the remainder to revert to the feoffor.\ndefaut de cette issue le rem\u00e8de est le droit h\u00e9ritier du baron Et la cause pour que le moins serre en ce cas \u00e0 la femme seule saisse emp\u00eachement de waster et pr\u00eater que la condition est que l'\u00e9tat soit fait \u00e0 la baronne et \u00e0 sa femme et eux m\u00eame l'\u00e9tat seul en taille que tous \u00e9tats emp\u00eachement de waster et ainsi il est raison que si apr\u00e8s que home puisse faire \u00e9tat \u00e0 l'entente de la condition et ainsi il ferait et cote il ne peut avoir \u00e9tat en taille si le don en taille \u00e9tait fait \u00e0 lui et \u00e0 la vie du baron \u00b6Item en ce cas si le baron et la femme ont eu enfants et doivent de lui faire le don en taille fait \u00e0 eux et donc le feoffe doit faire \u00e9tat \u00e0 l'issue et aux h\u00e9ritiers de corps pour d\u00e9faut de tels enfants le rem\u00e8de est le droit h\u00e9ritier du baron et cela selon la loi en autres cas semblez et si tel feoffe ne veut faire tel \u00e9tat et cela est raisonnablement requis par eux que de devoir avoir \u00e9tat par la condition et cela permet le feufer ou ses h\u00e9ritiers d'entrer \u00b6Si le feoffement est fait sur\nIf the condition is not fulfilled and a feoffment is made on condition that another is to be given to someone else, or the feoffee is to perform the condition before another strange person or for a term of life, unless the feoffor and his heirs enter and can disable him from performing the condition because he has made an estate elsewhere and in this manner, the feoffee performs the same land to a stranger for a term of years. In such a case, the feoffor and his heirs can enter and dispossess him because the feoffee had disabled himself from holding the lands according to the tenements at the time the conditions were made, and he could only enter and dispossess the one occupying it during the term. Many have said that if such a feoffment is made to one man alone, without condition, it is doubted that he must perform the condition himself, for it may be that the feoffor and his heirs can.\nheirs, tenants may enter for making an estate agreement with the heir under the condition that the wife will be endowed and may recover her dower by the grant of the land or is obliged in a lease or marriage settlement, where the feoffor and his heirs may enter and cause actions because of the above, since those coming to the tenements through the feoffment of the feoffee are liable and made executors by force of the merchant's or merchant's court statute. However, when the feoffor or his heirs bring actions for the acknowledged causes, they must do so as they deny and it appears, and all such things that should have been done between them may disturb or encumber the tenements.\nIf the conditions have not been met and the tenements have not been surrendered, item if one man has done a feoffment to another and the deed is null due to no condition being specified and the feoffor has compelled the feoffee to make the feoffment under duress of the same deed, in such a case nothing of the condition passed through the deed and the feoffment is in such force that no such deed has ever taken effect. Item if the feoffment is made under such a condition that the feoffee does not alienate the land or the condition is void, but while the feoffee is in possession or holding it, he has the power to alienate it to any person contrary to the law because such condition is void. However, if the condition is such that the feoffee does not alienate to any person other than himself, his heirs or issues, or to such persons as the conditions do not prevent from alienating the feoffment, then such condition is good. Item if you hold it as done under such a condition that the feoffee does not alienate the land, but if he has alienated it to someone else before or during your tenure, it is void.\nThe following text pertains to the conditions under which an heir or alienee cannot alienate land in the tail, except for their lives or demesne, and the implications of discontinuance of the tail. The condition is good as long as the tenant in the tail does not make a discontinuance and as long as the reversion of fee simple is in another person. Discontinuance of the fee simple in receipt or remise causes profit and right to be lost. Regarding the donation of lands in the tail:\n\nItem, a man may give lands in the tail.\nIf the conditions stated below are in effect and the tenant holds in the tail or the heirs alienate in fee or in the tail or during their lives, and if all issues would arise from the tenant in the tail, the donor or his heirs could not read the charter or the grant to them. And furthermore, the right in the tail could be lost if there was a discontinuance of any kind in the tail, unless the discontinuance was from the donor or his heirs. And if the tenant in the tail or his heirs made a discontinuance in the reversion or after that point, they could enter the land by force of the condition and not be greatly damaged.\n\nItem, a man could not plead in court regarding an estate made in fee or in the tail or for life on the condition that he not have a record of it or an escape, unless the condition was void because a man could not plead per curiam.\ndefeater ascends estate de fraktet: he must prove the condition to them, or it is especially in his case &c. But a real chatelaine, as is stated at the end, makes guards in the court and household &c. A man may plead for such things as rents or grants on condition &c, except for the condition itself. This is in the same manner as a man makes donations, grants of personal property, and contracts &c. A man in such an action cannot plead one condition without cause, except as allowed by the court, as it is stated that another man may plead on the same condition by the verdict of twelve men. The justices are slow in rendering verdicts of twelve men. Therefore, the lessor may have a tenant hold the land from him for the first part of life without making a condition to render a rent and in defense of payment a reentry.\n\"and therefore, the lessor or his servant must remain outside the land and arrange for one of the tenants to be present near the lessor during the tenant's term. If the tenant fails to do so, the recognizors, if they were of the land, would be compelled to seize him in this case, as they were of the land and the land did not release the tenant for the full term. The annual rent payable to the lessor at the feast and on the condition that the lessor's retainer should attend at any feast that is to be paid for, was seized in the lessor's demesne as if it were frankly taken. And after that, the lessor attended at the feast and the tenant, with the discretion of the justices, should have done nothing to prevent this.\"\nIn such a case, the lessor should assist and ensure that no uncertain scripture precedes the condition declared and repeated on the lease. In the same manner, the feoffment, grant, or conveyance should be made on the condition that no uncertain scripture precedes it, as it is said in verdicts at large and in all other actions where the justices desire the verdict at large to take effect and issue. Furthermore, in such a case, the longest party may declare their verdict at large if it is previously determined by the court. Furthermore, in the same case, if the case was such that the lessor entered upon the lessor's land and the lessee dissented, in such a case, if the lessor arranged an assize against the lessee, the lessee could bar the lessor from suing him.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document. I will translate it into modern English while maintaining its original content as much as possible.\n\nYou, Bart, comment that the lessor, who is pleasing, has seen all the defenses for the time of your life, subject to the reversion, as long as the pleasing one consents to the reversion being pleasing. And in this case, if the pleasing one has no man's land between us, except that the condition is made on the defenses and demands it for that reason, he cannot read at the bars unless he serves as a barrister. And indeed, in this case, one can see that a man is not always and the lessor is not always pleasing and the lessor forbids the lessor from barring the lessor by verdict and so on. But in this case, the lessor forbids the lessor from pleading the aforementioned plea at the bars unless he pleads no wrong, no damage, unless the lessor receives assent and so on, for the cause that is superior.\n\nItem, for this reason, these conditions are more common and specified in fact, no small thing will be said to you, my son, about the conditions and the facts contained therein.\n\nTo see whether the record is buried or torn or worn out, or the parties to the record.\nThese are not made in law, and each party to this indenture is of equal force and effect as if all parties were one. The performance of dentures is in two ways. One is to make them in the third person. The other is to make them in the first person. The performance in the third person is as follows. This indenture was made between A and B from one side and C and D from the other side, and they testify that A and B granted and confirmed this deed by this indenture, and C and D received such land and other things under the condition that the aforesaid seals were affixed by them. Alternatively, if this indenture is in the possession of C and D, A and B affixed their seals to it. The other party, however, if this indenture is in the possession of A and B, C affixed his seal to it. This indenture is called an indenture made in the third person, and the verbs and other things are in the third person and are so called the most common performance for when they are in the third person.\nplus come and see &c. The feudal duty in the first person is in this form: Omni bus xpi fidelibus ad quos presentes lite indifferentes pervenient. A to B greetings in the sempiternal year. Know that I, A to B, have granted, conceded, and confirmed this present indenture with my seal. C to D, such things. Know that presents and future, I, A to B, have granted, conceded, and confirmed this present indenture with my seal. C to D, such things. Had and followed this deed under the conditions mentioned. In this matter, I, the said A to B, and the said C to D, have affixed our seals to these indentures. In this matter, one of these indentures, I have affixed my seal. Another person, however, has affixed his seal to the other indenture mentioned. And it is possible that such an indenture made in the third person is more binding in law than one made in the first person, because in the third person or in the first person, mention is made of the gracious donor.\n\"if the grant is extremely large, it is sealed and committed to the grantee in fee simple, the fact being that the grantee has a fee simple estate in the land and the grantor's estate is of the same nature in such cases. Item, if it is made by deed to one person for life, and he holds it in fee simple from another on certain conditions, and he seals it in fee simple before his death and then dies, and the one in whose favor it is made enters the land by force of the deed, he is bound to perform all the conditions contained in the deed, as he was bound to do during his life, and this person in his turn is not bound to seal any other deed in lieu of the first one. But the reason is that whatever enters and continues in the land by virtue of the deed is bound to perform the conditions of the deed if he wishes to have the land.\"\n\n\"Item, if feudal dues are paid...\"\nAnd the CEO, who was not in the condition to form the feoffman enter and apprehend the feoffee if the feoffman bore an accusation against him concerning the entry in the presence of the feoff, asked if the feoffman could plead the condition formed against the deed encountered by the feoffee. And some outside said that it did not seem to them that a deed and the one who did the deed appeared to the one to whom the deed was done and not to those who did the deed, and as long as the deed did not harm the feoffman, it seemed to them that he could not plead this, and others said the contrary and brought various causes. One, if the case were such that in accordance with their agreement, the feoffee would have pleaded the deed in court. In such a case, as long as the deed was in court, the feoffee could come to court concerning the deed, and there were various conditions to be performed, and he would be well received for not having the deed in his possession, and he would be able to plead, and as long as the feoffee was prevented from the deed because he desired to be prevented, he would be well received for this reason in pleading, and we, as long as the feoffman was prevented from the deed because he desired to be prevented, he would also be well received in pleading.\n\"he did the deed &c. If two men commit a trespass against one another, and both release a defamed poet from his service, and neither obstruct the defendant from pursuing the poet who first caused the offense, and the plaintiff asserts that all personal actions and circumstances were the same, and the defendant does not act in the same way, and the defendant seems to have an advantage in pleading the matter at court, but this is not the case when the feoffor is bound by the condition given in the deed. If the feoffor has granted and most graciously conceded the deed to the feoffee, and the deed and the property pertaining to the deed belong to the feoffor, and if the feoffor has the deed in his possession, he will be heard more quickly at court if he comes in a loyal manner, rather than through treacherous means.\"\ncomponents are in this condition &c, if the matter is in doubt, one should always come to a definite decision and the conditions of estates are under the law such that some estates have one condition under the law annexed to them, which is not specified in writing. For instance, a grant is made to one person for an office of parkership of a park, to have and occupy the office before him, as long as he holds the office and under the condition in the law that the parker will keep and maintain the park and do what is required of that office or otherwise what is good and proper, and such a condition that has been granted or annexed to that thing is as strong as the condition was or had to be in writing. In the manner of great offices of seneschalcy, constable, bailiwicks, or others &c, but if such an office is granted to a man to have and occupy it himself or through his deputy, the office must be occupied by him or his deputy as it ought to be occupied according to the law, and this suffices for him or for them.\nautomeet il and heirss lie poite ouster coe dit\nItem estates of terres ou tenez purruet ee sur condition en ley, comment sur le state fait ne fuist ascun mecon or reh sell fait de le condition. If coe mettoms qu vn leas is fait a le baron & a sa femme a avoir & tenir a eux durant la couverture entre eux. In this case they out estate prima de lor deux vies sur condition en ley. si un deux denie or qu denorce soit fuit entre eux q adonqs bn lirroit al lessour & a ses heirs entre &c & q ils ote estate prima de lor deux vies probatur sic. Each man q who had estate ou frahtenet in any terrez or il had estate in fee or in fee tail ou for terme de sa vie demesne or for terme daut vie et perpetuel lees ils ont frahtenet. mais ils nont per grat fee ne fee tail ne for terme daut vie ergo ut de waste supp per s vte qd tenebat ad tminu vite sue etc. et en sa count il declara comment et en qll maner le lees fuist fait. In my manner, If un abbe\nfaithfully: one must lease a home to have and keep it for the term of his life, on the condition in the law that if he leaves no heir or one not able to read, the tenant shall convey the titles to his successor. Item, a home to be seen in the livestock, as of the year 13xvm. One plea in assize in this form: an heir, the plaintiff, presented the titles to sell, through the default of the executor, and made distribution of the money for the soul. It was found that after the death of the testator, a man held some of the titles, not at their value, and the executor had kept them in his demesne for two years with the intention of selling them more dearly to another, and it was found that he had taken the profit of the titles for his own use without recompense for the dead. Monbray executed in such a case according to the law, making the sale as soon as possible after the death of the testator.\nrefuses to make the sale and had no defect in him, and was therefore compelled to keep all the profits arising from the sale until the use of the deceased, and found that they had to be used for the payment of debts and other deficiencies in him, except for the condition in the law and in such cases he did not need to keep more than was necessary to fulfill that condition and the condition did not require more from him. With a few words you can understand many things. There will be more said about conditions in the chapter on disputes which abolished them in the chapter on tenures and in the chapter on discontinuances.\n\nIf there is another disposition made and the disposer has died and the tenures descend to the heir of the disposer, and because the law placed the lands or tenures on the heir by force of the descent.\n\"Issues come to those at the issues' entrance, and the disputant is silenced. They place one between the disputants to read out the judgment, and the dispossessed one recovers the land and so on. You are to judge as they judge, and the dispossessor gives the same land to another in the same way, and the dispossessed one is held in the same way. If the land is taken from one in demesne, whether as a fee or in demesne that is in fee tail, or if one is not allowed to reenter or remain, it is only in such cases that the one who dies must have been a tenant and lived near the walls or something similar. It is also said of disputes that those who take the issues by force of discretion should be treated as if the one who died was a tenant and had fortified the walls or something else. Furthermore, it is said of disputes that the disputants should be discreet at the issues' departure.\"\nIf the tenant is seised of land in fee simple, or in fee tail, of the inheritance of one who died seised of the same, and the tenant enters into possession before the heir's discretion, or before the heir's view of the body, in such a case the tenant may enter if the tenant is not alive at the time of the heir's discretion or view, but if the land is in fee or in fee tail and the tenant must enter before the land descends to the heir, or if the tenant must enter before the land is in the tenant's fee or in the tenant's fee tail, and the tenant holds the land under such conditions as the tenants had, this will not prevent the entry of the feoffee or donor or their heirs, for the tenant is charged with the condition and the state of the tenant and the conditionall tenancy in whatever manner the tenants had it.\n\nItem, if the tenant is seised under condition and the condition is discharged, and the land descends to the heir, the tenant ought to quit the land, and the discharged tenant is not barred from entering.\nvnqot si le {con}dico\u0304n soit enfreint &c donq\u0304s pot le feof four ou le donor qi fiero\u0304t estate sr {con}dico\u0304n ou lour heires entr ca\u0304 q\u0304 sup\u0304 \u00b6Item si vn dis{ser}r deuie seisi &c & son heir entre &c le q\u0304ll endowa la feme le dis{ser}r de la tce {per}tie de les teneme\u0304tes &c\u00b7 En cest cas q\u0304nt a cest tierce partie que est assigne a la feme en dower meytenaunt apres\nceo qe la fem\u0304e entra el ad le pos{ser} de mesme la tier ceo q\u0304 q\u0304nt la feme ad s\u0304 dower il {ser}r aiug emz i\u0304mediate {per} son baron & nemy {per} leire & issint q\u0304nt a le fra\u0304kten\u0304t de m\u0304 le tce {per}tie le di\u2223cent est defete &c Et issint poes vei\u0304er q\u0304 deua\u0304t le dowement le dissi\u0304 ne pot ente en ascun {per}tie &c & ap\u0304s le doweme\u0304t il poet entr &c mez vnqot il ne poet entre sur lez auts ii {per}ties q\u0304 leire le dis{ser} ad {per} l&cc \u00b6Ite\u0304 si vn feme e\u0304 ssi\u0304 de t{er}re en fee don\u0304t ieo ay droit & title dentr si la feme p\u0304nt baron & ount issue enter eux & puis la feme deuie ssi apres le baron deuie et lissue entre etc En ceo cas ieo entre sur le\nIf a person, who is the issue (heir) of someone, dies before reaching the age of discretion, and a dispute arises concerning the issue's inheritance, the dispute remains unresolved until the issue comes of age and can deal with it as a fit and true heir. In such a case, the heir-apparent can obstruct the dispute until the heir comes of age and can deal with it.\n\nIf a man holds certain land in fee and issues two fees, and the heir-apparent enters into the land by abatement after the death of the man, and the tenants descend to the heir-apparent, and the land issues to the heir in the land, in such a case the heir or the heir-apparent can enter according to the law, provided the heir-apparent did not obstruct the dispute and prevent the heir from entering before the heir-apparent entered. If the heir-apparent entered the land as heir to his father, and the father's heir claims the title, the heir-apparent can claim the title despite the father's heir's claim.\nson pere il et sez heires poiont entre sur lis\u00a6sue del puisne frere nie\u0304t obsta\u0304t le discent etc put ceo q\u0304ils claymont {per} vn mesme title et en mesme le maner il {ser}r Si fure\u0304t plusours disce\u0304tz dun issue a vn auter issue de le fiz puisne Mes en tiel cas si le {per}e fuist ssi\u0304 de certen t{er}re en fee et ad issue ii fitz et deuie et leigne fiere entr et est ssi\u0304 etc et puis le frere puisne luy dissist et {per} dissin\u0304 il e\u0304 ssi\u0304 en fee et ad issue et de tiel estate morust ssi donq\u0304s leigne frere ne poet entre mez est mys a s\u0304 brief dentre sur dissiu\u0304 de recouerer la terre Et la cause est pur ceo q\u0304 le puisne frere vient a les tenementes per torcions dissiu\u0304 fat a s\u0304 eisne frere et pur cell tort le ley ne poet entendt q\u0304il clayme coe\u0304 heir a son pere nient pl{us} q\u0304 vn estraunge {per}son q\u0304 vst dis{ser} leisne que auoet as\u2223cun title &c Et issint poes veier le diuersite lou le puysne frere entr apres la mort le pere deuaunt ascun entre fait per leisne fret en tiel cas &ct Et lou leisne frere entre ap\u0304s la\nA man holds the land and has two daughters, and the younger daughter enters the land, claiming the entire land for herself and remains the only one to issue from that issue and dies. And the second issue enters, and so on, and the younger daughter or her issue can enter as long as they can, provided that neither the elder daughter nor her heirs can enter. Because of this, if both are dead after their father and the elder sister's husband speaks on behalf of the elder sister's issue, and they are dispossessed of the estate, the younger daughter or her issue dies out. Similarly, if a man holds land in fee and has two sons, the elder is a bastard and the younger is a mulier, and the father is obliged and the bastard enters, claiming to be the heir.\nIn this case, the text appears to be in Old French, and it discusses the inheritance laws regarding a father who had a bastard child before marrying the mother of that child. The text states that in such a case, the mother is without remedy because the father could not recover the land for her due to an ancient law. However, some believe that the father had a bastard child by one woman, then married her, and had a legitimate child by her afterwards. In this scenario, the bastard would inherit the land clearly, excluding any other bastards not recognized before the marriage. The father and the legitimate child would inherit according to the law of the Church, while the mother was a bastard according to the law of the land, and the bastard therefore had a color of inheritance as an heir to the father.\n\nCleaned Text:\n\nIn such a case, the mother is without remedy, for the father could not recover the land for her due to an ancient law. However, some believe that the father had a bastard child by one woman, then married her, and had a legitimate child by her afterwards. In this scenario, the bastard would inherit the land clearly, excluding any other bastards not recognized before the marriage. The father and the legitimate child would inherit according to the law of the Church, while the mother was a bastard according to the law of the land, and the bastard therefore had a color of inheritance as an heir to the father.\n\nOld French Text:\n\nsous Pere & occupait la terre tout sa vie sans ascun entr\u00e9 fait sur luy par la femme et le bastard isset et mourut, s'il en \u00e9tait de tel \u00e9tat en f\u00e9e et la terre descendit \u00e0 son issu et \u00e0 son issu etc. En cet cas, la femme est sans rem\u00e8de, car il ne pot entre ni avoir aucun acco\u0304n pour recouvrer la terre pour ceo qe est vn ancien loi en tel cas usa. Mais il ad est\u00e9 opinion de quelque un qe ceo serait en tenus le Pere ad un fitz bastard par une femme & puis il espousa m\u0304 la femme & ap\u0304s lespousell il ad issue par mesme la femme vn fitz ou vne filleul\u00e8re & puis le Pere morust etc. si tel bastarde entre &c & ad issue et devait ssi\u0304 &c donques auera lissue de tel bastard la terre clairement \u00e0 lui come avant est dit &c et ne mye ascun autre bastard la mi\u00eat q\u0304 ne fuist espousabastard nee deuaunt lespousell cesperent eux .s. le Pere & s\u0304 mi\u00eat le loi de Seynt Esglise est femme comment q\u0304 le loi de la terre il fut bastard et issint il ad vn couleur entre come h\u00e9ritier \u00e0 s\u0304 Pere pour ceo qe e\u0304 per une loi femme.\n\"If a bastard, according to the law of St. Church, is otherwise designated as something other than a bastard, as long as he cannot be called a woman according to the law because a bastard is so called in the law as if no son or heir exists. But in the case where the bastard comes after the death of the father and the mother drives him out and then the bastard separates from the mother and goes and inherits and takes possession of the land, etc. And thus it is seen that the divine bastard continues to be in possession throughout his entire life without interruption. And the mother enters and interrupts the possession of such a bastard.\n\nItem, if a child is taken away to another land or held on another's land, which is so situated that the same man who is in possession of it must die from that estate, and the lands descend to his heir during the time that the child is taken away, the child may not enter on the inheritance until he comes of age, according to the custom of the land. This is discussed in other places.\n\nPr\"\nItem if the baron and his wife come in right, the woman is held to have been in fealty to another who held fee or fee tail, in such a case the baron is deprived of the land which is in dispute, for the reason that the woman or her heirs cannot point to the tenants who make such claims, escaping during the cover. Item if a man who is of unsound mind, who is called in Latin and not of sound mind at the time, enters into such tenancies, if such claimants speak as they should be, he and his heirs can enter upon it when he is dead. In such a case, it may be seen that there is a case where the land could be entered by another and an opponent who cannot enter because the one who was out of his mind at the time of tenancy cannot plead for himself or represent himself.\n\"if someone was of unsound mind at the time of making a deed or agreement and could not serve in any plea according to the law, reading well could disable the person's ancestor for the advantage of the heir in such a case, for no leniency could be shown to him according to the law. But after his death, his heir could enter or have the aforementioned deed at his election and choice. Item, if I say that a man of unsound mind made a feoffment and the like, he could not enter nor have an appeal until he was compos mentis and of sound mind. But after his death, his heir could enter or have the aforementioned appeal notwithstanding. Item, if I say that a child, demised age, aliened lands to another, the tenantements would descend to his heir, and if the child was of demised age when I entered on the lands, I could not enter before him according to their descent.\"\nper seent it in order to defeat and annul the agreement, in the same manner I said and the disseminator made a feoffment in fee on condition that the feoffee should possess the estate only if I could not enter on the land while the condition was breached. For this reason, if I should sue and the feoffor or his heirs should breach the condition, the discretion is ousted and the feoffment is defeated.\n\nItem, if I should sue and the disseminator had issued and entered into religion because of which the tenants descended to his issue, in such a case I could not enter on the issue and was once a disputant because of this, the discretion comes to the issue, for it is the father who makes it. But if my brother, who is disputing, enters religion, this does not greatly affect me, my brother, although he should be in force and serve him, because the disseminator is a stranger to me.\nItem, if I lease a certain piece of land to someone for 20 years and he fails to pay rent or exceeds the term, I am obligated to reclaim it and let him remain in possession for a shorter term, provided he pays the arrears and those holding from him do the same. However, if the person entering does not pay or exceed the term, and it is clear that the disturbance has come from him and not from the heir mentioned, then I may only hold the lands for the term during which the disturbance was not present. Otherwise, there are other causes.\n\nItem, if a man holds lands in fee simple during times of war and dies during such times, and the lands descend to his heir in this manner, then no one can prevent that heir from entering and viewing the lands on a writ of entry on a writ of aid in the year 7 Edward II.\n\nItem, no one may prevent another person from entering his lands on the death of the former, unless it is the king, bishops, abbots, priors, deans, or others of that sort, and they held for 20 years.\nMurantez Siseez and his twenty successors cease to tolerate Ia\u043c\u0435z's claim at home, in the land and elsewhere, plus Serra said in the chapter of Continuell Clayme that the disciples made continual claims in the lands or tenements belonging to the wall, which is only valid for those who hold the lands or tenements, and if another is in fee simple, he must tailor his claim according to this, for the one who has title to the lands or tenements can only be disturbed if the claimant is in fee simple and the lands or tenements descend to an heir before the claimant enters, or if the claimant or his heir has entered the lands or tenements due to continual claim, causing nothing to obstruct the claimant and his claim, and in the same manner, the alien in fee simple in the receiving or remaining lands can only be seized of such estate without continual claim.\ntenants must lease the land to the alien and the tenants, because of the alien's continuous claim against them, even if that man comes between the death of the alien and his remembrance or if he enters the remembrance instead, as long as the alien's claim continues and the alien and afterwards the one in the remembrance dies before anyone else, in this case the one in the remembrance in fee can enter and also if the alien and afterwards the one in the remembrance both died, the land remained in the hands of the tenants.\nThe following person, who remains after him, as long as he lives, and for this reason cannot make continuous claim except during his lifetime, has three things to consider. The first thing is, if a man holds land or property in several territories or cities of one and the same county, and enters into a particular percel of those territories or cities in the name of all the territories or cities to which he has title, he also obtains possession and seisin of those same territories and cities, from which it seems a great reason that if a man wishes to enfeoff another without a grant of specific lands or tenements, all the aforementioned lands and tenements pass by force.\nThe second matter concerns a man who holds title to certain lands or tenements, but does not dare to enter those same lands or tenements, nor any cell thereof, due to fear of battery, fear of harm, or fear of death. If he approaches as close as he dares, and claims that the tenements are maintaining the harm, his claim is not valid.\n\"The first matter is about a possession and it is as follows: it is a fact that there was no dispute or disagreement between the parties concerning the same tenements, until the claimant pleaded in the year 1438, before the justices, that the plaintiff who had the right to the inheritance had been detained in the city where the tenements were, and had made a full claim to the tenements, which were within the city's walls. However, due to doubt of death, he did not approach the tenements, but instead waited and, on that account, recovered them. The third matter concerns the fact that the continuous claim, as it is called, will aid the one who made the claim and his heirs, as long as he wishes to make his claim before approaching the land.\"\nterre ou terre poss\u00e8de et faire son claim, et si notre adversaire qui occupait la terre mourut si \u00e9loign\u00e9 ou \u00e9loign\u00e9e durant les dix derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es et le jour apr\u00e8s ce claim, les t\u00e9moins ne pouvaient plus le reconnaitre, car le premier qui fit le claim ne serait jamais d\u00e9chu de ce territoire, et donc celui qui fit le claim devait \u00eatre s\u00fbr \u00e0 tous temps, car il ne serait jamais expuls\u00e9, et il lui appartenait le premier droit de faire un autre claim l'ann\u00e9e suivante et le jour apr\u00e8s, et ainsi de suite.\n\"if the adversary makes another claim against the same claim and I proceed against that claim after the adversary's death, and the adversary's heir makes the same claim in the same manner, it is a continuous claim. The adversary's heir must make the claim within the same year and the same term as the adversary, or the claim will not be valid against me. Item, if the adversary is said to have made the claim in the same year and the term after the claim, and the plaintiff has not rested on the claim, the claim will not be valid against me unless it causes me little damage. For whatever person it may be who must have died within the same year and the term after that claim\"\nCEO neither greatly troubled one who made the claim, that he could enter and comment, for there were many persistent claimants and disputants speaking for the same land and the same day and so on. If a man was said to be the heir and must speak for the land and the day next after the previous speaker had finished, the text between the speaker and the land and the day would not be increased in value by the time of the claim made in this way, and for this reason it would be good for the speaker to make the claim in such a brief time as possible after the previous speaker. If such a speaker had occupied the land for forty years or more without any claim made against him, and within a short time before the speaker made his claim, the persistent claimant made a claim against the speaker in the same form, and if they were fortunate enough to be present at the time and the day after the claim, the speaker must die and the text between the speaker and the land and the day would be taken away from him. Where the speaker's claim is acceptable and for this reason it would be good for him.\nhome Quinn claims that he has a title to the land and so does his adversary, who is attempting to make a claim and so, according to the cases, the homeowner has a title to the land due to a cause of some other title and so, from the aforementioned proceedings, one can know two things. The first is that the homeowner has a title to the land against a tenant, in the territory where the title of the land is in dispute, because the claim is considered as one made through him and has the same effect in law as it would have had against the tenants and their witnesses, since the tenant in the immediate tilt continued the claim and it continued to occupy the tenements, this is a claim made through the same tenants against the one who made the claim and so long as the tenant had fee simple.\n\nThe second thing is that, frequently, he who has a title to the land makes such a claim and his adversary does not resist, continuing his occupation and so.\nAuxi souent adversaries for each other, and this one claimed against the other in the court of King Richard the Second, in the fifth year of his reign. Supposing the adversary against him was not summoned by the law and in this action he received damage and so on, and if the case was such that the adversary occupied the lands or tenements by force and arms or by multitude of people at the door of this claim and so on, he who made this claim for each thing was to have one breach and was to recover damages and so on. Item, it is to be seen whether the servant of a man who had title to it could, by command of his master, continue to make a claim for his master or not. It seems in some cases he could do so, because in certain places and at the request of his master, the person in possession of the land makes the claim and so on, in the name of his master. This claim is good for his master because he does all that his master causes to be done in such cases and so on. If the master tells his servant not to, however,\nosast ventured near the earth not any Percel of the earth to make a claim &c and swore he dared not approach closer to the earth except at a tile place called Dale and commanded his servant to deal at the place of Dale and make a claim for him &c If the servant did so &c this seemed to strengthen his claim as his master had been in personal danger for this reason and was bound to do so by law in such cases &c Furthermore, if a man was lying sick or decrepit there who could not in any way approach the earth or any cell or if a recluse was one who could not leave his house &c If such a person commanded his servant to deal and make a claim promptly and the servant dared not go to the earth or to any cell for fear of harm or death &c such a servant came even closer to the earth as he dared for such poverty & made such a claim &c for his master it seems that such a claim\nA servant may master be in good estate and law, but if his master is chief and not able to be the person who is sick, old, or mute, and unable to find any servant who dares to go to the earth or any cell to make the claim for him, but if the master of the servant is good and able and dares to go to the courts or to the place for this purpose, and the master commands the servant to pay a servant of the earth for making the claim for him, and when the servant is on the way to carry out the command, he hears other choosers who refuse to go to any servant of the earth to make the claim for the master and for this cause he lives on as long as the earth permits, and makes the claim for the master and in the new master's name, it seems in law in such a case that such a claim would benefit the master or harm him because the servant did not do everything the master commanded at his commandment.\nItem it is hidden and not openly stated that the man is in prison and it was said that the disperser must remain if the time the disperser is in prison lasts, for if the one in prison is in action of debt or such, or in appeal of robbery and the like, he will recover the plaintiff through brief delay and the like for this reason because he was in prison at the time the plaintiff was pronounced, and if there is any default against the one in prison, he will aid in the judgment through brief delay because he was near the defendant at the time the matter was brought against him, and for this reason, those matters of record do not know who is in prison except the server returns and the like. Moreover, it seems that there is a matter in question, namely that when he was in prison it would not harm him and the like, specifically because he could not go out.\nPrisoners in fact continue to claim and so on, in the same manner they seem to be out of the realm, serving the King for the needs of the realm, if such is said, that he is in service to the King, they say that when he returns to England he can enter the liberty and so on, that such a man returns to a village pronounced against him during the time he is in the King's service, therefore he will have aid and indemnity by the law in such cases and so on. Item, others have said that if anyone is outside of the realm who is not in the King's service, such a man, being outside of the realm, is said to be of lands or tenements demesned to the realm, and the disputed man was outside of the royal realm, it seems to them that while he lived outside of the realm, he could not benefit from the King's liberty. This seems to them for two reasons. One is that he who is outside of the realm cannot have knowledge of the dispute brought against him.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be discussing legal matters. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"entendement de loi ne peut \u00eatre plus que chose faire hors du royaume, po\u00e8te et juge trier de mi-le, le serment de XII &c et de forcer tel homme, le loi de faire continuellement claimant ce qui, d'apr\u00e8s l'entendement de la loi, ne peut avoir aucune notice ou connaissance de ces mots, jusqu'\u00e0 ce qu'il soit fait \u00e0 lui, quand il est hors du royaume. Et auxi, la mur\u00e9e \u00e9tait ferm\u00e9e quand il \u00e9tait hors du royaume, car en tel cas il ne peut avoir aucune possibilit\u00e9, sinon que le corps pr\u00e9sum\u00e9 puisse continuellement faire claimant autrement serait si ces mots \u00e9taient faits devant le royaume \u00e0 temps de le faire savoir ou \u00e0 temps de le dire. Une autre mati\u00e8re ils ont prouv\u00e9 que avant l'\u00e9tat fait en temps, le Roi E. le t\u00e9as lan de son r\u00e8gne, mon claimant est \u00e9teint et la loi \u00e9tait telle que si un \u00e9tranger n'avait pas droit d'y demeurer ou de r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer, s'il n'\u00e9tait venu et fait son claimant.\"\nThe CEO:\nimposes a fine and puts an end to all disputes, and according to the law it was proven in Westminster statutes that the end of the law is null, nor do they have heirs or anyone to whom the succession applies, unless they were previously in prison at the time of the fine's levy. If a stranger owns the lands, he would not suffer damage if the fine had not been made according to the record, for it seems to them that one was only speaking and teaching, and not in fact a serious matter. He who was spoken of was not in the realm at the time of the speaking and teaching, and if he had died at that time, it would not have been binding. However, they can still argue and teach, and if the said one had died, it would not have been binding. But they can still argue and teach, and if the one following the assize recognizes the heir of the said one, then the said one had to die.\nItem, if a person continuously claimed that there was no default against him, and if an abbot of a monastery was required to reside on the land of the monastery during vacations and farmed it, claiming the land for himself and his heirs, and after one abbot was appointed and became abbot of the monastery, he could not enter the land or monastery unless the convent in vacations was not able to make continuous claim, nor were they more able to make continuous claim than the abbot. It seems to some that the abbot could not have entered into this case because the convent in vacations was a corpse without a head, as the abbot was not previously dissuaded and could not enter the case unless he was misplaced in his brother's right, which seemed too harsh for them.\nTo learn well, you should seek to know what legitimate relaxations are. Relaxations take various forms: relaxations of all the rights a man has in land or tenements, and relaxations of personal and real property and of debts. These relaxations are commonly called \"releases\" in law. They are made in writing or have a written effect. Everyone should know that the verbs \"releasing\" and \"quieting\" have the same effect as the verb \"releasing.\"\n\nFurthermore, those who are commonly called \"grantors\" of releases and the like, who release all the rights a man has or can have in the future, are described in the law as not passing any right except the right of the release-holder at the time of the release. If the grantor and his heirs are alive and the heir is not released, the grantor, by releasing, makes the heir release all the rights he had or could have, without clause.\n\nCpoto [or Potto] and others who are commonly called \"grantees\" of releases and the like, who are made parties to a release in F and the like, are bound by the release in the same way as if they had been parties to the release and the grantor had released them.\n\nAnd it is to be understood that the verbs \"releasing\" and \"quieting\" have the same effect as the verb \"releasing.\"\n\nFurthermore, those who are commonly called \"grantors\" of releases and the like, who release all the rights a man has or can have in the future, are described in the law as not passing any right except the right of the release-holder at the time of the release. If the grantor and his heirs are alive and the heir is not released, the grantor, by releasing, makes the heir release all the rights he had or could have, without clause.\n\nTherefore, Cpoto [or Potto] and others, who are commonly called \"grantees\" of releases and the like, who are made parties to a release in F and the like, are bound by the release in the same way as if they had been parties to the release and the grantor had released them.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document or a part of one. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"de garant &c et puis le pr\u00eatre mourut &cc le fit po\u00e8te loyalement entrer sur le poss\u00e9dier pour ce qu'il n'avait aucun droit dans la terre. Il relisait son pierre mais le droit descendit-lui apr\u00e8s le fait fait par le mort soit-m\u00eame &c. Item en r\u00e8gles de tout le droit que home a en terres &c il cout \u00e0 celui qui le rel\u00e8ve qu'il ait fra\u00eechement fra\u00eechement fait en ces terres &c en fait ou en loi au temps de rel\u00e8ve faire qu'il ait franchi ou fra\u00eechement fra\u00eechement fait en loi au temps de rel\u00e8ve &c le rel\u00e8ve est bon, franchi en loi est comme un homme disait un autre et il ent mourut si les titres de descendants ne montrent autrement que le fils n'entra pas dans les titres avant qu'il eut franchi un titre quelconque et par une rel\u00e8ve faite \u00e0 lui soit assign\u00e9e, et si de franchi en loi est assise et si elle n'a point femme, issante, si en loi elle ne cotait qu'il ne l'avait pas entr\u00e9e en fait et mourut femme sera\"\nendowe &c. Item, in any case where releases have been made of all rights that the releasor possessed, and nothing disturbed the release in fact or law, nor was the release ever revoked, as the disposer expressly declared the land to another for term of his life, retaining a reversion to himself, or remaking it to a third in tail, and if a stranger had a right to the land, the releases were valid for each of the two, as long as each of them had a reversion vested in him. However, if the land was held in fee simple and the releasor had granted a release to two persons, each of whom the release was made, the release was void because the releasor had no remaining interest in the land at the time.\n\"Despite only remaining a right if a release is made to one who has a receivable or will render aid to the one who granted the franktenement. In Auxibien, the release made to the one to whom it was made remains valid if he had the release in his possession and in the same manner a release is made to the tenant for life or for their heirs, they will also have the same advantage if they can have it. Item, if they are sergeants and tenants and the land is said to be and the sergeant releases the land to the said person, the entire right he had in the lordship or in the land - this release is good and the lordship is extinct because of the privacy that is present between the sergeant and the said person. If they have the said person as their replacement, the sergeant will compel the said person to pay him what he owes because the said person is holding the land from him in right and in law. Item, if\"\n\"If a man grants a home to a receiver and his heirs a certain rent, if the grant is made and the donor releases the land and the grant enters the land with the consent of the donee and nothing of the right of the land passes to the donee except for the rent and rights directly from the land. If a lease is made to a man for life, returning to the lessor and his heirs a rent, if the lessor consents and releases and his heirs enter, the rent extinguishes unless there is something more in the land. Similarly, if a lease is made for a term of years to a man, returning to the lessor and his heirs a rent, if the lessor consents and releases and his heirs enter, the rent is extinguished unless there is something more.\"\nThe right of reversion passes if the cause is superseded. But if it is truly serious and the tenant truly holds and the tenant makes a feoffment in fee, and the feoffee were not tenants at the time, if the lord releases the feoffor of all rights and the relinquishment is in every way void because the feoffee had no right in the land and was not held in droit by the lord, except only in order to do the feoffment, and he did not compel the lord to do homage over him because the lord could do homage over the feoffee if he so willed. Otherwise, the true tenant, who is said to be the lord's tenant, is the one who is described in the aforementioned case, for if the true tenant, who is said to be in the lord's service and died leaving an heir of full age, the lord would have and guarded the heir, and he would not have lacked the guard of the feoffee if he had made the feoffment in fee. And it is good to distinguish between the two cases and:\n\nIf a man lets land to another at first term, and the lessor releases the lessee of all rights and cessions, and the lessor was not in possession of the land by force at the time of the release, then the relinquishment is void because:\n\nThe land is in every way void to the lessee, since the lessor had no right in the land and could not compel the lessee to do homage over him because the lord could do homage over the lessee if he so willed.\nlessor may not be on the land at the edge of the deal, but if the lessor enters the land and obtains possession through the same lessor or heir, it is good and sufficient for him, because of the privacy that is inherent in the lease. In my manner, it seems that the lease is made for a man to hold land from his lessor at his will, provided that the lessor makes a release to the lessee of all rights. This release is valid for the prince who is present, because it would be just for him to do so, and he may transfer it to another by giving him the same tenures that he holds from me, provided that he does not claim anything else. However, if the man of his own free will occupies lands or tenures that have been distrained from him, and the one who distrained them does not claim anything except at his will, then the one who was distrained may release all rights.\nIf a feoffor and others tie an agreement for vacant land with the understanding and intent to convey their voluntary will, and the feoffor occupies the land at the will of his feoffees, and afterwards the feoffees relinquish their rights to their feoffor according to their deed, this has been a question as to whether such releases were good or not. Some have said that such releases were void because there was no privacy present between the feoffees and their feoffor, and because no deed was made after the release in favor of the feoffee to hold at their will. Others have said the contrary, for two reasons. The first is that a feoffment is made on the condition that the feoffor will maintain the land at the will of his feoffees, and therefore it is a mode of privacy among them. As a man makes a feoffment to others and they do not contradict, so also is it a mode of privacy between them.\non the feoffment, they willingly and graciously allow their feoffees to occupy the third part at their discretion, and so on. Another cause they allege is that if such land is worth 40s per annum and such, the feoffee shall be sworn in assize and in other inquisitions in the real pleas and add personal service of whatsoever sum the plaintiffs wish, and this is according to the law of the land. Therefore, it is a private cause and the cause is that the law allows such feoffees and their heirs to occupy and hold and enjoy all manner of profits issuing and ruins, and so the titles for these rents made through such feoffees to their feoffor or his heirs, issuing from the occupation and holding of the land, shall be good and valid, and so the law grants such feoffees and the feoffees on confidence for the causes mentioned, namely, that such rents made through such feoffees on confidence are paid to their feoffor or his heirs, and are in effect reducing the estate of the grantor to him entirely.\n\"right which I hold in the land without more peril or annoyance to the tenant, or where the same is in one man's hand who wishes to enlarge his leasehold estate, he will not have more increase in manner and form as if the title were in fee and he wished to make estate for himself and deliver it to him, save that it is only for term of life and in such cases make it in reversion or remember it. But if I lease land to a man for term of his life and then lease all my right to him without more, the estate is not enlarged. However, if I lease to him and to his heirs if he has fee simple. And if I lease to him and to his heirs of his body engendered if he has feoffment and the like, and it is not necessary to specify in the deed what estate the grantee shall have,\n\nItem, certain other releases are to be verified and the whole right which he had in\n\"\ncas the disseasor had rightfully possessed the estate before it was turbulent or perilous, he is now made loyal and trustworthy \u00b6Note that a man is only in fee simple of certain lands or tenements, and another is released to him all the right which he had in the same lands. He does not need to plead of the heirs, this being made to him for the reason that he held fee simple at the time of the release. For if the release was made to him and his heirs for one day or for an hour, it would be equally beneficial to him in law, as it was released to him and his heirs, because his right went from him to one person at one time without any condition &c, to those who held fee simple. However, one had a reversion in fee simple or a remainder in fee simple at the time of the release, he may determine the estate which is to be held by the one to whom the release was made, by force of the release, because the release enlarges the estate of the one to whom it was made.\nreleases it and so is the one who comes directly to the land, and none receive him in reception or keep him unless such a man releases everything directly to one who is entitled to the trouble. For if you let go of the land or tenements to a man for the term of his life, it can happen that you let go of it to him and to his heirs, or to as many heirs and descendants as he may have, or to similar estates or otherwise, it does not increase the estate that he had before. But if my tenant lets go of the land or surrenders it to another for the term of his life, I shall be barred from all time as far as concerns his heirs, because at the time of the release I had no reversion. However, if my tenant lets it go to him to whom I had let it for the term of his life, I shall remain barred to all intents and purposes.\nIf the tenant's problems are not discontinued and he remains in possession beyond the term of his lease, those in possession during his absence are like tenants at common, holding as tenants from the law and in the same manner as the tenant was seized of his demesne, like a fee simple tenant at the time of such leases were made to him. (Item) If a man is said to release two to one, he will hold companion outside the land and have sole possession and estate in the land. (Item) If a man grants fee simple to two in fee and releases one of the feoffees, he will hold to the benefit of both feoffees and the cause of diversity arose between them. (Item) If I say that my servant releases and my servant says that I release, I will not have an assize nor enter upon my servant for that which I release. (It seems that) In such cases, if there are twenty servants, each one after another, I will release to the last.\n\"Despite barriers being placed before others regarding their actions and titles, and the reason being that in many cases, a man with a lawful title enters and defeats all mean titles, but this is not always the case. Item, if my discerer lessened the titles that he disputed with a man at the beginning of his life and then held them until the end of his life, and released them to an alien, my discerer could not enter the cause because the alien had previously been dispossessed. Item, if a man was said to have fought in the demesne age and died, and the land descended to his heir, and a stranger seized it and dispossessed him when he came of full age, the dispossessor will not have been barred from death against the heir, unless the heir was underage at the time.\"\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to discuss feoffment (feudal land tenure) conditions. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"del this dispute and the dispossessed person, if any, makes feoffment on condition that they render to him certain rent and, in return, the dispossessor does not diminish the estate on that condition. Neither the dispossessed person nor anyone else may obstruct these rents unless the estate is held under the same conditions as before. The man is said to be dispossessed of this land, and he grants a rent charge outside of the land, and after he releases it to the dispossessor, the charge remains in force. The reason is in these two cases: a man will not have an advantage through these rents, which will not be encountered without the dispossessor's proper acceptance and on his vast demesne. And concerning those who have said that the letter of the man is enforceable against one tenant if he holds it, this is not true in every case. For in the first of the two aforementioned cases, if the dispossessed person entered into a feoffment on condition and then with him, this is not always the case.\"\nenfeoff donq\u0304s {ser}roit le condic tout defete & avoyde & issint en le scde cas si le dissi\u0304 entrast & en\u2223feoffast celuy qi gran\u0304tt &c \u00b6Item si home soit dissi\u0304 {per} vn enf demz age le q\u0304ll aliena en fee & la\u2223liene deuie ssi & s\u0304 heir e\u0304tra estea\u0304t lalienor demz age ore est en eleccion dalienour dauer vn br du\u0304 fuit infra etatem ou br de droit e\u0304uers leir daliene & q\u0304ll br deux il esliera il doit ret {per} le ley Et auxi il poet entr en la t{er}re sanz ascun recouerer & en c cas le\u0304tre le dissi est tolle &c. Mes en ceo cas si le dissi\u0304 relessa s\u0304 droit al heire daliene & puis le dis{ser}r porta bre de droit e\u0304uers leire daliene & il ioyndra le myse sur le mere drot &c le grau\u0304d assie\u0304 doit trouer {per} le ley q\u0304 le tenau\u0304t ad pl{us} mere droit &c q\u0304 ad le dis{ser}r pur ceo qe le tenau\u0304t ad le droit del dissi {per} s\u0304 reles le q\u0304ll est pl{us} auncien & pluis mere droit Qar {per} tiel reles tout le droit del dissi\u0304 passa al tenaunt & est en le tenaunt. Et a ceo qe ascuns ont dit que en tiel cas lou home ad\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to discuss property rights and leases. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"This land or tenements, which is not conveyed to the tenant except by relinquishment, must be acceptable if it is done rightfully and truly by way of relinquishment. It is said that it is true for the one who received it, for by his relinquishment he has released him from all rights concerning his person, except the right he had the power to pass to the tenant through his relinquishment. It would be inconvenient if ancient rights were extinguished entirely and without exception, for it is commonly said that right cannot die. However, a relinquishment that goes by way of extinction vis-\u00e0-vis all persons is made for the sake of the tenant, so that he cannot have what has been relinquished to him. In the same way, a relinquishment is made to the tenant of the land for a rent charge or the like,\nso that the tenant cannot have it from himself.\"\npoet auer ceo, who is released &c, is supposed to intend towards all persons. It, the grand assize, should not pass through the dead, in the case mentioned, for I have often heard in the reading of the statute of Westminster II, which begins: In case a man assaults a woman, his wife or others, if the law is not before the statute, it should be made against the tenant for the term of his life, remanding him out in fee and fine and an extraordinary thing is done, recovering action against the tenant for the term of his life, for defamation and then he dies without any remedy before the statute, because he had no possession of the land. But if he uses it against the tenant for the term of his life and seizes and afterwards the tenant enters upon him and afterwards seizes the tenant for the term of his life, he may recover damages for defamation. However, if the son or heir of the one in the remedy enters upon the tenant for the term of his life, he may not recover damages.\n\"The tenant was defeated in the land dispute, apparently, some wish to argue and say that it is joined in such a way. That is, if the tenant had more right to the land in the manner that he holds it, then the grantor had it in the manner that he granted it, and because the seisin of the grantor was of letter of the tenant at the time of his death, he had no right in the manner that he granted it. To this it was replied that some are of various modes and forms in many cases, and some are of substance. For instance, if a tenant holds land in dower at disseisin and counts the alienation made in fee, and the tenant says that he did not alienate in the manner that the grantor declared, there is an issue and it is in dispute. Verdict: The tenant alienated in the tail or for the term of another's life, and the grantor did not recover the alienation nor did it take place in the manner that the grantor wanted to declare. Furthermore, if it were served.\"\ntenants and the tenant held from him solely for the rent and the tenant carried the tithes towards him instead of himself, and the tenant pleaded that he held from him by fealty and certain rent and for the retainer was coming and distraining and so on. And he, Jug de br Porte, claimed that he held from him neither in this manner nor as the lord had said because the matter of the issue was that the tenant held from him or none. But if he held from him in any other way than the lord had distrained the tenant for other services which should not have been without a writ and arms did not lie with the lord, but the serjeant abated.\n\nAdditionally, one of these tenants carried off a rod or goods if the defendant pleaded guilty in the manner the plaintiff had supposed, and it was established that the defendant was guilty in another place or in another matter.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French or Middle English, and it's quite challenging to clean it without any context or clear indication of the original language. However, based on the given instructions, I'll attempt to clean the text as much as possible while preserving the original content.\n\nauteur joue le plein devant le plentif suppos\u00e9 le recouvrait Et en nombre plusours autres cas ceux-persons.s. en la mani\u00e8re que le dd ou le plentif suppos\u00e9 ne font comme le substance de l'issue. car en bras de droit, le myst\u00e8re est joint sur le mer droit, il est trop adire & \u00e0 tel effet.s. lequel a le plus droit le tient ou le dd \u00e0 la chose en d\u00e9dier \u00b6Item si homme soit dissi et le disserrer dissi\u00e8re si et cc & son fils & h\u00e9ritier est en leur presence & le dissi entre est un disciple &c si leir porte assurance ou bras de droit envers le dissi, il sera barr\u00e9 pour cela quand le grade assis est jurement leur serment est sur le droit de la mere et non sur le poss\u00e9 Qar si leir le disserrer porte un assurance de no. dis. ou bre dentre en nature dassie et recouvre vers le dissi & suis ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 une autre partie peut le dissi avoir entre lui de le dissiu\u00e9 fait \u00e0 lui par son p\u00e8re ou il peut avoir envers leir bras de droit autrement si leir doit r\u00e9courir envers le dissi en cas annonc\u00e9 {per}\n\"in the right of law, all suits shall be clearly heard before a judge, and shall be finally settled between the parties. And you, Fitz, know that in the right of law, after the quarters' knights have been chosen, there should be no further delay until a formidable barrier arises after the parties have been sued and the matter is in issue. And if the matter is joined on board the battlefield, there should be no further delay. Item, all the rights and claims in any case belong to him who is supposed to be the tenant according to the law, provided he had no wrongful detention. Such a release is good for this reason, because it is supposed that the tenant holds by the suit of the king and has no wrongful possession of the land at the time of the release. In the same manner, if the tenant swears and enters into the court after the demand for release has been made, the release is good for this reason, because the swearer after that has entered into court.\"\nItem: A tenant in law, at the Court, it is admitted that some actions are mixed in reality and personally, such as an action of waste against the tenant during the term of his life. This action is for the reality because the place was wasted in reality. It is also for the personalty because the triple damages are recoverable for the tort and were caused by the tenant and for this action, one release of real actions is a good plea in bar and is a release of personal actions in the same manner. In the same manner, it is also in the assize of novel disseisin for the reason that it is mixed in the reality and in the personalty. But if a tile is set against the disserter and the tenant, the disserter can plead a release of personal actions at the bar, but he must not be in default against the tenant for the frankpledge if the tenant had a release of real actions from the Court before the brief purchase, and he pleaded it, it is good plea for the Court to declare that he who pleaded the plea had not wronged the tenant at the time of the release.\nItem, if a tenant causes damage in actionable ways to another, in the same case, the landlord may only release the tenant from such actions if the landlord releases all actions against the tenant concerning the same thing, except for the damage. In the manner of personal actions, a person who wrongfully takes another's property may be released from all personal actions against him or her unless he or she can be compelled to return the property through the law of pound. Additionally, if a person has caused a breach of detention of another's goods against his or her will, and the person has released all personal actions against him or her, he or she may afterwards take possession of his or her goods back, provided that no right to the goods has been released to the other party except for the action and so on. Item, if a person is said to have made feoffment to various persons for use and so on, and the disposer continues to receive profits and so on, and the disposer releases all real actions to him or her, the disposer is released from all actions.\n\"and then he was towards him, entering in nature due to the cause of the profits etc. that I was to say to him, to help him in the matter generally, unless the deed could not say that he had not received anything in return when he wished to plead the matter generally, because the deed could not enter &c. It is said that a man is called in question for felony, which calling does not matter much to the defendant for this reason, that it is not a real action against him. Nor is such a call a personal action, since the tort was done to his ancestor and not to him. But if the defendant calls in question all manners of actions, it will be a good plea in appeal and the defendant will be seen to be better off with all manners of actions than real actions.\"\n{per}sonelx &c \u00b6Item en vn appelle de robberie si le def voill pleder vn reles de lappellaunt Iug de mort &c est pl{us} \nnest pas {pro}p\u0304me\u0304t dit accio\u0304 {per}sonel & pr c si le def voill auer vn rele\u0304s debarr dappell\u00b7 en cell cas il cot dauer vn reles de toutz maners daccions dappell ou toutez maners daccions come il se\u0304ble &c Mes en appell de maheym vn reles de toutes maners daccions {per}sonelx est bon plee en barr pur c q\u0304 en tiell accion il ne rec fors{que} dam\u0304 &c \u00b6It si home soit vtlage en accion {per}sonell {per} {pro}s\u0304 sur loriginall & porta bre derrour Si celuy a qi suyte il fuist vtlage voill pleder emiers luy vn reles de toutes maners daccions {per}sonelx ceo semble null plee q\u0304r per le dit accion il ne rec rien en le {per}sonalte fors{que} tauntsolement de reuer{ser} lutlagar mez vn reles de bre derrour {ser}roit bon plee \u00b6Item si home rec dette ou dam\u0304 & il relessa al def toutez maners daccions vnqore il poet loialeme\u0304t suer execur {per} capias ad satisfacie\u0304d ou {per} eligit ou per fieri fac q\u0304r\n\"executor be it told that before a person can take action, one should be certain to know the law and the will of the parties. Execution donques seems to be contrary to this, since the breach of the knowledge of the action is a breach of execution and is continuing execution. One can, however, plead various matters before the judge and obtain a reversal of the execution or other remedies, and for this reason, one can be said to be in contempt. Furthermore, a person who recovers a debt or damage is accorded entry against him, and the plaintiff can make a demand for various types of executions. Item, if a person releases an action to another in all manner of demands, it is more advantageous for the person to whom the action is released to have it, because all types of actions real and personal and actions on the appeal are alienated and extinct. \"\n\"All executions of titles have gone and extended. If a man enters into any land or holds it by such title, and if a man has service or rent or pasture and the like from such land and title, he must demand it from the earth where the service or rent or pasture and rent and service and the like are issuing or in what land the cow and service and rent are, and they have gone and extended. If a man releases another man from all manner of quarrels or controversies or debates between them for all matters and effects, these things extend to such perilous persons. If a man is forced to give another man some money to pay at the feast of St. Michael, if he is obliged to pay it, the said feast will release the obligor from the debt to all times and he will never be able to have it back at the time of the aforesaid deed. However, if a man releases land to another man for a year, he must pay him at the feast of St. Michael forty shillings and thenceforth he releases all actions against him.\"\nThe feast will have the effect of releasing this debt, on account of the forty shillings owed to the nunnery, which obstructed the aforementioned release, due to diversity in the two cases. It is his wish to have severe judgment against the one who contested the debt, or against three others and more, as long as the debtor was in the king's court when it was counted, for this is an ancient law used, as appears in the report of a plea in the king's bench in this form: John Barrie brought a writ of right against Reynold Aslington and others, the matter was joined in the Bank and the original and the process were demanded from the justices wandering or the parties would come, and the champions would make their oath without challenge of these parties, who allowed the election to be made or the oath was such that I, John of A, would tell the truth, and the king of A had more mercy to keep the tenants that John Barrie brought against him, or John durst hold the siege, he would give and pray that I, the liege man, would help him, God be with me and so forth.\n\"sans dire \u00e0 Lor estient et tielles semements seront oubli\u00e9s en attendant et en bataille. Le loi garde ceux qui mettent chaque chose \u00e0 fin. Jean Barri contesta devant le roi Henri et Reynold sur le mis jointe tenait demi marc pour le temps et ainsi dit Herle Justice au grand assise apres qu'ils furent charg\u00e9s sur la mere droit. Vous gentilshommes, Reynold donna demi marc au roi pour le temps, et c'est s\u00fbr qu'il n'y avait pas un homme launce qui ne fut pas si en temps que le roi Henry l'eut convoqu\u00e9 ou non, et vous ne nous dira pas qu'il n'\u00e9tait pas si en ces temps si vous ne niaiez rien plus et si vous trouviez qu'il fut autrement donn\u00e9 en question ouster du droit. Et puis le grand assise revint avec leur verdict et disaient que Rauf agissait contre Reynold, demandant \u00e0 lui et \u00e0 ses h\u00e9ritiers de quitter les terres de Jean Barri et de devenir ses h\u00e9ritiers, et Jean en mercy.\"\ncause the problems mentioned below are extremely rampant in the text, I cannot clean it perfectly without context and a more precise description of the issues. However, I can provide a rough cleaning of the text:\n\n\"cause the problems mentioned below are extremely rampant in the text: if Proq\u00adber le Matre presented the matter previously mentioned in the Breton law &c, it seems that he could plead it, since Reynold had not demanded a demi-marc for enqueaning the tezpz &c. The gradassiez were not charged solely with the mere right and the nemy &c, but in all cases, if the dd contained in the grant was in force when the King counted it, the charge of the gradassiez was served solely on the mer right, where the nemy encountered the law, as it is said above in this chapter &c.\n\nFait de confirmations is commonly made in such a form or with such an effect. They shall notify universally &c, I, A, ratify, approve, and confirm C's statute and possession which I have of and in one mesnagio &c, which I obtained in N &c, and in any case, one deed of confirmation is good and available, but one deed of relinquishment is not good or available. I granted land to one man for the term of his life, but I granted it to another for a term of forty years by force of.\"\n\"if it is in my power to confirm the tenant's possession for a term and then hold it for the term of his life, if I, by my power, release him from possession during the term, the release shall be void, for he had no privacy present for him and me where the release is not available to the tenant during the term. In the same manner, if I say and the disseminator makes a lease to another for a term, it is void if I release the estate before I confirm it, and the disseminator shall have and hold nothing of it, unless there is a private agreement between us or he has and holds it.\"\nDuring the term of my life, the disseiser must be simple and is such in his domain, just as the fee simple estate was conferred upon him, for he cannot change his estate without entering into it and so on. In the same way, if my disseiser makes a lease for life, the remainderman or tenant for life would have it after his death, but if I confer the state of the tenant for life, I am not bound to enter after his death, unless I have relinquished all my rights to the tenant for life. In the case where I confirm both the state and the title to the remainderman, however, I would be bound to do so.\nIf the text is written in an ancient or non-English language, I cannot translate it into modern English without additional context or a translation key. However, based on the given text, it appears to be written in a mix of Old French and Latin. I will attempt to clean the text while preserving the original meaning as much as possible.\n\nsaz assurance fait al tenant \u00e0 terme de vie le dissi ne peut entre sur le terme de vie, car le rem\u00e8ne d\u00e9pendant sur l'\u00e9tat du terme de vie. Si l'\u00e9tat est d\u00e9faite, le rem\u00e8ne est d\u00e9faite entre le dissi et c ne sera raison que si il confirme et c. (It) if they are expressed and the dissi speaks to one another, they must keep company outside the land. If the dissi confirms the state of one of its saz plus persistently in the act, it does not keep company with others than itself, except that nothing is confirmed except that it is joined and they have said that if you join and confirm the state, it will not be joined except as it was before. And they have said that if you join and confirm the state entirely, it will not be joined except that it was joined before. And it is good and sure.\n\"this person confirmed to those others that they should have and hold the lands and other things in fee or in fee tail for their lives or for their term of life, as the case may be, if the land was not already given to another for their lives. But if this person confirmed the estate to those others with the same land for themselves and their heirs, this confirmation is void because heirs cannot have the estate that was only for the person's life. However, if this person confirmed the estate to those others with the same land for themselves and their heirs, this confirmation is made fee simple in such a case to them in the land because they have and hold it and not the estate that they had before. If I lessened certain land to a woman for her life, the baron had it and I confirmed the estate to the baron and the woman that they should have and hold the land for their two lives. In such a case, the baron was not jointly with anyone else except the woman in right of her for her life. This confirmation would verify\"\na lord, in the first place of his life, if he saw a woman surrender the land to a man for her lifetime in the case where the lord confirmed the state of the lord and the woman to have and hold the land for their two lives. In such a case, they had joint estate in the fractional tenement of the land, for as long as the woman had not alienated it before. Item, if I were to grant a person a rent-free charge outside of the land, and he confirmed my grant, the grant would be in force, provided that the purpose of the grant was clear and I entered upon the land. Item, if a person of the church granted a glebe of his church and confirmed the grant and lordship, the grant would remain in force as long as the purpose of the grant was clear. However, in the case where the grantor had fee simple in the lands, except for life estate or tail donations, the grant would only remain in force during the grantor's life and the life of the grantee. The person who\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English, and it seems to be a legal document or a part of one. I have made some corrections based on the context and the rules of Middle English grammar, but I have tried to remain faithful to the original text as much as possible.)\ngrant and etc, Item this home lesses the land permanently, which he held in fee and cei in the reception confirmed the grant, the charge being sufficient and effectual. It should be a perpetual gift, not a lordly gift or anything else, unless the pronominal of the gift and the chaplain of the gift could charge the gift in perpetuity. In such a case, this word \"dedi\" and the word \"concessi\" have the same effect in substance, and I said to Sicoe, \"I give you a carucate of land,\" then I made the title and it said, \"Sciaat pentes and etc,\" when I was explaining to him the said carucate of land, and I delivered the fact to him without any reservation of the soil. This is a good confirmation and also strong in law, as it had to be in the deed I confirmed and etc. It, if I lessed the land to a man for a term by force of all that he is possessed, and then made a deed to him concerning the same land, granted and etc, the said land to.\nauer pur t{er}me de s\u0304 vie & delynet a luy le fait &c donq\u0304s meyntena\u0304t il ad estate en la t{er}re pur t{er}me de vie & si ieo dye en le fait a auer & tener a luy & a lez heirez de s\u0304 corps engendrez donq\u0304z il ad estate en le taill. & si ieo die en le fait a auer & tener a luy & a sez heires donq\u0304z il ad estate en fee simple q\u0304r c vrera a luy {per} force de confir\u00a6mement denlarg s\u0304 estate \u00b6It si home soit dissi\u0304 & le dis{ser}r dei ssi & son heire est emz {per} discent & puis le dissi\u0304 & leir fou\u0304t Iointement vn fait de feoffement a vn aut{er} en fee & lyuere del ssiu\u0304 sur c e\u0304 fait q\u0304nt al heire le dis{ser}r qi enseala le fait les ten\u0304tez passo\u0304t {per} m\u0304 le fait {per} voye de feffement & q\u0304nt al dissi\u0304 qi ensealast mesme le fait c ne vrera mez {per} voye de {con}fir\u2223mac Mez si le dissi en c cas port br dentr en le {per} & cui enuers laliene leire le dis{ser}r q\u0304r cot il pledera cel fait enuers le dd {per} voye de {con}firmacio\u0304 \u00b6Et sachez mon fitz q\u0304 est vn de pl{us} honorablez laudablez & {pro}fitablez\nchoisir en tant que lei durer la science de b\u00e9n penser en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 et personnellement et pour cela toi conseiller sp\u00e9cialement de mettre tout ton courage et soin de l'apprendre et cela. Si elles soient s\u00e9rieuses et tenues, et le s\u00e9rieux confirmant l'\u00e9tat que le tenant avait en leurs pr\u00e9sence enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9montr\u00e9 \u00e0 toi, ft adieu. En m\u00eame temps, si un homme avait rentre charge hors de terre et il confirmait l'\u00e9tat que le tenant avait en terre enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9montr\u00e9 \u00e0 lui, le rendu confirmant le loyer. En m\u00eame temps, si un homme avait de la terre \u00e0 passeur ou autre terre, il confirmait l'\u00e9tat du tenant de la terre rien retard\u00e9 de lui, sauf ce qui \u00e9tait convenu entre eux. Mais si elles \u00e9taient s\u00e9rieuses et tenues, lequel que ce soit tient de lui, le serf et le service de fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 et 20 livres de loyer, le serf, par lui, faisait confirmer l'\u00e9tat de tenir par douze jours ou par un jour ou par un maire, dans ce cas le tenant \u00e9tait dispens\u00e9 de tous autres services et ne rendrait rien au serf, sauf ce qui \u00e9tait compris dans la confirmation.\nIf the ser wants to confirm that the tenant, who is an abbot, annually performs certain services towards the mesne without any new cause for acquittance for the mesne services in return, and the mesne confirms the state that the abbot holds in the land and allows him and his successors to have and hold the land in frank almoign, then this confirmation is valid and the abbot will hold the land from the mesne in frank almoign. This is because no new services are reserved for the ser, as all special services are extinct, and the abbot holds the land from him only for the reason that he holds the land.\n\"Before the confirmation of a man who holds land in Frankish alienation is not to perform any corporeal service, unless the confirmation itself appears to show that the mesne lord does not render new service to him instead of the old service which they will hold from him. If I am such a man, and another puts a man outside of my possession, claiming him to be his serf, and I confirm his state as my serf, this confirmation seems to be void because no one can have a man as a serf in gross except he who has the right to do so as his serf in gross, and the person to whom the confirmation was made was not his serf in gross at the time of the confirmation. However, in this case, if such people were in the fact, you know that I granted and conceded such a villain to me.\"\n\"if a tenant forcefully takes or views a grant by confirmation and the like, he asks the feoffee to convey the thing granted or confirmed, as one holds it in fee simple and the feoffee grants it to the tenant and his heirs the rent and the like. The tenant asks for this by way of confirmation because the grant has expired. In the same manner, if a man has a rent charge outside of the land, he grants the rent charge to the tenant of the land and the like, and the reason for this is that the donor desires that the tenant should have the rent and the like, and as long as he cannot or cannot receive rent outside of his land demesne for this reason, he will be heard and taken for the advantage of the tenant, who could be sued. If I lease land to a man for a term, and then confirm the estate without adding more, it does not increase the estate more than for the term.\"\nIf the person had abandoned Mez and released him from his rightful claim on the land, and if the person had remained in the land for forty years without putting it into cultivation, the person would have been troubled, and it seemed that my son spoke of various grades of diversity and confirmations. If I had been dead for twenty years and had granted the land to another for ten years, except that I had granted only a part of the time, and if I were of full age at the time, and if I had released the land to the other at the request of my lessor and not for any other reason, this release would be void because I would have no privacy left for myself. But if I had confirmed my estate until the confirmation was good and valid, and if my lessor had granted the entire estate to another only if my release was valid and effective,\n\nIf a man granted a rent charge issuing from his land to another for his life, and then confirmed his estate in the said rent to be held and possessed by the other in fee tail or in fee simple, this confirmation would be void if the person who confirmed had enlarged his estate for that purpose.\nnaoet grants recognition in the retreat, if he is the one residing there, provided it is in return for service or charge. He grants the retreat to one other for a term of life and then confirms the grant in fee simple or tail. This confirmation is good, as long as those who confirmed the grant at the time of confirmation had the receipt of the rent. However, if the homeowner granted a rent charge to another for a term of life, and he wishes to have the grant in tail or fee, the grant of the rent charge for a term of life must be surrendered or cancelled, and a new grant of a different rent charge must not be made and the grantor must hold the grant in tail or fee during his life. Except for a few words and so on.\n\nAn attornment is made if the servant and tenant holds and wishes to grant the services of his tenant to another for a term of life or in tail or fee, and the tenant holds the grant for the grantor during his life.\nforce and virtue do not increase or lessen gravity, and an attachment is not null, except that the one who caused the great deed must agree to the attachment, as if he agreed to the gravity itself. I agree to the great deed done to you, or I am content with the great deed done to you, but the most important attachment is to be addressed and so on. I grant to you by force of the grant, or I hold and deliver to the grantor a denier or a mile or a farthing by way of attachment and so on. If the sergeant-at-arms holds a service from a man and then, by a deed bearing an earlier date, the service is granted to another, the sergeant-at-arms must clear himself by surrendering the service to the first grantee, or else he is in contempt and so on. If a man holds a manor in demesne and in service, and if he wishes to alienate the manor to another, he must do so by force of alienation to all.\ntenants must detain the alien's coheirs in manner and continue to serve them continually in the land, perhaps tenants wished to and for this reason were required to represent the alienators and transfer the lands, but they did not wish to do so against their will and for this reason were required to represent the alienors, and they did not detain the lands for themselves or detain them permanently, but the alienors granted the lands to another in return for their services or granted them the land in fee simple, and the servant, if he was a serf, would grant the land to another in return for his lord's favor and turn it over to the granter and hold it until the end of his life or hold it in fee, but if the servant was not a serf, the serf would be grateful for the services of the mesne, but the mesne did not do any wrong to the serf unless the mesne was required to do so, and the mesne held the land from the tenant in return for his service.\nMez, if the certain land is held under a retainer or seeks a retainer in such a case, he who has the rent from it grants it to another, holding it in pledge from a troubled creditor against the retainer and the like, and when it is sergeant and tenantless, he holds it in pledge for his distresses and the like. It should be sergeant and tenantless, and he holds it in pledge for a term of life for another, and then grants him services and the like to another, and holds it in pledge for a term of life for that one. This is good enough for as long as the tenant holds it in such a case, and the one in his place cannot be called tenant by the lord except after his death, unless the tenant in his place dies without heir. Then the sergeant has the land conveyed to him by private agreement for as long as the tenant holds it in such a case, and he holds it quietly until.\na tenant may hold estates of freehold or fee simple or otherwise, in such cases, if the lord and others hold and lease the tenements to one woman for her life, the woman pays rent to the lord and the woman's husband becomes baron, and then the lord grants services and other things to the baron and his heirs. In such a case, the service is suspended during the coverture. However, if the woman survives the baron, the baron and his heirs have the rent from those in the meantime, and in this case, no payment is necessary from the baron who is to grant the acknowledgement, because the baron's acceptance is an acknowledgement in law. In the same manner, if the tenant holds and the lord grants services to the woman and her heirs, and the baron accepts, after the death of the baron, the woman and her heirs may hold. For, by the acceptance of the baron, this is a good acknowledgement. In such cases, during the coverture.\nServices are suspended &c. Item, if a servant and tenant were to grant a home to one person for the term of his life, and the servant were to grant the same to another in fee, the tenant, for the term of his life, would have fee simple in the services, but heirs would not have the services after his death, and in this case, no attornment is necessary because of the acceptance of the person who is to attorn &c. This is attornment of himself &c. But if the tenant had been so generous and of high estate in those tenements, as the servant was in the signory in such a case, if the servant granted the services to the tenant in fee, this would be considered a gift by extinctive title, causa pauperis. Item, if a servant and tenant were to make a lease to one person for the term of his life, saving the reversion to himself, and the servant granted the signory to the tenant for the term of his life in fee, in this case, the tenant could compel the person in the reversion to attorn to the tenant for the term of his life by force of the lease.\ngrant or admit that the grant is void for the reason that he who receives is in the service and a servant, and the servant grants service to another if he holds it from a servant, in twenty manners of service, and the servant grants the service to another for the rent of the service, and it is good attornment for and concerning all the services that the tenant holds, except for those services for which the lord himself is forced to perform and which are not the usual manners of service that the tenant ought to perform,\n\nif the servant is in the service and holds from a servant, and the servant grants the services to another for the fine if the grantor is unable to be present for some reason and it is good attornment in law for all the services,\n\nif the servant of rented service grants the services to another and holds it by money, and then the grantor distrains the rent for the arrears and the tenant pays it to him.\nrescos en ce cas le grand retour avons le droit rettenu, forque nous avons pris le don du donneur ft le grand retour ou un mail ou un feryng par voie de ssiu del ret donqs ce bon attornement et auxi est bon ssiu al grand ret donqs sur terres rescos le grand retour avra ete assur\u00e9 etc \u00b6C'est ainsi que plusieurs jointen\u00e9s et tenus par service et le sergent grand tenu a un autre leservices et un des jointen\u00e9s a attorn\u00e9 au grand ret est auxinbon tous ont attorn\u00e9 pour ceo que la signorie etait entiere etc \u00b6C'est donc heureusement que tenants a terme dans ce cas ont tenu a terme devant le grand donqws maintenaient passe le frais du plaintiff al \n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old French, and I have made some assumptions about the intended meaning based on context. However, I have tried to be as faithful as possible to the original text.)\ngrant to them attorneyship without any fee, for as long as they should be necessary in that case, unless the tenant held it at the time when the fee was due or payable outside reason and so on. If tenants are lessened to a man for life or given in tail, saving the reversion and so on, if he in turn wishes to grant it to another, the grant is void and so on. Similarly, if land is lessened to a man for life, and the remainder is reserved to another for life, the lessor pays the rent to the remainderman yearly and so on, as long as it is held by the tenant.\n\"If a tenant in case of dispute grants to another and remains in possession after the term, it is good attornment, and he to whom it is granted may distrain the tenant for the rent due after such attornment, unless the tenant has not been attorned to him for the term or life, or the lease or grant has been made to some other person residing or holding the land, and the lessor or donor granted reversion and the rent passes to the grantee without any mention being made of the rent for this reason, because the rent is incident to the reversion in such cases, and the rent of the land is not paid to the grantee unless he seeks it.\"\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nLe auteur confirme par terme de vie et puis confirme \u00e0 terme de vie l'\u00e9tat du tenant \u00e0 terme de vie, le remettant \u00e0 un autre en fief et acceptant le fait donn\u00e9 par celui \u00e0 qui le remettre, car c'est le remis en fait \u00e0 celui \u00e0 qui il est donn\u00e9 ou la m\u00eame acceptation du tenant \u00e0 terme de vie et cela est une agreement de lui et donc une attestation en loi. M\u00eame si le remis n'aurait jamais eu ascendance vers lui, il ne b\u00e9n\u00e9ficierait de ce fait qu'\u00e0 condition que ceux en le remettant le veuillent recevoir du fait \u00e0 lui \u00e0 l'intention que celui en le remettant ne pourrait venir vers lui pour le faire contester, et parce qu'il sera bon pour celui en le remettant, pour celui en le remettant qui n'aurait pas une femme.\n\nFait par celui qui veut faire cette confirmation et le remis a quitte et cess\u00e9, et celui qui fait cette confirmation livrera une lettre libre \u00e0 celui \u00e0 terme de vie et la lettre libre \u00e0 celui qui a le remis.\n\"Perpetual tenants of land who have actions against them for wasting, or other damages, while they remain in possession, and all others similarly affected, are relieved of these actions against them for a term of life, and to their heirs, yearly. In such a case, if one of the tenants in the suit relents and releases the other in the suit, it shall only be the rent of the tenant for life and a third part of the wastes, unless they have been compelled to do so by force of the same instruments. The reason is because at one time the tenant for life and they in the suit were tenants together. In the same manner and for the same reason, the land was conveyed from one to the other for life, and the receiver received it from him. In such a case, if those in the suit release those in reversion and their heirs, rightfully, and he in reversion has a fee simple, and will have a third part of the wastes without any attornment from him.\"\nsi a lessor tenants have an other term to dance, and then he ousted the terminator and entered in feoffment to another in fee, and then held him to term on the feoffment and entered upon the fee, enclosing it at term and so. And then he wasted the fee beyond the law, a branch of waste turning against it, and it would not revert, and the cause was that those who had right to the lands or tenants in chief would not be misconstrued by the feoffees, nor would the tenants be misled. And in such a case, the fee remained in the tenant's demesne, save for one reversioner who had the right to enter. The law itself seems to allow this, saving the reversioner's right, if the lessor dissents and makes feoffment in fee simple, if the tenant holds to term of life.\nIf the text is in Old French, it can be translated to Modern English as follows:\n\n\"and he was the lessor below the upper lessor, for the wasteland near the wasteland, ascend to the altar, attend the court case which is above, it being so, let the remainder be transferred to another, have it measured, oust the heirs, hold it in fee simple for a term of life. In case the tenant for life grants it in fee simple to another, pass it through the court for the reason that if it is dotted, the tenant for life is bound to the term of life and in vain it is granted that he will grant it, since the tenant for life cannot dispose of it by force of the grant, against the heir remaining. And in case it is held and the tenant holds it tied to the sergeanty and serves of the church, if the sergeanty knows the services of the tenant, it is held until the end of the services, maintained in the grant by force of the end, the sergeanty cannot dispose of it otherwise. And in addition, if the tenant is without heir, the servant will have the tenancy.\"\n\"If a man holds a thing in possession for a term of life, and the receiver holds it in fee simple, the grantor cannot revoke the grant by force of the fine, nor can the tenant be alienated from the grantor unless the grantor consents. If the lord is pleased with the tenant's services, the tenant should be an heir if the fine is not yet due, the grantor will have no relief or distress without the tenant's consent, except for forfeiture for breach of the covenant. A man must pay a reasonable and proper rent and the court fee for the grant of such things. The grantor may have view of the lands or tenements, but not without their consent. If there is no need for a distraint and the like, one should not enter into it.\"\nThe text appears to be written in old French or a variant of Middle English. I will attempt to translate and clean it up as faithfully as possible to the original content.\n\nterre par force d\u00e9livre le droit du seigneur que le grand tenait par force du fin et ainsi voir diversit\u00e9 et ainsi, si heirs servent en mesnalce de vivendro\u00eet et eschent \u00e0 signour par montant par voie deschete. En cas cei qui furent signour parmont peuvent contraindre le tenant, nonobstant que le tenant ne vingt unquels attornes. Et la cause est pourquoi le mesne fait en fait en la grande par force de la fin et le seigneur parmont peut s'imposer sur la grande parce que il \u00e9tait tenu en fait contre son gr\u00e9 et non qu'il serait \u00e0 compelle et ainsi, sauf envers un h\u00e9ritier en vie la grande donnait fin \u00e0 un autre en fief et le grand ad le remercier par voie deschete. Et si apr\u00e8s le tenant fit wast le serf aurait\n\nTranslation:\n\nThe land is delivered by force the right of the seigneur that the great one held by force of the fine and thus, if heirs serve in mesnalce of vivendro\u00eet and escheat to the signour by montant by voie deschete. In case those who were signour parmont can constrain the tenant, notwithstanding that the tenant did not wish to attorn. And the cause is because the mesne does it in fact in the grande by force of the fine and the seigneur parmont can impose himself on the grande because he was held in fact against his will and not that he would be compelled and thus, except towards an heir in life the grande gave fin to another in fief and the grand had the thanks by voie deschete. And if afterwards the tenant made wast the serf would have\n\nCleaned Text:\n\nThe land is delivered by force the right of the seigneur that the great one held by force of the fine and the fin, if heirs serve in mesnalce of vivendro\u00eet and escheat to the signour by montant by voie deschete. In case those who were signour parmont can constrain the tenant, notwithstanding that the tenant did not wish to attorn. And the cause is because the mesne does it in fact in the grande by force of the fine and the seigneur parmont can impose himself on the grande because he was held in fact against his will and not that he would be compelled. Except towards an heir in life, the grande gave fin to another in fief and the grand had the thanks by voie deschete. And if afterwards the tenant made wast the serf would have\n\"be that was not otherwise constrained, he would not attend to the matter concerning Mez, nor would he be heir or assigne to it, for it would not distress or concern him, nor would he accept an attornment. In ancient Boroughs and Cities, the same Boroughs and Cities make it reprehensible by testament and custom not to. If in such a case a Borough or city dweller is such that he must serve or be subject to a retainer or service to another through a testament, and he must die in such a case, the one to whom such a service is due may distrain the tenant for the retainer or service, even if the tenant does not attend. The manner is not that the tenant is lessened to another for a term of life or for a time, and the tenant must render account and pay to the one to whom the service is due, and afterwards the tenant makes wast of it to the one from whom the wast was made, and the tenant does not withhold attornment. The reason is that the volunteer desires the disavower.\"\nIf the testament is performed according to the will of the devisee and if the effect of the gift rotates around the tenant and others, unless the tenant does not wish to have an attorney and the volunteer of the devisee is not performed, and the devisee distrains or has an action of waste and the like without an attorney, because a man who disposes of such tenements to another in hand may have a fee simple grant made to him by the same devisee, and the deed of feoffment is made to him by the devisee in the same tenements that he holds in hand, he would not have been deprived of it except for the term of his life.\n\nItem, if a man holds a manor that is partly in demesne and partly in service, and it is said among the tenants that those who hold the manor do not distrain or summon the disseisor in this case, unless the disseisor dies and the heir is under age and the disseisor's land cannot be distrained for the rent due and the services, the disseisor cannot be distrained for the rent through the rents and services, but the tenants may not have revived the disseisor's claim.\nThe text does not need to be cleaned as it is already in modern English and the content is clear. However, I will provide a translation for those who may not understand Middle English:\n\n\"He does not owe us duty or tenancy, or any other attachment to him, unless the lessor must dismiss him if the lessor cannot distress him for the rent and other dues, which all descended to the heir of the lessor. But if one holds from me rent or service, one service in gross and another has no right to claim the rent to receive it, and I do not receive the rent from my tenant through distress or any other means, and this tenant holds the rent from me otherwise after his death, I can distress him for the rent which he owed before the distress of the lessor and after his death. And the reason is because the disseisor is not my lessor except by my choice and will, for he took the rent of my tenant before I had the right to distress him for it, unless I will suffer the tenant to be in arrears.\"\nIf the text is in Old French, I will translate it into modern English for you. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"pay a man the rent and so on. For the payment of a tenant to another to whom he does not owe rent is not said to me nor did it take away my rent or my choice. Since I can have enough grain for such a period, it is according to my will if I wish to give it to him or not. Such disputes about rents in bulk do not prevent the servants from being distributed at certain times. They can be distributed for the rent due and so on. And in such a case, if after the distribution of the one who took it unjustly, the rent is granted to another, the services rendered and the attachment remain in the grant and so on. But otherwise, the rent is due in a certain manner, and the disbursement must be made according to the entire manner as in the aforementioned case and so on. Item, if I am due rent in demesne and in service, and I have given acres of the land to another in rent for the land of the manor from me, in tail, rendering the rent to me and to\"\nmez heir one cannot read &c If he is in such case I say this: the tenants around him pay their rents to the disseisor and also increase it for the said disseisor, who then pays the rent to the disseisor in the court, and afterwards the disseisor must remain and enter into possession of the land. But the heir, for the rent due to me, must be present before the disseisor, and also for the rent that has not yet been paid, he must remain before the disseisor, unless otherwise provided by the disseisor &c And the reason is because when a man gives such a thing to another in the court, knowing that he will receive something in return, and on the said deed he receives a rent or other services, all the rent and services are due to the receiver, and whatever a man has in receivable, he cannot be ousted from his receivable except if the tenant is ousted from his estate & possession &c For as long as the tenant remains in the court.\n\"And they continue to hold their possessions by the power of my gift as long as the rent and services are rendered upon it and are incident to and dependent on the gift, however it may have the gift and services. In the same manner, I lease out a part of the demesne of the manor to another for a term of life or for a term of years, and he must hold it and the lessor must serve him and his heirs, provided that he does not dispossess him of the rent and services, unless such dispossessing is made for the reasons stated above. For as long as a man has done such a thing in the same way, concerning the same demesne of a manor and the like, he saves the gift or the lessor's grant, and afterwards the manor is considered severe in its rents and services, not more so in law and right. And thus it can be seen that my son is diverse in that there is a different manner of demesne and of service.\"\nA dispute arises when services are not rendered in the same manner, not incidental to receivables, and yet they are incidental to receivables. Discontinuance is an ancient term in the law and has diverse significations, but as far as one understanding goes, it signifies that one man has certain lands or tenements and must die, while another has the right to them but cannot enter into them because of alienation. For instance, an abbot, who holds lands or tenements in fee simple from one person, cannot enter into the lands or tenements of another person in fee simple or in fee tail or for life, and the abbot's successor cannot enter into the said lands or tenements as he would have a right to them, but it is misplaced in his action for recovering the lands or tenements, which is called the action of entry without consent of the clergy. Item, if a man dies in land that he holds in fee simple and enfeoffs another and the woman dies, the woman cannot enter but is put to her action, which is called Cui in vita.\n&c \u00b6Item si tenau\u0304t en le taill de certeyn t{er}re ent enfeoffa vn auter &c & ad issue & morust son issue ne poet pas entre en la t{er}re coment q\u0304il ad title & droit a ceo. mes est mys a s\u0304 accion q\u0304 est appell fourmedon en le descendr &c \u00b6It si soit tenaut en le taill & le reuerc est al donour & a ses heires si le te\u2223nant fait feoffement & morust sans issue cely en le ruerc ne poet entr mes est mys a s\u0304 accion de fourmedon en le reuerc &c \u00b6En mesme le maner est lou tenant en le taill de certeyn t{er}re dount le rem\u0304 est a vn au\u00a6ter en le taill ou a vn auter en fee Si le tenant en le taill alienast en fee ou en fee taill &c & puis deuiast sans issue ceux en le rem\u0304 ne poient entr mes {ser}r mys a lour bre de formedon\u0304 en le remayndre &c Et pur ceo q\u0304 {per} force de tielx feoffementes & alienacions en les cases auauntdi\u2223dites & en semblables auters cases ceux q\u0304ux ount title & droit ap\u0304s la mort de tiell feoffour ou alienour ne poient pas entr mes sont mys a lours accions vt supra Et pur c cause tielz\n\"feoffments and alienations are called discontinuances. An item, if the tenant holds the land in the court and dismisses it before the disseisor and his heirs relinquish to him all right they have in the tenements, this is not discontinuance because the disseisor relinquishes for no other reason than for the term of his life, but by feoffment of the tenant in the court, fee simple passes by the feoffment of the tenant by force of livery and the like, but by force of a release nothing passes beyond the right which he can lawfully and rightfully release without leet or danegeld or other persons who will have right after his death and the like. However, it is said that entering a feoffment of the tenant in the court and a release made by the tenant in the court are discontinuances. But it is said that if a tenant holds in the court in this case, he relinquishes to the disseisor, obliges him and his heirs to the garranty and more, and the garranty descends to his issue until it is discontinuance due to the garranty and the like. But if a man has issue by his wife and\"\nA female must give and another female was given to him and to his second wife and to the heirs of their two bodies, and they had another son and the second female died and he held it in the tail, and it was said to him and he released it all directly and obliged him and his heirs to guard it and it was not a discontinuance to the issue in the tail, as long as the guardian descended to a son of the first female. In the same manner, the tenants who are descendable to the next son are entitled, according to the custom of the English burgh, and the tenant held in the tail had two sons and it was said that he released all his rights except the guardianship and died, the next son could enter on the heir, obstructing the guardian because the guardian descended to the next son, who will always descend to the one who is heir according to the common law.\n\nItem, if any abbot is dispossessed and he releases to the dispossesor without guarantee, this is not:\nDiscontinuance is not established if a successor relinquishes rights he had held during his tenure, whether due to privation or death. If a man releases his rights to a woman and she marries another, this is not discontinuance to the woman if she survives her baron and can bring a cause between them. If land is leased to another for a term of years, the lessor may re-enter the land after the term has expired due to the lessee's default or death. However, if the tenant confirms the state of the lessor for the term, this is not discontinuance, except after the lessor's death. The tenant may then enter for the term previously held by the lessor. Similarly, if the tenant in the court confirms the lessor's state for the term, this is not discontinuance due to nothing passing during the lessor's lifetime.\n\"If the tenant confirms that he held the land in tail, keeping it for the term of his life and so on, it remains in tail after his death, remaining to the heirs for all hours, and he holds it until the end, this is not a discontinuance. For if I lease the land to one man for the term of his life, and then to another for ten years and so on, and my tenant grants the land to another in fee simple, the land retains the frankalmoign, except for the part that the tenant in tail can rightfully do and so on, except for the term of his life and so on.\"\nIf this text is in Old French, it can be translated to Modern French as follows: \"Si le tenant \u00e0 vie fait confirmation de l'\u00e9tat pour un temps de dix ans \u00e0 avoir et tenir \u00e0 lui et \u00e0 ses h\u00e9ritiers ou rel\u00e9quer \u00e0 eux et \u00e0 ses h\u00e9ritiers, le bail \u00e0 temps dans aucun \u00e9tat sauf pour le temps de vie du bailier. Sinon, le tenant \u00e0 vie fait hommage simple pour le fief, si le fief est simple, et le fief passera en simple fief et il n'avait pas fait hommage au temps de l'hommage, sauf pour le temps d'entr\u00e9e et...\"\n\nIf this text is in Old English or Middle English, it would require more extensive cleaning and translation. However, based on the given text, it appears to be Old French, so the above translation is provided.\n\nTherefore, the cleaned text is: \"Si le tenant \u00e0 vie fait confirmation de l'\u00e9tat pour un temps de dix ans \u00e0 avoir et tenir \u00e0 lui et \u00e0 ses h\u00e9ritiers ou rel\u00e9quer \u00e0 eux et \u00e0 ses h\u00e9ritiers, le bail \u00e0 temps dans aucun \u00e9tat sauf pour le temps de vie du bailier. Sinon, le tenant \u00e0 vie fait hommage simple pour le fief, si le fief est simple, et le fief passera en simple fief et il n'avait pas fait hommage au temps de l'hommage, sauf pour le temps d'entr\u00e9e et...\"\nter a uncle, in addition to himself, held and lived on the same land, but afterwards released it to the uncle and granted him all the right he had in the same land, except that the uncle's estate in the land was not enlarged by these releases because the uncle had the estate in the land for the uncle's life only, and could not therefore grant or alienate it lawfully, except that by these releases all right passed away and the right that was there before was extinguished. Item, if the uncle held in demesne, afterwards granted all his estate which he had in several tenements to another, to have and to hold all his estate entirely and to his heirs, and delivered seisin accordingly, in such a case the tenant to whom the alienation was made had no other estate besides that in the land for the life of the tenant in demesne, and therefore he could not prove that the tenant in demesne could not grant or alienate the estate in demesne.\nA person was troubled for some time during his life about a demesne and the like. But if he gave land to one person to till, saving the rent due to me and holding him in tillage, he endowed another in fee simple, not having proper estate in their tenements for two reasons. One reason was that my receipt was discontinued, which was wrongly done and not rightly done. The other reason was that the tenant in the tillage was required to pay rent and was unable to pay it to the feoffee, and therefore, if he wrongly forced him, he did not have a proper estate. \n\nIf the land was less than what a person held for some time in his life, he remitted it to another in the tillage. If this was a great remission to another in fee, and the tenant held it in tenure for life, it was not a discontinuance. \n\nIf a person had service or charge in the tillage and granted the said service or charge to another in fee, and held it in tenure, this was not discontinuance. \n\nIf a person was held in the tillage.\nThe greater law allows a person to have another in fee, not as a discontinuance, for the term of the tenant's life in the land that he granted and so on. And note that such things which passed through the way of grace in countries and lands, the grant does not make discontinuance as in the cases above-mentioned or similar ones. But if I give land to another in tail, and he leases it to another for the term of his life, in such a case the tenant in tail makes a new reception in fee simple for what he paid for the first term of his life and so on. He discontinued my reversion and so the reversion of fee simple should be in some person in such cases and I could not be the donor as long as my reversion is discontinued. Therefore, the reversion of fee simple should be in the tenant in tail who discontinued my reversion. And if in such a case, the tenant in tail holds the land by discontinuing my reversion per term of life, and he dies, then the reversion of fee simple reverts to the grantor.\nIf the tenant holds the land in tail, with the grant of reversion and surrender to another at the end of his life, and then holds the land in tail during his life, this is not a discontinuity if the tenant in tail dies before the reversion takes effect and is replaced by his heirs in his demesne as part of the fee. However, if the tenant in tail holds the land in tail and the reversion grants the reversioner the right to enter and reclaim the land during the tenant's life, this is not a discontinuity, but rather a grant of a reversion that is executed during the tenant's life. There is a significant difference between these two cases. In the first case, the tenant in tail holds the land in tail during his life, and in the second case, the tenant in tail holds the land in tail during his life, the reversioner enters and reclaims the land upon the tenant's death, and the tenant in tail is replaced by his heirs.\nIf the testator held land for a term of years and he died before the term expired, and he had heirs male, the eldest son would inherit the land, and if the testator had daughters, the eldest son would take the land in fee simple, and the daughters would be general heirs. If a man held land in the tail, despite detestable terms in the testament, and he disposed of it to another in fee, and then died, this is not a discontinuance, for there was no discontinuance during the tenant's life. If land was given to the tenant for life, save the reversion to the donor, and the tenant held it in fee, the donor was to have and hold the reversion and the heirs of the body of the tenant.\n\"all hours and yield to him according and not a dispute for this, no poet discontinues the state in the tail unless he discovers the receiver has been in receipt and not some in rem, and this feoffment is not a discontinuance, in the same manner, the lands are given to one man and the tail is remitted to another in fee and the tenement is enfeoffed to him who is in rem to have and hold for himself and his heirs, this is not discontinuance, for it is not the case that if an abbot has a receipt or service or charge, there are two in fee and the land is transferred and, in the same manner, if he held the land less for the term of life and then granted it in fee to another receiver and the tenant, it is not discontinuance, in another manner, if he held the land less for a term of life and then granted it in fee to another receiver and the tenant.\"\n\"And the tenant held the land in fee and granted the tenant a receipt for it in the land, and then held the tenant in demesne, and could not have an issue enter between, but was obliged to pay the rent to the grantor in the demesne and for this reason it is a discontinuance in fee. And note that some are discontinuances at the beginning of life, Sico held the land in demesne and saved the rent for himself for a long time, but this is not a discontinuance during the tenant's life. If the tenant held the land in demesne and gave the rent to another in demesne, this is a discontinuance during the second demesne. Moreover, if the tenant held the land in demesne for a term of years or for life and delivered it to another in fee, this is a discontinuance in fee for...\"\nCEO Q2 leases are simple passed on force of law, and it is indeed the case that such discrepancies are made under condition and for the reason that the conditions are breached or for other causes because the courses of such laws are defeated and the discontinuances are defeated, and no man is forced to pay two of them between and so on. Item, if Peter and Fitz are involved, and Peter makes a feoffment in fee simple of the lands which Fitz owed and then Fitz owed rent to CEO, and this did not cause a discontinuance as long as Peter did not force the rent at the time of the feoffment, but it was in fee simple according to the dissuasive, it seems to some that after the death of the baron, the woman, who is the baron's heir, would be capable of entering and so on in this case because when the baron made such a feoffment, it could not be binding and so on for the feoffment.\nDuring the coverage and he could not enter into his own demesne between the ditch and his wife's, therefore this right belonged to the wife after his death. And he should have been said to be, if two joint tenants were dead at the same time, they made one feoffment in fee and one of their children survived and outlived them, this right belonged to the one who survived and he enjoyed it gently and also the baron who made the feoffment from the same age could not enter, for no right descended to him in such a case because the baron had nothing at all in right of his wife and also, when an infant made a feoffment being of age, it was a reasonable cause that all capable of doing so would find it burdensome or not. And for these reasons, it seems to some that after the death of such a baron, if there were children of the same age at the time of the feoffment, his wife could inherit.\np\u0304nt baron & ount issue fitz & le baroun morust & ele p\u0304nt aut{er} baron & le second baron lessa la t{er}re qe il ad en droit sa reme a vn auter pur t{er}me de son vie & puis la feme morust et puis le tenant a t{er}me de vie surrendist son estate a la second baro\u0304 &c q\u0304 re si le fitz la feme poet entre en c cas sur le second baron duraunt la vie le tenaunt a t{er}me de vie. mez il est clere ley qe ap\u0304s la mort le ten\u0304t a t{er}me de vie le fitz la feme poet entre pr c q\u0304 discontinua\u0304ce q\u0304 fuist tant soleme\u0304t pur t{er}me de vie est d &c {per} la mort de m\u0304 le t a t{er}me de vie &c \u00b6It si tena\u0304t en le taill fait vn lees a vn aut{er} pur t{er}me de vie et le tenant en le taill ad issue & deuie & le reuerc descendist a son issue & puis lissue gra\u0304ta le reuerc a luy descenduz a vn auter en fee & le tena\u0304t a t{er}me de vie attorna &c & puis le tena\u0304t a t{er}me dreuerc entra &c & est ssi\u0304 en fee en la vie del issue &c & puis lissue en le taill ad issue fitz & dei il semble q\u0304 c nest pas discontinuau\u0304ce a le fitz.\nmez\nThe poet, Fitz, entered and so Piero quit the land by force, as it descended and so Navarrets remained in the land. If a husband held the land from a wife and she released it to another for her lifetime, and the baron died holding it from her, the reversion of the fee simple went to his heir, provided the baron had granted the reversion to another in fee and held it, and then died, the grantee held it for life. The grantor could enter again on the grant at the time of the grant's expiration, not constituting a discontinuance to the wife. However, the wife could enter on the grant at any time, provided the grantor had not entered during the grant's term, nor had any feoffments or grants been made by them without a clause of re-entry. This was not a discontinuance to their issues after their death.\nIf they held and were such great lords in their lives, and if they kept in their demesne and held in tail two sons and the younger son said to Peter and made a feoffment without clause of war and without issue, and then the father was bound to give the younger son the elder son's share, the elder son could enter on the feoffee because the feoffment was not of a brother who could cause a discontinuance unless the father was forced to do so, since it seems he died in fact without a brother, and since a tenant could not dispossess a tenant-for-life unless forced to do so by the law, it is said:\n\nIf he is serious and holds, and the holder gives security to another in fee, and then holds in tail for life, grants a lease to one man for life, saves the reversion and grants it to another in fee, and holds it to the end of life, and the reversion dies without heir, then the holder, if he held to the end of life, would have the reversion by descent if:\n\nThe reversion had no heir otherwise, and the holder held to the end of life, and the reversion was the serjeant.\nforce de s\u0304 eschete entra en la vie le tenau\u0304t en le taill & puis le tenau\u0304t en le taill morust il semble en c cas q\u0304 ceo nest pas discontinuance al issue en le taill ne a cely en le rem\u0304 mez q\u0304il poet bn\u0304 entre pr c q\u0304 le {ser}r e\u0304 emz {per} voye deschete & nemye {per} le tena\u0304t en le taill &c Mes secus esset si le reuercio\u0304 vst estre execute en le gran\u0304te en le vie le tena\u0304t en le taill q\u0304r adonq\u0304s vst le grau\u0304te estre emz en lez ten\u0304tez {per} le tenan\u0304t en le taill &c \u00b6Item si vn {per}sone dun esglise ou vn vyker dun esglis aliena certen t{er}rez ou te\u2223neme\u0304tez {per}cell de s\u0304 glebe &c a vn auter en fee & morust ou resigna &c s\u0304 succossour poet bn\u0304 entre nient constreteant tiell alienacion come est dit en vn Nota anno .ii.h.iiii. t{er}mi\u0304o Mich\u0304is qd sic incipit Nota qd dcm fuit {pro} lege en vn br daccompt port {per} vn maist{er} dun college dun cha\u2223pel q\u0304 si vn {per}son ou vyker gra\u0304t cten t{er}re q\u0304l e\u0304 de droit de s\u0304 esglis a vne\naut{er} & deuie ou {per}ninte q\u0304 le successour poet entr &c Et ieo crey q\u0304\nThe cause is pure because the person or vendor who is such and so, according to law, does not have the right of fee simple in those tenements, nor the right of simple fee from the dead in any other person, and for this cause, a widow can have the right to a simple fee remaining in her and in the chapter. And a dean can have the right to a prebend, the right remaining in him and in the court. And a master of a hospital can have the right for the reason that the right remains in him and in his brethren and so on. However, a person or vendor cannot have any right and so the highest right they can have is not great proof that the right of fee is not in them or in anyone else but the right of simple fee is in Abbeyance. This is to say that it is altogether in the remembrance, understanding, and consideration of the law, for it seems to me that such a thing in such a right, as it is said in various books, is in Abbeyance and so on.\n\"And in Latin, it is said that such a thing or such a deed, whether it existed at that time or not, is now only partly exists and remains, and what others said about such a thing or such a deed being in the clouds, I have already said and more. If there is one person in the church who is troubled by the tithe of the glebe of the parish, it is in no way lasting during the time the parish is vacant. It is considered and understood according to the law, that another person should be appointed to the same church and immediately when one person is troubled in fact is his successor. It is hidden, wishing to argue and say that a person who is weary of being a patron and ordinary may obtain a greater rent outside the glebe of the parish in fee, and thus charge the glebe of the parish perpetually. Therefore, they had either fee simple or two or one had fee simple in mean time.\"\n\n\"And it should be answered that it is a principal provision in the law that for every piece of land there is fee simple and more.\"\nA yielder and one other principal is he who holds any land in fee simple, and it is charged with a rent charge in fee, either by him or another, and the amount of such rent is gratuitous to the person and patron, lord and lordship in fee, null to the yielders or their heirs, except for greater revenues and the heirs of the patron and the successors of the lordship after their deaths. And after such charge, if the successor is not able to come to the said church, the person of the church, according to the law, is not harmed, except by presentment of the patron and admission and institution of the ordinary and others. And this is because the successor is bound to be content and agree to what the patron and lordship faithfully did before. However, it is not proven that the fee simple and others are in the patron and lordship or their ancestors. The cause of such a gratuitous rent charge and others is good for those who have an interest in the said church. The patron, according to the temporal law, and the ordinary, according to the spiritual law, were accustomed to consent or agree to such.\n\"This appears to be the true reason why title-glue is charged in perpetuity. If it is held in the tail and is said to be released, it goes directly to the disseiser. In such a case, no right of the title can exist in the holder while he has released it and afterwards deceases, for such right of inheritance in the tail is not entirely extinguished by the release and the relinquishment, therefore the right that remains in abeyance and so continues in issue in fact is the one that was released and afterwards decedes. In the meantime, the grantor has not entirely parted with the entire estate to another. In such a case, the grantor had not entirely parted from the estate and the right, and the receipt of the estate and right is not in the grantee for the reason that he had no receipt in lieu of the release and cessation.\"\nThe reverence and enhancement of the title during one's life is in abundance, continually remembered in consideration and intelligence of the law and so forth. It is one requirement that alien terres, those who are in ecclesiastical and devotional service, should not make a discontinuance to their successor unless they are unable to be present at the court of the king without his chaplains' consent. It is one requirement that alien terres, in ecclesiastical and devotional service, should not alienate lands even to themselves without the consent of their chapter. Moreover, if the dean himself alone comes as of right from his dues, the alienation is a discontinuance to his successor, as was said before. It is argued that some will contend that an abbot and his convent are seised in their demesne as feudal tenants of certain terres for themselves and their successors, and the abbot without the assent of his convent can alienate lands to another, which is a discontinuance to his successors and so forth. The reason for this is that the one dean and the chapter are seised of certain terres for themselves and their successors.\nIf the dean and alien priors are dead and their successors cannot enter, the abbot would have no legal claim to their lands without our consent. If the abbot wishes to sue for lands that were once the priories', he can only do so against the abbey itself, not the prior, since all other persons in the lease, except the abbot who is sovereign, are dead. However, this is due to the sovereign's power and not because the abbot would be like other monks of the convent. But if one dean and the chapter are not dead, each can have separate actions in various cases. Of such lands or tenancies that the dean and chapter possess, if they were to be disputed, they would be deemed to be the dean's and the chapter's jointly. And if another wishes to have real action against such lands, he can only do so against the abbey itself.\n\"terres ou tenez envers le dean and his court, and near the dean and the chapter, nemo euers the dean's soul and so it appears there is great diversity between the two cases. Item, if the master of a hospital discontinues holding land of the hospital and his successor cannot enter in the middle, but only has his brief of ingress without the consent of the confrairs and sorors, and all such breves plainly appear in the register, then: Item, if the land is less than a man's holding for the term of his life, he may remand it to another in tail, but the tenant in tail must hold it to the end of life and make a feoffment to another in fee, then he must remain without issue and the tenant holding to the end of life seems to have died, it appears that in this case, if the one in remanding the feoffment was not seized in the tail by force of the same reason, and:\n\nRemitter is an ancient term in the law and is the name given to a man who holds two titles to his lands or tenements. He has two ancient titles.\"\nplus darrein and he comes to the earth per the plus dereyn, this title is uncorked to him, the plus sure title, the plus worthy title, and not quanto's home is aided me per force of the plus dereyn title. So it is said to him, a remission for the reason that the law lays it down in the earth per the plus dereyn title. Since it holds in the tail discontinuously, and then he said discontinuously and it must be remitted in the tail for the reason that the law lays it down and it will arouse him per force of the tail, which is not here a title, unless it serves him per force of the discontinuous tenements to have it before him and recover them and his damsels in such a way that he is in his remission per force of the tail, the title and the interest of the discontinuous title is entirely annulled and defeated. It holds in the tail, enfeoffed in fee simple to him or his cousin inheritable per force of the law.\nThe following person is to tail all of Fitz's cousins at the edge of the feoffment's boundary and then hold them in tail. The one to whom the feoffment was made grants this to his heir by force of the tail. This is a remittance to the heir in tail, in the tail of the one to whom the feoffment was made, and the heir, being under age at the time the mortgage was made, will be augmented with the land by the mortgage after the mortgagor's death. The mortgagor, being under age at the time of the mortgage, will be augmented with the land in tail by the mortgagee and will hold it in tail. However, if the heir was of full age at the time of the feoffment, this does not apply. And if the heir, being of full age at the time of the feoffment, comes into full age and ejects the mortgagor in tail, then, being of full age, he charges the rent or service and then holds the land in tail. It seems that the land is discharged of the rent or service where there is a cow of pasture or a rent charge.\nAnd the ret priest who is in charge is in one of the estates on the land, which he was forced to leave because the state in which he was in charge was defeated. It is a principal cause that the heir in such cases is said to be in remission, and the same applies to other similar cases, because there was no person against whom he could sue briefly for a summons, for he could not sue against himself and could not sue against anyone else because no one else was holding the distress. Therefore, the law aids him in remission. In such a case, if the land is divided among a man and his wife and their heirs of their two bodies, and the daughters have issued, and the wife has died and the baron married another woman and had another daughter, and he discontinued the tail and then said the discontinuance and died, in such a case, if there is no other daughter.\nIf this text is written in Middle English or Old French, I would need to translate it first before cleaning it. However, based on the given text, it appears to be a fragment of legal text written in Old French with some English words mixed in. I will attempt to clean it while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text appears to be discussing inheritance and the conditions under which a heir can be appointed and relieved from the taille (a medieval tax). Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"que c'est inheritably forced to cut [it] is a remission, except for what is due to me and what is mine, and another joint heir is in fee and the tenant in the taille must pay before the heir is appointed in the taille. If it is held in the taille, the heir appears before the court and another joint tenant in fee and the tenant in the taille must pay what is due to the whole and what is due to him in fee simple, according to the discretion of the father. If it is held in the taille and the heir appears at full age at the time of the feoffment and then holds it in the taille, it is not remitted to the heir because he was of full age at the time. Instead, take note of this: if the feoffment is made in folly and the person was of full age, this folly cannot be excused in the heir.\"\nIt is stated that demz age &c, at the time of the feoffment, a woman was held in fee and was in fee and in ward, and must issue from her age point the woman, who is remitted to the child, and the woman had nothing for this, unless the baron and his wife were one person in law and in fact, except that he wished to sue against her, which would not be inconvenient, and for this reason the law awards the heir in her remission, since no folly could prevent her from being in her age and at the time of dispossession &c, and if the land were to be in her remission by force of the feoffment, it follows that the woman had nothing &c, because the baron and his wife were one person, the land could not be severe in moieties, and for this reason the baron remits it gently. Otherwise, if the heir is of full age at the time of the espousals, the woman had nothing except in right of the wife. It seems that the land was in fee, the baron alienated the land from himself to another in fee, and the alienee released the land to the baron and his wife for term of.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be related to feudal law. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"le seigneur revient sauver le reprisal d'h\u00e9ritage et dit qu'il est h\u00e9ritier. En casque la femme est enceinte et elle est si faite en son demesne comme une femme de m\u00e9z en casque le serviteur n'a rien en r\u00e9cu\u00e9rage pour que la femme soit couverte en telle casse. Et en casque le serviteur veuille prendre action contre le baron et sa femme pour ce que le baron a fait d\u00e9vastation, le baron ne peut barrer le serviteur, car le reprisal del estate l'a fait une remise \u00e0 sa femme pour ceo que le baron est arr\u00eat\u00e9 \u00e0 son effacement et son reprisal demesne del estate pour temps de vie a lui et \u00e0 sa femme. Et unefois le serviteur n'a rien remerci\u00e9 pour ce que le fief simple \u00e9tait en la femme, et ainsi un homme peut voir une mati\u00e8re en casque un homme serait arr\u00eat\u00e9 par une mati\u00e8re en fait cot\u00e9 nulle \u00e9criture faite entre eux.\"\n\nTranslation: \"The lord returns to save the reprisal of inheritance and says that he is the heir. In case the woman is pregnant and she is made in his demesne like a woman in the condition of being covered in such a case, the servitor has nothing in recompense for her being covered. And in case the servitor wants to take action against the baron and his wife because the baron has devastated, the baron cannot prevent the servitor, for the reprisal of the estate has made a remission to his wife for this reason that the baron is arrested at his own demesne and his reprisal of the estate for their lifetimes. And once the servitor has nothing to thank for the fief simple being in the woman, and thus a man can see a matter in which a man would be stopped by a matter, no writing has been made between them.\"\nIn the lact of wast, the baron made defense against great distress, and the woman begged for mercy and was granted it. She would show all the matter and close the door to her chamber, in every case where the woman was granted mercy for the baron, she would plead and even suffer the same penalties in pleading it. She made the lease to the baron and to his wife at the beginning of their lives, and it was a remission to the woman for the reason that the woman was covered by the baron's power. So, whatever belonged to the woman that was covered by the baron's power would not be taken from her by the justices. And note that whatever thing passed from the woman that was covered by the baron by force of the fine, the baron and his wife made a compact with another, or granted and returned to another, or released to another, and so the right of the woman would not pass from her by force of the fine in all such cases. The woman would be examined concerning the fine.\nso it is accepted and paid to the teller in the court, I am examining: It is held in the tail, discontinuous in the tail, and there is a son and a daughter, both of full age, a baron and the discontinuity makes this one thing between the baron and his wife for their lives. This is a remitter to the wife and the wife is compelled by the tail to do so because of the tail's cause. It is done to the baron and his wife, and they have and hold it and their heirs of their two bodies engendered. In such a case, this is remitted in fact to the baron and his wife against his will, because he cannot remit it to the wife otherwise, except that it is remitted to the baron for this reason. The baron and his wife are one person in the law, so the baron is stopped from claiming that it is remitted to him to encounter alienation and to sell the demesne. This is said to be admitted and so on. It is land given to a woman in the tail, the remitter is to another in the tail, the remitter is to:\nIf this text is in Old French, I will translate it to modern French first and then to English:\n\nText in Old French: \"Si ce sont ces femmes qui tiennent la terre en fief et la femme porte baron et le baron discontinua la terre en fief par toute sa dur\u00e9e, tous ceux restant sont d\u00e9sign\u00e9s comme d\u00e9scontinu\u00e9s si la femme devait mourir sans h\u00e9ritier ceux en la terre n'avaient aucun rem\u00e8de, sauf que de se soumettre \u00e0 leur femme et rester sous leur autorit\u00e9, sans ascun acc\u00e8s et sans souffrance. En mon opinion, ceux qui ont le revenu apr\u00e8s tel taillis et ainsi, si une femme sauve le revenu aupr\u00e8s du locataire au d\u00e9but de sa vie, puis un autre le fautif et l'insultait la femme et r\u00e9cup\u00e8re le revenu en insultant-lui par d\u00e9faut, si la femme pouvait en insulter lui un jour, le locataire d\u00e9cide de d\u00e9noncer l'infraction et\"\n\nText in Modern French: \"Si ces femmes d\u00e9tiennent la terre en fief et la femme est baronne et le baron interrompt la terre en fief pendant toute sa dur\u00e9e, tous ceux qui restent sont d\u00e9sign\u00e9s comme interrompus si la femme mourrait sans h\u00e9ritier, ceux dans la terre n'avaient aucune solution, \u00e0 part en se soumettant \u00e0 leur femme et rester sous son autorit\u00e9, sans aucun acc\u00e8s et sans souffrance. Dans mon opinion, ceux qui ont le revenu apr\u00e8s ces tailles et ainsi, si une femme sauve le revenu aupr\u00e8s du locataire au d\u00e9but de sa vie, puis un autre le fautif et l'insultait la femme et r\u00e9cup\u00e8re le revenu en l'insultant par d\u00e9faut, si la femme pouvait l'insulter une jour, le locataire d\u00e9cide de d\u00e9noncer l'infraction et\"\n\nText in English: \"If these women hold the land in fee and the woman is a baroness and the baron interrupts the land in fee throughout its entire duration, all those who remain are designated as interrupted if the woman died without heir, those in the land had no solution, except by submitting to their wife and remaining under her authority, without any access and without suffering. In my opinion, those who have the revenue after these tailles and thus, if a woman saves the revenue for the tenant at the beginning of her life, then another one defrauds and insults the woman and recovers the revenue by insulting her in default, if the woman could insult him one day, the tenant decides to denounce the infraction and\"\nIf the text is in an ancient or non-English language, I cannot translate it into modern English without additional context or a translation key. However, based on the given text, it appears to be in Old French, and I can provide a rough translation of the text below. I will remove unnecessary line breaks, whitespaces, and other meaningless characters.\n\npt au\u0304 asc acc de waSTMez en c cas si cei qi rcouvrent le faux acc veulent porter autrui enu\u0304s le baron & sa femme le baron n'a autre remedie envers eux, si le baron et sa femme furent wast le p\u0304m\u0304 lessor enu\u0304s eux, br de wast pr c q\u0304 en ta\u0304t q\u0304 la femme enu\u0304s il est possible en c cas si cei qui recouvrent le faux accusateur volont portre enu\u0304s le baron et sa femme. Le baron arr\u00eate la terre a sa femme et puis reprendra possession d'elle et de lui et du tiers pour le temps de leurs vies ou en fait ce est une r\u00e9mission \u00e0 la femme, sauf quant \u00e0 la moiti\u00e9 et pour la moiti\u00e9, apr\u00e8s la mort du baron, il doit souffrir un Cui en vie et cela. Le baron arr\u00eate la terre a sa femme et chasse le m\u00e9ar et le.\n\nTranslation:\n\n\"If those who cover the false accusation wish to be enemies of the baron and his wife, the baron has no other remedy against them. If the baron and his wife were wast the lesser in the eyes of those who bring false accusations, the enemies of the baron and his wife could be enemies of them. The baron takes back the land from his wife and then regains possession of it and of her and of the third party for the duration of their lives, or this is a remission to the wife, except for half and for half, after the death of the baron, he must suffer a Cui in life.\"\nIf the woman was left alone on the land for her life and lived with him, and then the baron came and agreed to let her live there in his absence, this was considered a remission to the woman. But if the woman was sole heir at the time the lease was made, and the baron wished to disagree with the lease and the woman was living there in his absence, if I were to remove the woman, it would not be a remission to him instead of the baron's tenants, but rather a conversion of the baron's tenancy into the woman's. If the baron discontinued the woman's tenure and the discontinuance was known, and then the woman was removed from the tenure by the dispossessor, it was a remission to the woman. But if the baron and the woman were in common or had agreed that the dispossessor should make the dispossession, it was not a remission to the woman, because she had been dispossessed herself.\nThe text appears to be in Old French, and it seems to be discussing a legal matter regarding a woman and a baron. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"The woman and the baron did not ask for this to be done to the woman. It was a remission made for her, without default on her part. If the discontinuance caused trouble for the baron and seemed to depend on the condition, the woman was to retain the discontinuance and be in charge of the payment of a certain rent and the rent was to be paid to her as long as the baron was alive. If the baron discontinued the rents, they were to be paid to the woman for the duration of his life. If the woman surpassed the baron, it was a remission to her for causing trouble in law despite his opposition, and she could not be prevented from having it.\"\nenus null other person and enuers lumy mesme el cannot have acc for that which el is not remitting in this case, for the woman does not enter the tentunes unless el is in the law, for it is he who, if he is disseised of his frightenment, can have ass. But tenants in law will not enter unless much seated.\n\nAnd if a man holds certain land and issues a son and heir, and the son and heir is under age, and the land is held from some one in fee, the son and heir will be endowed in the land and he will have no frightenment in law instead he will have fee and frightenment in law. And it is noted that, for as long as it is maintained against him who has frightenment in law, he who has frightenment in fact will be maintained.\n\nIf it is held in the taille and issues two sons of full age, he lesses the land to the elder son first, the king reminding him to the younger son.\nif the tenant is dead and his heir, Leisne Fitz Morust, is not yet remitted to him, the tenant's next brother, who is heir in his stead, is frustrated in the law and forced to surrender the land to him. There is no one to sue the tenant for this, and the tenant himself must swear an oath [and so on]. In the same manner, if the tenant is dead or in fee or in ward, and the heir, the tenant's successor, makes a lease to one of the tenants for his life, the tenant's heir is remitted to him [for this purpose], and the tenant must die or be in fee or in dispossession before this is effective. If the tenant holds the land in fee and another is made tenant in fee by the land, and the tenant who holds the land does not consent to this feoffment, then the one who received the land in fee must vacate it and the tenant who holds it does not occupy the land.\nperson profits from the earth during his life, the father then remitted it to the son for this reason, because the trouble was caused by the survivor, and there was no default in him for this reason, since he did not agree and so on, in the father's life, and he had no heirs whom he could sue for breach of covenant and so on. But if a man is said to be of certain land, and the disposer makes a feoffment of it, granting it to B, C, and D, and the livery of seisin is made to B and C in the presence of D, but D was not present at the livery of seisin nor agreed to the feoffment nor wished to take the profits and so on, then B and C will demand and D will surrender it to them on the old dispute in the presence of the person in question, and this is proven.\nIn the same way, in that case, when an heir issues from the same lineage and does not agree after the death of the father, the land is committed to another in fee and then the same person, after being relieved of the charge, is granted and holds the land, discharged because he cannot have access to the rents without the consent of the chaplains of the land against any other person. In the same manner, an abbot or a dean or others alienating and committing the land to another and then repaying the estate of the land to him and his successors, and the successor is remitted the land as of right of the church and defeats the charge and cause as stated above. In the same way, if a man is false in holding the land, tenanted by another, a man may sue him.\nA tenant, supposing himself to be the one holding, did not enter, but rather A of B insisted that the landlord and it was false, and he would recover it in the court. He was then holding it in the court, and the tenant holding it in the court pleaded to him that A of B had not said this, that is, that the landlord or his representative had released the tenant holding all the right he had in the land, and this was not true, as he was a tenant holding in the court in the manner as supposed, and the tenant holding it in the court pleaded to him. A of B did not say this to his ancestor or his heir, and after that, the issue was found to be false for the landlord.\n\"and he should recover and sue this one who recovered and if he recovered and took the land in the tail, he should show and plead the real fact to his father and thus it was done at law and it seems that feyned actions are meant to signify in English feyned actions are such that the parties to the suit are present for the same causes he did not cause or title the law of recovery to them and false actions are those of the parties to the suit are false and in the two cases mentioned, if the case was of this kind, recovery and execution were made against his ancestor\n\nand I must mention the two preceding cases to enfournen you, my son, who was in the tail, by the decree of a court made in the presence of a recovery and execution against his ancestor.\"\nThe poet Estre was in his remitter, as it was done to him after a discontinuance, concerning lands that were tilled by feoffment in countries and elsewhere. In these aforementioned cases, if the case be such that after this, the tenant had jurisdiction over the land and even held it in tillage, he must plead that he was not in possession before the tenant's entry, and the one who recovered a writ of right against the discontinuance would plead that the tenant was not holding otherwise, declaring that he held the tenancy in the land. In such a case, the judgment would be that the tenant would be without seisin without day and after the judgment in the tillage, which is due to the poet between them.\nIn the land where the discontinuance is not restrained and it will remain so, and the reason is because if any man sustains some tenure in which the dues do not recover damages and the tenant pleads not enough disclaimers in the tenancy, the dues cannot avoid being bound to pay what they are supposed to and for this reason, the dues afterwards request that they be released from the tenure without delay, so that they may recover damages or otherwise they would not receive any damages whatsoever, which are due to them according to the law. Item, if a man is said to be and the disseisor ought to have been present at the entry of the disseisin in the land, and if the disseisor carried the writ into the disseised land, then he enters in the presence of\nthe disseised.\n\"If the claimant pleads in tenancy and the like, the demanding poet should have less than he holds, unless he wishes to relinquish his claim and the like. He may be loyal and enter the land because of the claim, notwithstanding that it was previously taken from him and was granted to my master Robert Dauby. If the title to the estate is not yet made definitive or settled by record or is stopped by some other means, and if a man speaks of the estate without making a feoffment or conveyance, or if it is made by force or to the detriment of the dispossessed, it is a remission to the dispossessed. If a man leaves the land for life to another who alienates it to another, the remission is to the alienee because in such a case the land is considered congeable and a lease is made to him as if the lessor were the dispossessed man.\"\n\"It is commonly said that three Glout, all of them,\nare seised of certain tenements in fee. One of them, being of full age,\nis described as the survivor, and one of the tenants being near his age\nreads the description of the tenements to the others at the beginning of their lives. This is a remitter to the one who was older, because he is of the same age as the one who enters into the tenancy, except that he entered into it by force of the leases and was not in a position to do so freely, nor did he enter into it for his own term of life, but only for a time by force of the leases, until he was removed.\"\n\n\"It is also said that three Glout all\"\nguarantees descend to those who are heirs to them, who beforehand gave guarantees were barred from the presence of the heirs or held them in contempt, or perhaps the guarantees began to dispute that such guarantees did not vary the heir's share because the guarantees began to act wrongly. And furthermore, in the same manner, if a tenant held the land for the first time for ten years and the tenant was enfeoffed in fee or obligated him and his heirs to the grantor, and the grantor was due a reversion from the grantor's descendant. But the grantor did not bar the heir much, for the heir poke through the guarantees' disputes, because the pier who had no term of guarantee and so on. And in the same way, if a tenant held in market town status or was a tenant of the staple, he made a feoffment in fee or fee tail or for life or otherwise, but he would not bar the tenant who began the disputes regarding such guarantees \u00b6It is guarded in chattels in a garden in a socage, makes a feoffment in fee or fee tail or for life or otherwise. But he would not bar the tenant who began the disputes regarding such guarantees.\ngarr &c tielx garr ne so\u0304t pas barres a lez heirez as q\u0304ux lez t{er}rez {ser}ront descenduz pr c q\u0304ils comenc {per} dissiu\u0304 \u00b6It si le pere & le fitz purch\u0304 cten t{er}rez ou ten\u0304tez a auer & tener a eux Iointement &c & puis le {per}e alien\u0304 lentierte a vn aut{er} & obligea luy & sez heires a garr &c & puis le {per}e deuie cel garr ne barrera mye le fitz de {ser} moyte q\u0304 a ly affiert de lez ditez t{er}rez ou ten\u0304tez pur c q\u0304 q\u0304nt a cel moyte qe affiert al fitz le garr comenc {per} dissiu\u0304 &c \u00b6It si A de B soit ssi\u0304 dun mese & F de G qi null droit ad dentre en mesme le mese claymant m\u0304 le mese a tener a luy & a sez heirez e\u0304tra en m\u0304 le mese mez le dit A de B adonqes e\u0304 {con}tinueleme\u0304t demura\u0304t en m\u0304 le mese. en c cas le possessio\u0304 de fra\u0304kten\u0304t {ser}ra toutz temps aiuge en A de B & nemy en F de G pur c q\u0304 en tiel cas lou ii sont en vn mese ou auts tentz & lun clayma {per} lun title & lauter {per} aut{er} title le ley aiugera cely en poss\u0304 qi ad droit dauer le poss\u0304 de m\u0304z lez ten\u0304tez. mez si en le cas aua\u0304tdit\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document or a part of a legal proceeding. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"le dit F de G fait une feinte aux ceteyns varreteurs & extorqueurs dans le pays pour moyenne naissance deux auver de moi le messe. Per ceo, le dit A de B n'osa rester en le messe si en alla hors du messe. C'est-\u00e0-dire que ceo qui n'a aucun droit d'entrer dans autres tenues entra dans mes tenues et incontinent fit une feinte aux autres, s'il commencait \u00e0 dire que cela fut fait par ceo que c'est ley pouvait voir en un plei. Anno xxxi E iii, dans un bras de forme donn\u00e9 en remerciement. Garr lineal est le homme si de terre en feu et fit feinte \u00e0 un autre et obliga-lui, et ses h\u00e9ritiers avaient et mis et mourut et le garr descendit \u00e0 ses h\u00e9ritiers. C'est lyneal garr. Et la cause pour q'on dit lyneal garr n'est pas pour q'il descendit de lui le p\u00e8re \u00e0 ses.\"\nheir. The cause is that if no title was made or granted by the father, the heirs and the heir designate would descend to the heir, and the heir designate would convey the descent from the father and so on. But if the father and son, and the son held in fee simple, and the father of this dispute dissents and alienates to another in fee simple, and the father is obliged by law and the heirs at law do not have the grant, and the father dies before the son bars the disputed tenants, then the father cannot ascend to the title from the tenants in dispute, nor can anyone else have the title from them because of the disputed grant, and there is a collateral grant and the grant descends lineally from the father to the son, only if no such title was made or granted before. The one to whom the grant descended cannot prevent.\nItem if Pier Fitz and Laiell are mentioned, let it be known in whatever possession the receiver of the title released it, or if Pier Fitz and the receiver had an agreement, and Pier Fitz and the receiver both died, this is called a lineal heir. If Pier had two sons and one of them released the title to the other, and the elder son died without issue, and then the father died before the possibility of the younger son reaching maturity, it is possible that the younger son could have conveyed the title to him. However, if there was no such lineal heir, then the younger son would enter the tenements and die without issue, and the elder son's title would pass to the king. Otherwise, in such a case, if there was no lineal heir, the younger son would enter the tenements and die without issue, and the title would pass to the king.\nIf the Puisne Fitz relinquished his claim with a guarantee, he must issue it without delay, as it is a collateral guarantee for the tenant to receive the ice from the land, for which the tenant cannot convey the title to him through the mesne of the Puisne, because the land is held in tail, and the tenant's heirs hold the guarantee and then the tenant held it in fee and the Mulues Fitz relinquished it during the discontinuance and obliged him and his heirs to the guarantee and then held it in the court, and the Muluesse Fitz must remain without issue until the ice Fitz recovers it through the writ of entry, because the guardian of the Muluesse's brother is a collateral guarantee. In another case, if the ice Fitz is due without issue, the Puisne brother could bring a forman down and recover the land, because the Muluesse is lineal to the Fitz Puisne, and it was possible that the Muluesse could have been heir to it.\nforce del tail ap\u00e8s la mort est un fr\u00e8re et doit tenir en t\u00eate que le fr\u00e8re cadet pouvait porter le titre de discr\u00e9tion {per} par le mul\u00e8sse. Ites si tenant en la queue de la queue, il interrompit la queue et avait eu et lucl\u00e9 de la queue relessa au discontinu ou il garde et mourut sans issue. Cela est collat\u00e9ral garde \u00e0 la queue pour que le garde ne puisse \u00eatre conduit \u00e0 la queue par le moyen de son oncle.\n\nIt si tenait en la queue avait deux filles et mourut, puis la fille restante entr\u00e9e en lentenice et fit un fiefement en feu ou en garde et c. & puis la fille restante mourut sans issue. En cas de cela, la fille cadette est emp\u00each\u00e9e quand au moyen du p\u00e8re et quand au lointain moyen, sauf quand elle a le moyen qui lui est assign\u00e9, elle ne peut demander la succession.\n\nQuant \u00e0 ce qui a ce moyen qui lui est assign\u00e9, elle ne peut que demander {per} par le moyen de son oncle et parce que c'est un collat\u00e9ral garde \u00e0 la queue, mais pas \u00e0 la m\u00e8re cadette, car elle peut.\nA continuation: A person who is not a sovereign may afford to be a sovereign, and it is not necessary that he should be a sovereign and an heir at the same time, unless he is the sole heir and there is no other estate or dispute concerning the fee simple in his ancestry. He will be a baron by descent, unless he is restrained by some statute or other cause. If land is given to a man and his heirs of his body, produced by a woman and born among them, and the baron discontinued the taille in fee and due, then the woman released it to the discontinued fee or the heir, and he died.\ngarr is collateral to a le fitz, and if the tenements were done to the baron and his wife and their heirs of their two bodies, which have issue, the baron discontinued the tail and mourned, and then the woman released or mourned, garr is not the only lineal heir to the fitz, for the fitz will not be a baron in this case unless he has sufficient disposition in fee simple or in mort d'ancestre, and the garr of the heir and the garr of the mother are only lineal garr to the heir and, in this case, the garr of the heir and the garr of the mother are not otherwise, except that they are lineal garr to the heir. And in no case, if a man holds in fee tail by the will of the donor if he does not have ascendancy in the tail, if he cannot make a garr and, if he made the garr by the form of the donation, those who made the garr are. It is one thing.\n\nAnd no, in such a case, if a man holds in fee tail by the will of the donor, if he does not have ascendancy in the tail, if he did not have the ability to make a garr, if he was able to convey the right to himself as heir by the form of the donation, and in such a case, the garr of the heir and the garr of the mother are only lineal garr to the heir.\nlineal gar and nemey collateral \u00b6It is homead issued three fees and he gives land to terre Fitz to have and hold for himself and his heirs of his body, and he issues it to Muluesse Fitz and his heirs engages and issues it to the remnant Fitz and his heirs. In case Terre Fitz discontinues the title and oblige himself and his heirs to gar and more without issue, this is an uncollateral gar to Muluesse Fitz and he will be barred from the land by the remnant forcibly because the remnant is the titleholder and his brother is collateral to that title which commences by force of the remnant. In no manner is Mulues Fitz deprived of the land by the remnant for the reason that the remnant does not have the land forcibly, but only because the remnant's brother did not make any discontinuance before Muluesse Fitz and more were without issue. Muluesse Fitz makes a discontinuance afterwards and more was without issue, this is an uncollateral gar to the remnant Fitz. And furthermore, in such a case if any of the said fitz is dismissed and the person who made the grant releases him, the land reverts to gar.\n\ncleaned text: lineal gar and nemey collateral \u00b6It is homead issued three fees and he gives land to Terre Fitz to have and hold for himself and his heirs of his body, and he issues it to Muluesse Fitz and his heirs engage and issue it to the remnant Fitz and his heirs. In case Terre Fitz discontinues the title and oblige himself and his heirs to gar and more are without issue, this is an uncollateral gar to Muluesse Fitz and he will be barred from the land by the remnant forcibly because the remnant is the titleholder and his brother is collateral to that title which commences by force of the remnant. In no manner is Mulues Fitz deprived of the land by the remnant for the reason that the remnant does not have the land forcibly, but only because the remnant's brother did not make any discontinuance before Muluesse Fitz and more were without issue. Muluesse Fitz makes a discontinuance afterwards and more were without issue, this is an uncollateral gar to the remnant Fitz. And furthermore, in such a case if any of the said fitz is dismissed and the person who made the grant releases him, the land reverts to gar.\nThis text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a fragment of a legal document. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"This right and so on, which Garin and so on grants to the one from whom it descends, is collateral grant to him. And note that the one who is collateral to the title and so on releases what Garin and so on grants and is a collateral grantor and so on. If the land is given to a man and to his heirs, males of his body engaged in the remainder to the second son and so on, if the first-born son alienates in fee simple what Garin and so on grants and has issue female and died without issue male, this collateral grant is not to the second son nor does it lead to him, but rather to the one who descends from the first-born son's daughter and is heir to him, who made the grant through the body of the law. If the land is given to a man and his heirs, males of his body engaged in the remainder to the seisin, and then the grant is made in fee simple and there are female heirs of his body, the grant is made into a fee simple grant and has issue son and daughter and died. This collateral grant is not other than a lineal grant to the son.\"\nIn the case of the given text, it appears to be written in Middle English, which requires translation into modern English. I will translate the text while adhering to the original content as much as possible.\n\nduring the time of King Richard the Second, there was a justice of the peace named Rykhyll, who had several sons and intended that none of his sons should hold land or tenements from him or his heirs, except the second son. He issued a writ to the sheriff and commanded that no son should alienate or grant or convey the land to others without his consent. The third son, in defiance of this, took possession of the land and, for this reason, the second son, who was collateral to the title of the heir, and for this reason the second son was collateral and held the land in dispute by means of discretion and because the second son was collateral and held the title collaterally. I have heard it said that in King Richard the Second's time, this Rykhyll, the justice, had a son named Rykhyll, who had several sons. He did not want any of his sons to alienate or grant or convey the land to others without his consent. He issued a writ to the sheriff and commanded that no son should alienate or grant or convey the land to others. The third son, however, took possession of the land and, for this reason, the second son, who was collateral to the title of the heir, held the land in dispute by means of discretion, and for this reason, the second son was collateral and held the title collaterally.\nq\u0304ux {ser}ront en le remainder &c il ft fai\u00a6re tiell endenture a tiell effecte .s. q\u0304 lez t{er}rez & ten\u0304tez fur donez a s\u0304 eisne fitz sur tiel condic q\u0304 si leisne fitz alienast en fe ou en fee tail &c ou si as\u00a6cun de sez fitz alienast &c q\u0304 adonq\u0304s lour estate cessera & {ser}roit voyde & q\u0304 adonq\u0304z mesmes lez t{er}rez & ten\u0304tz inmediate remaindro\u0304t a le second fitz & a lez heires de s\u0304 corpz eng & c sr mesme le co\u0304dic .s. q\u0304 si le .ii. fitz alie\u2223nast &c q\u0304 adonq\u0304z s\u0304 estate cessera & q\u0304 adonq\u0304s mesmes lez t{er}rez & teneme\u0304tez remaindt al tce fitz & a lez heirez de s\u0304 corps eng & sic vltra le remaider\nas auts de sez fitz & lyuere de ssiu\u0304 fuist fait accord mez il semble per reason q\u0304 toutz tielx rem\u0304 en le fourme aua\u0304tdit faitz sont voydez & de null value & ceo pur trois causes. Vne cause est pur c q\u0304 chescun rem\u0304 que comenc {per} vn fait il cot q\u0304 le remayndre soit en luy a qi le rem\u0304 est taille {per} force de m\u0304 le fait q\u0304nt le lyuere de ssiu\u0304 est fait a luy qi au\u0304 le fra\u0304k teneme\u0304t q\u0304r en tiel cas le\nThe necessity and law are that if someone transfers the title to another before the transfer is effective against a third party in the cases mentioned and so on, the second transfer is invalid if the first transfer was alienated in fee simple and in no other way, and if the donor had no reason for the alienation. The second reason is that if the condition is such that the leaseholder alienated and so on, the estate would cease or be void after the alienation, and the donor and heirs in such a case should have possessed the land sooner.\nIf the text is written in Old French, I will translate it into modern English for you. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"He had no right to alienation and the like in the case mentioned before, unless it was through the courtesy of the statute of Gloucester. If he had alienated land under the statute, and there was a baron who held the same land under the same statute, it was remedied by the statute, unless he had assigned the right of disseisin through the courtesy of the statute before the mentioned statute. This was the reason why it was a collateral grant to the heir, so that he could not convey any title to the tenants under the tenant by courtesy, except his mother or others for three years and the like, and this was the cause for it being a collateral grant. But if a home-inheriting woman had issue from those to whom the land was held, and the heir entered the land and endowed his mother with the dower that she had in fee or under a grant of courtesy, and then died and the grant was descended, the grant descended.\"\na lord son of the lord ser Barr, in debt to the land for the reason of the aforementioned grant, could not remedy it with any statute. The same law and custom made him an alienor or heir, and they became tenants, barred from the land for this reason and so on. In this case, if the tenant had alienated the land before reaching the age of full discretion and the grant descended to him before that age, they could enter upon the land as a tenant in dispute, restraining the grantor from descending upon it. However, if the tenant had reached the age of full discretion before the alienation and was still in possession at the time of the grant, he could not enter upon the land as a tenant in dispute, and the grant remained valid. However, if the tenant had reached the age of full discretion at the time of the alienation and was then in possession, he must have been of full age when he took possession and could not enter upon the land as a tenant in dispute in the life of the tenant in dower, and the grantor then held the land in dower and so on, for fear that the tenant, being of full age, would not enter upon the land in the life of the tenant in dower. But if the tenant had reached the age of full discretion before the alienation and was then in possession, and had been in possession at the time of the grant, he could not enter upon the land as a tenant in dispute, and the grant remained valid, and the grantor held the land in dower for this reason, because the tenant, being of full age, had not entered upon the land in the life of the tenant in dower.\nThe life of the tenant in dower, etc. It is per the end of the stated statute of Gloucester that the tenant in dower, or her heir, shall have the garrison made for her by the constable in this form. Furthermore, in no manner should the wife be read to after the death of the husband the pear and the minor son, unless the heritage or marriage is more in her possession than her father alienated in times when no fine was levied in the court of the king. Therefore, if the baron of the wife's alienated land or marriage reads the will or marriage in fee simple or otherwise, and this is in clear law of the land, the garrison shall not greatly hinder the reading, except that he has set aside and provided for it and so on. However, there is doubt whether the baron alienated the land or marriage for fine levied in the court of the king or not, and whether he read it without any dispute in value and so on. And as for this, I wish to say the following reasons which I have heard spoken in this matter. I once heard my master, Sir Richard Norton, formerly chief justice of the king's bench, say in court that the baron prevented the reading of the court when he did this.\n\"and the rulers, according to their discretion, doubted that the fine was levy in the court of the King, etc. And this was their opinion, for the fine or collateral fines were given as it was at the council's decree, with no remedy for the said statute, except for the alienations. And some others have said otherwise, and this is proven. According to the same chapter of the said statute, it is ordained that the rulers should not be a great barrier to the heir, unless he has consented and the rulers have levied a fine from him, strongly as they can, without much hindrance, and I believe that this is law, and for this reason it does not seem inconvenient to detain the statute in this form, so that a man who has nothing but right to a woman can pay the fine for himself, except for the right of his woman and the guardians, and we hold the tenements without any other.\"\ndiscent of fee simple and the like, the tenant could not do so out of courtesy. But they have said that the statute should be understood in this way: the statute, from which no fine is levied in the king's court, is referred to, which is to say that no fine was lawfully levied in the same court.\n\nBaro\u0144 and his wife should be heard in the king's court, because at the time of the making of the said statute, each estate of three or more that had no man or woman who would have been heir in fee simple without condition in fact or in law, and this fine was pardoned accordingly, loyalty could be pardoned by the baron and his wife, and they and their heirs granted and confirmed the same, and they did not mean that this was understood according to the statute.\n\nIf the baron and the woman made a feoffment in fee simple in Ireland after the death of the baron and his wife, and they had a son or heir in their lifetime, the baron's grant did not obstruct this, unless some other exception was made in the statute concerning the fine being levied and paid.\nIn those cases, the fine levies mentioned in the statutes, which obstructed the fine levy for the baron and his wife, are generally applicable, and therefore, the wife should not be barred from inheriting if the fine levy or marriage is not alienated in their lifetime, or if the baron and the wife alienate the fine levies for a short time, it would only be invalid if such fine levies were not levied in the king's court, and they did not intend that the fine levies be levied solely for the baron and not for his wife and others. It is indeed the case that in those matters concerning inheritance or marriage, the fine levies are due.\n\"peroll ou est une discutif et est-il clair que la l\u00e9gitage soit litigieux entre nous et eux, les h\u00e9ritiers et autres, quant \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 peroll, soit par discert, par achat ou par mariage, ceux-ci ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 faits \u00e0 ma m\u00e8re en mariage frais? It comes about in various ways that these people, peroll and my heirs and others, warrant and perpetually defend it. It is to be seen what effect this warrant has had in such cases and it seems that it had no effect of grant or impounding on him, since it seems that it would have had effect or cause of grant or impounding if it had been in force in ascending fines. Leased in the court of the King and no one sees one of these warrants in a single place, peroll being warrantizables, it seems that the verb warantizo and others have not been in our law. If the tenements are deemed reprehensible, the custom and others alienate the tenements from them and it has issued and\"\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it discusses inheritance laws and the obligation to pay taxes or fees. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"dei etpuis fret deuiser per testament m\u00ealez tenants autre en fe et obliger et swear heirs a garer et must saz issuer s'il se bl\u00eaque ce qui c'est que garer ne garrer my liege issue en la taille si vot cloche de l'issue ne ft obliger a garer en sa vie ne pouvais garer les tenants en sa vie tant que le devis ne pouvait prendre ascendant ex\u00e9cuc ou effectu\u00e9 forsz apr\u00e8s sa d\u00e9c\u00e8s. Et en tant que lucle en sa vie ne fut tenu de garer tel garer ne pot descender de lui \u00e0 l'issue en la taille et c'est pourquoi rien ne peut descendre du ancien \u00e0 son h\u00e9ritier sinon ce qui est en l'ancien. Autrement, un garde ne peut aller saz les tenants destertez per custom etc mez tant solemelement solonc la forme del coe ley. car si tenait en la taille ft ssi dez tenants en Borogh english lou custom est que tous les tenants doivent descendre au fitz puisne et il discontinua la taille oues que garer et ad issu deux fitz et morust ssi des autres terres ou tenait en mon borough.\"\n\nTranslation:\n\n\"The heirs and tenants, another in fee and obliged, swear to the heirs to garner and must issue it if it seems necessary that the garnerer not garrison my liege's issue in the taille, unless the lucrative part of the issue does not oblige to garner in his lifetime, nor could he garner the tenants in his lifetime as long as the devise could not take precedence over execution or effect in force after his death. And since the lucrative part in his lifetime was not kept to garner, the garnerer could not descend to the issue in the taille, and therefore nothing can descend from the ancient to his heir except what is in the ancient. Otherwise, a guardian cannot go among the tenants destertez per custom andc, except in accordance with the form of the law. For if he held it in the taille, it is in Borogh English law that all tenants must descend to the next heir, and he discontinued the taille when he was a garnerer and had issued two sons and died, holding other lands or in my borough.\"\nen fee simple a leaseholder shall have the value above and beyond the lesser rents &c, and the lessee shall have a bond of the lesser rents &c for as long as the lessee descends in fee simple of the premises, provided the lessor is in possession, and not in the meantime barred by the grantor. In my manner, the lessee is not barred from collateral grants made of these lands, for the lessee descended to the heir who is in possession of the lands, and not to the lesser. In my manner, those in the county called Gaikynde, who hold lands subject to the custom &c, shall pay the same custom &c if such a grant is made. If such a grant is made, the grantor shall descend solely to the heir who is heir to the lands, and not to all the heirs who are heirs of these lands according to the custom &c. \u00b6It is held in the tail that two daughters have issued, who are in dispute and the daughters entered and one of them released, perversely, from me of these lands &c; this shall not greatly bar the lesser from the lands &c. In my manner, those in the county called Gaikynde, who hold lands subject to the custom &c, shall pay the same custom &c if such a grant is made. If such a grant is made, the grantor shall descend solely to the heir who is heir to the lands, and not to all the heirs who are heirs of these lands according to the custom &c.\n\"he holds the right and is obligated to him and his heirs to garrison and maintain issues. In case the sister who surrenders enters and ousts the disputed garrison, it is not a discontinuance or collateral garrison for the sister who surrenders, nor can one be heir to both the solecum and the coure del autum, tenants per verun may not be present at one time. It is said that if there is a lessor, lessors are to have a primary tenant and a collateral tenant, the lessor retains the land during the tenant's life, and obligates him and his heirs to garrison for the tenant's life, and maintains and issues, and is due rent per term of the lease, as long as the collateral garrison descends on the issue in the tail, but after the decease, the tenant for life will have a formedon and so on. I have heard of one reason that this case would prove another case. That is, if a man holds another's land and tenants it for him and his,...\"\nheires put terme a daughter's life and the lessor must present himself to the one who has the life, and one is a strange interloper in the land where the lessor can only eject him, in the nearby case, if a man can oblige him, and the heirs must hold the land for the term of her life alone, and all descend to the heir who does the holding, unless it is not from inheritance but for life only for me during her life. The one who has the life &c, because they have said that a man grants an annuity to another and pays and maintains him and his heirs for the term of her life, if the grantee must die, then the heirs inherit the annuity during her life, but they inquire about this matter. Mez the tale tells or knows what is done to a man and his heirs for the term of ten years. In such a case, the lessor or the grantee will have nothing afterwards, the lessor or the grantee.\n\"If a problem exists that is less grave than a great one, it can be settled in court in reality and concerning all real property, both great and small. In certain cases, it may be necessary that a collateral agreement be made in fee and a quitrent paid. A quitrent tenant may be required to pay without issue, and the tenant holding in fee simple may have an issue. However, if the issue has already been barred from accruing against the quitrent tenant by the collateral grantor's descent, the quitrent may be released from the tenant in the court. If the discontinuance has been discontinued, the brother of the tenant in the court may release him {per} the discontinuance. If the tenant holds in fee and the property has an issue, the grant is void as of the issue's accrual. In the manner described, if the discontinuance creates a feoffment in fee simple, a re-entry and a writ for the peace may be obtained and a reentry made. And a writ for the peace may be obtained.\"\ncollatall aunc relessa a cei feoffe qi ad estate sur {con}dic &c & morust sa\u0304z issue cot qe all garrau\u0304tie desce\u0304dist sr lissue en le taill vnc si ap\u0304s le re\u0304t soit ade\u2223rer & le discontinue entra en la t{er}re &c donqez au\u0304a lissue en le taill son recouerer {per} brief de formedo\u0304 pr c qe le collatall garra\u0304tie e\u0304 defete & issit si asc tiell collatall garra\u0304tie soit pled enuers lissue en le taill en s\u0304 acc de fourmedon il poet mousirer le mate coe\u0304 e\u0304 aua\u0304tdit cot le garrau\u0304tie e\u0304 defete & issit il poet bn\u0304 meyntener s\u0304 acc \u00b6It si tena\u0304t en le taill fait vn feoffement a son vncle & puis luncle fait vn feffeme\u0304t en fee ouesz garran\u0304tie &c a vn auter & puis le feoffe del vncle enfeffa areremayn luncle en fee & puis lu\u0304cle enfeffa vn estrau\u0304ge en fee sanz garra\u0304tie & mo\u00a6rust sauns issue & le tenau\u0304t en le taill morust si lissue en le taill voill porter soun brief de fourmedon enuers lestrau\u0304ge qi fuist darrein feffe &c per le vncle lissue ne ferra vnq\u0304s barre {per} le garrau\u0304tie q\u0304 fuist fait {per}\nle vncle a le\nThe first feoffee of the uncle granted him the fort to defend and annul it, for the uncle had granted him a certain estate of the first feoffee's land to him. And the reason the fort was to be annulled in this case is because, if the fort was in the uncle's power, he would have prevented the feoffee from being master, unless the feoffee held the land for the uncle during his lifetime or made a donation to the uncle or remitted it to him during his lifetime. In such a case, the guarantee is not completely annulled or annihilated, but is instead placed in suspicion due to the state that the uncle had after his death, unless the feoffee received it in reversion or this was barred by law. Moreover, the uncle also had an additional estate in the feoffee's land, granted to him for the same reason as the feoffee had from him. But if the uncle had granted the fort or lands to someone else before or instead of the feoffee, the guarantee is not completely annulled but remains in force against the collateral grantor in such cases. However, if the uncle had other graded estates in the feoffee's land besides the one granted to him for the same reason, it is uncertain whether the uncle had such an estate after his death, unless the feoffee received it in reversion or this was barred by law.\n\"if someone is indicted for felony or an accessory to felony, the sheriff or constable shall not obstruct or delay the indictment in the trial, or the indicted person and the corrupt accomplices in the case, shall be brought before the jury. Item, if in the trial it is said and done that the sheriff or constable is to disperse or silence the jury, and the indicted person is indicted or charged with felony and has issued and perished in this case, the issue in the trial may be brought before the disperser. And the reason is that nothing can make a discontinuance in this case, unless the sheriff or constable is forced to do so because the accomplices are corrupt, and the sheriff or constable cannot descend to the issue in the trial because the accomplices are corrupt, and the jury will not be sworn against a corrupt accomplice. The wife of such a man, who is indicted for felony, shall not be sworn.\"\nendowe the tenants' heads not achieved. And the reason is that homeowners have shirked from committing certain felonies and the like. But the issue in the case of the tenants' heads being shorn is not the same, for if the tenants' heads have been shorn not by force of the statute, nor by the course of the law, nor have they relinquished their rights through real actions or all manners of conveyances, real or otherwise, nor have the rights been extinguished by the grantor's death, and if the grantor pleaded the release in the court and it was granted, and if the tenants had and pleaded the release and the grantor relapsed, and if the grantor pleaded again and the tenants were barred by the former plea, and there are many other cases and matters where a person can quash guarantees and the like.\n\nAnd indeed, in this manner, a collateral guarantee cannot be defeated in fact or in law in this manner.\nlineall gar ee defetez if someone lies in the tail of the port, and one living all gar of his aunt in habitable force, the tail being pled against him or assets levied against him for fee simple, if figures if someone lies, who dares to annul and defetar the gar with a barret without the garantie and so on\nOr I have given to you my son three livers. The first liver is of estates, homes without lands and tenements. Of Tanaut in fee simple. Of Tanaut in fee tail. Of tenants after the possibility of dispute is extinguished. Of tenants per curtesie dengletre. Of tenants in dower. Of tenants for life. Of tenants for term of years. Of tenants per custom of the manor\nThe second liver is of homage, fealty, escuage, service of the church, socage, frais-garde, homage ancestral, grand rent, and rents\nThe third liver is of perceners, jointenages, tenements in coe, estates of terres and tenements on condition, of discetez qua.\n\"Tolle entrees. Dismiss confirmations. Of attornements. Of disputations. Of Remitters of Garruities. The Garruity linear, collateral, and quarterly commence with these words. \"And know that my son, who I am, does not wish you to believe that all that I have said in these livers should be law for me, nor do I wish to be bound or committed to these things which are not law, unless they are contained in the Chancery, and you choose to make them more applicable and able to enter and understand the arguments and reasons of the law, which are more quickly articulated at the court and the conference of the law. \"The law is more laudable which proves a rule. \"Explain new impositions to us, Iohannes and Willam from Machlinia, in the City of London, near the Exchequer, oaths.\"", "creation_year": 1482, "creation_year_earliest": 1482, "creation_year_latest": 1482, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"}, +{"content": "King Edward the Fourth, most excellent and most renowned and most Christian king, I, John Kay, your humble poet and servant, do kneel before you and offer my salutation. It is not unknown to your wisdom and heartfelt pity, most prudent Prince, how these forty years have passed: the Turks have vexed the Christian parties and prevailed, so much so that recently, against all right and reason, they have taken possession of Italy in the domain and land of the most constant king Ferrand of Aragon, king of Naples. In prejudice and horrible terror to the apostolic court and all Christendom. For by this, the great Turk late named Mahomet proposed and endeavored great might and strength to undo and subdue the holy city of Rome, put Italy under his subject, and lightly overcome and oppress the remainder of Christendom. But Christ our redeemer would not allow his Christian people to be put into longer pain or to greater tribulation: he has restrained them.\nAnd withdrew his rod: as a kind father to his dear children, content with great magnanimity and little punyness. Indeed, the sins of the Christian people, as I think, little regard our Savior Jesus. But after repentance and prayers of our holy father, the pope, cardinals, Christian princes, and all Christian people, and with great pardons from the court of St. Peter and Paul, through the grace of the blessed Jesus, this great Turk, in his utmost pride and hope, has made a sudden death amend his life, and is the cruel generation of the Turks forever, with God's grace, defeated and cast out of Italy, and all the Turks among them in great wars. Which thing is a token to all Christian princes hereafter to recover the parties Christian. Certainly it is most gracious prince, who few days before his death laid siege to the noble city of\nRhodes: which is the key and gate of all Christendom. But there he was put to his worse and to shame. And because I have seen and read in Italy of the oppressing and captivity by the said Turk of the worshipful city some time of Constantinople; and also not many years passed of the unfortunate loss of the strong city of Nygrepount. For the Cardinal Greek of Mycenae made and wrote in Latin the lamentable captivity of Constantinople to the pope; and Balthasar Peruzzi wrote in the Italian language of Nygrepount to the lord of Urbin: for moving the Christian people to prayers and provision. I have thought it a better and more commendable labor, if in the reverence of Jesus Christ and in the worship of your grace, I should put diligence into translating this in English, and making it understood by your people the delightful news and things of the glorious victory of the Rhodians against the Turks. Whose reading shall have joy and consolation, and shall always devoutly know it by daily.\nmiracles & goddes werkes the inestimable power & certente of\nour crysten fayth. And in so moche more to youre hyensse I\nmake a yefte of my labour: that your gode grace abondeth with\nal vertues: also much as in a moste crysten king longeth to be:\nAnd also I am of this opynyon that al the comyn wele & co\u00a6myn\ngode cometh through god & the kynges to their peoples.\nwherfor what so euer frute or pleasur your peple shal in thys\nmy studies finde they shal yelde glorye to god & grace & than\nkynges to your hyenes. The whiche god almyghty kepe euer &\nprosper with all your noble desires\naplyed me to declare and\npublysshe to alle crysten people the siege of\nthe noble and inuyncyble cytee of Rhodes:\nFyrst I purpose to telle and opene the causes\nthat meued the cruell tyraunt Mahumete\ngrete Turke and insacyable enemye to oure\ncrysten fayth / that he with so grete might & so grete streynght\nvexed the Rhodyans: howe be it / that afore this tyme the rho\u00a6dyans\nand the Turkes often haue had werrys: Neuertheles\nThe cruel Turk, after subduing and oppressing the miserable and dolorous city of Constantinople, began and ordered greater wars against the city of Rhodes than his predecessors ever did. For the intent and purpose of the great Turk was to persecute and outwardly undo the Christian faith. Therefore, after a space of 24 years, when he had conquered many empires, kingdoms, and lordships, he was angry to see the little city of Rhodes standing so near his kingdoms and lordships: not subject, nor contributing to him. Therefore, he assaulted the castles and places of the Isle of Rhodes both by land and by water, and through God's grace, he was defeated and overthrown, and from his host many were slain with the Rhodians, many drowned, and many put to flight and to shame. Therefore, after he saw the noble hearts of the knights and people of Rhodes, neither by fighting nor by power could he prevail.\nThe city: imagined and designed by a subtle and cautious man to have jurisdiction over it. He often attempted to make peace and amity with the Rhodians, so they would recognize him as their sovereign. They annually granted him a small tribute as a condition of this, which the Rhodians willingly and gladly paid. But when he saw that he could not obtain nor extract tribute from Rhodes in this manner, he offered them peace on the condition that the embassadors of the knights of St. John of Jerusalem, that is, of Rhodes, should come to his court and present to him certain royal gifts, which he intended to receive under the title of tribute. In this way, he intended to make the said city of Rhodes tributary to him. However, he could not carry out his deceitful plan. The noble and victorious Prince and renowned lord, the Master of Rhodes and his council, refused his peace offerings from their enemy.\nAnd yet, he would not be reconciled with him who persecuted Christ. And so, day and night, the most noble knights of the said Religion, in accordance with their order, helped and defended our faith and the said city of Rhodes. For these causes, the furious enemy conceived inestimable hate and wrath against the city of Rhodes. He imagined, if he could, to outwardly destroy the said Rhodes. And to this cruel purpose, he was also moved by the counsel and persuasions of the traitors of Christ's faith, who had knowledge of all the places and secrets of Rhodes. Among these false traitors and renegades was one especial of the city of Rhodes: called Antony Melagolo, a man unkind to God and to man. He was noble by birth and evil in condition and living. By foretimes, through evil guidance and debauchery, he had brought himself to poverty. This man, through his false and subtle wit, thought and imagined a means to betray and put in destruction his own city.\nOwen conducted a diligent and private inspection of the defensible and indefensible places in the city of Rhodes, and made drawings and paintings of them on a paper. He then presented this depiction and paper to the city of Constantinople. Shortly thereafter, he showed it to the greatest captain of the Turks and gave him great encouragement, urging him to consider the destruction and capture of Rhodes. Another false renegade named Demetrius Sophianos also did this, having previously dwelled in Rhodes and served as an ambassador from the Turks to the Rhodians under the guise of seeking peace. After the capture and destruction of the city of Nygrepont, Demetrius renounced his faith in Christ and went to the Turks. Demetrius had lived in Rhodes for three years during which time these negotiations were conducted, and when they were completed, the captain was pleased. Many others were also pleased with this.\nAmong the renegates, Antony spoke and asserted that a great part of Rhodes' city walls were old and in decay. There were few men for defense in the city, and they lacked supplies. They could not in time of need receive help from Christian kings, as they were too far away. Dimitryus and his companions granted and confirmed Antony's false comfort. With their deceitful reassurances, it was deemed necessary for the Turkish party to prepare their engines and instruments for the siege of Rhodes. These things were thought and counseled in Constantinople among the Turk and his council at an unknown time. The victorious Prince and lord, the master of Rhodes, Master Peter Daubusson, a man of great prudence and of the noble French blood and house, learned of the conspiracy and false imaginations being wrought.\nAnd again, in the city of Rhodes. Within three years following, by the grace of almighty God, great repairs were made and the old walls of the said city of Rhodes were renewed where necessary. Additionally, political alliances and substantial provisions were formed: that is, wine, wheat, and other necessary supplies. Letters and epistles were written to all countries, lands, and provinces of Christian religion, commanding them to send knights of his order to keep and defend the noble city of Rhodes. Thus, by the will of God Almighty, Rhodes was fortified with supplies, ships, and men of war. However, the traitor Antony, being in the city of Constantinople and unaware of this great provision of Rhodes, was encouraged and exhorted by the great Bassa, the great captain under the Turk, to prepare himself in all haste for the siege of Rhodes. Therefore, the said Bassa informed the great Turk of these matters.\nAmong the knights and men of war of the Turkish party, a great parliament and council was called. Many diverse opinions were taken. Some of them argued that it was impossible to take Rhodes so easily as Antony had said, for the city was so strong and the knights were so noble that they would rather lose their lives in fighting for Christ's law than ever see Rhodes in subjection to the Turk. Some of the Turks argued that Antony had been informed of this and that it was finally and hastily concluded in the aforementioned parliament and council that both by land and by sea, they should prepare to go to the siege of the said city of Rhodes. Furthermore, many merchants were called to make weapons of war - that is, bombards, guns, culverines, serpentines, and such other things. Among the merchants was one called George, a renegade, who lived in Constantinople.\nGeorge had a wife and children. And for his subtle wit and great ingenuity in making weapons, he received great rewards from the Turks. Twenty years prior, George had been in Rhodes, where the city was not as strong as it is now. When the Turks commanded that the city of Rhodes be painted and displayed to them, among all others, George brought the best patron. By him and by others, the Turks made the decision to besiege Rhodes. Considering that all manner of walls can be brought down with weapons, and also considering his great power and might, by which he had conquered and obtained two empires, twelve kingdoms, and many other lands and places, he also considered the great riches and profits he could gain from Rhodes. Given its great commodities and strength, both on land and at sea.\nFurthermore, if he had Rhodes, he might or could wage wars against many other lands, both east and west. The Turk knew well that the said city of Rhodes was an island of great name and good reputation. In old times, Rhodes was of great amity and cherish with the Romans. He also thought that if he could obtain the aforementioned city of Rhodes, he would easily put all other countries under his subject and, in conclusion, conquer and subdue all the lands from the Egean Sea to the Ionian Sea \u2013 that is, from the eastern part of the world to the western part. However, some of his captains advised him not to lay siege to Rhodes. This was a sign of his ill fortune. Nevertheless, by his command, his men of war came towards Rhodes, both by land and by sea. Those who went by sea sailed until they arrived in a country called Lycia. They arrived there with their navy.\nThey came also from the other great eastern land: And so they met each other in the country of Lycia, which is only twenty-two miles from Rhodes. They brought with them great instruments of war by sea. That is, bombards, guns, serpentines, and many other instruments of war. For they were so great and so many that they could not bring them from Constantinople: but they asked after Antony Melagolo. It was told him that he had been treacherously killed in Constantinople four days earlier. Therefore, he took with him Demetrius, a renegade fellow of Antony's, and immediately after their departure from Constantinople by sea, the Turk sent out those who went far about the lands of Asia for fear that Christian men would learn of their intent. The Turk also closed and stopped all passages of his lands. Except for the secret ways that his army used. Nevertheless, the Master of Rhodes, through his great wit and diligence, had knowledge of this.\nThe Turks had messengers who were not all trustworthy. Some of them conveyed their masters' counsel. But when the Ottoman envoy who traveled by land arrived in Lycia, the Rhodians were greatly surprised. The Turks spread a common rumor to deceive the Rhodians, claiming that their lord, the Great Turk, was dead, and they had been sent there to protect the Lycia region from enemy harm. However, the Master of Rhodes had knowledge of all these Turkish deceptions and falsehoods. Therefore, he took great care to fortify all the strongholds, both castles and fortresses, within the Isle of Rhodes. This includes Longon, The Castle of St. Peter, Feracle, Lynde, and Monoleto. The people of Rhodes withdrew to these strongholds with their goods and chattels. The barley that was ripe they hastily gathered and took with them. However, wheat and other grains were not available.\nAll people plucked them up from the ground as they were and brought them to the towns and holds. And when they were busy doing these works with great haste and fury, the watch on top of the hill beside St. Stephen showed a sign: that in the west, from Constantinople, there was a great armada on the sea, saying a large number of ships. Then the majority of the people of Rhodes went to the high places and saw them. And immediately the same ships sailed toward a town called Physoom, which is in the country called Lycia on the sea side, twenty-two miles from Rhodes. There they landed and received the men of war who had come there by land from Asia, as I have said before. And then they turned themselves in the sea toward Rhodes. And in a short time they were at the banks of the Isle of Rhodes. The number of ships that came to the banks of Rhodes was a hundred. And their lord brought over a thousand four hundred men of war.\nAnd they established their encampments. The men-at-arms made their parks and tents strongly on the hill of St. Stephen mentioned before. Later, they placed their ordinances on the seashore beneath the hill of St. Stephen. Therefore, the Rhodians saw all of them on the hill but could not see their ordinances and weapons which were on the seashore beneath the hill due to the height of the hill. And so, the ships went and came again from the shores of Rhodes to Physoom, bringing their men-at-arms towards Rhodes each time. Meanwhile, some of the Turks on horseback and on foot, the most hardy among them, ran towards the walls of Rhodes with great threatening and cracking. And the Rhodians, with great courage, went against them and put them to flight, killing many of them. The next day following, the Turks made another assault while the Rhodians were at dinner. However,\nThe knights were put to flight and some of them to death. But one of the knights of Rhodes managed to escape and was killed by the Turks. They took his head and put it on a spear, running with great mirth and joy to their company and Ostia. The body was brought to Rhodes with the relics. The Turks then placed three formidable bombards in the churchyard and gardens of St. Anthony, which was a little distance from Rhodes. And with these bombards they planned to throw down the high tower and strong place of Rhodes called the tower of St. Nicholas. They covered their bombards with great logs and trees and bulwarks of great defense. But when the Rhodians had spotted it, they also prepared three great bombards against the Turks' ostensible position. These bombards cast great and mighty stones through the right side of their ostensible position, causing them great harm.\n\nIn the morning following, George the Great Commander / of the Rhodians.\nThe man we mentioned before suddenly arrived at the ditch of Rhodes, toward the palaces of the Master of Rhodes. He greeted and saluted the Rhodians friendly and meekly, crying and praying that he might enter the city. Some attacked him because he wore the robes and insignia of the Turk. But many defended him and brought him before the Master of Rhodes. This George was a personable man and well-spoken: of great eloquence and great malice, a duke born. He was immediately asked why he had come there. He answered, \"For the faith and religion of Jesus Christ, and for the welfare and worship of all Christendom. And because I have forsaken the false belief of the Turk, I have been received with great joy. Moreover, my purpose is greatly praised if I will remain steadfastly.\" After this, he was asked what the Turk had sent against Rhodes and what.\nGeorge responded boldly and wisely to the questions. He stated that the Turks had an army of one hundred thousand fighting men and sixteen great bombards, each with a length of twenty-two feet. The smallest of these bombards cast stones of nine spans in circumference. However, there were various opinions and sentiments regarding George's arrival from the Turks to the Christian people in Rhodes. Some claimed he came as a spy and had previously done many things against God. They believed he had forsaken Christ's law and was now intending to betray Rhodes. The majority held that he was a great master of making weapons of war and a formidable man in any place he was. They believed he came to Rhodes as a penitent man who had forsaken his faith and his maker. George was a man of great wisdom.\nGeorge would not come to Rhodes just to see such a prudent man as the master was, and such a great fleet of knights of Rhodes. It was therefore thought for the better that George should stay in Rhodes. But a few days after, some who loved the Christian faith in the heart of the Turk shot arrows with letters into Rhodes. These letters were found and warned the Rhodians to beware of George's treason. Therefore, the master commanded immediately that George should be kept with six strong men who should hide on him. But nevertheless, he heard and followed George's advice to such provisions that belong to engines and instruments of war. After this, the Turks, with great might of bombards and other instruments of war, labored day and night to take down and overcome a place which was a quarter of a mile within the sea by the western bank of Rhodes. This place, made with its walls and wings, formed a pleasant haven for ships and galleys.\nAnd it was called the tour of St. Nicholas, made in olden times and after the old and big wall making. The said tour was set near the city of Rhodes because no person by land or sea should come to Rhodes without permission. And also the mouth of the harbor and that place were so narrow that neither galley nor ship could enter, but only one at a time. Above this gate was the aforementioned St. Nicholas tower, which was built by the Rhodians within a hundred years. The Turks thought that if they had this tower in their subjugation, they would easily overcome Rhodes, considering the great commodity of the harbor and of the very place of the tower. And therefore they cast three hundred great stones of bombards against the tower and broke it stoutly, putting it in great danger to be overthrown, and much less time than the Rhodians thought possible. But nevertheless, the Rhodians' old and ancient courage.\nWalle stood steadfastly. It was made in old time of a large material and substance. And immediately, the lord master provided and came to the tower with a bargain for repairs, using stones and trees as required in such a time. He placed the manliest of his men, who should be the strength and keeper of that place in the tower that was so beaten on the side toward the west: there was no manner of repair: only with hands and the names of strong men. After these provisions had been made in the aforementioned tower, they ordered men of war beneath the walls of the city and upon the bank of the sea: from the castle of St. Peter to a certain place called Mandrache. And there were men on horseback and on foot: they should let the Turks come to land in that cost. And around the sea is at every tide flow and ebb: therefore, pipes and tons were thrust there.\nand tables full of nails: so that the Turks, whoever coming were, should not pass over. Furthermore, another great provision was made in that part of the city where the lord master stood in clean harness. For in that part were ordered bombards and other great instruments casting great stones to break the galleys of the Turks. And also beneath the tower that the lord master kept were little ships filled with gunpowder and brimstone and other such things: which when the galleys of the Turks came near, all the Rhodians with manhood remained from day to day and from hour to hour, giving them assault. And in the morning following the Turks came with fifty galleys from the hill of St. Stephen said before, and they thought they would shortly come to land, and there they made a great cry and a great noise with trumpets and tabrettas & other such instruments because they should.\nThe people were afraid of them because of their great noise. But once the Turks with their galleys approached the aforementioned tower: the bombards and other weapons of war that were there were fired with great might. The arays of the Turks were broken and they were driven off from the coast with their great misfortune. And in this deed, the Lord Master of Rhodes himself came out of the walls of the said tower with his company: to fight hand to hand with the Turks. Over 700 Turks were overcome and put to death, and many were wounded and many drowned, as some said who came to Rhodes from the Turks. After them, the Lord Master, clean armed and mounting a mighty horse, returned to Rhodes with his retinue, like a victorious Emperor. He came to the church: where was the image of our Lady, called Our Lady on the Hill of Filerene, a place full of miracles.\nHe knelt down and thanked God and our lady for their victory. Afterward, he went to his palaces to refresh his company. When the Turks saw they could not overcome the aforementioned tower, they planned to break the walls of the city with great bombards and guns in various places of the same city. They did this because they wanted to divide the Rhodians' power and prevent them from being all in one place, as they had been during the defense of the aforementioned tower of St. Nicholas. They also did it more easily to overcome the strength of the aforementioned courtyard. Therefore, in the following night, the Turks, with great noise, brought great bombards and guns toward the walls of Rhodes on the side of the city where the Iuces kept watch and defense by the commandment of the lord mayor. Before the said walls, they placed eight great instruments, which cast great stones into the city.\nAround the works of the instruments, so that the Rhodians would not damage them. They placed another great instrument at the foot of a hill toward the west: above which hill stood the gallows of the Justice of Rhodes. From this place, they cast great stones in Rhodes, in that part of the city where the windmills were, and broke them all to pieces. They then made much more strength and might than they had ever done before. He ordeered in Rhodes general proceedings with great devotion from himself and all his people of Rhodes. And after that they had made their prayers to God and to our lady in whose quarrel they fought: the Lord Master commanded immediately to pull down the houses and habitations of the Jews that were within the city by the walls, called the Jews of Rhodes. Also, within the city of Rhodes, great and mighty ditches were made: for the saving of the body of the city, if the Turkish gate breached the first walls. Therefore, they made day and night.\nmyghty great works, such as timber walls and many other defensible things, were undertaken by every creature of all ages, both men and women of all kinds, who applied themselves and their goods with great will and great devotion for Jesus' sake. In the meantime, the bombards and great guns of the Turks brought down and destroyed the walls of the city of Rhodes with such great might and strength, and with such great wonder, that all who were in Rhodes, strangers and others, young and old from all the countries of Christendom, said that they had never heard strokes of bombards so great and so terrible. The false traitor George also said the same. He thought it impossible to find in all the world such instruments of war that were so great and terrible in noise, for those in a town called Reede, which is a hundred miles from Rhodes toward the east, heard the great roar and great noise.\nAfterward, to show and declare the remarkable greatness of the said bombards and guns: the great piles and posts, strong and mighty, which were fixed in the ground behind the aforementioned great bombs, caused such great and mighty shaking that the houses of Rhodes shook in such a way as if it had been an earthquake. But the people of Rhodes were always busy and prevented the great ruin of their walls. They also made many ditches within the city.\n\nThe Turks harassed the Rhodians with many other and diverse instruments of war. For they ordered certain instruments of war around the aforementioned city of Rhodes, which are called \"Slinges\" or \"Engines.\" And the Turks, with such instruments of war, cast into the eyes of Rhodes a pipe full of great stones, which fell upon the houses of Rhodes and put them in a wretched ruin with great murder of those who were within at that time. Furthermore, they did other things.\nThey put the entire city of Rhodes in great thought and sorrow, for no one was safe in their houses outside without being in a cave. But nevertheless, the prudent and wise Master and his noble council found a remedy as follows. He commanded: that all women and all people of young and old age not able to fight should be put by the walls of the town in a vacant place. For the city's guise was to have next to the walls such a vacant place. And there, mighty scaffolds were made, which were not as high as the city walls. Because the Turks should not see it. For in such a vacant place, they cast no stones; but into the heart of the city. The young men able to fight kept themselves and avoided the casting of stones in daylight. And in the night, they hid themselves in strong places and caves so that by the miracles of God and the prayers of Christian people, few men or beasts of the city were hurt. The Turks, not understanding this.\nThe god Hephaestus protected and kept the Rhodians harmless. He stationed two large statues in a high place toward the west, from which they could see all of Rhodes. From there, they cast great stones into the city. Meanwhile, as these things were being arranged, the great base of the Turk saw and considered that the diligence of the Lord Master disturbed his power and his counsel greatly. Therefore, he temporarily arranged to put to death the aforementioned Lord Master of Rhodes. He ordered two Turks, one of whom should go and surrender himself to the Rhodians to live in the faith of Christ and tell them that another Turk, his companion, would also come to Rhodes and abandon the false belief of the Turk. However, the captain of the Turks had arranged that the same companion should bring poison into Rhodes: with which the Lord Master was to be put to death. And because these two Turks were to deceive.\nThey plotted to poison the Lord Master: the base had promised them many great rewards. But he who came to Rhodes before his companion, as we have said, was in his talking and in his purpose: and in all his designing in Rhodes found the man unstable and variable. Therefore, the Rhodians suspected him and openly showed it: that he had come to work some treason. And so, after careful consideration and seeing his boldness, he was put to death as a traitor. The following day, his companion knew nothing of this: came toward Rhodes, but the Christian men attacked him severely, so he fled and turned again to the Turks. In the meantime, the Turks were preparing against one side of the city, called the Italian ward. And in a dark night, they came so near that they had launched and great bombards upon the banks of the dykes: and made great strength with trees around, so that they would not be broken by any manner of shots from the Rhodians.\nBut after they were spied and seen, a council was made in Rhodes. Fifty likely young men and true lovers of our Lord Jesus Christ promised themselves there to die in that quarrel: or to destroy in that same night the said great bombardes and guns with all their array. And so a knight of the Order of St. John was captain to the said fifty likely young men. They came privately by the bottom of the ditch with certain lads whom they brought with them to the banks where the bombardes and guns were. They made such a fracas that the Turks fled from the bombardes, and ten of them were slain. They also destroyed all the ordnance and cast it in the ditch. And the said fifty young men with their captain returned victoriously into the city of Rhodes. Therefore, the Master of Rhodes gave unto them many worthy gifts because of their virtuous conduct: and for encouragement.\nexhortacyon to alle other. And they were resceyued in Rho\u2223des\nwyth grete glorye and Ioye & also they had grete than\u2223kynges\nof alle the people of Rhodes. Therfore fewe dayes af\u00a6ter\nthat thys was done: the turkes for despyte and grete an\u00a6noye\nof the foresayde thynges whiche were done vnto theyme\nmade anone redy a grete ordonnaunce and came agayne vn\u2223to\nthe tour of seynt nycolas for to haue it. & anon with their\nbombardes boldely they casted downe the bollewerkes & forslet\u00a6tes.\nAnd as faste as they casted theym downe the Rhodyans\nrepayred theim agayn. The turkes also made a long band they fested and\nknytted strongely to the sayde brigge grete and myghts ropes\nwhiche had in thother ende strong ancures: whiche ancurfasted with a bote to the nether bank of the tour / so that\nthe brigge with the drawyng of the corde and flotyng shulde\nhaue recched to the sayd banke. Anone afoer that the Rhedi\u00a6ans\nhad knowleche of thees werkes. a shipman wel experte\nin swymmyng: wente by nyghte and noted the cordes fro\nThe anchor and knotted it to a stone of the bank. When the Turks drew the cord, they knew well that they had been deceived by the Rhodians. The lord master of Rhodes, understanding this noble act, rewarded the said sailor worshipfully and rightfully. And when the Turks saw and knew the great deception practiced on them by the Rhodians, they decided to bring the said bridge there with great strength and a large number of boats, full of rowers, great stones of bombards and guns, wild fire, and arrows from bows and crossbows. They fought all night from twelve o'clock until ten in the day, and after the Turks were put out, they suffered great damage and harm. And the men of Rhodes had the victory. For three days following, dead men from the Turkish party could be seen.\nand living near the sea toward Rhodes. These were finely arrayed with gold and silver and precious clothing, and part of their attire was seen floating in the sea. This gear and attire were taken up by the Christians with great profit and winning. And in addition, this victory brought great joy to the Rhodians because many noble Turks were killed, and in particular, their leader and all his people. His body was found on the bank plundered by the Rhodians. And immediately after this great fighting, some Turks surrendered to the Christian people of Rhodes and admitted that three thousand and five hundred of their people had been killed, and that their leader, for sorrow and thought, spoke with no man from his company or any other. And immediately he, the great Turk, was enraged by this great calamity that had befallen them. And in addition, he was so angry because of the great loss of his people and the mysterious harms that he had suffered, that he:\nHad nothing profited against Rhodes: neither against the tour, but with high damage and shame was put off, as not able with all that flesh and might to overcome the city of Rhodes, as he had proposed. And so, after the Turks saw that they could not win the tour by strength and might, they turned their fantasy and studied with all their virtue and might to assault the city. In especial, they made great assaults against the walls kept by the Jews, and also against the walls that the nation of Italy kept and defended. And shortly, the Turks made great damages and hurts all about the walls of the city with their great guns and bombards. In so much that they thought to come by wiles and subtle means nearly to the walls of the city. And so they made certain ditches in various places of the fields, and covered them with green bows, and afterward they piled up earth and turned it over on the same. And minded.\nThe fast and princely men proposed to come and fight hand to hand with the Rhodians. They also organized certain logges, which they covered with green bows because they should not be known. From thence they shot great bombards, gomies, and serpentines in such a way that no man dared to look out of the walls of the city to their field and works. And in this while the Turks filled a certain place of the ditch of the city with trees and stones and such other things, so that the ditch was made equal and leveled up to the height of the broken wall. Thus, they could easily come to fight hand to hand with the Rhodians. The Lord Master of Rhodes, considering and seeing openly the great hardiness of the Turks and the great danger that the city of Rhodes was in, called all his famous knights.\ngovernors of their weariness: then he declared and showed to them with prudence and eloquence the great dangers in which Rhodes, the most Christian city, stood due to the fury and open boldness of the Turks. Few days had passed since the siege of Rhodes began. From the kingdom of France came to Rhodes the mighty and excellent knight named Anthony Daubusson. He was the brother of the Master of Rhodes. This Anthony Daubusson was lord in France of a place called Montelyon, a man of great wisdom and counsel, strong and hardy in wars and battles. He departed from the kingdom of France with a company of clean and likable men. These men were able to fight under any banner that belonged to king or emperor. His intent and purpose were: to visit devoutly the blessed and holy sepulcher of our Savior Jesus Christ in Jerusalem. But when he understood and perceived that the great Turk was coming to lay siege to it.\nHe proposed to help and defend the city of Rhodes with his life and entire company. For he thought that in no manner place nor in no manner way, he might spend his blood better and more for the welfare of his soul than there, where he should fight for the precious name of our Lord Jesus Christ and for the rightful cause of all Christian faith, and to keep the noble city of Rhodes from Turkish captivity. And because of his holiness and heartfelt love for the faith of Jesus Christ, and also because of his great renown among all the knights of Rhodes, the Lord Master, his brother, and all the council of Rhodes, elected and chose him captain and governor of all the men of war. He manfully and wisely organized and disposed himself to all things that would hinder the Turks and help and strengthen Rhodes for the worship, health, and perpetual glory of all Christendom. And immediately.\nafter this he had a great company, consisting of many noble knights, bailiffs, priests, merchants, and men of various occupations from Rhodes and many places in the west. There were also wise and experienced men from various countries. All these, with one accord, with one heart, and with one faith, proposed and swore to defend and keep the city of Rhodes: or else to die gladly and kindly for him who died for us all. And so, after a wise and experienced Greek man advised the lord master and the Rhodians, they made and organized an engine called a Trebuchet, which was great, high, and mighty, and cast great and many stones into the host of the Turks. By this means, the Turks were put in great fear, and their tents were broken and smashed to the ground, causing much and great damage and hurt.\ntheires gunnes, bombardes, serpentines and all their war ordinances: so that in a few days they received these hurts and damages without number. We have said before: how the Turks fulfilled a part of the ditch by the walls with stones. And because the Rhodians could perceive that the height and the heap of the stones was lessened & that they could not climb up by that way, but before the Rhodians, with great diligence, found a remedy for the defects of the walls: the Turks, on that side of the city, had cast down to the ground. For they within the walls not far from the ditch made a front of a wall with stakes and earth in the middle and with bushes firmly planted and tempered it with water, like they make a mud wall; and upon this wall they placed guns, culverins, wildfire and barrels full of pitch & sulfur and great heaps of stones & such things.\nlette the turkes to clymbe vppe: so that hit was a pleasur to\nsee their besynes agaynes the begynnyng of the turkes assaute\nAnd for to haue in thys werke counseyle: was theder brought\nthe forsayde George traytour. but he shewed no cunnyng in\nthe defence of the cytee as he hadde promysed / and as the rho\u00a6dyans\ntrusted. For the fals and wikked man was clea\u2223syd\nto see so grete ruyne in the pryncypall walles of Rhodes:\nand hoped that lyghtely the turke sholde euercome yt. Ne\u2223uertheles\nfor to couer hys mynde and malyce counseyled the\nRhodyans to sette a bombarde: whiche sholde caste from thens\nto the hoste of the turkes for to breke theire bombardes. but he\nwyste well that therof they shulde heue grete hurte: whhad ben a token & couenaunt betwene the turke and hym: or\nof hys owen auyse dyd hyt: thynkyng that the turkes shuld\nin so moche more casie toward that parte for to veeke the Rho\u2223dyans\nshotte. But soo as he counseyled was done. and a\u2223none\ngrete harmes and dammages came of hyt. for the tur\u2223kes\ndressed all their shots thede: warded and gave greater hurrie to the broken wall. And in this while, there were short awares into Rhodes with letters: which blamed George for not doing his duty for the Turk in Rhodes; also, for not giving them certain tokens of the truce and condition of the city. But they knew not how George was kept under suspicion within Rhodes: as a man suspected of treason. And when it was told and shown to George, he answered boldly and with shrewd language: why the Rhodians had him in suspicion and was put in prison. And immediately, by wise men, was examined and found varying in his answers: why he was put under confession: how the Turk had sent him there to betray Rhodes if he might; as he had betrayed many other places in Greece. This confession he affirmed also afterwards without torture. And said: how the Turk had bidden him: if Rhodes could not then be gotten: to remain nevertheless in Rhodes throughout the siege time: &\nBut once George was condemned to death: and in the sight of all the people of Rhodes for his treason and deceitful counsel, was hanged. And immediately after every man of Rhodes returned again to keep their place with great joy, that George the false traitor of Christ's faith and he who had sought to put to death so many noble and worthy knights, and to defile and ravage so many good and honest women and holy virgins, had at last found a fitting end according to his treasonous and deceitful deeds. Immediately after this, the great captain of the Turk caused other letters to be cast in the city of Rhodes: in which letters he comforted and warned the burghers of the said city and other merchants of Christendom who were within the city, to find means to yield themselves and deliver to him.\nThe citizens and they should have their lands and their goods saved, and their bodies free and unharmed. He only intended to destroy the knights and men of Rhodes within the city: and if they did otherwise, he meant to put them all equally to death. By these means and craftily, he planned and thought to sow discord among the people of Rhodes. But he could not speed up his fleet. The man from the fleet said to him: that they were well content that the great captain of the Turk would send his ambassador to the ditch and bulwark of that side of the city. And there should be a nobleman, who would give an answer for the Lord master. So, the next day following, the ambassador of the aforesaid captain arrived there. He expressed great wonder: that such a little city would withstand and resist against the great might and power of the dreadful Turk, who had conquered two emperors and so many kingdoms.\nHe exhorted them to have pity on themselves and not be the cause of the city of Rhodes being taken by the Turks through assault and strong hand. For then the Turks would put to shame and violence upon men and women in the city of Rhodes. He furthermore said that if the Rhodians desired and took the Turks' peace, the strong army would hear their enemies' pleas. And he said that the Rhodians understood and knew well the false and deceitful color of the Turks, for they knew that they did it to test their hearts. Therefore he said that neither by gifts nor by threats would they do shame to Christendom. And within the city of Rhodes was a common accord among the Greeks and Latins and all the people of Rhodes, who would rather die for Christ's faith than be of amity and of the law of Mahomet. And if it were so that the Turks would break up their siege and turn their forces elsewhere.\nAfter returning to their country, they sent embassadors to Rhodes for grain. The Rhodians should give them an answer. But since they were so powerful in arms, they told them to use and do as they had come before. And through the grace of Jesus, they should know that they would not have to fight or engage with unworthy men from Asia, their country's rulers and women. Instead, they should know and perceive that they would fight and be in the hands of strong, manly, and Christian people of Rhodes. After this answer, the Turks, with a loving and half-shameful countenance, departed from them and turned again to their horrible assault against the tower of Saint Nicholas. Thirty-seven days passed or elapsed, and they prepared and loaded all their bombards and guns of war, all their ordnance and their might against the principal strength and newest walls of the city of Rhodes: how it was that they were large, new, and fortified.\nwyth myghty toures and bollewerkes: neuertheles wyth ca\u2223styng\nof thre thousand and fyfe honderd grete bombardes sto\u2223nee:\nthey were horrybly brused and thrawen downe. And ma\u00a6ny\nworshipfull places and howses of the Rhodyans by that\nsyde wyth the hurte & the ruyne of that newe walle were mys\u00a6cheuously\nbroken & des all to pieces. The whiche mysera\u00a6ble\ncase and horryble ruyne fered many of the Rhodyans her\ncomyng of the turkes theder. But\nthe Lorde Mayster as a stedfaste Prynce trustyng in Ihesu\ncryste and in hys swete mother marye and in Seynte Iohan\nBaptyste conforted alle the people: so that nether the knygh\u00a6tes\n/ nether the pryours nether the baylyffes of the ordre / ne\u2223ther\nmerchaunts / nether people in Rhodes were afered: but\ngladly as the case stehopyng that wythin shorte dayes they sholde gete rho\u00a6des.\nAnd the Rhodyans from thother syde of the broken wal\u2223le\nanswered thayme as merely agayn wyth trompettes and\nclaryons. but the Lorde Mayster knowyng by hys prudence / \nIn this time, anyone with great might and fury, the Turks would come to assault the city. He fortified the walls with knights of his order and the most valiant warriors. He himself, at the broken wall, was fully occupied / teaching / warning and comforting all the people around him. He was ready and present at all other posts to give support to the knights and fighters on the walls. And so were all his people, from the highest degree to the lowest, disposed. In the meantime, the Turks made themselves ready to come and give assault. They made a common cry: that the Great Turk gave them all the goods that were in Rhodes; and that they should take all the young children in Rhodes and sell those above ten years into slavery, and those above that age, if they were taken alive, should be put through the foundry and through the head with a long stake. Therefore, they brought with them for the assault eight thousand stakes.\nand the Turk was content only to be victorious and lord possessor of Rhodes. He washed them all naked in running water: in a keen desire for purification of their sins. Afterward, he arrayed each one according to his quality for war and brought sacks with them to fill with the goods of Rhodes. They tied their prisoners at their girdles to bind their hands. For they hoped, in their God Mahomet, without fail, to have victory over Rhodes. The day before the great assault and battle, they cast and shot great stones against the walls from the eight largest bombards they had, and destroyed the repairs and defenses which the Rhodians had made in the broken walls, striking and killing the watches on the walls in the night following. For they had not succeeded in breaking through all that day and the night and the morning following, in which the great assault was made.\nIn a short time, no one could steadily stand on the walls or prevent the great damage to them. Three hundred large stones were cast in a short space. After the Turks had finished loading their bombard shot, on the fifth calendar day of the morning, they gathered in great multitude and number. Immediately they crossed the ditch, which was then filled with the ruins of the broken city walls. They climbed lightly upon the walls, more lightly than the Rhodians could stand and stay.\n\nAs soon as the Turks were on the walls, they slew all the Christian men who were defending and set up their standards and banners, preventing the Rhodians from climbing up with ladders to the walls. But the Rhodians were ready and gave a great and horrible cry from all parts. For all the Rhodian side cried out, \"Ihesu Criste!\" And the Turks cried out, \"Mahumete!\"\n\nThe Rhodians fought manfully and heartily resisted.\nWithstood the great pressure of the Turks. There was the worshipful Lord, the Lord of Montelyon, captain of the men of war of Rhodes, and brother to the Lord Master. And there were with him many knights of the Order of Rhodes, and many other men of the city, of whom in that assault and battle were wounded.\n\nThere were on that side of the assault four great ladders in various places, to go up and down to the walls. Of which one was towards the Ives Street. And by that ladder and place, the Turks came down into the city. But anon the Lord Master commanded that it should be cut and pulled down. And he himself in another place, urged on the remnants for their retreat. And he slew many Turks, and finally repelled them. But the Lord Master had five wounds, of which one was mortal for his life: but through the grace of God and the help of leeches and surgeons, he was saved.\n\nAnd he, for his great manhood and noble heart, gave thanks to God and to his [God].\nThrough all Rhodes, the father and defender of the city and the faith of Jesus Christ was called. And great glory and praise he and his company, along with all the fighting men of Rhodes, deserved that day. On the broken walls of Rhodes, and in the places we have mentioned, there were two thousand and five hundred Turks in clean armor. And following them, by and by, as was later said and known, was the number of forty thousand Turks. Those who had scaled the walls fought to thrust them down and tear off the walls. The Christian fighting men, who manfully resisted their fury, endured the fighting for two hours. It was in doubt who would have the victory. At times, one might have thought that the Rhodians would have had the victory. But the fortune changed, and no one would have thought otherwise than that the Turks would have had the victory over the Rhodians and their allies.\nThe entente of the city was so marvelously unstable for Fortune. But after the passage of two hours, through the grace and God and the virtue and manhood of the worshipful and triumphant Lord Master of Rhodes and of his people, the Turks were utterly put to the worse. They were struck down and beaten out of the walls with such great might and manly fighting of the Rhodians that the Turks, with great fear and haste, turned their backs and fled in such great numbers that in fleeing, one hurt and wounded the other. But one of the fairest and manliest deeds, and worthy to be remembered, that the Christian people did in that assault against the Turks was: when a great number of the Turks were upon the walls in the ward where the Iuces had the keeping, and there the said Turks stoutly fought to throw them over the wall. And more, who were slain, some with the horrible falls beside the walls. For the heinousness of their deeds.\nThe walls were forty feet high, preventing the Rhodians from climbing up with ladders. The Turks often couldn't reach the walls due to the short range of their engines. Some were signaled by the ringing of a small bell at the watchtower of the walls. Those identified were beaten back and later killed with Rhodian weapons. The entire street called the Juan Carnero and the people of Rhodes came to see and marvel at the Turks' defeat. After the Turks were put off their assault and fled to their hosts, Lord Montelyon's brother pursued them into their tents and loggies. Many of them were killed and their jewels, harness of war, and banners and standards were taken. These were brought back to Rhodes, with the Turks crying in defeat and making great joy. They entered Rhodes through the broken walls, ensuring a perpetual victory.\nIn that assault, three thousand and five hundred Turks were slain. The Rhodians found and counted their bodies and carcasses, some within the city, some on the walls, and many in the ditches, as well as by the sea side. Since all of Rhodes reeked from their carcasses both within and without, they piled them all up outside of the town. They then lit great fires with the wood, and the Turks were burned and consumed to ashes. However, those who later converted to the faith of Jesus Christ and renounced their false belief due to certain miracles that followed were spared. After the Turks laid siege to Rhodes, nine thousand were slain, and fifteen thousand were severely wounded and badly hurt. The Great Base of the Turks made accounts and reckonings of all his men of war after this great assault. And so, the Great Base, along with all his host, was full.\nBut God always intervenes to confuse the Turks, as shown in this assault. He displayed His love and sweet grace to His Christian people. At the Lord Master's command, three banners were hoisted on the walls during the sharpest part of the battle: one of Jesus Christ, another of Our Lady, and another of St. John Baptist, patron of the Order of Rhodes. After the Turks saw, in the midst of the clear and bright eye, a shining gold cross and a bright virgin. She held against the Turks a spear and a shield in her hand, and in that sight also appeared a man in poor and vulgar attire, accompanied by a great number of fair and well-built men in arms, as if they were about to come down to help Rhodes. By the golden cross, we can understand our savior Jesus Christ. And by the virgin, we can understand our blessed Mary. And by the man in poverty,\nClothed, we may understand St. John the Baptist, patron and founder of the Order of Rhodes. He was accompanied by saints and angels of God to help the Rhodians. This godly and heavenly sight put the Turks in such great wonder and fear that they were no longer bold enough to look toward the city of Rhodes. But immediately after they took counsel among themselves to leave their intent and turn back to their country. Through the grace and miracles of almighty God and the prudence and diligence of the lord master and the faith and manhood of the knights of Rhodes, and the obedience of all the people, Rhodes was and is preserved and kept from Turkish captivity. These miracles are in confirmation and devotion to our Christian faith because the first knowledge of them came from the vision and fight of the Turkish enemies to our Christian faith. For afterward, many of them forsook their false belief.\nAnd were christened within the city of Rhodes: where they openly and constantly to all the men of Rhodes, with one accord and with good courage, made faith and confession of the godly and heavenly vision which they had seen. And truly every wise man may know that without God's hand, so few Christian men could not have resisted and withstood such a great number of Turks, and especially when they were upon the walls. For they thought to have merely and with little effort the victory of the city of Rhodes. But who prevented them then from coming down from the walls before the Rhodians called out with ladders to fight with them and drive them from the walls? Certainly it was none other but God. Who was it that blinded their wits? So that after the first assault, they ordered not another against our Christian men, who by the first assault had been pitifully hurt and wounded and were all weary of fighting. It was none other but God. Who was the cause of\nThe death of many of them in the space of two hours in the great and last assault: but God and His angels, who were seen in the bright eye. Who was he, shortly, that took from the victory of Rhodes so little a city in comparison to others: as Constantinople and Nicopolis and many more strong and mighty? The Turk, strong and full of pride. Well may every man know that it was more God's act than man's. Wherefore we all Christian men humbly and with heartfelt devotion owe to yield grace and loving to Almighty God: which had preserved Rhodes, the key of all Christendom, from the foul and unrightful subjection of the Turks: which had been for their evil purposes smitten and kittted in pieces and finally put from their intent. But for coming to the conclusion of the Turks' departure. Immediately after they were put to flight, they went backward a large mile: and there they made new tents / to abide there: while they charged their ships and galleys with all their ordinances.\nAnd while they sailed little galleys daily, our men, who were sorely hurt and wounded with all their array, they brought them to the country of Lycia. There they received them when they came toward the siege of Rhodes, and there they stayed until they were whole and might turn again towards their country, Turkey. That same Lycia was a great commodity and to all their intent, for from then to Rhodes was but a narrow sea, called the Sea of Lycia. And not far from the bank of the said Sea of Lycia was a great and old town called Phycus, where first they lodged the navy that came from Constantinople, and now also were there with their wounds diligently cared for. And so they concluded among the Turks: that all the others should depart from Rhodes. Therefore they made a great waste and destroyed all manner of gardens and vines and all other things which they supposed might ease the Rhodians.\nThey burned many houses and plundered fields of their cattle. They loaded their ships with a great number of the best animals of the Isle of Rhodes, which could not be brought into the city or into the holds of the island before the siege. While the Turks were making ready to return to their country, two great ships were spotted and seen from Rhodes sailing from the west. The Rhodians immediately prepared a reception, believing them to be ships of Christianity and their allies. As they supposed, for they were sent there by the most Christian king and the most devout Prince Ferrand of Aragon, king of Naples, to help and support the Rhodians against the Turks. These two powerful and strong ships approached friendly toward the gate of Rhodes around one o'clock in the afternoon, which is why the Rhodians made a reception.\nGreet Ioye and myrth offered great graces and lovingness to Almighty God. But when they were about to enter the other's hand, each one shunned and escaped the shot without harm. And they cast their anchors and waited for the tide to enter the haven: but toward night the sea grew so rough that they dared no longer remain there at the anchorage. Therefore, the unharmed ship took the broad sea. And the other ship, because its most dangerous situation made it doubtful to sail, remained with all parryll and Iuberie. But through the grace of God Almighty, at that time, entered surely into the haven of Rhodes. The next day, the other ship which had taken the broad sea returned again to enter the port, but a mile and a half from the port the wind failed her and she could sail no further. Wherefore, the Turks sent twenty galleys from their navy to fight and overcome the ship and bring it to them.\nThe Christian men of Nails and Sycylle, who were in the ship, bore them. They quitted so manfully that neither the shot of the galley's oars nor the might of so many men against so few made them fear. Instead, they resisted manfully and virtuously, and in the three hours that the battle lasted, they slew four times the number of Turks than they were themselves. Thus, they had the better hand and were victorious. In this fighting, the chief captain of the said galley was killed. And with this harm and shame, the galley returned to their party. The ship of the Christians the following day entered the port of Rhodes with full sail and standards of victory and triumph. These two ships brought joyful tidings to Rhodes. For they openly declared in the letters before all there that our holy father the pope had comforted and desired the lord master.\nAll the Christians within Rhodes, who for the love of Jesus Christ were determined with all their heart and manhood to withstand the fury of the Turks, believed they would have reinforcements from Italy, both by sea and land. The host of the Christian people would be so mighty that with God's great help they would be able to give battle to all the power of the Turks and gain the victory. Therefore, the Rhodians, with one voice, thanked God and praised Him with great praises. They departed from Rhodes, where they had been besieged for three months, save one day. And after that, they turned again to the country of Lycia and arrived at the great town of Phycum. There they stayed and refreshed themselves for twenty days. Then they returned to their country.\ngrete shame / their hurte & grete myschefe. Deo gracias.", "creation_year": 1482, "creation_year_earliest": 1482, "creation_year_latest": 1482, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"}, +{"content": "In the noble land of Syria, there was a noble and mighty king and man of great renown, named Diocletian. He ruled and governed his land effectively through his noble chivalry, subduing all the lands around him. Almost all the kings of the world were subject to him. It came to pass that this Diocletian married a noble damsel, who was wonderfully fair, his empress named Livia. She loved him as reason would. He took as wives for her twenty-four daughters, the eldest named Albina. When they came of age, these damsels became so fair that it was wonderful. Therefore, Diocletian immediately commanded, in his letters, that all the kings who held allegiance to him should come on a certain day. As contained in his letters, they were to make a royal feast. At that day, they came, bringing with them armies, princes, dukes, and noble chivalry. The feast was royally entertained, and there they lived in joy and merriment enough, a wonder to behold.\nAnd it came about that this Dioclesian intended to marry his daughters among all the kings who were present at the spectacle. They spoke and did this, and Albion's eldest daughter and all her sisters were richly married to 24 kings, who were lords of Greece in honor and power at the spectacle. When the spectacle was over, every king took his wife and led them to their own country, where they became queens. It came about afterward that this Damon Albion grew so bold and stern that she showed little respect for her lord and scorned and despised him, and would not do his will but her own in various matters. And all her other sisters each one bore ill will against their lords, and it was a wonder to relate. Since they thought that their husbands were of no higher lineage than their father, but the kings who were their husbands would have chastised them with fair speech and commands, and also with gifts, and warned them in a fair manner on account of their love.\nfriends they should amend her conditions, but all was in vain, for they did not share one will in anything that pleased them. And there were forty-three kings at one time who frequently beat their wine in the hope that they would amend her manners and wicked ways. But because of their conditions, they did all the harm and for setting sails they cut off all her husbands' throats. And when Discosus, her father, heard of this, he became extremely angry against his daughters and wanted to burn them all, but the barons and lords prevented him from such harshness towards his own daughters. Instead, he only banished them from the land forever, so that they would never return. And Discosus, her father, immediately commanded them to go into ships and provided them with provisions for half a year. And when this was done, all the sisters went into the ships.\nIn the noble city of Troy, there was a noble knight, and a man of great power, called Aeneas. When Troy was lost and destroyed by the Greeks, Aeneas with all his men fled there and came to Lombardy, which was the lord and governor of that land, a king named Latin. Another king was there named Turnus, who strongly opposed Latin and often harmed him. When King Latin heard that Aeneas had come, he welcomed him with great honor and held him, for he had heard much about him and knew he was noble.\nknyght & a worthy of his body & of his dedes / This ene as helpe kyng latyn in his werre / & shortly for to telle so well & worthyly / he dyd that he slowe Turocelyne & discomfyted hym & all his peple / & whan all this was done / kyng latyn yaf al that lond that was turecelinis to eneas in maryage / with lauyne his doughter the moost fayr crature / that ony man wyst / & so they ly\u2223ued to geder in io\nhert his arowe myshapped & glaced / and so there Brute quelled his fader / \nAnd whan this myschance befalle was the peple of the la\u0304de made sorwe ynow / and were sore an angred / & for en\u2223cheson therof / they dryuen brute out of the lond / & wold not suffre hym amongys hem / & he saugh that he muste not abyde / & wente fro the\u0304s in to Grece / & there he fonde / vij / \nall the kynges men that none of hem escaped and token the kyng and hym helde in pryson & ordeyned cou\u0304ceyll bytwene hem what they myght done / some sayd that he shold be put to deth / & somme sayd that he shold be exyled out of the lande / & somme\nWhen he had finished his prayer to Diana, the goddess replied, \"He should always be honored more.\" When Brute heard this answer from Diana the goddess, an answer xx Thor (or perhaps Thetis, another goddess) is missing in the text here.\n\nWhen all this was done, Brute would no longer tarry for battle. Neither he nor any less of his people wished to fight. King Geoffrey's people were increasing daily, and Brute's resources were dwindling. Therefore, he took all his men and went to the sea, and had wind and weather at will. Five days later, they arrived in a harbor at Totnes and came to the island of Albion, where, as the story tells us, they found neither man nor woman but Giants. They dwelt in hills and caves. Brute was pleased with the sight of the son and good for him and his people, as Diana the goddess had foreseen. Thrilled, Brute called upon a day for a solemn sacrifice and great feast in honor and reverence of Diana the goddess, through whose counsel he had come to this land. And when they had completed their sacrifice, as they did on a certain day,\nsat at the table. Suddenly, giants and men with beasts came upon them. Brute and his men rose up and fought with the giants, slaying each one except for one, who was called Gogmagog. He was stronger and taller than any of the other giants. Brute kept him and spared his life, for he was to wrestle with Corin. Corin agreed, and they wrestled for a long time. But at last, Gogmagog held Corin so fast that he broke two ribs. Corin was angry and took Gogmagog between his arms, casting him down upon a rock. Gogmagog broke into pieces and died a violent death. Therefore, the place is still called the \"Saute of Gogmagog\" to this day. Brute gave the entire countryside to Corin, and Corin named it after himself, Cornwall, and his men, the Cornwallians.\nThat country was called desirable and in that country Corin and his men and towns and houses dwelled and inhabited the land at their will. Brute and his men went forth and searched in various places where they might find a good site to make a city for him and his people. At last, they came upon a fair river, which is called the Thames, and Brute began to build a fair city there and let it be called New Troy, in memory and reminder of the great Troy from which all their lineage had come. Brute caused woods to be felled and let every man sow lands and do more work for the sustenance of him and his people. He departed the land to them, so that each one of them had a certain place to dwell upon. Brute called all this land Britain after his own name, and his people he called Bretons. Brute had taken as his wife Genoen, and they had three sons: the first was called Lotryn, the second Albanac, and the third.\nCamber and Brute wore crowns in the city of New Troy. Twenty years after the city was founded, and there they established the laws that the Bretons observed. Brute was extremely well-liked among all men, and Brute's sons were also greatly loved. Brute searched the land in length and breadth and found a land that bordered Britain in the north. He gave this land to Albanacthis son and named it Albania after his name, which is now called Scotland. Brute found another country to the west and gave it to Cambyr, his other son, and he named it Cambria, which is now called Wales. Brute reigned for twenty years, as previously stated, and then died in the city of New Troy. After his death, Lotryn, Brute's son, was crowned king with great solemnity of all Britain. Albanacthis and Cambyr then returned to their own country and lived there.\nMykel, honor and Lotryn, his brother, ruled and governed the land wisely, as he was a good man and well-loved by all his subjects. Alban, meanwhile, lived with great honor and respect in his own land. However, King Humbar of Hunland arrived with a large army and sought to conquer the land. He began to wage war against Alban and slew him in battle. When Alban was slain, the people of the land fled to Lotryn and told him that his brother had been killed. They begged him for help in avenging his brother's death.\n\nLotryn immediately summoned all the Britons of Kent, the men of Dover in Norfolk, the Southfolks of Kesteven, and the men of Lindsey. Once they had assembled, they marched swiftly towards their enemies to give them battle. Lotryn had sent to Camber, his brother, asking him to come with all the power he could muster to help. And so he did, with good will. They all came together.\nGedere and Lotryne searched carefully for him, seeking him by a waterway. It happened that this waterway was near a place called the Thames. After Lotryne went to his ships and took his gold and silver, along with all the plunder he found, he gave it to other people in the host. They came upon a fair river, which is called the Thames, and there they built a beautiful city and named it New Troy, in memory and reminder of the great Troy from which all their lineage had come. Brute ordered woods to be felled and land to be cleared and cultivated for the sustenance of him and his people. He departed the land to them, so that each one had a certain place to dwell. Brute named the land Britain after his own name, and his people he named Bretons. Brute had three sons born to his wife Genegen: the first was named Lotryn.\nSecond Albanach and the third of Camber. Twenty years after the city was founded, Brute was crowned in New Troy. There, he established the laws that the Bretons still follow. Brute was widely beloved by all men, and his sons were also well-liked. After Brute had explored the land in length and breadth, he discovered a land that bordered Britain to the north. He gave this land to Albanach, his son, and named it Albania after him, which is now called Scotland. Brute also found another country to the west and gave it to Cambyr, his other son, naming it Cambria, now called Wales. Brute reigned for twenty years, as previously stated, and then died in New Troy. His son Lotryn entered the city with great honor and was crowned king of all Britain with great solemnity. After Albanach and Cambyr, his two brothers, returned.\nLotryne dwelled in his own country and lived with great honor. His brother Albanact ruled and governed the land wisely, as he was a good man and well-loved by all his subjects. It happened that Lotryne resided in his own land with much honor and worship. Lotryne then summoned all the Britons of Kent, the Norfolks of Southfolk, and the Lindeseys. When they had all assembled, they marched swiftly towards their enemies to give them battle. Lotryne had sent to Camber, his brother, to come also with all the power he could muster to help. And so he did, with good will. They all came together and took a careful route to seek out the enemy. It turned out that this enemy was beside a water source.\n\nLotryne then went to his ships and took gold and silver, as much as he found, and all the plunder, which he gave to other people.\nHoost and they found in one of the ships a fair damsel, who was King Humber's daughter, called Estryd. And when Lotryn saw her, he took her with him for her beauty. He was overcome with love and wanted to marry her. These news reached Cornwall. Immediately, he thought to avenge himself upon Lotryn, as he had previously forsworn to marry Cornwall's daughter, who was her father's heir, and had taken the land into his possession under fealty and homages of all the men of the land. Afterward, he assembled a great host and a great power to avenge himself on Lotryn, who was her lord. Lotryn was slain, and his men were defeated.\n\nWhen Madan had reigned for thirty years, he died and lies buried in New Troy. He had two sons: one was called Menprys because he was the eldest, and the other Maulyn. After their father's death, these two brothers fought for the land, and Menprys, as the eldest son, wanted to have it all.\nLondon and Malyn would not allow him to have a day of love and accord. And on this day, Menepreys let his brother betray him through treason, and he himself afterward held the land. He immediately crowned himself king and reigned. A man soon came who destroyed all the men of his land in a short time. In the end, he became so wicked and lecherous that he forsook his own wife and committed the sin of sodomy greatly. Therefore, Almighty God was angry, and took vengeance upon him.\n\nOne day, as he went hunting in a wood, he lost his men. He went up and down crying after them. And then wolves came and tried to tear him into pieces. He had reigned for twenty-four years. And when his people knew that he was dead, they made his son Ebranc king and reign with great honor.\n\nAfter the death of King Ebranc, Brutus Grenesleys his son reigned for thirty years, who was Ebranc's firstborn son, and he ruled well and nobly. And when the time came, he died.\nKing Leith lies at York. When Brutus Grenesholde was dead, he reignced his son, Lud Ludibras, who made the city of Canterbury and Winchester. He reigned for 21 years and died, lying at Winchester. After this, Lud Ludibras reigned Bladud, his son, a great necromancer. Through his craft of necromancy, he made the marvelous.\n\nAfter King Bladud, Leir his son reigned, and this Leir founded the town of Leicester and let it be called after his name. He governed the town well and nobly. King Leir had three daughters. The first was called Gonoryll. The second was Rygan. The third was Cordelya. And the youngest daughter was Fairst and in the best of conditions.\n\nThe king, her father, grew old and wanted his daughters married before he died. But first, he intended to test which of them loved him most and best. The one who loved him best should be married best. He asked the first daughter how much she loved him. She answered and said:\nThe father asked the second daughter how much she loved him, and she replied more than all the creatures in the world. He then asked the third daughter, and she also declared her love for him. But my sisters have spoken flattering words to you. I will tell you the truth, for I love you as much as I ought to love my father. I will tell you how much I love you, according to your worth. The king, her father, went in anger that she had scorned him and became very angry. He swore by heaven and earth that she would never have his good favor, but his daughters who had loved him so much would be well rewarded. He married the first daughter to Malcolm, king of Scotland, and the second to Hamlet, earl of Cornwall. They arranged and spoke between them that they would divide the kingdom between them after his death.\nThis is the cleaned text:\n\nThe death of King Llewelyn caused his youngest daughter Cordell to have nothing of his land, except for Cordely. She was very beautiful and good. And he sent her over the sea to the King of France. He received her with great honor and solemnly married her, making her queen of France.\n\nChapter fourteen\n\nLater, the two eldest daughters were wealthy, but now I have no friend or one who would do me good. But when I was wealthy, all men honored and worshipped me. Now every man scorns and despises me. I know well that Cordell, my youngest daughter, spoke the truth when she said that if I had so much, I should be loved and honored. But all the while that I was loved and honored for my riches, my two daughters were not.\nWhen King Leir was dead,\n\nHe left his daughter Cordelia with great honor at Leicester,\n\nAfter ruling his kingdom in peace for three years.\nCordely's youngest daughter held the land for five years and in the meantime, her lord, who was king of France, died. After his death, she remained a widow. Then Morgan and Conedage, sons of Cordely's sister, appeared and contended with her because they should have had the land. They arranged a great power against her and harassed her greatly, and neither of them rested until they had taken her life. Morgan and Conedage said they would have all the land from beyond Humbar, which Conedage held. But he came against him with a strong power, so that Morgan dared not stay but fled to Wales. Conedage pursued him and took him, and killed him. Conedage came again and took all the land into his hands and held it for fifteen years. However, between them began a great dispute, and they fought fiercely. Morgan wanted to have all the land beyond Humbar, which Conedage held. But he came against him with a strong power, so that Morgan dared not remain but fled. Conedage pursued him and took him, and killed him. Conedage came again and took all the land into his hands and held it.\nAnd he reigned for 34 years and then died, lying at New Troy. After this, Reynold his son, a wise knight and a hardy and courteous man who ruled the land well and nobly, became beloved of all kinds of people. In his time, it rained blood for three days as God would have it. Afterward, great death came upon people, for hosts without number fought until they were dead. No one could have stopped or prevented it until Almighty God took mercy and pity and it ceased. Reynold reigned for 21 years and died, lying at York.\n\nAfter Reynold, Gorbodyan his son reigned for 15 years and died, lying at York.\n\nWhen Gorbodyan was dead, his two sons who he had, Ferres and Porres, had become strong and proud and continually quarreled for the land. Ferres had a felon's heart and plotted to kill his brother, but Ferres went to France instead.\nAnd they lived with King Siward until a time when he returned and fought with his brother Porres. But unfortunately, it happened that Porres was slain first. When Eadygifu, his mother, learned that Porres was dead, she made great sorrow because she loved him more than the other and thought she would secretly sleep with him. And nobly she came to her son one night with two knights, and therewith cut his throat and the body also into small pieces. Whoever heard of such a wretched mother who killed her own son with her own hands? And the reproach and shame to the mother lasted long because of the murder of that one son, and thus they both lost him.\n\nWhen the two brothers were dead, they left behind neither son nor daughter nor any other relative who could inherit the estate. Since the stronger men took and subdued the weaker, and seized all their lands, there was great war and strife under them in every country. However, among other things, there were:\nAmong them in the country that came, and through her strength and might they took all the lands, and each of them took a certain country, and in his country let him be called king. One of them was called Scater, and he was king of Scotland. Another was called Dawallyere, and he was king of Logers and of all the land that was Lotrinus. This Cloten had a son called Donebaud, who after the death of his father became a hardy man and fair.\n\nDonebaud let make him a crown of gold, and wore the crown upon his head as no king had done before. He ordained a statute that had a man done never so much harm, and he might come into the temple. Should no man harm him, but go there safely and in peace. After that, this Donebaud was dead, his sons who had departed the land between them, as their father had ordered. Belin's eldest son had all the land.\nIn Britain, this half of Humber and his brother Brennan held all the land from Humber to Scotland. However, Belin had the better part, so Brennan grew angry and wanted more land. Belin refused to grant him more, which led to conflict between them. But Brennan, the younger brother, had no strength to resist Belin. Therefore, through deceit, Brennan took control of all the land in Northumberland and seized all the castles. He ordered his men to guard the coasts so that Belin could not arrive from any side. King Olfings assembled a great host and delivered his daughter to Brennan, along with all the people he had designated. Danae, who had long loved a king named Gutlag, told him all her counsel. She advised him to marry her and lead her away forever. However, he could only do so if she would leave Brennan. When Gutlag heard this news, he set out to spy on them.\n\"Brenne approached with as many ships as he could/so that the two fleets met and fought for a long time/until Brenne and his ships turned again and were defeated/and King Gutlach took them/and put them in his ship/and Brenne shamefully fled thence/as a man discomfited/Gutlagh intended to go to his own country/but there came upon him a great tempest/that lasted for three days/so that through that tempest he was driven into Britain with three ships and no more/and those who kept the cost of the sea took Gutlagh and them/and all his men/and presented them to Belin/and Belin put them in prison/\n\nIt was not long after that/that Brenne did not come again with a great navy/and sent to his brother Belin/that he should yield again his land, his wife and his people, and his castles also/or else he would destroy his land/Belin dared nothing his manace/and would not do anything after that he said/therefore Brenne came with his people/and fought with Belin/and Brenne was discomfited and his people\"\nSlain and his brother Bernen fled to Flanders, and Bernen went to York to consult with King Gutlac. Gutlac proposed that Bernen become his man and hold his land from him, yielding a thousand pounds of silver annually, and in exchange, Bernen was to provide good hostages and do homage to him and all his people. Bernen, by counsel of his people, granted this request. Therefore, Bernen became Gutlac's man, and Bernen rendered him homage, both orally and in writing, along with the same contracts. After these contracts were concluded, Gutlac took possession of them and his people, and they went there. The truce was held, and the tribute was paid until the time that Bernen's brother, who was Bernen, had long dwelt in Flanders. There, he had conquered a great lordship through military means, for he was a duke.\nof Burgoyne, through the daughter of Duke Fewyn, whom he had married, who was heir to the land, ordered a great army of his people and also of France, and came into this land to fight with Belin his brother. Belin came against him with a great power of Bretons and wanted to engage him in battle. But his mother Cornewen, who lived, had heard that one brother would have destroyed the other, and went between her sons and made them come to an agreement with much difficulty. At last, the two brothers, with much joy, went to gather in great Troyes, now called London, and there they dwelt for a year. And after they took her counsel to conquer all of France. And so they did, burning towns and destroying the land both in length and breadth. The king of France gave them battle with his power, but he was overcome and gave true homage to Belin and to his brother. And after that they went forth to Rome and conquered Rome and all Lombardy, Germany, and took homage and fealty from them.\nErles, born and of all others, came into this land of Britain and dwelled with her Britons in joy and rest, and then burned the town of Bristow. After he went over to his own lordship, he dwelled there all his life and remained dwelt at New Troy, and there he made a fair gate. He had reigned nobly for eleven years when he died and lies there. And after they dwelt, his son Cormbatrus, a good man and worthy, ruled. The king of Denmark refused to pay him his tribute, that is to say a sum of 1 pound, as he had sworn by oath to pay it, and also by writing recorded to Belin his father, wherefore he was poorly paid and angry. He assembled a great host of Britons and went into Denmark and subdued King Gutlac. He took tribute and homages and afterwards returned to his land. As he came forth by Orkeney, he found 30 ships full of men and women besides the cost of the sea. The king asked what they were. An earl who was master of them answered curtly.\nAnswered to the king and said that they were exiled from Spain, and so they had traveled half a year and more on the sea. When Cormobatus was dead, Gentolen his son, a man of good conditions and well beloved, reigned, and governed the land well and wisely for twenty-five years, and after died and lies at New Troy. After this, Gentolen's son Seisyll reigned for thirty-six years in peace, and his son X for fifteen years and died and lies at Icolne. After this Seisyll, Morcant ruled and became wicked and so stern that great vengeance came to him. For as he went on a time by the sea side, he met a great beast that was black and horrible and hideous, and he went that it had been a whale of the sea, and bent an arrow and would have slain that beast with it. After Morcant's death, the Britons crowned Gradlon. After the death of Artogall the Britons crowned another king, Hesidur, but his two brothers Gwydion and Peredur.\nHadde he great contempt and scorn for the king, his brother, and ordered help to wage war against him. They seized him and imprisoned him in the second year of his reign. They departed, leaving Britain divided between them. Hygamus lived but seven years, and he seized all the land. And after Hysidur's death, the Britons took Hasdrubal immediately and made him king for the third time. He reigned then.\n\nAfter Hysidur's death, wicked folk ruled for 24 kings, each in turn and without prolonged strife. I will tell you all this and how long each reigned.\n\nAfter the death of King Lud, Lud's brother Cassibalan ruled and became a good man, much beloved by his Britons. So they granted him the kingdom forevermore to him and to his descendants.\n\nLud, who loved to dwell at Troy more than any other place in the land, is why the name New Troy was left, and the city was called Ludstone. But the name was changed thereafter.\n\nAfter the death of King Lud, Cassibalan's brother ruled and became a good man, much beloved by his Britons. So they granted him the kingdom forevermore to him and to his descendants.\nAfter Cassibalan's death, the lords of the land, by common consent, crowned Andragen earl of Cornwall and made him king. Andragen ruled well and worthily, and was a good man. He reigned for eight years and died, lying at London.\n\nAfter Andragen's death, Kimbalyn, his son, ruled and prospered the land in peace throughout his entire life. In his time, I was born.\n\nAfter Kimbalyn's death, Guyder, his son, a good and worthy man, ruled. He was also called Claudius. And upon this agreement, Claudius Caesar sent to Rome for his daughter Genevieve. When she arrived, Claudius Caesar gave her to Armager as wife. Armager married her at London with great solemnity and merriment. Armager was then crowned and made king of Britain.\nKing Armer ruled well and worthily, and the land was governed accordingly. Claudius Caesar, in remembrance of this agreement and for the reverence and honor of his daughter, built a fair town and a fair castle in this land. He named the town after his name, Claucestre, which is now called Gloucester. When this was completed, the emperor took his leave and returned to Rome. Armer then was king and governed the land nobly throughout his entire life. Armer had a son named Westmer during his reign. While Armer ruled, St. Peter preached in Antioch and built a noble church there. He first sat in his chair in this church and lived there for seven years before going to Rome and being made pope. However, Nero the emperor had him martyred. And after ruling for 24 years, Armer died and lies buried in London.\n\nAfter Armer, Westmer ruled as a good and worthy man, and he governed the land well.\nThe king Roderick of Gascony arrived in his land with a large number of people. Roderick was staying in Stainesmore. When King Westmor heard this news, he summoned an enormous army of Britons and marched to confront King Roderick. In plain battle, King Westmor killed Roderick with his own hands. When Roderick's men saw their lord was dead, they all surrendered to King Westmor and became his men. He gave them a tract of land that had been abandoned, where they lived for the rest of their lives. There were nine hundred men among them, and no more remained at the battle. Their governor and prince was called Berenger. Immediately, he began building a town that they might inhabit and call it Berwick.\n\nThe Britons refused to give their daughters to the strangers, so they went over to Ireland and brought back:\n\nAfter this battle, which is mentioned above,\nKing Westmer, remembered for his victory, allowed his son Coil to reign after him. After King Coil's reign, his son Lucius ruled. Lucius was a good man to God and to the people. He sent his envoys to Rome to the pope and declared his intention to become a Christian and receive baptism in the name of God, turning to the right belief in Christ. King Lucius established two archbishops in this land, one at Canterbury and another at York, as well as many other bishops who still remain. When these legates had baptized the entire land, they ordained priests to baptize children and administer the sacrament. After they returned to Rome, King Lucius ruled in his land for 12 years with great honor and later died, lying at Gloucester.\n\nKing Lucius had no legitimate heir, Botilda, who later caused great harm and sorrow to the land. After King Lucius' death, none of the nobility of the land allowed her to rule.\nOther than being a king, but lived in war and debate among them, I year without a king. It happened later that a great prince came from Rome into this land, who was called Severus, not for war but to save the right of Rome. However, he had not dwelt in this land for half a year when the Britons slew him, as they learned that Severus was slain. They sent another great lord into this land, whom they called Allectus. He was a strong man and mighty in body, and he dwelt in this land for a long time. He caused much sorrow to the Britons, and after pure malice they chose one of themselves as king, whom they called Constantinus. Constantinus assembled a great host of Britons and went to London to seek Allectus. They found him there and slew him and all his companions. One called Walda defended him fiercely and fought long with the Britons, but at last he was discomfited, and the Britons took him. They bound his hands and feet and cast him into a water, where the water was afterward called [Name of the Water].\nEuermore Walbrook. Though Regned Astlepades in quietude until one of his earls, who was called Coill, made a fair town against the king's will and let it be named Colchester after his name. Wherefore the king was full wrath and thought to destroy the earl. And began to wage war upon him and gave battle to the earl. And the earl defended himself fiercely with his power and slowly the king himself in that battle. And Coill was crowned and made king of this land. This Coil ruled and governed the realm well and nobly, for he was a noble man and well beloved among the Britons. When they of Rome heard that Astlepades was slain, they were wonder glad and sent another great prince of Romans that was called Constantine. And he came to King Coil to challenge the tribute that was accustomed to be paid to Rome. And the king answered well and wisely, and said that he would pay to Rome all that was right and reasonable with good will. And so they agreed with good will and without any contact.\nBoth they pledged their troth in love / The king Cohl gave his daughter Constance to Constanc\u0435 / to have her as his spouse / she was fair, wise, good, and well-educated / And Constance married him with great joy / It happened soon after that this king Cohl died in the midst of his reign, at the age of eighteen, and lies entombed at Colchester.\n\nAfter King Cohl, Constance ruled and was crowned. Since she had married the daughter of the land's heir, Constance ruled well and governed the land worthily / And she bore Constantine, their son, who was called Constantinus / And this king kept true faith and truly did to Rome all his life / And when he had reigned for fifteen years, he died / and lies at York.\n\nAfter King Constantine's death, Constantinus, his son and Saint Helena's grandson, who found the Holy Cross in the Holy Land, and how Constantinus became Emperor of Rome / It happened that...\n\nConstantinus became mad / and suddenly he died / and thus ended his life.\nConstantin traveled from this land to Rome, bringing with him his mother Eleanor for her wisdom, and three other great lords whom he most loved: one was named Hol, another Dabern, and the third Morhyn. He left all his land in their care for the Earl of Cornwall, who was called Octavian. As soon as Octavian learned that his lord was residing in Rome, he seized all the land and did as he pleased among both high and low. The people held him as king when this news reached Constantin. However, Constantin was greatly angered by Octavian's treachery and sent Tabern with twelve men to destroy the earl. Tabern arrived at Portsmouth, but when Octavian learned of this, he assembled a great power of Britons and defeated Tabern. Tabern then fled to Scotland and raised a great power, intending to return to this land again to give battle to Octavian. When Octavian learned that he was assembling a great power,\nKing Octavian came towards Taberna as much as he could, so that the two hosts met on Steenmore and fiercely engaged in battle. Octavian was then defeated and fled to Norway. Taberna said, \"I take all the land into my hand: towns, castles, as much as they had.\" Afterward, Octavian returned from Norway with a great power and took all the land into his hand again, driving out all the Romans. He was then made king and reigned.\n\nKing Octavian governed the land well and nobly, but he had no heir except a young daughter whom he loved as much as his life. Since he grew sick and was near death and could no longer reign, he wanted to make one of his new men king: a noble knight named Conan Meridock. Conan should have kept the king's daughter and married her when the time was right. However, the lords of the land would not allow it but gave her counsel to marry a high man of great wealth.\nhonor and she could have had all her lust, and the council of the emperor agreed to this. At this council, they agreed and chose the cador of Cornwall to go to the emperor and deliver this message. He took the way and went to Rome. The emperor received this news wisely and sent his own cousin, who was his uncle's son, a noble knight named Maximian, to this land. Maximian married Octavian's daughter and was crowned king of this land. King Maximian became so powerful that he sought to conquer the land of Armorica for great riches he had heard were there. He left no man of worth behind him, taking with him every knight, squire, and other man, to the detriment of the land. He left no one at home to keep the land but took them all from this land, three hundred knights, who were doughty men, and went over into the land of Armorica. There they slaughtered and plundered.\nWhen he had done this, he called Conan and said, \"Since King Octavian has made you king of Britain, and through me you were hindered from becoming king, I give you all this land of Armorica. Make yourself king there, and because you are a Briton and your men also come from Britain, I decree that this land shall be called Little Britain instead of Armorica, and the land from which you have come shall be called Great Britain. And Conan, Meridock, pleased him, and so he was made king of Little Britain.\n\nWhen all this was done, Maximian went to Rome and was made emperor in place of Constantine. Conan Meudoc ruled in Little Britain with great honor, and he ordered two thousand plowmen of the land to cultivate it and keep it, to do all things that pleased him. And when all the maidens had been assembled, he allowed them to come.\nBefore he went to London, and ordered provisions for his ships hastily, as much as they needed for the voyage, and took his own daughter named This.\n\nWhen all this was done, King Gowan, who was called a Saracen, called his brother Elga and said to him, that he should go to conquer the land where all the fair maidens were born. And he ordered a great power of fifty-two years in the name of Jesus Christ for him. This Gracian, when he began to reign, became so wise and so stern and caused such sorrow to the Britons that they took him among them. The king Gowan had understood that Gracian was slain and put to death. He then assembled a great power and came again into this land. If he had harmed them earlier, he did much more then, for he destroyed all this land and the Christian people in much of Britain, so that no man was so bold to name God. And he who did this was put to a strong death immediately. But the bishop of London, who was then called Goscelin, escaped, and went then to Rome to seek help.\nThe bishop Goscelin sought help to destroy the Saracens who had devastated this land. The Roymans said they had been annoyed by her repeated calls for help in sending people to Britain to aid the Britons, and they would no longer do so. Thus, Bishop Goscelin went without support or assistance. He then went to the king of Little Britain, named Aldroy, who was the third king after Godwin Merydoc, as previously stated. The bishop prayed to King Aldroy for help and assistance. The king had great pity in his heart when he heard how the bishop had fled and how Christian men were being slain in Great Britain by Paynims and Saracens. He granted him the assistance of his brother Constantine, along with the necessary people, horses, armor, and ships for the journey. When all was ready, he called the bishop and said, \"I take you here to help and support Constantine my brother, on this condition that if God grants him victory over the Paynims and Saracens,...\"\nsarazenes to shen de and discomfyte / that than ye make hym kyng / And the Bis\u2223shop it graunted with good wyll, Constantin and the bisshop to\u2223ke leue of the kynge Aldroye / and betoke hym to god. & toke her men xij M & went to hir shippes / & sayled toward grete Britayne and arryued at Cotnesse / Whan the britons herde the tydynges / that to hem come socour / they were strongly holpen. and ordeyned hem an huge nombre of people and come to hem / and vnder feng hem with moch honour, Gowan anon as he wist of thise thynges he assembled all the sarazenes & come ageynst hem / & yaf hem ba\u2223tayll, and Constantin slowe him with his owne hondes. And alle tho other sarasyns were discomfyted and slayne, that none esca\u2223ped but tho that were conuerted vnto god.\nANone after the bataylle they wente to london / and crouned ther Constantin / & made hym kyng of this lande and the Bisshop Goselyne sette the croune on his hede & annoynted hym as fallyth to a kyng for to ben / \nTHis \nforsoke his abbot / and went with hym / And anon\nAfter King Constantine's crowning by the Britons, he knew little about the world and could not understand knightly customs. He made Vortiger, who was crowned with him, guardians of the two children, Aurilambros and Uther, through the ordainment of Goscelin, the Bishop of London at his death. Fearing the treason of the children, Goscelin took them to the king of Little Britain.\n\nSoon after this sad news reached Vortiger, a large number of strangers arrived in the countryside of Kent. He did not know when they arrived or why they came to this land. The king sent a messenger there immediately to find out who they were and what they wanted, as well as their intended destination. Among the strong company were two master-princes: one was called Engyst, and the other was named Horsa.\nEngyst went to the king and told him why they had arrived in his land and said, \"Sir, we come from a country called Saxony, the land of Germain, where we shall be given horses and harness, arms.\" When Wrtiger heard this news, he said he would gladly join them on such conditions.\n\nWhen this castle was built, and it was made very well,\nAnd for this reason, all the Britons became so angry,\n\nThus Engyst went into Kent and took the land into his possession for himself and his men, and came into great power in a little while, and so many people had gathered that it was not known in a short time which were the king's men and which were Engyst's. Therefore, all Britain had feared him.\n\nThe Britons, by one consent, chose Mortimer to be their lord and sovereign, and their counselor in every battle, and crowned him king. They would no longer suffer Mortimer to reign on behalf of the alliance between England and him. The Britons organized a great host to drive out Engyst.\nHis company of the land. They gave him three battles, the first after Mortimer's death, the Briton, and Mortimer, who wished to have his life, granted them as much as they asked. They took all the land, towns, castles, and Engyst went through the land, saying all the land with Frenchmen, and in every place, he let down churches and houses of Religion, and destroyed Christianity throughout the land. His men were so bold after that time, to call this land Britaine, but called it Englestane instead. He left all that land to his men, and there made seven kings to strengthen the land, so that the Britons should never come there again. The first kingdom was Kent, where Engyst himself reigned and was lord and master over all the others. Another king ruled in the south, that is now Southwark.\n\nWhen Engyst had left all the land in this manner between himself and his men, he released Mortimer from prison, and allowed him freely to go wherever he would, and he took his way.\n\nWhen the king heard this,\nThe king commanded his messengers immediately to go through all of Wales to find that child. If they could, they were to bring him to him, and he gave them his letter, instructing them not to be disturbed by anyone or let anything delay them. The messengers went and succeeded.\n\nWhen Merlin heard all that his mother had said, he spoke to the king in this way. \"Sir, I need not tell you any more about that, for it concerns neither you nor anyone else to know. Tell me, Encasa, why I have been brought to you, and why you have sent for me? The king replied, \"My wise counselors have informed me that the mortar of a work that I have begun requires your blood to be mixed in, or the foundation will never hold firm again.\" Merlin answered, \"You want to kill me for my blood to mix with your mortar-you said the king, or my castle will never stand, as my counselors have informed me.\"\nKing Mortiger and his men, who fought in this battle, were greatly astonished, and prayed Merlin to tell them what it signified. Merlin replied, \"The red dragon represents yourself, and the white dragon signifies the people of Saxony, who first toasted and held this land, and you have driven and enchained them. However, the Britons of your lineage have overcome them and driven them away.\"\n\nMerlyn and his mother departed from the king. Merlin then turned himself into a red dragon and burned King Mortiger, along with all others, in the castle. Engyst was in Kent and ruled there. He heard this news and immediately fled, intending to go to Scotland for support. However, Aurilambros and his men met him in the north and gave him battle. Engyst and his men were defeated.\nHem defended as long as they could, but he and his folk were discomfited and slain. Otta, his son, fled to York. Aurilambrose closely followed Otta, but afterward he showed mercy to him. Otta, in turn, granted the countryside of Galeway in Scotland to Aurilambrose and his men. They dwelled there. King Aurilambrose traveled throughout the land, banishing the name of Engysteland, which had been called by that name before. He allowed it to be called Great Britain again, and commanded the building of churches, castles, cities, and towns that the Saxons had destroyed. He also had the walls of the city rebuilt, which Eugist and his folk had brought down. The Britons led him to the hill of Ambrian, where once stood a religious house, destroyed through pagans. A knight named Ambry, who had founded the house, was the reason the hill was called the hill of Ambrian.\nCalled Amesbury and shall be evermore,\nHow King Aurelambros allowed Amesbury to be amended and rectified, and there placed monks, but now there are few nuns near the place, which was once called Salisbury, there the Saxons slew the Britons, where Engyste and he should have made a love day. In this time, a/ M. lxi knights were slain through Engyst's treason. The king thereof showed great pity and thought to make in his mind a monument of stone that might endure to the world's end. And they consulted in council what was best to do. The bishop of London, who was called Terence, advised the king to inquire after Merlin, for he could best tell how this thing might be done. Merlin was sought and came to the king. The king revealed his will for the monument he wished to have made. Merlin answered the king and said,\n\nThere are great stones in Ireland and long upon the hill of Cydn that men call giants' calls.\nyf they were in this place as they ben there / here they wold endure for euermore in reme\u0304brau\u0304ce of tho knyghtes that here ben entered / \nWHan thise britons had herd of this thyng they went & swo re amonge hem that they wold go seche the stones / & toke with hem meet the kynges broder to ben hir chyueteyne / & xv. M men / and merlyn counceylled hem for to gone in to Irland / & so they diden / And whan the kyng of Irlond that was callyd gui\nAnd men shal vnderstande that passent that was mortigers sone lyued in the same tyme / and come in to this land with a grete power / and drryued in the north countre / and wold \nhis peple were discomfyted / but passent escaped thens with some of his folk / & fled thens in to Irlond / & come to kyng gui\nWhan the kyng Aurilambros was thus dede & enpoysened at wynches\nbeme of that sterre was bryghter than the sonne / & at the bou\u0292t of the beme appered a drago\u0304s hede, & oute of his mouth come ij huge lightes that were as bright, as ony fyre brennyng / and that one beme wente\ntoward France and straight over the sea thitherward. From that beam, came seven beams clear and long as it was to the light of fire. This star was seen by many a man, but none of them knew what it signified, save the king's brother who was in Wales with his host of Bretons. He saw that star and the great light that shone, and wondered greatly what it might signify. He called Merlin and prayed him to tell what it might signify. Merlin saw that star and observed him for a long time. After the death of Arthur, his brother Uther was crowned and reigned well and worthily. In remembrance of the dragon that he was like, he had two dragons made through the counsel of his Britons. One to go before him in battle, and the other to remain at Winchester in the bishop's church. For this reason, he was called Everlasting Dragon. And Otta, Engystus' son, came little Uther, who was made new king, and against him began to stir.\nKing Maurice ordered a great company of his friends and kin, including his brother Osso, and took control of the land from the Humber to York. However, the people of York held out strongly against them and refused to let them enter the town or surrender the city. Maurice besieged the town immediately and launched a strong assault, but the townspeople defended themselves well. Upon hearing this, Utter came with a large army to help and lift the siege. Otta and his company fought bravely but were ultimately defeated, and the majority of them were killed. Otta and Osso were taken prisoner and brought to London. Maurice stayed at York for a while before going to London, where he planned to claim the crown and hold a grand feast. He summoned all his earls and barons to attend the feast, and instructed all those who had wives to bring them as well.\nAt the king's command, they held the feast richly and fittingly, as they were of high estate. The earl went wrathfully to Cornwall with his wife to the castle of Tintagel. The king ordered a great host and came to Cornwall to destroy the earl if he could. But he had put him in such a strong and well-prepared castle that he would not yield to the king. The king immediately besieged the castle and remained there for fifteen days without success. He continually thought of Igerne and loved her so much that he did not know what to do. At last, he called to him a knight named Mordred and told him all his counsel, asking what was best to do. Sir Mordred, through his cunning, advised the king to go back to Tintagel and marry Igerne with great honor, and make her queen. Soon after this, the king did so.\nIn the time when she should be delivered, and bore a son named Arthur, and after gave birth to a daughter named Amya. When she came of age, she was nobly married to a noble baron named Aloth, who was lord of Leons. After Utter had reigned for a long time, he fell ill with a great sickness, as if in sorrow. During this time, those who kept Otta, the son of Egestes, and his brother, allowed them to go free in exchange for great gifts they had given and went with them. When these two brothers had escaped and returned to their own country, they organized a great host and power, and began to wage war against the king. And since King Utter was sick and unable to help himself, he immediately appointed Aloth as his ward and champion of all his people. Aloth and his Britons then assembled a great host and gave battle to Otta and his people, but in the end, Otta was defeated.\nAfterward, the Britons, who had the design of Aloth and would not attend to him, greatly displeased the king. Therefore, he had him put in a litter and among the people. They took him to Beaulynn, a fair city where St. Alonius was martyred, and afterward was destroyed by the Paynims through war. They had expelled and exiled the people and entered the town. They made the gates fast and held them there. The king came and besieged them, and he made a strong assault. But those within defended themselves manfully. The king ordered his guns and engines to break the walls. The walls were so strong that nothing harmed them. Otta and his people had great contempt that a king lying in a litter was besieging them. They consulted among themselves to stand up the next day and come out and give battle to the king. And they did so. In that battle, both Otta and Ossa were slain, along with all the others who survived.\nWhen Arthur became king of the land, he was only fifteen years old but was fair, bold, and doubtful in body. He was good and courteous to people, generous in spending, and well-liked by all. When he began to reign, he swore that the Saxons would never have peace or rest until he had driven them out of his land and assembled a great host. And this Saxon, named Colgryne, was defeated and fled to York, where he took refuge. King Arthur besieged the town but could not make any progress.\ntown was so strong, called Brittany. When Arthur heard this news, he immediately ordered the hostages to be summoned and left Holes of Brittany to keep the march towards Scotland with half his people. He himself went to help rescue Bath. Upon arrival, he gave a strong battle to Chedric and slew almost all the people he had, for no man could withstand or endure the stroke of his sword. Both were slain: Colgrain and Sir Qd Merlin, in the year of the incarnation of Jesus Christ, MCC XV. In this year, a lamb will come out of Winchester, which will have a white tongue and true lips. It will have written in its heart holiness. This lamb will make many God's houses and will have peace the most part of its life. And it will make one of the fairest places of the world that in this time shall not yet be fully made an end. And at the end of its life, a wolf from a strange land will do it much harm and sorrow through war. But in the end, the lamb will be saved.\nmaster, with the help of a red fox that will come from the northwest and overcome. The wolf will die in water. And after that time, the lamb shall not live while he does not die. His food then will be in a strange land, and the land will be without a governor for a little while.\n\nAfter his time will come a dragon mixed with mercy and wisdom, who will have a beard like a goat and will give England shadow. He will keep the land from cold and heat, and his own foot will be fettered.\n\nAfter this dragon will come a good one from the sea that will have horns and a beard of silver. And from his nostrils will come a damp that will signify hunger, sorrow, and great death of the people, and much of his land will be wasted in the beginning of his reign. This good one will go over to France, and will open the floodgate of his life and death. In his time, an eagle will arise in Cornwall that will have golden feathers, and he will be without fear of the lord and will.\nIn his time, the bere (a fortified position) will burn and a battle will be fought on the arms of the sea in a field ordered as a site. The aforementioned bere will cause great harm and will come from the southwest and from his blood. After this army, a bear will come from Windsor with a white head, a lion's heart, and a fearsome sound.\n\nIn the first year of his reign, he will have great pain in punishing the treacherous, and his land will be filled with aliens. This world-born bore of holiness, nobility, and meekness will do relatively all that he has to do against the burgh (fortified town) of Jerusalem. He will sharpen his teeth against the jaws of Paris and against four lands. Spain will tremble in fear, Gascony will weep in France.\nHe shall place his wing, its great tail, in England. And softly Almain shall tremble for fear of him. This boar shall bestow mantles upon two towns in England, and make the river run with blood and brains. And it shall make many a meadow red. And it shall gain as much as its ancestors did. And before it dies, it shall bear three crowns, and it shall put a land into great subjection. And afterwards it shall be relieved, but not in its time. This boar, after it is dead, for its valiance, shall be entered at Cologne. And his land shall then be filled with all good.\n\nAfter this boar comes a lamb that shall have feet like a lamb's, a head of brass, a heart as hard as a stone, and a swine's skin. And in its time, its land shall be at peace for the first year of its reign. It shall make a city that all the world shall speak of. This lamb shall leave in its time a great part of its land through an hideous wolf. But it shall recover it and give a lordship to an eagle of its lands.\nThis text shall be well governed by Egle until the time that pride overcomes him. Alas, the sorrow. For he shall die by his brother's sword. And after, the land shall fall to the aforementioned lamb, who shall govern the land in peace all his life time. And after he shall die, and the land be filled with all manner of good.\n\nAfter this lamb shall come a mold warp. Cursed by God's mouth, a thief, a coward, a hare. He shall have an earthly skin as a goat, and vengeance shall fall upon him for sin. In the first year of his reign, he shall have great plenty in his land and toward him, and in his land he shall have great praise, until the time that he suffers his people to live in too much pride without chastising. Wherefore God will be angry.\n\nThen shall arise up a dragon from the north, full of fire and shall move war against the aforementioned mold warp. And shall give him battle on a stone.\n\nThis dragon shall gather again into his company a wolf that shall come out of the west.\nWhen war began against the aforementioned Moldwerpe on his side, and the dragon would join him; then a lion from Ireland shall come, joining them. The land will tremble, which will be called England, as an aspen leaf. At that time, castles will fall upon them. It will seem that Severn will be dry due to the bodies that will fall there.\n\nWhen Guillomer, who was king of Ireland, had news that King Arthur had entered Glastonbury, he organized a great power of Irish men and came to the sea with his Irish troops. They came to Scotland across the sea and arrived where King Arthur was with his host. As soon as he learned of this, he went towards him and gave him battle. Guillomer was immediately overcome and fled back to Ireland with his men.\n\nAfter this defeat, Arthur turned back to the place where he had left the Scots and intended to have them.\nall slayne / But the Bisshops Abbots and other folk of the coutre and ladyes open \nsylf ben of the right lawe to holden and maintene cristendom ful grete dishonour it shold be to quelle hem, that byleue in almygh ty god as ye done. and for goddes loue haue mercy & pyte of vs & suffre vs for to lyue. For we haue had moche sorow and pay\u2223ne / For the saxons haue many tyme thurgh our land passed. but that is not ynow to yow / For oftentymes they hauen vs done so\u2223rowe and dysese / For our Castels they haue taken / & our beestes slayne and eten / and moche sorowe they haue vs done / & yf ye wold now vs slee / it were none honour to a kyng to sle hem that cryen hym mercy / For ynowe ye haue y done & vs ouercome, & for the loue of \nWHan Arthur had brought his land in pees and reste. and in good state and rest was in euery countrey / tho toke he. & wedded a wyf that was callyd gunnor, & made hir quene a fayre ladye and a gentel / that Cador the erle of Cornewayle had long tyme norysshed in his chambre / that was his\nKing Arthur had no cousin, but they had no children to bear. Nevertheless, King Arthur loved her greatly. And as soon as winter had passed, he let assemble a great host and all his barons, and said that he would go to conquer Ireland. He did not delay long before he passed over into Ireland. King Guillomer let assemble a great host, and gave battle to King Arthur. But Guillomer was defeated, and yielded to King Arthur, becoming his man. Guillomer submitted and paid homage, and from that time on held all that land.\n\nKing Arthur went further and conquered Wales and Ireland. He took homages of the people and of the land, and there he dwelt for twelve years in peace. He reigned with joy and merriment, and there was no man equal to him, nor any man superior to him. The emperor's court of Rome, and none throughout the world, was not accounted to be as great as King Arthur's. None praised him more highly.\nThe best knights from all manner of lands came to him to duel, and he received them with good will and reverence. All the knights were so good that none knew the worst. Therefore, King Arthur made a round table, such that when they should sit at the meal, all should be raised high and evenly screwed at the table, so that none could make a vault, and none were higher than others. King Arthur had at that Table, the French, Normans, Flemings, Burgoners, Maugers, Lotherings, and from all the lands that lay at this bend of the sea and of his land of Britain, and of the great Cornwall, of Wales, and of Ireland, and of Scotland, and in short, of all the lands that would worship and chivalry seek to come to King Arthur's court.\n\nSince it happened that King Arthur, through the counsel of his barons and lords, wished to conquer all of France, which was called Gaul by the Romans, who held that land in their power and lordship, and the Romans had taken that land from a noble and worthy knight.\nof body, called Froll, and when he knew that Arthur was coming, he prepared a host and great power, and fought with the king. And he and his folk were disheartened. Then they fled to Paris and entered the tower, and held them there. Arthur knew that Froll had gone to Paris to rise, so he pursued after and came there and besieged him. But the city was so strong and well-prepared, and those within defended themselves well and bravely. King Arthur remained there for more than a month, and there were so many people in the city and they spent all their provisions that great hunger came upon them. He was forced to fight with Froll body to body, and France would be divided between them two. King Arthur immediately granted it and would not let one of his people undertake the battle for him. On the morrow, both sides were armed outside Paris to fight, and they struck each other fiercely and well on both sides, and no man could tell which was the better.\nAnd so it happened that Frolle struck Arthur so hard that he knelt to the ground. He refused and, as Frolle withdrew his sword, he wounded King Arthur in the forehead, causing blood to fall by his eyes and face. Arthur immediately stood up, feeling himself injured like a man on the verge of madness. He took Tabourne's good sword and struck high, giving Frolle such a blow that his head split open from shoulders, rendering his helmet ineffective. Frolle fell down dead in the spot. The city mourned for Frolle, and everyone yielded to King Arthur, along with the town itself, becoming his men and doing him homage and fealty. He accepted them and took good hostages. King Arthur, after this, went forth with his host and conquered Anjou, Angiers, Gascony, Peyto, Burghyne, Berry, Lotherne, Turyn, and others. He conquered all the land of France holy.\ntaken by homages and faults, he turned again to Paris and there he led long time, ordering peace long time over all the country and throughout all France. And when peace was made throughout, and also for his own worthiness, no one dared make war against him, nor arise to make the lord of France in quiet and peace. He dwelled there nine years and did many great wonders. He reproved many proud men and like-wise their vices, and chastised them according to their deserts.\n\nAnd afterward it happened thus at Easter: there he held a feast at Paris. He gave flour and mance, and on the third day as King Arthur sat at his table among his kings and among those who sat before him, twelve aldermen came in, richly arrayed, and courteously greeted the king and said they came from Rome as messengers to them. They brought to him a letter that was to be understood as follows: Greatly for us.\nMeruyault, Arthur, you are one of those hardy men with eyes in your head, determined to open a war and confront us Romans, who own the whole world to protect. You have never before proven or attempted the strength of the Romans. Therefore, you will soon do so.\n\nJulius Caesar conquered all the land of Britain and took tribute from us, and our people have held it for a long time. Yet, through your pride, you withhold it from us. Therefore, we command you to yield it back. Moreover, you have committed a greater folly by killing our baron of France, and all the common people of Rome warn and command you, on pain of life and limb, to make amends for your misdeeds. And if you do not come to Rome, we will pass the hill of Jove with strength, and we shall seek you wherever you may be found, and you shall not have a refuge among you.\n\nUnderstand this among you Romans, I am King Arthur of Britain, and I freely hold and shall hold.\nAnd in haste I will not yield you truth, but ask for true age. For Constantine, who was Emperor of Rome and of all the honor that pertained to it, and Maximian, king, conquered France and Alamannia. And Magnus Maximus passed and conquered Lombardy. These two were my ancestors. And I shall have, through God's will, what they held and had.\n\nWhen this letter was made and sealed, King Arthur gave great gifts to the messengers. And after that, the messengers took leave and went thence and came to the court of Rome again and told the emperor how worthy they had been received and how noble a company he had in service.\n\nThe king of Scotland and Ireland and Gothland, Denmark, and Alamannia, each had ten thousand men. The Duchy of Normandy, Gascony, and Flanders.\n\nKing Arthur had not yet entered the court but saw a burning fire upon a hill. And there was also another hill nearby where another fire was burning. Prey and quenched.\nWhen Eleanor was dead, the giant made me stay and fulfill his wish, which I had to endure against my will. God knew I didn't want to do it with him, but I'd rather be dead. The pain I suffered when he tormented me, Stew and Bedivere heard all that this woman had said and returned. They went back to King Arthur and told him everything. Arthur immediately took both of them with him and quietly departed by night, so that none of his host knew. The following morning, they arrived early at the giant's place and fought him fiercely. In the end, the giant was slow.\n\nArthur ordered Bedivere to cut off the giant's head and bring it to the host to show them as a wonder, for it was so great and so huge. When they returned to the host with the head, they explained why they had been away, and showed it to them. Every man was glad and joyful about the worthy deed that King Arthur had done, their lord. Hol was deeply sorrowful for his niece who had been lost. And after that.\nArthur had the space. He allowed a fair chapel of Our Lady to be built over Etains Tombe. Arthur and his people had news that the emperor had summoned a great power, both Saracens and Paynims, numbering around 100,000, horsemen and infantry. Arthur and his people prepared quickly and set out towards the emperor. They passed through Normandy and France, intending to go to Burgundy. They were told that the emperor's host was coming to Lucie.\n\nThe emperor and his host began their march in August.\n\nArthur and the kings of the Paynims, along with a great multitude of others, were ready. Arthur's men fought so well that the Romans and Paynims had no more strength to resist than twenty sheep against five wolves. In this battle, which was extremely hard and long on one side and the other, the emperor was among those killed. However, no one knew for certain who had slain him.\n\nWhen\nThe Romans believed the emperor was dead, so they abandoned the field. King Arthur pursued them until nightfall, killing many of them. He turned back, thanking God for his victory. In the morning, he ordered a search for his missing knights: Borrell, Earl of Mont; Bedivere; Gawain, Earl of Boloyne.\n\nWhen King Arthur had taken control of his realm and was heading towards Rome, Mordred took advantage and gathered homages and fealties from all those in the land. He intended to make the land his own and took control of castles. After this deceit, he committed another great wrong, defying the law of Christ.\n\nWhen this news reached King Arthur, who was in Burgundy, he was deeply troubled. He summoned all of France to help him hold his men together and begged Halunedle for assistance.\nit keeps waiting for him to return. For himself, he turned towards Britain / and intended to avenge himself on Mordred, who had betrayed him / and set out on his journey / and reached Whitsand, where he made his men board ships / and intended to arrive at Sandwich, bringing with him a great host from France, as well as his own land / But before he could bring his people to land, Mordred had come with all his power and given a strong battle / so that King Arthur lost many men before he could even reach the land / For there were slain among them the new earl of Scotland and many others. Of whom King Arthur was deeply sorry / But after they had come to land, Mordred could no longer withstand them / but turned and fled / and they entered / and after that, King Arthur set out to destroy Mordred / and fled from there to Cornwall / The queen gave birth to Constantine V, C, and 451 years /\n\nWhen King Arthur knew that he could no longer reign, he let Constantine appear before him.\nThat was Cador's son, Earl of Cornwall, who took all his realm and declared him king until he returned. For as much as he had no heir of his body betrothed, and great happiness. Amen.\n\nThis Constantine was a noble knight and worthy of body. The two sons that Mordred had betrothed harbored great envy towards Constantine, who was crowned king. And so they began to make war against him, and gathered a great host that was with Mordred, driving away those who did not mourn much throughout the land. One brother marched on London to take the city, and the other on Winchester. But Constantine came to London and defeated the one who was there. Afterwards, he went to Winchester and defeated the one who was also there, thus both his enemies were dead. And when Constantine had ruled worthily for four years, he died and lies at London.\n\nAfter King Constantine's death, there were two kings in Britain in secret. One was called Edelbright.\nKing Edel held Norfolk and Southfolk, while Edel the Briton ruled Nichol, Lindesey, and all the land up to the Humber. These two kings were eager to unite, but after they came to an agreement and loved each other as if they were born of the same body. King Edel had a servant named Orewenne, whom he gave to King Adelbright in marriage. She bore him a daughter named Argentill. In the fourth year after this, King Adelbright fell ill and knew he was going to die. He sent for his brother in law, King Edelf, and asked him to take Argentill and the land, promising to keep her well and raise her in his chamber until she came of age. At that point, she was to be married to the strongest and wealthiest man he could find, and then he would return the land to Edel.\nGranted and confirmed was his prayer, and when Edelbright was dead and entered. Edel took the damsel Argentill and nourished her in his chamber. She became the fairest creature that might live or any man find. They were slain and discomfited, and while the battle lasted, the king Pauley hid himself and withdrew into Wales. And men knew never where he came from, and so the town of Chichester was taken and destroyed. Afterward, Gurmund destroyed all the land throughout. He gave the land to the Saxons immediately; they took it willingly, for the Saxons had long desired it. Since they were of Engystes kindred who first took all the land of Britain, they were called Englishmen because of Engystes name, and the land they left called England in their language, and the people Englishmen. In his time, it was called Engystesland.\nWhen he had conquered London from Mortiger, who had married his daughter, this land was called Britannia, and its people were the Britons. But after the time that Gormund subsequently conquered it and gave it to the Saxons, they immediately took possession of it, as the name indicates. And when this was accomplished, Gormund passed over into France and conquered many lands there, destroying all Christian people he encountered. The Saxons then settled in this land and began to inhabit it at their own will.\n\nThey desired to create new kings and lords, but they could not agree to have only one king to rule over them. Therefore, they made many kings in various shires, as was the case in Engistowe's time. The first kingdom was Kent and that other South Saxony, the third Wessex, and the fourth East Anglia. And the fifth Northumbria, and the sixth East Anglian, that is, Norfolk and Suffolk, and the seventh Mercia, and that is the Earldom of Nichol.\nWhen King Heahthun went to Huntingdon, Herford, Gloucester, Winchester, Warwick, and Derby, and the English departed from England in seven parties. After that, it often happened that the king who was weakest was overthrown by the strongest. It was a long time before those in England in the city of Rome, who were very fair, created the crucifix for Christ in the year 597, as the chronicles relate.\n\nWhen St. Augustine first came to England, he arrived at the Isle of Thanet and went forth to Canterbury. King Aethelbert of Kent, who was of the lineage of Angus, received St. Augustine and his companions with great honor, and provided them with all that they needed. Furthermore, he gave them a fair place, which is now called the abbey of St. Augustine's, in which place he lies interred. This King Aethelbert was a good man, and with good will he heard St. Augustine's preachings and gave him leave to preach throughout his land to convert and turn all the people to him.\nmyght It come to pass through God's grace that in little time the king himself was converted to God, and all his people of his land were baptized. In the meantime, while the people turned to God, Saint Anselm came to Rouchester, and there preached God's word. The pagans scorned him for this and cast insulting taunts on him, so that all were turned to God and converted. He sent the news of his passion to Saint Anselm through Bishop Paulinus and made him bishop.\n\nWhen all England was baptized and turned to God, Saint Austen went into that land where the Britons were, that is, into Wales. There he found monks, abbeys, and seven bishops. The Britons always destroyed the native people whom Saint Austen had converted and told the bishops that he was a legate of Rome and primate of all England, and that they should be obedient to him. But they refused, only to the archbishop of\n\nIt came to pass that there was a king in Wales...\nA British ruler held the country of Brecon/and all the surrounding lands named Breconshire. This ruler was told that two English kings intended to meet at Leicester to march into Wales. He ordered all the power he had to fight against these two kings, but it availed him little. His people, who were weak and he himself fled, losing his lands forever. The two kings, Athelbald and Elfred, remained at Leicester for a while and departed the land, taking homages and fealties from the people of the court. Afterward, they went towards Wales. The Welsh, having heard tell of Brecon's defeat at Leicester, were greatly alarmed and chose among them good men, hermits, monks, priests, and many others who went barefoot and begged for mercy from the two kings. But the kings were so stern and wicked that they would never speak with them, but slew each one. Alas, for sorrow.\nThey spared them no more than a wolf does a sheep. But smitten was the head of every one. And all were there martyred who came to understand this: VC / and XL. And afterward, the two kings went from there to Bangore to slew all they might find of the Britons. When the Britons heard this, they assembled and ordered all their power to fight against them. There was a baron in Wales called Bledryk of Cornwall, who had once been lord of Devenshire. But King Aethelbright had driven him into exile and given him battle. At this battle, King Aethelbright was slain, and Elfrid was badly wounded and left the field. Most of his people were killed, and Elfrid fled to Northumberland, which was his own land. Afterward, the people of Leicestershire made Cadewan, Brecynal's son, king of Chester. He ruled nobly and with great honor after that battle.\n\nAnd after this battle was over, the Britons began to debate among themselves.\nA loyal son of Cadwalyn, named Briens, gathered a great host in both parties when Edwyn was slain. Offrys his son undertook the war against Cadwalyn, his enemy. Offrys, who could not endure this, faced Cadwalyn.\n\nAfter the death of Cadwalyn, Cadwaladr ruled his son Cadwaladr well and nobly. Cadwaladr saw the great hunger, mortality, and pestilence, and the land was poor. Corns and other supplies were failing, and his people were perishing. He saw also that most of his land was deserted. He prepared himself and his remaining people and passed into Little Britain with a small navy to King Aline, whom he much loved, his cousin, whom his father had much loved in his time. As they sailed in the sea, Cadwaladr began to lament to his people pitifully and said, \"Alas, wretched people and captives. Why, for our great sins, which we would not amend while we had the power to do so?\"\nThe space for repentance is upon us in this matter, which drives us out of our own realm and proper soil. Once, Romans, Scots, Saxons, and Danes could not exclude us from it. But what profit is it to us now that before this time, we had gained many other lands? Since it is not God's will that we remain and dwell in our own land, God, who truly judges all things before they are done or made, sees that we will not cease from our sins, and that our enemies and our lineage cannot exclude us from our realm. He wants to correct us for our folly and make us see our own faults. Therefore, he has shown us his wrath and will chastise us for our misdeeds. Since he drives us without battle or strength of our enemies to leave our own realm and proper land, turn back, Romans, turn back, Scots, turn back, Saxons, turn back. Now France shows Britain to you all as deserted.\nAmong the words and lamentations that King Cadwaladr made to his people, they arrived in little Britain and came to King Aethelberht before him. And the king received him with joy and made him serve him nobly, and there he dwelt for a long time after. The English people who were left alive and had escaped the great famine lived as best they could. And they were sent into Saxony, where they are now called the Saxons. They held the lands, baronies, lordships, and trees in a manner similar to how the Britons had held them before. And among other great companies that came from Germany into this land came the noble queen, who was called Sexburga, with men.\nand women, without names, resided in Northumberland and took the land from Albyone, from Cornwayle for themselves and their people. There was no one who could hinder them, for all was desolate and devoid of people, except for a few poor Britons who remained in the mountains and woods until that time. From that time onwards, the Britons lost their kingdom for all days, and the English people began to rule and settled between them. They made many kings in various parts of the land: the first of Wessex, the second Mercia, the third Anglia, the fourth Kent, the fifth Southsex. All these ruled in this land after Cadwaladr was driven out of this land and lived in little Britain with King Aelyn, his cousin and true friend. When he had long lived there and had learned that the mortality and pestilence had passed, and that the land was replenished with Aelyn's people, he thought to return again to his.\nKing Alan prayed to his cousin, King Henry, for support and help to be restored to his former realm and began his journey. King Henry granted his request. Then, King Alan prayed devoutly to God Almighty for a sign if his prayer to enter this land would be granted or not, for against God's will, he would do nothing. A voice from heaven replied,\n\nKing Alan summoned the clergy of his land and had them bring the stories and prophecies of Merlin and Sibylla. In their time, all the kings in the land, including those of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia of Kent, and Southsex, and others, were at war with one another. The one who was most powerful took the land of the one who was weakest. Among them was a king named Offa, who was Saint Oswald's brother, and he conquered all.\nIn this land, kings ruled supreme over all and the wars between them were so rampant that no one could keep track of the country's state. Abbots, priests, and men of religion wrote the lives and deeds of kings, recording the length of each reign, in which country, and how each king died. They compiled these accounts into large chronicles. King Alfred possessed such a book and had it brought to Winchester and kept securely.\n\nAt the same time, there was a king in Northumbria named Oswald. He resided in York, and one day, for amusement, he entered the home of a good man named Bern. The good queen, falsely and against her will, told the king Oswald that he had dishonored and shamed her. In despair, she declared that she would rather die than live. Fair.\nThis man, Bernere, was a great and mighty lord, well-loved, and had many friends. He sent for the greatest lords of the land and complained to them about the king's disrespect and said he would be avenged, however that might be. And Bernere gathered his men and came to the king. When the king saw him, he called him courteously by name. Bernere answered him and said, \"Sir, I defy you, yield up your lands and as much as I hold of you. From this time forward, I will hold nothing of you.\" And so he parted from the king without further speech or delay, and took leave of his friends.\nfriends and went to Denmark, presenting their grievances to King Godric. They informed him of the disrespect shown to his wife by King Osbert and pleaded for support and help in avenging her. When King Godric of Denmark and the Danes heard their complaint and the prayer for assistance, they were delighted in heart, as they saw a reason to go to war against the English and avenge Burne for the disrespect shown to his wife. Burne being Sybbe to King Godric of Denmark, they immediately ordered a great host of men and ships, preparing all that was necessary for the voyage. When all was ready, the two brothers, who were noble knights and bold, were appointed as commanders by the king.\n\nOnce everything was ready, the two brothers took leave of King Godric and set sail for England as quickly as they could.\nThe Danes bore down so well fortified and quickly arrived in the north country. They came through Holdiness and destroyed the entire countryside, burned towns, robbed people, and killed all they could take until they reached York. When King Osbert saw them coming, he took his people and left the city to fight against them. But he was unable to defeat them. Much people were killed on both sides. King Osbert himself was killed, and the city was taken. The Danes also chose another king in Northumberland, a man named Elle, because they would not attend to King Osbert due to his disrespect to Berna's cousin.\n\nIt happened that King Elle was out in the woods to entertain himself. He had taken some venison with him. As he sat in the woods to eat, he said to a knight, \"We have done well indeed.\"\nA man came to them and said, \"If you have won so much venison, you have two hundred tymes more against you. For all this country, the Danes have gained and taken the city of York. Against you, it shall hold that you shall never enter therein. They have slain King Osbert. When King Elle heard these words, he assembled all the people of the country and ordered them to muster all his power to take back York with strength. But the Danes came out at once and gave him battle, and slew the king and most of his men who were with him. The place where they were slain shall forever be called Ellecroft, which is a little from York. The Danes never left until they had conquered all of Northumberland. In that country they made wardens and went further into the land, and took Nottingham, and there they remained all winter, and did the sorrow that they could.\"\nafter whan summer time comes, they removed from Nottingham and came to Northumberland and to Lindsey and to Holland. For no man could withstand their power and strength they had. And so far had the Danes passed from country to country and burning and robbing, destroying all they could until they came to Thetford. In that country, they found a Christian king, who much loved God and His works. He was called Edmond, and he was king of Norfolk and the South Folk. This Saint Edmond ordered as many people as he could and fought against the Danes. But he and his people were defeated, and the king himself was driven unto the castle of Framlingham. The Danes pursued him, and came unto the same castle. And when King Edmond saw that the castle could not hold them, he came against them with the men they had first spoken to. And they asked of him where King Edmond was now. Forsooth, he said, when I was in the castle, there was the king. And when I went out of the castle, he went.\nWhen Saint Edmond named God, they all knew it was him. Hubba and Humbar then took him and urged him to forsake God and Christian law, as many others had done. But Saint Edmod refused and instead vowed to suffer death for God's love and to keep His laws. They bound Saint Edmod to a tree and had his archers shoot arrows at him until his body was covered in arrows, like an urchin is covered in picks. Yet, for all the pain he endured, he would never forsake God. In the same pain and torment, he died and gave his soul to God. When they saw that he was dead, they struck off his head.\n\nHubba and Hunger went there with all their allies to plunder. As they went there, they burned towns and cities and slew all Christian people who refused.\nAfter the death of Eldred, his brother Alured ruled. Dolfen was called Thorgil. The Danes had a strong host, so that the Danes had no power against him. He came to London with his host, and there they intended to fight with them. But the Danes dared not fight with him, but begged for peace, and promised that they must go back to their own country and never come again into England to do harm. And upon this covenant, they gave him good hostages and such as the Englishmen asked for.\n\nOn the same day that the Danes departed from London, they rode so fast that they rode both night and day, and took the town, and there held them. When King Alured heard the news,\nThe Danes took hostages and went from there to Exeter with all the power they had. When the Danes heard of his coming, they went into Wessex and did much harm in the country. They robbed folk and brought them into prison. The king pursued them and came upon them, fiercely assaulting them. Both Hubba and Hungar his brother and Bernier were slain in this battle. Many people were killed on both sides, but the Danes left the field with the gore. Since the king came with a small company, he hurried as much as he could to return. When the Danes found Hubba's body lying dead, they entered it and made a great feast upon it, calling it Hubbeslowe. This place is in Devenshire. The barons of Somerset, Wiltshire, and Dorset heard tell of how their king was deceived and ordered all the power that\nThey might have come to the king where he was, and thanked God that they had found him alive, for they had gone to seek him because the Danes had intended to slay him. They took counsel with the king and his barons that they would go and fight the Danes with them. And so they rode all night to reach and come to Abingdon the next morning, where the Danes were. King Alfred and his barons assembled and fiercely assaulted the Danes. The battle was long and hard, and no one knew which side had more people slain. However, it came to pass that King Alfred had the victory with great honor. The Danes were so driven that they did not know whether to turn or flee, and for fifteen days the king pursued them at his will. They were glad and willing to speak of peace and accord and offered him good hostages. They said that they would never again wage war on him or engage in any dispute, and moreover, they offered additional concessions to King Alfred.\nbringe hir owne kyng vnto hym / & that hir kyng and they all shold be baptystd And vpon this condicion kyng Alured him grau\u0304tid lyfe & lym me / And sayd to hym that they shold gone hyr kyng for to seche & at a certayne day to comen ageyne that to hem was sette / and so they went forth fast / & comen ageyn at hir day that was assigned And all the danoys brought hyr kyng with hem. The kyng Alu red anone lete hem ben baptysed / & hir names change-soo that the kyng of danoys called was Athelston / & xxx of his fela des na\u2223mes were chaunged also / & the other were baptysed to the ryght byleue / And all this was done at westmynstre / & after that the kyng Alured helde with hym the kyng athelston / & al his danes xij dayes at soiourne with moche solempnyte, & yafe hem greete yeftes after that they were baptised / & so they departed, Tho was Alured al at ese / when he had his enemyes ouercome / & that they were turned to the ryght byleue of Almyghty god / \nANd thus it befelle after ward that the danoys of\nNorthumberland, a large force of Frenchmen came with great strength and a huge host, led by Gurmo of Auncy, after he had conquered England. These Frenchmen arrived in Kent and sent word to Northumberland that they should come to them. When the two hosts had assembled and joined forces, they immediately set out to destroy the Christian people of England from place to place, causing much devastation. This occurred at a time when King Alfred, who was known for opposing the Danes, had died. Alfred had reigned for thirty years and been a good king. He was well able to discipline his enemies because he was a learned man and allowed the making of many wise decisions and good learning. After Alfred, his son Edward ruled, and after Edward, his son Athelstan reigned for four years. He held battle against the Danes and drove out their king.\nGaufred, king of the Danes, and all his host to the sea, rested by Scotland, and took strongly the country all year long. After that, those of Cumberland and the Scots of Westmoreland began to wage war on King Athelstan. He gave them such a strong battle that he seized all Northumberland and held it for two years. After that, King Eldred, with a great power, drove him out of the land. King Eldred was a noble man and a good one, whose goodness Saint Dunstan preached. King Eldred reigned for eleven years and lies at Wincestre. After Eldred, Edwin, son of Edmond his brother, reigned, and was a lighter man in regard to God and the people. He hated people of his own land and loved and honored strangers. He set little by holy church and took all the treasure that he could have, which was great shame and disgrace to him and danger to his soul. Therefore, God willed that he should not reign any longer than seven years, and he lies at Wincestre.\nAfter Edwyn's reign, Edgar his brother ruled. He was a man who greatly loved God and peace, and was a worthy lord, bold and mighty. He maintained this land well. And all men in King Edgar's court, moved by the lady's beauty, were overcome by her love. The king himself was also, and on her account he arose and went into the forest to enjoy himself with her hearts and hounds and all other wild beasts. From the abundance of hearts, he sent her three. And three times he went to console and speak with that lady while he remained in the forest. After that, the king departed from there and considered how he might\n\nAfter Edgar's reign, Edward his son ruled. King Edward went into a wood in the south country beside a town called Warham, in which forest there was great abundance of hearts and hounds. And as he had been\n\nAfter King Edward's reign, Eldred his brother ruled, and Saint Dunstan crowed.\nThis saint Dunstan died soon after he had forgiven the queen, Estrid, for causing King Edward's death. Saint Dunstan had previously accused and penanced her, and she lived the rest of her life chastely and cleanly. King Aldred married an Englishwoman, and by her he had a son named Edmond Ironside, and another son. After the death of Swaine, a Dane who had lived in England and desired to be king, and after the death of this old knight, Edmond Ironside reigned. However, the Danes regained power, and in the same year that they were reconciled and so much loved each other, a false traitor named Edryth of Sorrow envied their love and friendship. His men sought to destroy them. Now you have heard of Edmond's sons with Ironside, who believed they had been dead, as he had been slain last.\nin that battle, and this knight took all that land into his hand. When he had conquered Norway and taken the sea, this knight, of whom we have spoken before, had two sons by his wife Emma. One was called Hardknight, and the other Harold. The latter was called Harold Harefoot because he was so light-footed. Harold was not like his father, King Knight, in conditions and manners, for he set little value on chivalry, nor on courtesy, nor on worship, but only by his own will. He became so wicked that he exiled his mother Emma, and she went into exile in Flanders and lived there with the earl. Therefore, after that there was never good love between him and his brother. For his brother hated him mortally, and when he had reigned for two years and a little more, he died and lies at Westminster.\n\nAfter Harold Harefoot, his brother Hardknight ruled as a noble and worthy knight, much loved for his chivalry and all good qualities. And when Hardknight had ruled for a little while, he\nLet Victor his brother Harold see, and strike off his head, which was his brother, at Westminster, and cast the head into a cask, and the body into the Thames. Fishermen then took the body with their nets by night and brought it to St. Clement's in England. The king Hardknight had sent for her, who was his son, and brought her back with great honor.\n\nAfter the death of this King Hardknight, since he had nothing of his body brought back, the earls and barons assembled and held a council. No Danish man, however great, should ever be king of England because of the contempt the Danes had shown to Englishmen. If it had been so beforehand that Englishmen and Danes had met together on a bridge, the Englishmen should not be so bold to move or stir a foot, but should stand still until the Danes had passed. And moreover, if\nThe English had not bowed down their heads to do reverence to the Danes; they should have been beaten and defiled. Such disdain and contempt from the Danes towards the English led to their expulsion from the land after Hardeknut's death. For they had no lord to maintain them. In this manner, the Danes vacated England, never to return. The earls and barons, by their common assent and counsel, sent to Normandy to seek out the two brothers, Alured and Edward, who were dwelling with Duke Richard, intending to crown the elder brother and make him king of England. And they also sent for Earl Goodwin to come to England and assume the reign. For Hardeknut was dead, and all the Danes had been driven out of the land.\n\nWhen Alured heard this news, he gave thanks to God and set sail with all the haste he could muster. He arrived at (an unclear location).\nIn Southampton, where Godewyn the traitor was, and when this traitor saw that he had arrived, he welcomed him warmly and undertook to lead him to London, where all the barons of England were assembled to make him king. They set out on their journey to London. When they approached Gilesdon, the traitor Godewyn told Alured, \"Take care of both of you, on the left side and on the right side. The two of you will be king and of such honor.\" They intended to put him to death, but the traitor fled instead to Denmark. There he remained for four years and more, and lost all his land in England.\n\nLater, all the barons of England sent another delegation to Normandy, because Edward should come to England with great honor. Edward, in his childlike state, loved Almighty God and himself led a pure life, hating sin as death. When he was crowned and anointed with royal power, he did not forget his good fortune.\nA manners and conditions that he first used and forsake not for any manner of honor, nor for any manner of riches, nor for any manner of:\n\nIt happened on a day as he went from the church of Westminster, and had heard mass of St. John Evangelist. For as much as he loved St. John Evangelist more particularly than any other saint, and:\n\nWhen the earl Goodwin, who was dwelling in Denmark, had heard much of the goodness of St. Edward and that he was full of mercy and pity. He thought that he would go to England to seek him out and have his grace, and that he might have his land in peace, and array himself as much as he could, and put himself towards the sea, and come into England to London. There that the king was at that time, and all the lords the king, you that are my lieges earls and barons of the land, that are all assembled here, welcome.\n\nAnd within a little time, the king loved him so much that he:\n\nspoused Goodwin's daughter and made her queen.\nAnd although the king had a wife, he lived forever in chastity and cleanliness of body without any fleshly deeds with his wife, and the queen also lived in her half-holy life for two years and died. Afterward, the king lived his entire life without any wife. The king gave the earldom of Oxford to Harold, who was Godwine's son, and made him earl. Both father and son were beloved by the king, and they were so private with the king, both father and son, that they could do whatever they wanted with impunity. The king would not do anything against right for any manner of man; he was so good and true in disposition. Our Lord Jesus Christ showed great favor to him.\n\nIt happened on Whitsunday that King Edward heard mass in the great church of Westminster, right at the elevation of Jesus Christ's body. And as all men were gathered into the church and came near the altar to see the king receive Jesus Christ's body between the priests' hands, I had such joy that I could not contain my laughter.\nWithhold and the Earl Leverer stood beside him at the levation, and openly he saw the form of bread torn into a likeness of a young child. The Earl took up his right hand and first blessed the king, then the Earl turned him toward the king to show him that sight. The king said, \"Sir Earl, I see well that you have been favored by God that I have honored my God, my savior.\" Amen\n\nThis noble man, Saint Edward, reigned for eighteen years. And it came to pass before he died that two men of England went to the Holy Land. The pilgrims thanked Almighty God and Saint John Evangelist and went on their way. They had gone two or three miles when they began to weep in England, of which the good King Edward is lord. The pilgrims thanked Almighty God and Saint John Evangelist and went to Canterbury. From thence into London they came and found the king. They told him all from the beginning to the end, as much as Saint John had.\n\"And they reported to King Edward how things had gone on their journey, and he received the ring from them. Edward accepted it and thanked Almighty God and St. John Evangelist. He made him ready every day from day to day to leave this life whenever God would send him.\n\nDuring Christmastide, as the holy man Edward was at God's service in the presence of men to hear the high feast, he became seriously ill. The next day, he endured the Mass with great pain to hear it, and after that, he was taken to his chamber to rest. But he could not come among his barns and knights in the hall to comfort and cheer them up as he was accustomed to do at that worthy feast. Therefore, all their joy and comfort among those in the hall was turned into care and sorrow, for they feared for the Christ Child. After he was translated and placed in the shrine through the noble martyr St. Thomas of Canterbury,\n\nWhen St. Edward had gone out\"\nThis world belonged to a lord, and he had gone to God and worthy entered, as it was fitting for such a lord to be. The barons of the land would have had Edward Helyngus as king, since he was the kindest of the king's blood in the realm. However, Harold, Godwyn's son, through the strength of his father Goodwyn and through other great lords of the realm who were related to him, and England itself said to his hand. He let himself be crowned king immediately after Saint Edward's entrance.\n\nThis Harold, Godwyn's son, who would have gone to Flanders two years before Saint Edward was dead, died there through the pest in the country of Pouityf. He was taken and brought to Duke William. Duke William would have avenged himself on him for avenging Godwyn, who had allowed Alured, Saint Edward's brother, to be killed. Primarily for avenging Alured.\nwas Queen Emma, the mother of Richard, Duke of Normandy, who was allied to Duke William. And yet, when Duke William held Harold in prison and had him under his power, because Harold was a noble, wise, and worthy knight, and because his father and he were reconciled with good King Edward, and therefore would not wrong him, but rather did all manner of things that were spoken and arranged between them. Harold, by his good will, swore upon a book and upon holy saints that he would marry and wed Duke William's daughter after the death of St. Edward, and that he would promptly do his duty to keep and save the realm of England for the profit and advantage of Duke William. When Harold had made this oath to Duke William, he let him go and gave him many rich gifts. Then he went to England and did this: when St. Edward was dead and Harold falsely broke the contracts he had made before with Duke William.\nWilliam, in his anger and rage, swore to avenge himself on Harold, no matter what befall him. Immediately, Duke William assembled a great host and came to England to avenge himself on Harold and conquer the land if he could. In the same year that Harold was crowned, Harold Hareknight, King of Denmark, arrived in Scotland, intending to be king of England. He came to England, slew and robbed many men and a hundred priests. When this news reached the king, he assembled a strong power and went to fight against Harold of Denmark. With his own hand, he slew Harold, and the Danes were discomfited. Those who survived with great sorrow fled to their ships. Thus, King Harold of England slowly defeated King Harold of Denmark.\n\nAfter this battle, Harold became proud and would not share anything he had gained with his people but kept it all for himself.\nThe most party of his people were angry with him, and departed. So that only with him remained no more but his soldiers. And on a day as he sat at table, a messenger came to him and said, \"William Bastard, Duke of Normandy, has arrived in England with a great host.\"\n\nConcerning Duke William and how he governed himself, and the war between him and the King of France: Capitulo C / xxiiiij.\n\nHe then went over the sea and came to Normandy and dwelt there a while. In the second year of his reign, he came again to England and brought with him Maude, his wife, and had her crowned queen of England on Whitsunday. And then, immediately after, King Malcolm of Scotland began to strive and wage war with Duke William. He ordered him towards Scotland with his men, both by land and by sea, to destroy King Malcolm. But they were reconciled, and King Malcolm became his man. He received his homage from him.\n\"And once again in England, and when King William had been king for 17 years, Maude the queen died, on whom King William had fathered many fair children: Robert Curthose, William le Rous, Richard, and Maude, who was the wife of Earl Blanche. And there were four other daughters. After his wife's death, there was great debate between him and the French kin of Philip. But in the end, they came to an agreement, and King William of England ruled in Normandy without opposition and for a short time. King Philip of France once said in scorn to King William, who lay in Normandy at Rouen, that King William had spent a long time in childbed and had rested long. This word reached King William where he lay in Normandy at Rouen, and for this word, he was ill-pleased with King Philip of France. And immediately, he summoned a great host\"\nNormandy and the English, in the beginning of Herostratus, came into France, and burned all the towns he passed through throughout the countryside. He robbed and did all the evil he could throughout France, and at last burned the city of Amiens. He commanded his people to hear wood and as much as could burn, and helped with it all himself with a good will. There was great heat, both from the fire and the suddenness, which was so intense that it suffocated him and fell into a great sickness. When he saw that he was seriously ill, he designated Normandy to his son Robert Curthose as his inheritance, England to William the Rous, and bequeathed all his treasure to Henry Beauclerk. Having taken these actions, he received all the sacraments of the holy church and died in the 21st year of his reign, lying in Caen, Normandy.\n\nWilliam the Bastard succeeded in ruling as king after this, and this William was a very contrary man.\ngod and to holy chirche, and lete amende and make the toune of Cardeys that the paynyms had destroyed / This kyng william destroyed holy chirche & al hir possessions in what part he myght hem fynde / & therfor ther was so moche debate bytwene hym & the Archebisshop of Caunterbury Anc\nthis dreme hadde told it to a knyght that tho was moost pryue with the kyng of al me\u0304 / & the knyght was callyd bamsides sone And the monke & he told the dreme to the kyng and sayd that it shold bytoken other thyng than good and netheles the kyng lau ghed ther at twyes or thryes / & lytel set therof / & thought that he wold gone hunte & play in the fovest / and his men hym cou\u0304ceyl led that he sholde not that day for noo maner thyng come in the wode / so that he abode at home byfore mete / But anon as he had eten / no man myght hym lette that he nold gone to the wode for to haue his disport / And soo it befel that one of his knyghtes, that hight walter Tyrell wold haue shot to an hert / & his arowe gla\u0304\u2223sed vpon a braunche, &\nThrough my adventure, the king was struck to the heart and fell down dead on the ground without uttering a word. It was no great wonder that he died, for he had been intent on claiming the archbishopric of Canterbury and twelve abbeys, and he caused great destruction to the church through wicked deeds. No one dared to oppose him, and he would never withdraw from his vices to amend his life. Therefore, God allowed him no leniency in his wickedness, and he had reigned for fifteen years and six weeks. He lies at Worcester.\n\nAnd when William Rous was dead, Henry Beauclerk, his brother, was made king in his place, because William Rous had no child born of his body. This Henry Beauclerk was crowned king at London four days after his brother's death, that is, the fifth day of August. And immediately upon hearing that William Rous was dead, Anselm, who was Archbishop of Canterbury and was at the court of Rome, came.\nayene in to englonde, and the kyng beauclerk welcomed hym with moche honour / and the fyrst yere that kyng henry was crou ned he spoused maude that was margaretes doughter / the quene of Scotlande / And the Archebisshop Ancelme of Caunterbury wedded hem / And this kyng biga\nAnd in the second yere of his regne, his broder Robert Curthose / that was duke of normandye come with an huge companye in to Englonde for to chalenge the land / but thurgh connceylle of the wyse men of the lande they were acorded in this manere that the kyng shold yeue the duke his broder a thousand pound euery ye\u2223re / and whiche of hem longest lyued, shold ben other heyr / & so by\u2223twene he in shold be no debate ne stryfe / and whan they were thus acorded / the duk went home ageyne in to normandy / And whan the kyng had regned four yere / ther aroos a grete debate bytwene hym / & the Archebissho of Caunterbury Ancelme / for cause that the archebisshop wolde not graunte hym for to take tallyage of chirches at his wylle, And therfor eftsone\nThe archbishop traveled to Rome's court and conducted business with the pope. In the same year, the duke of Normandy arrived in England to confer with his brother. The duke presented the king with a thousand pounds, which the king was to pay back. With goodwill, the duke returned to Normandy. However, after two years, the king and duke became embroiled in a great dispute. The king, through counsel, sailed to Normandy. Upon the king's arrival in Normandy, all the great lords of Normandy defected to the king and handed over their castles and towns, abandoning the duke. The following year, a great dispute arose between King Philip of France and King Henry of England. Therefore, King Henry traveled to France.\nAnd the war was strong between them two. And the king of France died, and Louis his son became king immediately after his death. Henry then went again into England and married Margaret, his daughter, to Henry, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.\n\nWhen King Henry had been king for 17 years, a great dispute arose between King Louis of France and King Henry of England over the issue that the king had sent a commissioner to his men in Normandy to help the earl of Blois as much as they could in war against the king of France, and that they were as ready to him as they would be to their own lord, for the reason that the earl had married his sister, Margaret, for which reason the king of France caused much sorrow in Normandy. The king of England was very angry, and in haste he crossed the sea with a strong power and came to Normandy to defend that land. The war between them lasted two years until at last they two fought each other. The king of France\nwas discomfited and barely escaped, along with most of his men, who were taken / and the king did with them as he pleased / some he let go freely / some he put to death / but afterwards, the two kings were reconciled / And when King Henry had conquered all the land of Normandy and subdued his enemies from Flanders, he returned again to England with great honor / and his two sons William and Richard were coming after him, and they went to the sea with a great company of people / but before they might reach the land, the ship came against a rock and broke into pieces / and all were drenched, except one man who was in the same ship / that was on St. Catherine's day / and these were the names of those who were drenched: William, the king's son, Richard his brother, Earl of Chester, Otto [and when two years had passed, the earl had led a duel with the king / and afterwards, the earl left the king / and began to wage war on him].\nIn the land of Normandy, a great deal of harm was done, and he took a strong castle there and resided there all that year. And he received news that Henry, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who had married his daughter, was dead. She no longer dwelt in the Holy Roman Empire, and she intended to return to Normandy to her father. When she arrived, he took:\n\nAfter King Henry, who was the first to be made king, his sister's son Stephen, Earl of Boulogne, as his successor. For as soon as he heard news of his uncle's death, he crossed the sea and came to England with counsel and strength from many great lords in England, opposing those who had made Maude, the empress, queen and crowned Stephen as king of the land. The Archbishop William of Canterbury, who had first coerced Maude into accepting the emperor's seat, placed the crown upon King Stephen's head. The king was anointed and Bishop Roger of Salisbury supported his party as much as he could.\n\nThe first year that\nKing Stephen began to reign. He assembled a great host and marched towards Scotland to wage war against the king of Scotland. But the latter came to meet him in peace and in good faith. The Scottish king did not make him homage because he had already made homage to Empress Maude. In the fourth year of his reign, Empress Maude came to England, and debates ensued between King Stephen and Empress Maude. Maude went to the city of York and the king besieged her for a long time. The city was well defended, and those within the city managed to escape without harm. The king then took the city and stayed there until Candlemas. The barons who supported Empress Maude, that is, Earl Randolph of Chester, Earl Robert of Gloucester, Hugh Bigot, Robert of Morley, and a strong power, fought against the king and gave him a great battle. In this battle, King Stephen was taken and put in prison.\nIn the castle of Bristol,\nwhen the king was taken and brought into ward in the castle of Bristol,\nMaude, the empress, immediately became the queen of England, and all men regarded her as the lady of the land. However, Kent, Stephen's wife, and William of Prelate and his retinue supported the king. They waged war against Maude, the empress, and after the king's capture, King Malcolm of Scotland arrived with a large following. They marched towards Windsor, intending to take Maude, but Gloucester arrived with his power and engaged them in battle. Meanwhile, King Stephen was delivered from prison. Upon his release, he went to Oxford and besieged Maude, who was there. The siege lasted from Michaelmas to St. Andrew's Day. Maude allowed her troops to dress her in white linen.\n\nAfter this, the king went to Wilton, intending to build a castle there, but they came to him.\nThe Earl of Gloucester, with great power, nearly took the king, but the king escaped with much difficulty. William Martell was taken, and in return, the Earl granted him the good castle of Shirburne, which he had taken. After this, the Earl Robert and all the king's enemies went to Farnham.\n\nIn the same year, a divorce was made between the king of France and the queen, his wife, who was rightful heir of Gascony. It was known and proven that they were siblings and near relatives. Henry, the emperor's son, Earl of Anjou, and duke of Normandy and Gascony, married her instead. In the sixteenth year of King Stephen, Henry came to England with a strong power and began to wage war against King Stephen, taking the castle of Malmesbury and causing much harm. King Stephen had so much war that he didn't know where to turn, but eventually, they were reconciled through Archbishop Theobald and other worthy lords of England.\nunder this condition that they should depart from the Kingdom of England between them, so that Henry the Empress's son should have half the land of England. And thus they came to an agreement, and peace was proclaimed throughout all England. When the agreement was made between the two lords, King Stephen became deeply sorry and, after him, Henry the Empress reigned for a short time and was crowned by Archbishop Theobald on the seventeenth day before Christmas. In the same year, Thomas Becket of London was made Archbishop of Canterbury and the King's chancellor of England. In the second year of his reign, he caused all the new castles that had been built for the crown, which King Stephen had given to various men and had made earls and barons to hold with him against Henry the Empress's son, to be torn down. In the fourth year of his reign, he placed the King of Wales under his lordship, and in the same year, when the King of Scotland held Scotland in his own hand, that is to\nThe city of Caerleon/Bamburgh, the new castle on Tyne, and the earldom of Lancaster were established in the same year. That year, the king led a great army into Wales and ordered the construction of woods, made roads, and strengthened the castle of Rutland. He also built a house from the temple. In that year, Richard, who later became Earl of Oxford, was born. In the fourth year of his reign, Gavrain de Beynes was made Earl of Brittany. In the same year, he changed the currency. In the sixth year of his reign, he led a large host to Toulouse and conquered it. In the seventh year of his reign, Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, died. Almost all of Canterbury city was burned through treachery. In the ninth year of his reign, Thomas Becket was chosen to be Archbishop of Canterbury and was consecrated on St. Bernard's day. Alyenore, the king's daughter, was born in the tenth year of his reign. In the eleventh year of his reign, St. Edward the king died.\nAfter King Henry's coronation, Henry, the son of Emperor Henry, went over to Normandy. There, he married Eleanor, the daughter of the Duke of Burgundy. In the seventh year after Archbishop Saint Thomas had been outlawed, the King of France made peace with him, and Thomas the Archbishop returned to Canterbury to his own church. This peace treaty was made at the beginning of Advent, and later, he was killed and martyred on the fifth day of Christmas. As King Henry sat at his table on Christmas Day, he thought of Saint Thomas Archbishop and said, \"If I had a good knight with me, I could have avenged myself against Archbishop Thomas.\" Immediately, Sir William de la Marle, Sir Hugh Morville, Sir William Tracy, and Reynold Fitz Urse's son, in English privately, went to the sea and came in.\nIn England, at Canterbury's church, they were martyred near St. Benet's altar in the main church. This occurred in the year of the Incarnation of Jesus Christ, 1471. Henry, the new king, began making war against his father and his brothers. And on a certain day, the king of France, along with all his sons, and the king of Scotland, and the king of Scotland's men, attacked. During the reign of Henry, the emperor's son, the great battle took place in the Holy Land between Christians and Saracens. However, the Christians were betrayed by the Earl of Tyre, who desired to marry the Queen of Jerusalem, who was once Baldwin's wife, but she left him and took as her lord a knight named Sir Guy of Pernes. Therefore, Earl Tyre was angry and went directly to Saladin, the Sultan of Babylon, and became a Saracen and his man. He abandoned his Christianity and all Christian law, and the Christians were unaware of this.\nThey intended to have great help from him, as they had before / and when they reached the battle, this false Christian man turned to the Saracens and abandoned his own nation / and so the Christians were killed with the Saracens / and thus were the Christians killed and put to horrible deaths / and the city of Jerusalem was destroyed and the holy cross carried away. The king of France and all the great lords of the land allowed the cross to go to the Holy Land. Among them went Richard, son of King Henry, first after the king of France, who took the cross of the Archbishop of Tours. But he did not embark on the journey at that time because other matters needed to be done. And when King Henry his father had reigned for thirty-five years, two months, and four days, he died and lies buried at Fontevraud. After this, Richard, his son, ruled who was a strong and worthy man, and also bold. He was crowned at Westminster by Archbishop Baldwin.\nThe third day of September, in the second year of King Richard's reign, King Richard himself, Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert, Bishop of Salisbury, Randulf, Earl of Gloucester, and many other English lords embarked on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The Archbishop of Canterbury died during this journey. King Richard pressed on to the Holy Land and did not rest until he reached Cyprus. He took Cyprus with great force. Afterward, King Richard continued toward the Holy Land, intending to recover as much as the Christians had lost before. He conquered the land, save for the holy cross. When King Richard arrived at the town of Acre to take the city, a great dispute arose between him and the King of France. The King of France retreated into France, angered by King Richard. King Richard, in turn, took the city of Acre. Afterward, he stayed in the city for a while.\nty\u2223dyng / that the erle Iohan of oxenford his broder wold haue se\u2223ased al englond in to his hand / & normandye also / and wold crou ne hym kynge of the land / And whan kyng Rychard herd this tydyng he went ageyne toward Englond with all the spede that he myght / but the duk of Ostryche met with hym / & toke hym / & brought hym to the emperour of almayne / And the Emperour brought hym in to his pryson / & afterward he was delyuerd for an huge rau\u0304son / that is for to saye / an / C / M / pou\u0304te / & for whiche \nHow kynge rychard come ageyne from the holy land / and a\u2223uengyd hym of his enemyes / Cao. / C. xlvjo. /\nHyles this kyng rychard was in pryson. the kyug of frau\u0304 w ce werryd vpon hym strongely in Normandye / and Iohan his broder werryd vpon hym in Englonde / but the Bisshopes & barons of englonde withstode hym with al the power that they myght gete / & geten the Castel of wyndesore / and al other castels And the forsayd Iohan sawe that he had no myght ne power a geynst the barons of Englond for to fyght.\nbut he went over sea to the king of France, and when King Richard came out of prison and was delivered and came to England, he went immediately after Candlemas in great haste to Nottingham, and the castle of Nottingham was yielded to him. He then discomfited the castle of Gaesard. As he rode one day by the castle to take inspection of it, an arbalest shot hit him with a quarrel that was poisoned. The king pulled out the shaft of the quarrel, but the quarrel's head remained in his head. It began to rankle, and he could not help himself or move his arms. Realizing he had a mortal wound, he could not be healed, he ordered his men to assault the castle sharply. The castle was taken before he died, and his men died with him. He commanded his men to bring before him the man who had wounded him.\nwounded & hurt / And whan be co me byfore the kyng / the kyng axed what was his name / & be sa\u2223yd my name is bartram guerdon / wherfor said the king hast thou me slayne / syth that I dyd the nener none harme / Syr sayde he though ye dyd me neuer none harme / ye your self with your ho\u0304d slewe my fader & my broder / & therfor I haue quytte now youre trauayll / Tho sayd kyng rychard he that dyed vpon the crosse to bringe ma\u0304nes soule from peyne of helle foryeue the my deth / & I also foryeue it the / Tho commanded the kyng that no man shold hym mysdoo / But for al the kynges defendyng some of his men hym folowed / & pryuely hym slough / and the syxth day after the kyng dyde shryuen hym & sore repentaunce hauyng of his mysde\u2223des / & was houseled & ennoynted / & this kyng ne regned but / \nWHan kyng rychard was dede for encheson that he had none heyre, nether sonne ne doughter / his broder Iohn was made kyng and crouned at westmynstre of Huberd that was tho Ar\u2223chebisshop of Caunterbury And whan he bygan to regne be\nA man so marvelous came and went over to Normandy, troubling the king of France, until he was extremely angry. At the same time, Bishop Hubert and the prior of Canterbury, chosen against the king's will to be archbishop, Master Stephen of Langton - a good clerk residing at the court of Rome - sent word of his election to the pope. The pope confirmed it and consecrated him at Viterbo. When the king learned of this, he was extremely angry and drove the prior and the monks out of Canterbury. He commanded that no letter coming from Rome or any mandate should be received or enforced in England.\n\nWhen this news reached the pope, he sent a letter to King John and earnestly begged him to receive the archbishop of Canterbury into his church and allow the prior and his monks to return to their own dwelling. But the king would not grant this.\nAnd at last the pope sent word and told him all the thing. The archbishop told them that they should go back to Canterbury, and he would come there himself or else send certain persons. When the terms of accord were arranged, it was in a bond, and they put their seals upon it, swearing never to violate one word of what the bishops had spoken and ordained. Although the archbishop went back to Rome without further doing, King John was angrier than ever before. He ordered a proclamation to be made throughout England that all those who had church rents and went overseas should return to England at a certain day, or else they would forfeit their rents forever. He also commanded every sheriff throughout England to inquire if any bishop, abbot, or other cleric had gone overseas.\n\nAt the same time, the Irish began to wage war on King John, and King John prepared to go there.\nIrlond imposes a tax of fifty-five thousand marks throughout England, payable to the Cistercian monks. They responded that they could not act without the chief abbot of Cistercuse's approval. When King John returned from Ireland, he caused them such sorrow and distress that they did not know where to go, as he took reasons from every house amounting to nine million, three hundred marks. The abbot of Waverley was so afraid of his threats that he abandoned the abbey and went to the house of Cistercuse. When the news reached the pope that the king had acted so maliciously, he was very angry with the king and sent two legates to him. One was called Pandolf, and the other Durand.\nThe pope should cease his persecution against the holy church and make amends for the wrongs done to the archbishop of Canterbury, the prior, the monks of Canterbury, and all the clergy in England. He should also return the gods that he had taken from them against their will. If he did not do this and curse the king by name, the legates would come to England. They came to the king at Northampton during his parliament and courteously greeted him, saying, \"Sir, we have come from the pope of Rome, the peace of the holy church and the land, to amend matters. Firstly, we urge you in the pope's name to make full restitution of the goods you have seized from the holy church and the land, and to reinstate Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, the prior, and the monks.\"\nThe archbishop in his lands and rents, without any withholding, / And Sir, moreover, over that you make such restoration as the holy church shall hold paid. / The king answered: as concerning the Priors and Canterbury monks, all that you have said I will gladly do, and all that you will ordain. / But as concerning the archbishop, I will tell you in my heart that the archbishop let his bishopric, / and that the pope then for him would pray, / and then upon accident I should like some other bishopric to give him in England. / And upon this condition I would receive him, / and undergo him. / And nevertheless, in England, as archbishop, if he abides, he shall never have so good safe-conduct, / but he shall be taken.\n\nPandolf spoke to the king: \"Holy church was never accustomed to discharge an archbishop without a reasonable cause. / But ever, holy church has been accustomed to chastise princes who were disobedient to God and the holy church.\" / \"Manasseh, speak to me,\" said the king. / \"No,\" replied Pandolf.\nThe pope has openly told you, as it stands in his heart, and we will tell you what his will is. It stands that he has entered into a holy covenant with you and cursed you for the wrongs you have done to the holy church and to the clergy. Since you dwell and are willing to remain in malice and refuse to come to amendment, you should understand that from this time forward the sentence is upon you and remains in effect. And for whatever condition they may be in, whether they are earls, barons, knights, or any other kind of men who have communed with you before this time, we absolve them up to this day.\n\nFrom this time forward, we curse those who come with you and sentence them openly and specifically. We absolve earls, barons, knights, and all other men who have rendered service to you and grant them plenary power to carry out this decree.\nBishop of Winchester, to the Bishop of Northwich: We grant you the same power in Scotland to the bishops of Rothesay and Salisbury. In Wales, we grant the same power to the bishops of St. David and Llandaff, and St. Asaph. Furthermore, we send through Christendom that all bishops beyond the sea curse those who help or give counsel to you in any manner necessary, in any part of the world. We pardon them all by the authority of the pope and command them to wage war against him who is the enemy of the holy church. The king asked, \"What more can you do to me?\" The king answered, \"Padoff, by the living God, if I had known of this matter before you came into my land, I would have made you ride an entire year.\" Padoff replied, \"Very well.\"\nWe, upon our first coming, urged you to be obedient to God and the Church, and to fulfill the pope's commandment. We have now conveyed the pope's will to you, as instructed, and you have stated that if you had known the reason for our coming, you would have granted us a full year's respite at the pope's behest. You could have also said that you would have taken a full year's respite by the pope's leave, but instead chose to endure whatever death you could arrange. We will not withhold the pope's message and will, as charged, relay his wishes in full.\n\nThe king then commanded the sheriffs and bailiffs of Northampton, who were in his presence, to bring forth all prisoners they could who were due to be put to death before Pandolf's arrival. The king believed they would confess their deeds due to impending death, as he had previously spoken. When the prisoners were brought before the king, he ordered some to be hanged and others to be drawn.\nAnd some drew her eyes out of her head, and among all others, there was a clerk who had forged the king's money. The king commanded that he should be hanged and drawn. And when Pandolf heard this commandment of the king, he started up sharply and asked for a book and a candle. He wanted to curse all those who had set their hands on the clerk and Pandolf himself went to seek a cross. The king delivered him the clerk by the hand, telling him to do with him what he would. And thus was the clerk delivered. Then Pandolf and Durant his fellow went from King John, and returned to the pope of Rome, and told him that King John would not change his ways but would remain accursed. Nevertheless, the pope granted that throughout England, men might sing masses in suitable churches and give it to the sick, and that children might be baptized. When the pope knew and saw this,\nKing would not be under the rule of the holy church for any reason / The pope therefore sent to the king of France in remission of his sins / that he should take with him all the power that he could / and go to England to destroy King John / When this news reached King John, he was greatly troubled / and greatly feared that he would lose his realm / and that he would be done to death / He therefore sent messengers to the pope / and said that he would be judged justly / and come to amend in all things / and make satisfaction to all men according to the pope's ordinance / The pope sent Pandolf and other messengers back to England to Canterbury, where the king was residing / And for the thirteen days of May, the king made an oath to stand to the pope's ordinance before Pandolf the legate in all things / in which he was cursed / and that he would make full restitution to all men of the holy church / and of religion / and of the goods that he had taken from them against their will / and all the great lords.\nof England swore on the book and by the holy dome, that if the king would not hold his oath, they said that they would make him hold it by strength. They put the king before the court of Rome and to the pope, and they gave up the realms of England and Ireland for him and his heirs forever. So, King John and his heirs should take the two realms from the pope's hand. And they should hold the two crowns of the pope as far as paying annually to the court of Rome a thousand marks of silver. They took the king's crown from his head and set him on his knees. And these words he said in hearing of all the great lords of England: Here I resign the crown and the realm of England into the pope's band, Innocent the Third, and put me at his mercy and in his ordinance. Pandulf received the crown of King John and kept it for several days as concerning the taking of the two realms of England and Ireland. He confirmed all manner of things by his charter that follows.\nafter all Christians throughout the world, I, John, by the grace of God, King of England, greet you. Know that, for as much as we have grieved and offended God and our mother church of Rome, and for as much as we need the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, and we have nothing worthy to offer in return but if it were our own bodies, as with our realms of England and Ireland, by the grace of God, we desire in all things to pay to the mother church of Rome yearly: a M mark at two terms of the year for all manner of customs that we should do for the said realms, that is to say, a myriad (1,000,000) pounds in England and 300,000 marks for Ireland, saving to us and to our heirs our justices and other franchises and other revenues that belong to the crown. And all these things that have before been said, we will that they be firm and stable without end.\nWe and our successors and heirs are bound in this manner: if we or any of our heirs, through any presumption, fail in any point concerning the things above said, and he is warned and will not rightfully amend himself, then he shall forfeit the said realm forevermore.\n\nWhen this charter was made and sealed, the king, under the age of twenty-five, had his crown taken from Pandolf's hand, and sent immediately to Archbishop Stephen and all his other clerks and men whom he had exiled from his land. He ordered them to return to England and regain their lands, rents, and that he would make restitution of the goods he had taken from her against her will. The king himself, along with Pandulf and earls and barons, went to Winchester against Archbishop Stephen. When he arrived, the king went before him, fell to his feet, and said, \"Fair sir, you are welcome. I cry mercy for the offense I have committed against you.\" The archbishop took him up.\nin his arms and kissed him carefully many times, and afterward led him to the door of St. Swithin's church by the hand, and absolved him of the sentence. And he reconciled him to God and to the holy church, and this was on St. Margaret's day. The archbishop then went to sing mass. The offering at the mass was a mark of gold. And when the mass was finished, they all went to undertake all her lands without any delay, saying not a word. And that day they made enough mirth and joy. But yet the entry was not released, for the pope had decreed that the entry should not be undone until the king had made full restitution of the goods that he had taken from the holy church. And also that he himself should do homage to the pope by a certain legate that he should send to England. Thomas took Pandulf's leave of the king and of the archbishop and went again to Rome. The archbishop then summoned prelates of the holy church before him for consultation on how much and what they should ask.\nThe king's axe was to make restitution of the goods he had taken from them. They ordered and said that the king should give three marks to the archbishop for the wrong he had done to him, and fifteen marks to other clerks by portions. Nicholas, bishop of Tusculum, cardinal of Rome, came in by the pope's commandment on the fifth nonas of October, and came to London on the fifth day of October, to ensure that King John and all the kings who came after him would forever hold the realms of England and Ireland from God and pay tribute to the pope annually, as previously stated.\n\nWhen King John had done his homage to the legate, who showed him the pope's letter, commanding him to pay to Juliane and return the third part of the land of England and Ireland that he had withheld since King Richard died, King John was greatly angered upon hearing this, for this arrangement could not be undone.\nThe legate returned to the pope after Christmas, and the king sent messengers over sea to Juliane, Richard's wife, to obtain a release of what she had asked of him. It happened that Juliane died shortly after Easter. The king was thus relieved of the matter she had requested. However, through the pope's command, the entering was first released throughout England on the seventh day of Hilary, and the land was tilled for seven years. And the following year, after this, a great debate arose between King John and the lords of England concerning the laws. He refused to grant them and held onto those which Saint Edward had ordained and used until then, having broken them. He would not uphold the law but did as he pleased, and disinherited many men.\nwithout the consent of lords and Percy of the land, and he disinherited Good Earl Randulf, Earl of Chester, for taking up his wickedness. Because he did so much shame and vilified God and the holy church, and also because he took his own brother's wife and lay with many other women, great lords' daughters, for he spared no woman whom he liked, all the lords of the land were greatly angered and went to London and took the city. And to end this dispute and console the king and the archbishop, and other great lords of England assembled before the feast of St. John the Baptist in a meadow beside the town of Stanes, which is called Romney meadow. The king made them a charter of franchises as they requested, and in such a manner they were agreed, but the charter did not last long, for the king himself soon afterward acted against the points of the same charter that he had made. Therefore, the majority of the land of England\nlords assembled and initiated war against King John and burned his towns and plundered his people, inflicting as much damage as they could. They strengthened themselves with all their power, intending to drive him out of England and make the king of France's son the king of England. King John responded by sending an army over the sea and amassing a large number of Normans, Picards, and Flemings. The land could not sustain them without great sorrow. Among this multitude of people was a Norman named Faucon de Breton. This Norman and his company spared neither church nor religious house. They burned and plundered them, taking all they could. The land was destroyed on one side, and on the other, the English barons and lords chose among themselves the best speakers and wisest men and sent a legate to the pope.\n\nWhen King Philip of France heard this news, he made preparations, and at the same time, the pope sent a legate to England named Cardinal Sylvester II.\nRome was to maintain King John's cause against the barons of England, but the barons, with the help of Louis, the king of France, had such a large part that King John decided not to proceed or to fight. It fell out that he intended to go to Nice, and as he was traveling there, he came by the abbey of Swineshead. There he stayed for two days. And as he sat at table, he asked a monk how much a love was worth that was set before him on the table. The monk replied that it was worth only half a penny. \"Ah, said the king, this is dear bread indeed. Now I say, and let such a love be worth twenty shillings, or half a year begun.\" He had barely spoken these words when he thought deeply and sighed often, and asked if he might depart. \"Begin, monk,\" said the king, and the monk drank a large draught and took the cup from the king, who also drank a large draught and set down the cup. The monk then handed it back incorrectly.\nwent into the fermery, and there he died immediately. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen, and twelve monks sang for his soul while the abbey stood. The king arose suddenly, very ill at ease, and commanded the table to be removed. He inquired about the monk, and men told him that he was dead. For the king heard this, he commanded to be carried out, but it was all in vain. For his belly began to swell from the drink he had consumed, and he died within two days. The morrow after St. Luke's day, and this King John had fair children by his body: Henry, who was king after his father; Richard, earl of Cornwall; Jaelita, Empress of Rome; and Eleanor, queen of Scotland. After King John had reigned for fifteen years, six months, and five days, he died in New Work Castle, and his body was borne to Winchester.\n\nAfter King John, Henry his son reigned and was crowned at Gloucester.\nNine years old on St. Simon's day, and Iude of Swalo, the legate of Rome, through the counsel of all the great lords who held with King John his father, that is to say, the Earl of Chester, William Earl Marshal, William Earl of Penbroke, William the Brener Earl of Ferers, Serle the Mowbray Baron, and all other great lords of England held with Louis, the king's son of France. And soon after King Henry was crowned, Swalo the legate held his council at Bristol on St. Martin's feast day. There were eleven bishops of England and Wales, and a great number of prelates of the Holy Church, earls, barons, and many knights of England, and all those present at the council swore fealty to Henry, who was King John's son. And immediately after the legate entered into negotiations with Wales on behalf of the barons of England. However, those who held or gave counsel to move war against the new king Henry, he cursed, and in the beginning, he put in the...\nThe king's son of France, Louis, and nevertheless, Louis refused to spare and immediately took the castle of Barkemsted and also the castle of Herford. From that day on, the barons caused great harm throughout all England, particularly the Frenchmen who had come with King Louis. Therefore, the great lords and all the common people of England allowed them to cross to drive Lowys and his company out of England. But some of the barons and also some Frenchmen had taken the city of Nicosia and held it for King Lowys' profit. However, King Henry's men arrived there with great power, that is, the Earl of Chester, William Earl Marshal, and William Earl of Ferers, and many other lords with them. They gave battle to Lowys' men. The Earl of Perche was killed, and Lowys' men were badly defeated. Earl Wynchester and Humfrey de Boun Earl of Herford were taken. Robert the [...]\nThe son of Walter and many others who had waged war against the king were taken and brought before King Henry, son of John. When news of this defeat reached Louis, the son of France, he withdrew and went to London, ordering the city gates to be shut. Shortly after, the king sent a message to the London burgesses, demanding that they surrender him and the city, and promising to grant them all the franchises they had previously enjoyed and confirm his grant with a great new charter under his great seal. At the same time, a great lord named Eustace the Monk set out from France with a large company of lords, intending to come to England to aid Louis, the king's son of France. However, Hubert of Borough and the ports, with eight ships, intercepted them at sea and attacked them fiercely, overpowering them and beheading Eustace the Monk. They also captured ten great lords of France and imprisoned them.\nWhen Prison and nearly all the men who came with them heard this news, they immediately drenched the ships in the sea. When Lovis heard this news, he was greatly afraid to die and lose his men. He spoke between the king and Lovis by the Lewes gate through the archbishop of Canterbury and through other great lords, arranging for all the prisoners on that side and on that other side to be delivered and released, and Lovis was to have a poud of silver for his costs. And John his father had.\n\nIt came about that the lords of England wanted additional provisions in the charter of France that they had from the king. They wanted to uphold that statute forever, and whoever broke it would be dead. But in the second year after that ordinance, the king, through the counsel of Sir Edward his son and Richard his brother, Earl of Cornwall, and also of others, repented of that oath that he had made to uphold that law and ordinance, and sent to the court of Rome to be absolved.\nassailed in that other [year/instance], and in the year coming next, in May, on the fourth day before the feast of St. Dunstan, was the battle and defeat of those who were disinherited. And Robert earl of Feriers, and Baldwin Wake, and John de la Hay, were taken with much sorrow. And in St. John the Baptist's Eve, the siege of Kenilworth Castle began, and it lasted until St. Thomas the Apostle. In the year of the Incarnation of our Lord, 1171.\n\nMerlin prophesied to this Henry and said that a lamb should come out of Winchester in the year of the Lord's Incarnation. 1215.\nWith true lips and holiness written in his heart,\nAnd he spoke truly. For the good King Henry was born in Winchester in the aforementioned year, and he spoke good words, sweetly, and was a holy man with a good conscience. Merlin also said that this Henry should make the fairest place in the world.\ntime should not yet have ended, and he said so. He made the new work of St. Peter's Abbey at Westminster, fairer than any other church known throughout Christendom, but King Henry died before it was completed, which was a great harm. And yet Merlin prophesied that this lamb would have the most peace during his reign, and he spoke truly. For he was never troubled by war nor diseased in any way until just before his death. And Merlin also said in his prophecy, \"In the reign and end of the aforementioned lamb, a wolf from a strange land will do him great harm through war. And at last, he will be mastered by a red fox coming from the northwest. He will drive him to the water, and this prophecy is well known, for within a little time or the king died, Simon of Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who was born in France, began strong war against him.\"\nMany a good bachiler was shed/died/disherited. And when King Henry had the victory at Evesham, Symond the Earl was slain, with the help and might of Gilbert of Clare, Earl of Gloucester, who was keeping and warding him by order of King Henry. Merlin also told and said in his prophecy that after that time the lamb should leave no while, and then his seed should be in strange land without pasture. He who was King Henry did not die alone after him. And in the meantime, Sir Edward, his son, who was the best knight of the world of honor, was in the holy land and gained Acre. After this, King Henry ruled his son Edward, the worthiest knight of all the world of honor. For God's grace was in him. He had the victory over his enemies. And as soon as King Henry died, he came to London with a fair company of prelates and earls and barons and all manner of men did him more honor. In every place that Sir Edward rode in London, the people:\nEach of them, by himself, led in a hundred knights, disguised in their arms. The first year after King Edward was crowned, Prince Lewis of Wales sent word through the Earl of March to the Earl of Mountford, that, with the counsel of his friends, the Earl should marry his daughter. The Earl, upon being informed of this, sent word back to Lewis and said that he would send a response.\n\nIt was not long after that time that King Edward gave Lewis' brother the lordship of Fridesham and made him a knight. He never bestowed so much honor upon any man of Wales on Edward's account. King Edward held his parliament at London, having completed all that he wished in Wales, and changed his money, which was cut and rounded. The common people were greatly distressed by this, and the king ordered an inquiry into who was responsible for such deceit. Three hundred were implicated in such false dealings. Some were hanged, and some drawn and then hanged.\nAnd afterward the kynge ordeygned that the sterlynge halfpeny / & ferthyng shold gone thurgh oute his land / & commau\u0304ded that no man fro day afterward yaf / ne feffed hous of relygyon with lande tenement without sp\nin to Northumberlond. and the surreys also / that theysh old gone & taken hir vyage vpon the traytours Lewelyn. and Dauyd / And wonder hard was for to werre tho\u25aa for it is wynter in wa\u2223lys whan in other cou\u0304treyes is somer / And lewelyn lete ordeyne & wel arraye & vytaylle his good castel of swandon / & was ther in an huge nombre of peple & plente of vytaylles. so that kyng Edward wyst not wher for to entre / And whan the kynges men it perceyued / and also the strength of walys they lete come in the see barges and botes. & grete plankes as many as they myght or deyne & haue for to gone to the sayd Castel of swandone with me\u0304 on fo\nAuyd that was the prynces broder of walys thurgh pryde d wen\nencheson of syr payne tiptot wrongfully greuid & diseased that for sayd Ri\nWHan kyng edward had duellyd thre\nAfter King Alistair of Scotland's death, David Earl of Huntingdon, his brother, was not long in contention for the crown. However, many great lords of Scotland refused to consent to his coronation. In the meantime, David himself died, and his three daughters were married: the first to Balliol, the second to Bruce, and the third to Hastings. Balliol, Bruce, and Hastings challenged the land of Scotland, causing great debate and strife between them, each wanting to be king. When the lords of Scotland saw this, they went to King Edward of England and declared him their chief lord. When King Edward was seized by the lords of Scotland, Balliol, Bruce, and Hastings came to his court and asked him who should be king of Scotland. King Edward, being very noble,\n\nCleaned Text: After King Alistair of Scotland's death, David Earl of Huntingdon, his brother, was not long in contention for the crown. However, many great lords of Scotland refused to consent to his coronation. In the meantime, David himself died, and his three daughters were married: the first to Balliol, the second to Bruce, and the third to Hastings. Balliol, Bruce, and Hastings challenged the land of Scotland, causing great debate and strife between them, each wanting to be king. When the lords of Scotland saw this, they went to King Edward of England and declared him their chief lord. When King Edward was seized by the lords of Scotland, Balliol, Bruce, and Hastings came to his court and asked him who should be king of Scotland. King Edward, being very noble,\ntrue inquiries were made according to the chronicles of Scotland and of the great lords of Scotland, determining which of them were of the oldest lineage. It was discovered that Balliol was the eldest. The king of Scotland was to hold the king of England in fealty and homage, and after this was done, Balliol entered Scotland and was crowned king. At the same time, there was strong warfare between the Englishmen and the Normans. But on one occasion, the Normans arrived at Douver, and there they martyred an holy man named Thomas of Douver. Afterward, all the Normans were slain, and not one escaped. Shortly thereafter, King Edward lost the duchy of Gascony through Philip, king of France, by false casting out of the doussepers of the land. In response, Sir Edmond, Edward's brother, swore fealty to King Philip. During this time, the clerks of England granted King Edward the holding of the church's goods in England to raise funds to recover his lands in Gascony.\nThe king sent a noble company of his bachelors and himself intended to go to Portsmouth, but he was let through one madog of Wales. This man had seized the Castle of Swansdon into his hand, and for this reason the king turned again towards Wales at Christmas. And for this reason, the noble lords of England who had been sent to Gascony had no comfort from their lord. They were taken by Sir Charles of France. This includes Sir John of Britain, Sir Robert Tiptoft, Sir Rauf Tanny, Sir Hugh Bardolf, and Sir Adam of Cretinges.\n\nAnd when Sir John Balliol, king of Scotland, understood that King Edward was disturbed in Gascony, the Royalty of Scotland plotted to subdue me, Edward.\n\nWhen Sir John Balliol of Scotland learned that King Edward was preoccupied in Gascony, he falsely broke his oath to the king of England through the actions of his people. He went to the court of Rome with a false pretext to be absolved of the oath that he had sworn to the king of England. And so he was excommunicated by the pope.\n\nThe chosen men of Scotland planned to subdue me, Edward.\nIn that time, two cardinals came from the Roman court, representing Pope Celestine, to negotiate a peace agreement between the kings of France and England. After the cardinals reached an accord, Thomas Turbeluille was taken into custody in Paris. He put his two sons as hostages with the wardEN and planned to go to England to scout the country and inform them of the king of France's imminent arrival, claiming he would bring all English and Welsh with him.\n\nWhen the two cardinals had departed for France to continue negotiations, Sir John Comyn, the Earl of Strathmore, the Earl of Carrick, and four bishops undertook the task of representing the clergy. The king granted them safe conduct and sent them on their way to their own lands. It wasn't long before they rose against King Edward, as they knew his forces were weakened.\nTake in Gascony, as before said, but Sir John Ballol, King of Scotland, knew well that his lord should have sorrow and shame for her falsehood. In haste, he went over the sea to his own lands and was held there and came no more again. Therefore, the Scots chose William Waleys, a ruffian, and a harlot, to be their king. King Edward considered how he might deliver his people who were taken in Gascony, and in haste, he went over the sea to Flanders to wage war against France. The Earl of Flanders received him with great honor and granted him all his lands at his own will. When the King of France heard that the King of England had arrived in Flanders with a huge power to destroy him, he prayed for true peace for two years. English merchants and Frenchmen could trade safely during this time. King Edward granted it, so he must have his men there.\n\nWhen this news reached King Edward, he...\nThat William Wallace had ordered such a strong power, and that all of Scotland was attending to him. He was ready to attack Englishmen and keep the countries. When William Wallace heard of her coming, he began to flee, and the Englishmen followed, driving him to Stirling. There he held him in the castle, and the Scots every day harassed and manacled him, doing all the contempt they could. One morning, the Englishmen, leaving the castle, passed over a bridge. William was there, and afterward, it was ordered through the Roman Court that King Edward should wed Queen Isabella at the Castle of Stirling. King Edward came with a large power to the Castle of Stirling and besieged the castle, but it little availed, for he could do the Scots no harm. The castle was so strong and well kept, and King Edward saw this and thought it a quixotic endeavor. He ordered two high gallows built before the castle tower.\nhis order was that all who were in the castle, whether earl or baron, and he were taken with strength, but if he would rather yield, he should be hanged up on the gallows, and when those in the castle heard this, they came and yielded themselves to the king's grace and mercy. The king pardoned him of all his malevolence. And there were all the great lords of Scotland present, who swore to King Edward that they would come to London for every parliament and would stand to his order.\n\nKing Edward then went to London to have rest and peace from his war, with which war he had been occupied for twenty years, that is, in Wales, in Gascony, and in Scotland. He thought how he might recover his treasure that he had spent on his war and let inquire throughout the realm about misdeeds and wrongs done in England during the time that he had been out of his realm, which was called the \"Troubles of Ilchester.\" He appointed justices and in this manner recovered treasure without number.\nThis man, Encheson, had intended to go to the Holy Land to wage war against God's enemies. At that time, Encheson, and the letter, and the poor commons were at peace and rest. However, King Edward imprisoned his own son Edward, whom Encheson was, due to a complaint made by Walter of Langeton, Bishop of Chester, who was the king's treasurer. He claimed that the aforementioned Edward, through counsel and procurement of Pierce Gaveston, a squire of Gascony, had broken the parks of the aforementioned Bishop, and Pierce had counseled and led Edward, and for this reason, King Edward exiled Pierce.\n\nKing Edward had overcome his enemies in Wales and Gascony. He had destroyed his traitors, but only Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick, remained unyielding. The day assigned had come, and on that day, Sir Robert Bruce said, \"Farewell, my lords, you all well know that in my person I have waged the right of...\"\n\"the remainder of Scotland is rightfully mine, since Sir John Balliol, who was our king, relinquished it and departed from his land. Although King Edward of England has taken it from me against my will, if you will grant me the kingship of Scotland, I will protect you against King Edward and all others. With that, the Abbot of Scone spoke up and said that it was reasonable for him to help and defend the land, and in their presence, he pledged to give him a pound to maintain the land and all others granted the land to him and pledged their support. They defied King Edward of England, and declared that Robert the Bruce should be king of Scotland. Sir John Comyn thinks about the truth and the oath you made to King Edward of England, and concerning myself, I will not break my oath for anyone. Therefore, Robert Bruce and all those with him left the company at that time.\"\nWhen Robert Bruce consented, Walter the Steward and all the great lords of Scotland had come to Dunfermline, except Sir John Comyn. Bruce sent specifically for him and requested that Sir John come and speak with him at Gray Friars in Dunfermline. This was on the Thursday after Candlemas. Sir John granted this request, and when he heard mass, he took a sop and drank. Afterward, he mounted his palfray and rode to Dunfermline. Robert Bruce saw him arrive at a wintry hour as he was in his chamber, and he rejoiced and came forward to greet him. When all of Scotland was present, Robert Bruce spoke and said, \"Sir, do you know the reason for this coming? If you will grant that I may be king of Scotland, as rightfully mine.\"\nThe lords of the land spoke with one voice, declaring that he should be crowned king of Scotland, and they would help and maintain him against all living men, even if it required their lives. John of Comyn answered and said, \"Never by me, nor will I give him as much help as the value of a bottle. The oath I have made to King Edward of England I shall keep as long as I live.\" With that, he left the company and attempted to mount his paltry. Robert the Bruce pursued him with a drawn sword and killed him. But when Sir John Comyn's brother, Roger, saw the fatal blow and started to attack Robert Bruce, he was armed beneath, so the stroke did him no harm. Thus, Roger Comyn was slain there, and Robert Bruce was left to cut him into small pieces.\n\nRobert the Bruce.\n\"But Sir John Comyn, the noble baron, lay wounded and near death beside the high altar in the church of the Gray Friars. Sir Robert Bruce said to Sir John Comyn, \"Traitor! You shall be dead, and never bear my name.\" He shook his sword at the high altar and struck him on the head, causing his brain to fall to the ground and his blood to spatter high on the walls. To this day, that blood is said to remain there, unable to be washed away, and the noble knight died in the holy church.\n\nAnd when the Traitor Robert Bruce saw that no one would allow his coronation, he commanded all those of power to come to his coronation.\n\nKing Edward heard of this treachery and swore to avenge it. He declared that all the traitors of Scotland should be hanged and drawn, and that they should never be reasoned with. King Edward pondered this deceit that the Scots had committed and sent for all the barristers of England to come.\"\nKing Edward came to London at Witsontide and there he dubbed at Westminster 24 knights. The noble king Edward ordered him to go to Scotland to wage war against Robert the Bruce. He sent before him Sir Aymer Earl of Pembroke and Sir Henry Percy, Baron, with a fair company that pursued the Scots, burned towns and castles. Afterward, the king himself came with earls and barons with a fair company.\n\nFriday before the Assumption of our Lady, King Edward met Robert the Bruce beside St. John's Town in Scotland, and with his company, King Edward slew seven men. When Robert the Bruce saw this, he began to flee and hid himself so that no man could find him. But Sir Simon Fraser pursued him relentlessly. Robert Bruce turned back and stood his ground. He was a worthy knight and bold of body, and the Englishmen pursued him fiercely in every direction. They slew the horse that Sir Simon Fraser rode upon, and they took him and brought him to the host. Sir Simon, meanwhile, was taken captive.\nbygas began to flatter and speak fair, and said, \"Lords, I shall give you four marks of silver, and my horse, my harness, and all my armor, and become a beggar.\" Theobald of Peuenes, who was the king's archer, answered, \"God help me so it is for nothing that you speak. For all the gold in England, I would not let it go without the king Edward's commandment.\" And he was led to King Edward, and the king would not see him, but commanded him to be taken away to have his judgment at London. On Our Lady's Eve, he was hanged and drawn, and his head smitten off, and hanged. Erokes renting upon the gallows, and horribly tormented the body, and many who saw it died in fear, and some became mad or fell gravely ill. In that battle, the bishop of Bath, the bishop of St. Andrews, and the abbot of Scone, well armed with iron, were taken as false traitors and false prelates against her, and they were brought to the king, and the king sent them to.\nThe pope of Rome was to deal with them as he saw fit. And at that battle, Sir John Earl of Atholl fled and took refuge in a church, but he found no respite there. The church had been entered through a general sentence, and there he was taken. Sir John, who claimed to be kin of King Edward, went close to escaping death for his treason, but the king could no longer tolerate his traitors and sent him to London in haste. There he was hanged, and his head struck off, and his body burned to ashes. But at the queen Margaret's intercession for Sir John, who claimed to be Edward's kinsman, his drawing and quartering was pardoned.\n\nWhen the greatest masters of Scotland were thus brought to evil deaths for their falsehoods, John, William Wallace's brother, was taken and brought to death as Sir John Earl of Atholl was. And on that same day, Robert the Bruce was greatly feared among the people of Scotland, and he did not know what would happen.\nwas to be done / and went to Norway to the king, who had married his sister, and gave him shelter to have / Robert Bruce could not be found in Scotland / King Edward then called for Sir Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lancaster / And of King Edward, Merlin prophesied / and called him a dragon, the second of the five last kings to reign in England / He was to be mixed with Merlin, and also with strength and sternness / to keep England from cold, and he without returning / and this was proven by Sir John Ballol, who falsely arose against him, and after he fled to his own lands of France, and never returned to Scotland out of fear of King Edward / Yet Merlin said that the people who would lead:\nforsid the greyhound should be fatherless until a certain time / and he said so. The people of Scotland were greatly distressed since Sir John Balliol, their king, had fled from Scotland. And yet Merlin said that the son would come in his time, as red as any rose, in token of great mortality among the people. And this was well known when the Scots were slain. And since Merlin said that this same dragon would notice a fox that would stir up great war against him, which war would not end in his time, and afterward Merlin told that this dragon should have the best body of all the world, and he spoke the truth. For the good king Edward was the worthiest knight of all the world in his time. And yet Merlin said that the dragon would die in the march of another land, and that his land would be long without a good keeper.\nthat I should weep for his death from the Isle of Shepey to the Isle of Marcyl. This prophecy was well-known throughout the land. For King Edward died at Burgh upon Sande, which is on the march of Scotland. Therefore, the English were discomfited and sorrowful in Northumberland. Because King Edward's son, set by the Scots, had no force to quell the riot of Pieres of Ganeston. Therefore, this was the song:\n\nAmen\n\nAnd after King Edward, his son Edward reigned. He was born in Carnarvon, and this Edward went on the 25th day of January at the church of Our Lady at Boulogne. In the year of our Lord Jesus Christ, 1405, and the 20th day of February the following year, he was solemnly crowned at Westminster by the Archbishop Robert of Winchelsea.\n\nAnd anon as the good King Edward was dead, King Edward his son of England sent after Pieres of Ganeston into Gascony. And so much.\nloved him who called him his brother, and not long after he gave him the lordship of Waltingford. And it was not long after that he also bestowed the lordship of Cornewayle against the will of all the lords of the realm. And he brought Sir Walter of Langeton, bishop of Chester, into prison in the Court of London with two knights to serve him alone. The king was angry with him because Sir Walter had made a complaint to his father. Therefore, he was put in prison during the time of Troilbaston. And the aforementioned Pierce of Gaunteston made great efforts. He went into the king's treasury in the Abbey of Westminster and took the table of gold with the trestles of the same, and many other rich jewels that were once the noble and good King Arthur's. He took them to a merchant called Aymery of Fryscombande, for he should carry them over the sea to Gascony. And so he went with him, having the power to do as he pleased. And at that time, the Templars were expelled everywhere.\nKing Edward loved Pierce Gaveston so much that he could not part from his company. The king granted and ordered the people of England that the exile of the said Pierce Gaveston should be revoked at Stoward through those who had exiled him. Therefore, Pierce Gaveston came again into England, and when he had returned to this land, he despised the greatest lords of this land. He called Sir Robert Clare, Earl of Gloucester.\n\nAnd when Sir Robert Bruce, who had made him king of Scotland, had fled into Norway for fear of the good king Edward's death, and he heard of the dispute between the king and his lords in England, he organized a host and came into England into Northumberland. He defeated the country cleanly. And when King Edward heard this news, he summoned his host and met the Scots at Easterlynn on the day of St. John the Baptist's nativity in the seventh year.\nIn the year of our Lord 1441, there was great sorrow and loss. Gillebert of Clare, the noble earl, Robert of Clyfford, the baron, and many others were slain. King Edward was disgraced, and Edmond of Maule, the king's steward, out of fear, drowned himself in the river Bannockburn. The Scots mocked and despised King Edward because he loved to travel by water and was defeated at Bannockburn. In this region of England, maids sang this song:\n\nMaids of England, beware, mourn full sore,\nFor barely have you lost your lovers at Bannockburn.\nWhat thought the King of England,\nTo have gained Scotland with Roxburgh?\n\nWhen King Edward was defeated, he was deeply sorry and quickly fled with those who were left alive. He was held at Berwick.\nAfter he took good hostages, seven children of the richest in the town, and the king went to London to consult on matters necessary for the realm of England. At the same time, there was a man in England called John Caner, who claimed to be King Edward's son, and he allowed himself to be called Edward of Carnarvon. He was captured at Oxford, and there he challenged the Freeman's Land.\n\nIn the meantime, on a Sunday in the year of our Lord 1456, Berwick was lost due to the false treason of Peter of Spalding, whom the king had put in charge of keeping that town, along with many burghers of Berwick. The children taken as hostages by the burghers followed the king's marshal for many days, remaining in strong camps.\n\nAt the same time, the Scots returned to England and destroyed Northumberland, burning the land and robbing it, killing men, women, and children in cradles, and also burning.\nThe holy church and the Crystendome were destroyed, and the Englishmen's goods were taken as if they were Saracens or paynims. The wickedness they committed was spoken of throughout Christendom.\n\nPope John XXII, after St. Peter, heard of the great sorrow. It was not long after that the king ordered a parliament at York. Sir Hugh Spencer's son was made chamberlain during this time, while the war lasted. The king then went back to Scotland. It was amazing that the Scots crossed the water of Solway, which was three miles from the king's host, and stole away by night. They came into England and robbed and destroyed all they could. They spared nothing until they reached York. The Englishmen left there were ambushed with their wives in the guise of a shield, and the Scots came toward the Englishmen in armor. The Englishmen fled, for they had no men of arms.\nKing had nearly lost them at the siege of Berwick. The Scottish hobiliers went between the British army and the Englishmen. When the great host met them, the Englishmen fled between the hobiliers and the great host, and the Englishmen and the great host were almost slaughtered. He who could escape the water was saved, but many were drowned. Alas, many men from Rhenish lands, seculars and even priests and clerics, were killed. And for this reason, the Scots called the battle the White Battle.\n\nWhen King Edward heard this news, he lifted the siege of Berwick and returned to England. But Sir Hugh Spencer, the king's chamberlain, kept the king's chamber so strictly that no one could speak with the king without his permission. He had made a pact with him to do his bidding, and Hugh's stubbornness so infuriated all men that they scorned and despised him. The king himself would not be governed or ruled by any man but only by himself.\nIf a knight of England possessed woods, manors, or lordships, the king was obligated to grant them to him, or else the rightful owner would be falsely titled as a poacher or a felon. This led to the disinheritance of many worthy young men. The extent of land acquired through such deceit was remarkable. When the lords of England observed the excessive greed and dishonesty of Sir Hugh Spencer and his son, they approached the Earl of Lancaster for counsel regarding the issue afflicting the realm due to Sir Hugh Spencer and his son. In a hastily convened assembly at Shireborne in Elmede, they swore an oath to stop the harmful actions of the king and Sir Hugh Spencer and his son, and they marched towards Wales to destroy the lands of the aforementioned Sir Hugh.\n\nKing Edward was alarmed by the great damage and destruction wrought by the English barons upon the lands of Sir Hugh Spencer.\nThe sun rose in every place, and King Henry through his counsel exiled Sir John Montagu, Sir Roger Clifford, and Sir Goscelin Duval, as well as many other lords who were inclined to support them. This caused the barons to do more harm than before. When the king saw that the besieged towns would not cease their cruelty, he was greatly afraid they would destroy him and summoned Robert Roes for his maintenance. But if he acceded to their demands, the king sent letters inviting them to London for a parliament at a specified date. They came with three battalions, each battalion dressed in green cloth, and the right quarter was yellow with white bands. This parliament was called the parliament of the white band. Among them were Sir Umfred de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, Sir Roger Clifford, Sir John Montagu, Sir Goscelin Duval, and Sir Roger Mortimer, uncle of Sir Roger Clifford.\nMortimer of Wigmore, Sir Henry of Tracy, Sir John Giffard, and Sir Bartholomew of Badelesmore were present. The king's steward whom he had sent to Shireborne in Elmede to the Earl of Lancaster and all those with him, declared that he had lost all of England. In their presence, he cursed him and departed for his lands. However, Sir Hugh, the son, refused to leave England and instead kept him and his company in the sea. They robbed two droves beside Sandwyche and took away all the goods worth 40 pounds from them.\n\nIt wasn't long before the king made Sir Hugh Spencer and Sir Hugh the son return to England against the wishes of the realm. Shortly after, the king, with a strong power, besieged the castle of Ledes. In the castle was the Lady of Badelesme, holding out against Queen Isabel, King Edward's wife, because of her allegiance to Encheson. The primary reason was due to Encheson's loyalty to Sir Bartholomew.\nbadelesmere was ageynst the kyng / & helde with the lordes of englond, & netheles the kyng by help & socour of men of london / & also of helpe of southerne men / the kyng gate the castell maugre hem al that were therin / & toke with hym al that he my\nWHan thomas Erle of lancastre herd this / they were wonder wroth & al that were of his co\u0304panye / & gretely they were dis co\u0304fyted & ordeyned hir power to geder / & belyeged the Castell of Thykhyll / but tho that were within so manlyche defended hem that the barons myght not gete the castel, And whan the kyng herd that hie castel was besyeged, be swore, by god and by his names\nthat the syege shold be remeued / and assembled an huge power of people / and went thyder ward to reske we the Castel, & his power encresed from day to day / Whan the Erle of lancastre / & the Erle of Herford. & the barons of hir companye herde this thyng / they assembled al hir power / & wente hem to Burton vp Trent / and kepte the bridge that the kyng shold not passe ouer / But it bifell\non the tenth day of March in the year of grace 1421, the king and Spencer, Sir Aymer de Valance, earl of Pembroke, and John earl of Arundel, with their power, crossed over the water. They defeated Lord Thomas and his company, and they fled to the Castle of Tuttlebury. From there, they went to Pontefract. In this voyage, Sir Roger Damory died in the Abbey of Tuttlebury. At the same time, Earl Thomas of Lancaster, Humfrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford, and the barons with them held council between them at Friar Preachers at Pontefract. Thomas thought about Robert Holland's betrayal and said in reproach, \"Alas, Holland has betrayed me. I am in the midst of some evil plight.\" By common consent, they all decided to go to the castle of Dunstanburgh, which belonged to the earldom of Lancaster, and they should remain there.\nSir Thomas replied and said, \"Lords, if we go towards the north, the northern men will say that we go towards Scotland. With all the power you have organized, help us destroy the venom of England and the traitors within, and we will give you the best part of our estates. We will make an oath to you that we will never do anything without your counsel, and you shall be with us as much as Robert of Holland was. Thomas answered Sir Andrew of Herkley and said, \"Sir Thomas, I would not do or consent to this for no reason. You might give it to me without the will and commandment of our lord the king. Then I would be a traitor forever. When the noble Earl Thomas of Lancaster saw that he would not consent to him for any reason, Sir Andrew said, \"Will you not consent to destroy the venom of the realm as...\"\nWe are in agreement, Sir Andrew, that this year you will be taken and held as a traitor, and more than you now hold us, and in your death you shall die a more bitter death than any knight of England ever died. And it is well understood that you never did anything that will later cause you greater regret. Go now and do what you like, and I will put myself under the mercy and grace of God. And so went the false traitor, Sir Andrew Harclay, on his way as a false traitor and as a false oath-breaker. Through the noble Earl of Lancaster, he received the arms of chivalry, and through him he was made a knight.\n\nMen could see archers draw up on one side and on the other, and knights also fought fiercely in the midst. And among others, Sir Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, a worthy knight renowned throughout Christendom, stood and fought against his enemies on the bridge. And as the noble lord stood and fought on the bridge, a thief, a rogue, hid himself under it.\nA knight was fiercely struck with a spear into the foundation, causing his bowels to come out. Alas, the sorrow, for the flower of solace, comfort, and courtesy had been slain. Sir Roger of Clifford stood and fought bravely, defending like a worthy baron. But in the end, he was severely wounded in the head. Sir Roger of Bernfeld and Sir William of Sustana were slain at that battle. When Sir Andrew of Herkela saw that Sir Thomas Lancaster's men faltered and retreated, he and his company approached the noble knight, Sir Thomas Lancaster, and demanded, \"Yield the traitor! Yield!\"\n\nThe Earl answered, \"Nay, lords, Traitors we are not. And to you, we shall never yield while our lives last. Rather, we would be killed in our truth than yield to you.\" Sir Andrew, enraged, once again charged at Sir Thomas's company, roaring, \"Yield, you traitors, taken, yield!\"\nSirs, none of you be harsh towards Thomas of Lancaster's body. With that word, the good earl Thomas went into the chapel and knelt down, turning his face towards the Cross. He said, \"Almighty God, to Thee I yield, I holy put me in Thy mercy.\" And with that, the vile ruffians leapt about him on every side as tyrants and wild tormentors, stripping him of his armor and clothed him in a robe of rough hair from his squire's liver. They then led him away to York by water. Much sorrow and care could be seen among the gentle knights who fled in every direction, and the ruffians and villains eagerly identified and captured them. \"Yield, traitors, yield!\" And when they were yielded, they were robbed and beheaded, as thieves. Alas, the shame and disdain that the noble order of knighthood endured at that battle, and the land was without law. For the holy church had no more reverence than it had been a brothel.\nbattalion was the father against the son, and the uncle against his newborn, for such uncivilness had never been seen before in England, as it was at that time among people of one nation. For one kinfolk had no more pity for the other than a hungry wolf has for a sheep, and it was no wonder, for the great lords of England were not all of one nation, but were mixed with other nations. That is to say, some Britons, some Saxons, some Danes, some Scots, some Frenchmen, some Norwegians, some Spaniards, some Romans, some Hainaults, some Flemish, and of other diverse nations. These Nations did not agree with the kindred blood of England. And if such great lords had been married to English people, peace and rest should have reigned among them without any envy,\n\nAt that battalion, Sir Roger Clifford, Sir John Mowbray, Sir William Tuchet, Sir William Fitzwilliam, and many other worthy knights were taken. At that battalion, Sir Hugh Daudle was taken the next day after.\nAnd put him in prison, and he should have been put to death, had he not married the king's niece, who was Earl Gilbert of Gloucester's sister. And soon I shall tell you about the noble Earl Thomas of Lancaster, who was taken and brought to York. Many of the city were glad, and against him in his land rode men with banners displayed as a challenge to peace. And with that word, the noble Earl Thomas, with a loud voice, said, \"Nay, lords, indeed, I was never a traitor. The Justice replied, \"Thomas, our lord the king has put it upon you that you have robbed his people and murdered his people as a thief. Thomas, the king also put it upon you that you discomfited him and your people with his own people in his own realm. Therefore, you went and fled to the wood as an outlaw. And also, you were taken as an outlaw. And Thomas, as a traitor, you shall be drawn.\"\n\nAnd when King Edward of England had brought the Flower of Chivalry, Joan of Arc, to her death.\nThrough counsel of Sir Hugh the Spencer, the father, and Sir Hugh the son, they became AHLFRED CRIST, MCCCXXII. But the Scots went and hid in mountains and woods. When King Edward saw that provisions failed him, he was greatly displeased, as well because his men died, and because he could not harm his enemies. Therefore, at last he returned to England. And immediately after came James Douglas and Thomas Randulf with a huge host into England to Northumberland. At that time, Sir Andrew of Herkelf, who was newly made Earl of Carlisle, had been ordered by the king's command in England to bring all the power he could to help him against the Scots at the Abbey of Boldon. When the false traitor had gathered all the people he could, he should come to the king unto the Abbey of Carlisle to take Sir Andrew of Herkelf and put him into custody.\nThe king sent his commission, and Andrew was taken at Cardoyl and brought to the bar as an earl should be. Sir Anthony spoke to him in this manner: \"Sir Andrew, the king has put you on trial as much as you have transgressed in your deeds. You dishonored the earl of Cardoyl and made him a traitor to his lord, the king. You led his people of this country, who should have helped him at the Battle of Beighland, a way through the countryside of Copeland and the earldom of La-Castre. Therefore, the king was scorned by the Scots because of your treason and falsehood. If you had come in time, he would have had the mastery, and all the treason you did for the great sum of gold and silver you received from James Douglas, the king's enemy. The king's will is that the order of knighthood, by which you were a knight, be revoked.\nUnder the honor and worship due to your body, bring all to naught, and undo your estate, so that other knights of lower degree may be wary, for the lord has greatly increased. And soon after that, the good Earl Thomas of Lancaster was martyred, a priest had long been dreaming in his sleeping that he should go to the hill, where the good Earl Thomas of Lancaster was done to death, and he would regain his sight, and he dreamed this for three nights in a row. His pilgrimage to the site; but the sick man who was there came naked, save for his breeches, and when they had done, they turned home again into his country, and told of the miracle wherever they came. And also two men were healed there of the moral infirmity through the help of that holy martyr, though evil be held incurable. When the minstrels heard that God worked such miracles for this holy martyr, they would not believe it in any way, but openly declared that it was a great respite such virtue.\nof him who believed, and when Sir Hugh Spencer, his son, saw all this, he immediately sent his messengers to King Edward, who was at Gravenhurst because the king intended to undo the pilgrimage. As Ribaud the messenger went towards the king to deliver his message, he came upon the hill where the good martyr was put to death, and in the same place he relieved himself. When he had finished, he continued towards the king. However, a sudden flux struck him down before he reached York, and he shed all his bowels from his fundament. When Sir Hugh Spencer heard this news, he was somewhat afraid and considered abandoning the pilgrimage. However, the king went and said that they would be in great danger throughout all Christendom for the death of Thomas of Lancaster, if he allowed the people to make their pilgrimage to Walsingham, and so he persuaded the king to command the church doors of Walsingham to be closed.\nWhich church was entered by the holy martyr St. Thomas, and they did so, opposing all Frenchmen of the holy church, to such an extent that for four years after, no pilgrim could come to that holy body. And for this reason, monks allowed men to come and honor the holy body of St. Thomas the martyr through the intervention of Sir Hugh the Spencer, the son, and through the intervention also of Master Robert of Baldock, the false clerk who was the king's chancellor. The king consented that they should be set to wages. And they made war wardens over their own good for a long time. Through the command of the aforementioned Sir Hugh the Spencer, fourteen Gascons, well armed, kept the hill where the good man St. Thomas was done to death, so that no pilgrim might come that way. The king intended well to have taken Christ's might and his power and the great loss of miracles that he showed for his martyr St. Thomas throughout Christendom, and at the same time, the king made Robert of Baldock the false clerk and chancellor, through the prayer of Sir Hugh the Speaker.\nThe castle of Wallingford was held against the king during this time by the prisoners within, led by Thomas Quarrell of Lancaster. The castle was taken by the people of the country due to this reason. Sir John Goldington knight, Sir Edmond of the Beche, and a squire named Roger of Walton were captured and sent to Pontfret, where they were imprisoned. Roger was then sent to York and was drawn and hanged there. Shortly after, Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore escaped from the Tower of London in this manner: Roger had been told that he would be drawn and hanged at London on the morning after St. Laurence's day. Before that, he held a fair feast at the Tower of London, where Stephen Segrave, Constable of the Tower, and many others were present. When they had finished supper, Stephen summoned all the officers of the Tower, who came and dined with him.\nThe king went to London, and through the counsel of Sir Hugh Spencer, the father and son, and Master Bertram Baldock, his false clerk, took control of the queen's lands into his own hand, as well as those that belonged to Edward his son. This was done against all reason, and when Queen Isabel of France, Isabel's brother, heard of this deceit, she was greatly annoyed with King Edward of England and his false counselors. In response, she sent a letter to King Edward under her seal, commanding him to come to France on a certain day to do homage, and she summoned him. If he refused, he would lose Gascony. It was arranged in England through the king and his council that Queen Isabel should travel to France to negotiate peace between her lord and her brother. Oliver of Ingham was to travel to Gascony with seven thousand men and more.\nArmes to be seneschal and warden of Gascony, and so it was ordained that Queen Isabel went once to see and come into France, and with her went Sir Aymer of Valance, Earl of Penbroke, who was suddenly murdered in private siege there, but that was through God's vengeance. For he was one of the instigators who consented to the death of Saint Thomas Becket of Lancaster, and would never after repent of that wicked deed. At that time, Sir Oliver of Ingham went over into Gascony and did much harm to the king of France, and recovered for King Edward what he had lost and much more besides.\n\nQueen Isabel stayed in France for only a quarter of a year. Her eldest son, Sir Edward, asked leave to go to France to speak with his mother, Isabel the Queen. And the king, his father, granted him with good will, saying, \"Go my fair son in God's blessing and mine. Think for coming back as quickly as you can.\" He went over the sea and came into France, and the king of France received him.\nWhen King Edward of England learned that the King of France had given the Duchy of Guienne to Sir Edward his son without his consent, he became very angry. He sent a letter to his son and his wife, urging them to return to England as quickly as possible. Queen Isabella and Sir Edward, her eldest son, were greatly afraid of the king's anger and the deceit of both the father and the son. They refused to come, which further angered King Edward. He ordered a proclamation to be made in London, calling for Queen Isabella and Edward to appear.\nTo England, they should be considered enemies of both the realm and the crown of England, as they refused to come to England. The mother and her son were exiled. When Queen Isabella heard this news, she was greatly alarmed by the false reports of the Spencers. She traveled with the exiled knights, including Roger of Worcester, William Trussell, John of Cromwell, and many other good knights, seeking counsel and planning to arrange a marriage between the Duke of Guienne, the king of England's son, and Theresa, the daughter of the noble knight Henaud. If this marriage could be achieved, they believed, with God's help, they could recover their heritage in England, which they had lost due to the false reports of the Spencers.\n\nWhen King Edward and the Spencers learned of Queen Isabella's actions,\nEdward's son summoned them to the Earl of Huntingdon, and to those exiled from England. The sons of Thomas of Lancaster were so distressed they didn't know what to do. Therefore, Sir Hugh Spencer, the son, said to Sir Hugh his father in this manner: \"Cursed be the time, and the council that ever consented to Queen Isabella going to France to negotiate an accord between the king of England and her brother, the king of France. It was your counsel that met him in the sea, took him, and brought him to the Earl of Huntingdon. Much joy was made for that taking, and at last, this Arnold secretly departed from them and came to London. The Earl of Huntingdon told Queen Isabella: \"Take heart and be merry, for you are richer than you were before. Here are five barrels full of silver that were sent to Douzepers of France to kill you and Edward, and hasten to depart.\"\nEngland, take with you Sir John of Hanbury my brother and 20 men-at-arms, for many of them from France in whom you have had great trust have scorned you. May Almighty God grant you grace to overcome your enemies. Queen Isabella sent word through Hanbury and Flamand for her escort.\n\nWhen King Edward heard that Queen Isabella and her son Edward, Duke of Guienne, Sir Edward of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, Sir John Earl of Huntingdon and her company, without causing any harm to them, would come into England with those who were outlaws from England for her rebellion, and what man could bring Roger Mortimer's head, should have a pardon.\n\nQueen Isabella and Sir Edward, Duke of Guienne, Sir Edward of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, and Sir John, Earl of Huntingdon and her company, did not fear the king's threats nor those of his traitors. For they trusted in God's grace and came to us, which was at Southampton, on the 24th day of September.\nAnd in the year of grace MCXXVJ,\nThe queen and Sir Edward her son sent letters to the mayor and commonalty of London, requesting their assistance in the quarrel and cause that had ensued. That is, to destroy the traitors of the realm. But no answer was sent in response. Therefore, the queen and Sir Edward her son sent another letter to you,\nrequesting and charging you to bear yourselves against us in such a way that we have no cause to grieve you, but that you be helping us in every way that you may or know, for we and all those who have come with us into this realm think not to do anything except what shall be for the common profit of the entire realm, but only to destroy Hugh Spencer, our enemy and enemy to the realm. As you well know why. We pray and charge you in the faith that you owe to our lord the king, and upon us and upon all that you shall moreover forfeit against us if the aforementioned Hugh Spencer, our enemy, comes.\nwithin youre power / that ye done hym hastely to ben taken. & saufly kept vntill we haue ordeyned of hym oure wyll / and that ye leue it not in no maner wise, as ye desire honour and profyte of vs all and of al the royame / Vnderstondyng wel that yf ye done our prayer and mau\u0304dement / we shal the more be beholde vnto yow / And also ye shal gete yowe worship & profyte yf ye sende vs hastely ansuer of al your will / yeuen at baldok the syxth day of October / whiche letter erly in the dawenynge of the day of seynt denys was takked vpon the newe crosse in Chepe / and many Copyes of the same letter were takked vpon wyndo\u2223wes and dores, and vpon other places in the Cyte that alle men passynge by the weye myght seen and rede / And in the same tyme kyng edward was at london in the toure at his mete, and a mes\u2223sager come in to the halle / and sayd that the Quene Isabell was come to lond at herewyche / and hath brought in hir company Syr Iohan of henaud. and with hym men of Armes withoute nom\u2223bre / And with that word\nSir Hugh the Spencer spoke to the king and said, \"My most worshipful lord, King of England, make merry now. For certainly, they are all ours. The king found this reassuring but was still sad and pensive in heart. He had not yet fully disembarked when people of this land were consenting to him. Therefore, after the meal, they took their leave and went towards Wales to confront Queen Isabella and Edward her son, intending to fight each one.\n\nAt the same time, King Edward was greatly afraid that the men of London would surrender to Queen Isabella and Edward her son. For this reason, he sent Master Walter Stapylton, his Treasurer, to guard and keep the city of London with the mayor. He came to the Guildhall of London and asked for the keys of the city gates through the virtue and strength of his commission. He wanted to have the keeping of the city and the commoners answered and said that they would.\nKeep the city in honor of King Edward and of Queen Isabella, and of the duke's son, without any more interference. The bishop was greatly disturbed and took an oath that they would abandon it as soon as King Edward came out of Wales. The citizens of the city immediately apprehended the bishop and took him to Cheape and beheaded him there. The bishop died a cruel death. He was a cowardly man and showed no mercy. He had ill-advised the king. Shortly after, Arnold of Spain was taken, the one who had planned to bring five pouds of silver in barrels to the douzepyers of France to help and hasten Queen Isabella and Edward, her son, to their deaths. Arnold was put to death outside the city of London.\n\nWhen King Edward had sent Master Walter Stapilton, his treasurer, to London to keep the city loyal to him again, and when he himself took Sir Hugh Spencer and Sir John, Earl of, with him,\nArundel and Master Robert Baldock, his chancellor, placed false chaplets of sharp nettles on their heads. Two squires struck them. Then, Sir Hugh Spencer, the father, was drawn and beheaded at B. And immediately after, Queen Isabel and Edward her son, along with all the great lords of England, in one accord sent to King Edward at Kenilworth Castle, where he was being kept under the ward of Sir John Hachum, the Bishop of Ely, and Sir John Percy, a Baron, to order his parliament at a certain place in England to redress and amend the state of the realm. King Edward answered and said, \"Lords, to order a parliament where you will, and they took his leave and returned to the barons of England. When they had the king's patent for this matter, they showed it to the lords. And it was ordered that the parliament should be at Westminster at the utmost of St. Hilary's feast. And all the great lords\"\nlords of England ordered that before Parliament, and on which day the king would not come for no reason, as he had set and assigned. Nevertheless, the barons sent to him once and other times. And he swore by God's soul that he would not come there on foot, for it was ordered by all the great lords of England that he should no longer be king but be deposed. And they said they would crown King Edward his son the elder, who was Duke of York, and sent this news to the king who was in ward under Sir John Earl of Warwick, Sir John of Beaufort who was Bishop of Ely, Sir Henry Percy a baron, and Sir William Trussel a knight who was with Earl Thomas of Lancaster, to yield homage to him on behalf of all England. Sir William Trussel said:\n\n\"Sir Edward, thou shalt not be claimed king, nor be held king,\nBut from this time forward thou shalt be\"\nA singular man among all people then went to London, where the lords of England resided, and Sir Edward remained in prison in good keeping. This was the day of Saint Paul's conversion in the 20th year of King Edward's reign.\n\nMerlin prophesied about King Edward and said that a creature would emerge from the sea with horns of silver. Later, Merlin was beheaded at Gaversich through the Earl of Lancaster and the Earl of Warwick.\n\nMerlin also foretold that during his time, it would seem that the earth would burn, and there would be a battle on an army of the sea in a field arranged like a shield, where many white heads would die. This was true, for the burning of the earth signified great fear through sword-cutting at the battle arranged in a field like a shield on an army of the sea. This was the Battle of Maldon, for the Scots came in the manner of a shield, in the form of a wing, and slew many men of religion.\npriests and seculars / therefore the Scots called that battle in defiance of English men the white battle / And after Merlin said that the aforementioned one should do great harm, and that harm would be upon the southwest and also on his blood / & said also that the one should lose much of his load until the time that shame should overtake him and then he should be clothed with a lion skin / & should regain what he had lost and much more through people who would come from the northwest, making him feared and avenging his enemies through the cunning of two owls / that first should be in peril of being undone / And that these two owls should cross the sea into a strange land / & there they should dwell for a certain time / and after they should return to England again / And these two owls should do great harm to many and should counsel the one to make war again against the aforementioned enemy / And that the one and the owls should come to an army of the sea at Barton upon Trent.\nand should turn over, and for fear the heron would fly with a swan in his company towards Burgh by the North through an unkind outlaw, and the swan should then be slain with sorrow. The heron should be slain nearly his own nest. It should stand upon feet upon which the son shall shed his beams, and many people will see him for the great virtue. And he said truly, \"For the good Earl,\n\nwho before were outlawed from England for his wickedness, but afterward came again into England, Sir Hugh Spencer, the father from France, and he gave so much counsel to the king that he should wage war on Thomas of Lancaster. So the king, Spencer, and the Earl of Arundel, and their power met with Thomas of Lancaster at Borough upon Trent. They discomfited him there, and Sir Humfrey, Earl of Hereford, was in his company. And after, the aforementioned Thomas and Humfrey with their company fled to Burgh by Bridge with Sir Andrew Herkimer, the unkind outlaw, and also Sir Edmond.\nThe earl of York met with Thomas of Lancaster and his large company. They were defeated and discomfited the earl of Hereford was slain cowardly with a spear in the fundament. Earl Thomas was taken and brought to Pontefract. Despite this, many sought miracles from him. In that time Merlin sorrowfully predicted that a peer of his lineage would cause harm and many lands would be upon him, the harmed one. And he spoke truly, for due to the quarrel between Lancaster's people and the king, many lands became restless and moved to wage war. For his blood was turned into many nations. And afterward Merlin also told, and said that the aforementioned owls would do much harm to the flower of life and death, and they would bring her to more diseases. So that she would have to go over the sea to France to make peace with the flower of delight.\nthere should abide until a time that her seed should come and seek her, and though they should abide both until a time that they should clothe her with grace, and though two owls she should seek and put them to a cruel death. And this prophecy was well known and true. Sir Hugh Spencer the father and Sir Hugh the son caused great sorrow and persecution to Queen Isabella through her procurement to her lord the king. So they arranged among themselves that she was put on her wages, that is, twenty shillings a day. Wherefore the king of France, her brother, was greatly annoyed and sent letters to King Edward that he should come to his parliament in France. But King Edward was greatly afraid to come there, for he thought he would have been arrested until he had made amends for the offense that Sir Hugh Spencer the father and the son had done, and for the harm they had caused\n\nto Queen Isabella, his sister. Therefore, through her arrangement and consent of the Spencers.\nQueen Isabella crossed the sea to France / to arrange an accord between King Edward and the King of France, her brother. She stayed in France until Edward came to see her. They both resided there until an agreement was reached between them, and the Earl of Henault, who could help them destroy and overcome the venom and falsehood of the Spencers, was present. Queen Isabella, Edward her son, Edmund of Woodstock, the king's brother of England, John of Henault, Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, Thomas Rocelyn, John of Cromwell, William Trussell, and many other allies of the Earl of Thomas of Lancaster, who had been exiled from England due to his quarrel and had their lands ordered, were given great power. They arrived at Harwich in Essex. Soon after, they pursued the Spencers until they were captured.\nAnd Merlin predicted that Edward would be put to a painful death, as previously stated, and his company as well, for the great deceit they had committed against King Edward and his people. Merlin also added that Edward should be afflicted with great disease and intense suffering throughout his life. This was true, for after the time that King Edward was taken, he was imprisoned until the Spencers were put to death. Furthermore, Edward refused to attend his own parliament in London as he had planned and assigned himself, and also refused to govern and rule his people and realm as a king should. Some of the English barons came and rendered their homages to him on the day of the Conversion of St. Paul, in the twentieth year of his reign, and they deposed him from his kingship forever. Edward of Carnarvon then succeeded King Edward of Windsor.\nThe king, who was crowned and anointed at Westminster with the consent and will of all the great lords of the realm on the Sunday in Lent, in the year of grace 1422, was only fifteen years old at the time. Due to the fact that his father was imprisoned in Kenilworth Castle, and he was deposed as king of England, the realm was without a king from St. Catherine's Day in the year above mentioned until the Feast of Candlemas. During this time, all manner of pleas were heard at the king's bench, and it was commanded through writs to all sheriffs of England to warn the parties defensively and also to release all prisoners held in the king's gaols who were attached through sheriffs. The king Edward, after his coronation, at the prayer and entreaty of his lieges of the realm, granted them a charter of steadfast peace to all who would ask for it. Sir John Fastolf and his company took leave of the king and of\nthe lords of the realm returned home to their own country again, and each of them had rich gifts for every man according to his worth and estate. England was at peace and rest, and great love existed between the king and his lords. Commonly, Englishmen said among themselves that the devil was dead. However, the treasuries of the king's father and the spencers, both of the father and of the son, as well as the treasury of the Earl of Arundel and of Master Robert Baldock, the king's chamberlain, had been taken. Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore held them, so that the king had no control over them except at the queen's will and her disposal of her lands, as you will later hear.\n\nAt the same time, King Edward was in the Castle of Kenilworth under the keeping of Sir Henry, who was Earl Thomas, brother of Lancaster. That is, Earl of Lancaster, whom the king his father had granted the earldom of Lancaster, and he put Thomas out.\nLancaster was his brother and earl of Lancaster and Leicester, as well as Steward of England, just as his brother was in his time. But King Edward's father, Sir Edward, mourned endlessly because he could not speak with his wife nor his son. For he was in great peril, yet Edward, who was called \"Longshanks,\" was King Edward's son, of the noblest blood in the world. Those to whom he was accustomed to give great gifts and largesse were most dear to the king himself, and they were his enemies both night and day, inciting debate and conflict between him and his son. But the Friars were good friends to him and devised and planned both day and night how they might free him from prison. Among their company, which the Friars had secretly brought, was a Friar named Dunhened, who had gathered and organized a large company of people.\nThe brother was taken and imprisoned in Poultreys Castle, where he died. Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster, who held the king's father in custody by the king's command, delivered the king's father to Sir Thomas Berkeley. John Mautravers and they took him from Kenilworth Castle to Barkley Castle and kept him safely there. The king ordered a large host to fight against the Scots after Easter, following his coronation. Sir John Mautravers' brother Henaud came from beyond the sea to help King Edward IV, bringing with him seven hundred men of arms. They were given leave to depart, but they did not reach York until the king was there, and the Scots came to the king to make peace. However, the peace agreement between them lasted only a little time. At that time, the English were dressed in coats and hoods painted with letters and flowers, looking very attractive with long beards.\nAnd therefore the Scots made a bylaw that was posted on the church doors of St. Peter's near Stangate. And the Scripture, in contempt of Englishmen, said this:\n\nAnd the Trinity day next after began the conflict in the city of York between the Englishmen and the Henwickians. In this debate, the Earl of Nicoll and Mordred were slain, and after they were buried under a stone in St. Clement's Churchyard in Fossegate. And because the Henwickians came to help the king, her peace was cried upon them on pain of life and limb. And in the other half, it was found by an inquest of the city that the Englishmen began the debate.\n\nAt that time, the Scots had gathered all their power and come into England, slaughtering and robbing all they could take. They also burned and destroyed all the northern country through to the park of Stanhope in Wyredale. And there the Scots held them in a bushment. But when the king had heard through certain spies where they were:\nThe Scots were unable to leave their host with the Scottish army besieged within the stated park, as they never knew where to go except to their arms. They remained in the park for fifteen days, and their supplies failed on every side, leaving them greatly weakened. At this time, the first appearance of the beast in Britain was reportedly most impressive, with both Englishmen and foreigners present, as well as many traitors of his land brought to an end, as was previously stated. Now, lords, hear how treacherously King Edward was deceived, and how marvelously and boldly the Scots conducted themselves in war. James Douglas led 200 men through the king's host the same night the Scots escaped towards their own country, as previously mentioned, until they reached the king's pavilion, where they killed many in their beds and cried \"Naward, naward!\" and another time \"Douglas, Douglas!\" Why the king in his pavilion and many others were amazed.\nThe king was not taken, and great peril was averted for the realm of England that night. The moon shone clearly and brightly. And we returned again to Sir Edward of Carnarvon, who was once king of England and had been deposed. Alas for his tribulations and sorrow, which he suffered through false counsel that he trusted in those who later were destroyed by their deceit, as God would have it. Edward of Carnarvon was in the castle of Berkeley, under the keeping of Sir Morys of Berkeley and Sir John of Mautravers. To them he made his complaint of his sorrow and illness, and often he asked his wardens what he had transgressed against Lady Isabel his wife and Edward his son, who had been made new king, and they would not listen to him. One of his wardens answered, \"My worthy lord, do not be displeased with me; I will tell you the truth, for it is done between them.\"\nTo understand that if my lady, your wife, comes anything night to you, that you would strangle and kill her, and also that you will do the same to my lord, your son. And also, he answered with simple cheer, \"Alas, alas, am I not in prison, and all at your own will? Now God knows I never thought it, and now I would that I were dead, so God would have it, that I were, for then all would be treachery.\" And when it was time to go to bed, the king went to his bed and lay and slept soundly.\n\nHow King Edward married Philip, the daughter of Henri, at York. CAO. / CC / xvjo.\n\nAnd after Christmas, Sir John of Henaude brought with him Philip, his brother's daughter, who was Earl of Henaude, his niece, into England. And King Edward married her at York with great honor. Sir John of Bothom, bishop of Ely, and Sir William of Melton, archbishop of York, sang the mass on the Sunday in the Eve of the Conversion of St. Paul in the year of grace 1427, but for the reason of Encheson.\nThe king was only 21 and ten days old when he was crowned. At Wytsontide, the second year of his reign, through the counsel of his mother and Sir Roger Mortimer, a parliament was ordered at Northampton. At this parliament, the king, through his mother's counsel and none other of the land, granted that all the fees and homages which the Scots should do to the English crown were granted to the Scots forever, according to his charter.\n\nAnd so, the Realm of Scotland was held from the Realm of England and from the crown by feudal tenure and homage. For Brute conquered that land and gave it to Albanact his second son. He named the land Albany after his own name. Therefore, the heirs that came after him held from Brute and from his heirs the kings of Britain by feudal tenure and homage. And from that time to King Edward, the realm of Scotland was held from the realm of England.\nEngland was ordained at Northampton to be surrendered, falsely, to the earl of Northampton. Yet when King Edward was put down from his royalty of England, he was not put out of the fees and services of the realm of Scotland, nor were his franchises disherited from him forever. And nevertheless, the great lords of England were against confirming the peace, save only Queen Isabel, Edward's mother, the bishop of Ely, and Lord Mortimer. But reason and law would not allow a final peace to be made between them without the common assent of England.\n\nWhen the aforementioned daughter had married Dame Joan of Towers in the town of Berwick, as before is said, the Scots, in spite of the Englishmen, called Dame Joan the Countess and made peace. At the same time, the false traitor Robert of Holland, who had betrayed Sir Thomas of Lancaster, was then delivered out of prison.\nSir Thomas Wentworth confronted Queen Isabelle and Roger Mortimer, but this hindered him little as he was taken at Michalmas. Afterward, as he rode toward Queen Isabelle in London, Sir Thomas Wither attacked him near the town of St. Albans. Sir Thomas then engaged in a duel with Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster, fearing for his life due to Queen Isabelle's great affection for him. She pleaded with the king for Thomas to be exiled from England. Noble Earl Sir Henry Lancaster had often heard the common cry of the English concerning the disorders in England and various wrongs committed among the common people, for which the king bore the blame.\n\nThe reason for this was that the king should maintain his household and his retinue as a king ought, and that Queen Isabelle should surrender all manner of lordships, rents, towns, and other possessions into the king's hands.\nCastles that belonged to the crown of England, as well as Queen Anne, had done before her, and did not involve themselves in anything else /\n\nAnd also, Sir Robert Edward, at one time king of England, was designated by the consent of the commons in a plain parliament to be under the ward and governance of Henry Earl of Lancaster, his cousin, for the safety of his body. He was taken out of Kenilworth Castle where he was in ward /\n\nAnd through the color of Queen Isabella and of Mortimer, without the consent of any parliament, they took and led him away, never to be reunited with his kin again /\n\nIn the meantime, while the good Earl Henry of Lancaster and his company were taking counsel on how this would not come to pass, they ordered all his power against Queen Isabella and Mortimer /\n\nAnd men of London ordered them with five men of arms /\n\nWhen Queen Isabella learned of this, she swore by God and by His names in angry retaliation, that in evil times he had thought of these points /\n\nSo she sent Queen Isabella and Mortimer after her retinue.\nAfter the king's retreat, they arranged among themselves a large host, and they counseled the king. So it was that on a night they rode twenty-four miles towards Bedford, where the Earl of Lancaster was with his company. They intended to destroy him, and that night she rode beside the king as a knight, armed out of fear of death. The king came to understand that Earl Henry of Lancaster and his company intended to destroy him and his council forever. Therefore, the king was somewhat heavy and annoyed towards him. When the Earl Marshal and the Earl of Kent, the king's brother, heard of this news, they rode in haste between them. The king granted him peace with Earl Henry of Lancaster for a certain reason of 10,000 pounds, but this was never paid afterwards.\n\nThese were the lords who were with Sir Henry of Lancaster: Sir Henry Beaumont, Sir Fulk FitzWaren, Sir Thomas Rokeley, Sir William Trussell, Sir Thomas Withers, and about one hundred.\nknights more consented to him, and all those who were exiled through the counsel of Queen Isabella and Mortimer. For the Mortimer weighed for having her lands if he might have her.\n\nIt was not long after this that the king of France, through the counsel of his advisors, sent to King Edward of England that he should come to Paris and do his homage for the duchy of Guienne. And through the counsel of the lords of England, King Edward went over the sea, and at ascension tide he came to Paris in the third year of his reign to do his homage to the king of France. The king received his homage and made much joy and worship of him. But when King Edward had made his homage, he was hastily sent forth to England through Queen Isabella, his mother, and immediately he came back to England on a Wednesday without taking leave of the king of France. The king was greatly angered by this.\n\nNow shall you hear about Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, who destroyed and sought to be at an enemy.\nA nobleman obtained the title of Earl of the Marches from the king, and he became so proud and haughty that he forsake the name that his ancestors had used before. He allowed himself to be called Earl of the Marches, and no commoners of England dared to call him by any other name because he was called so by the king's decree. The Mortimer was so haughty and proud that it was a wonder, and he also disguised himself with extravagant clothes for reasons of both appearance and wealth. Englishmen wondered how and in what manner he could maintain or find such pride. They commonly said that his pride would not last long. At the same time, Sir Geoffrey Mortimer the Younger, Mortimer's son, allowed himself to be called King of Folly. And it came to pass that in reality, he held a red rod in Wales.\nTo all men who came to inquire about the manner and doing of King Arthur's table, he openly refused them and discomfited them all, as the story tells. At the same time, common loos spread in England through the coming of the Friars. And there was doubt among almost all of England about whether it was true or not that Edward of Carnarvon, father of King Edward, was alive in the castle of Corfe. The commons were in sorrow and fear because they did not know how treacherously Mortimer had dealt with him.\n\nAt one time, Sir Edmond of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, spoke to Pope John XXII of Avignon and said that Almighty God had performed many great miracles through Thomas of Lancaster's love for many men and women who had been afflicted by various maladies, and through his prayers, they were brought to health. Therefore, Sir Edmond earnestly prayed the pope to grant him the grace\nThe aforementioned Thomas should be translated, but the pope replied that he should not be translated until he was better certified by the clergy of England and reported by their obedience what God had done for Thomas of Lancaster, following Edmond Earl of Kent's suggestion. When this Edmond saw that he could not achieve his purpose regarding the translation, he prayed to him concerning Sir Edward of Carnarvon, his brother, and said that not long ago he was king of England. What might be best done regarding his delivery since a common rumor had spread through England that he was alive and well? When the pope heard this, he commanded the earl upon his benison that he should help with all the power he could to secure his release and save his body in every way possible. To bring this matter to a conclusion, he absolved him and his companions of any penalty or guilt, and all those who aided in his release.\nSir Edmond of Woodstock, having received a leave from the pope and returned to England, was informed by some Friars that his brother Edward was still alive and being kept in the castle of Corfe under the guardianship of Sir Thomas Gurnay. Thomas expedited Sir Edmond's arrival at the castle as quickly as possible, and upon his arrival, he managed to gain an audience with John Daurill, the Constable of the castle. Sir Edmond asked Daurill privately about his lord, his brother Sir Edward, and Daurill, a brave and courageous man, replied that Sir Edward was in hell and would not be shown to anyone, as it was forbidden by King Edward.\nEdward's son of Carnarvon, and by command of Queen Isabel, the king's mother, and Sir Roger Mortimer, was ordered to show his body to no man in the world except them, upon loss of life and limb, and to disinherit his heirs forever. But the false traitor falsely lied, for he was not in his ward. However, they took him and led him to Berkley Castle through Sir Thomas Gurney, by Mortimer's command, until he was dead, as previously stated. However, Edmund of Woodstock knew nothing that Edward his brother was dead. Therefore, he sent a letter to the aforementioned Sir John and earnestly begged him to take it to King Edward his brother as his worthy lord. And he requested that John receive the letter from him and faithfully carry out his message without fail. And with that, Edmund took leave of John. Then, immediately after Sir Edmund had gone into his own country and lordship in Kent, Sir John wisely acted upon it.\nSir Knight, upon learning of his lordship, he immediately went to Sir Roger Mortimer and handed him the letter that Sir Edmund Earl of Kent had taken from him, sealed with his own seal. Upon opening the letter, Sir Roger read its contents, which began with expressions of worship, reverence, brotherly legality, and submission. Sir Knight, worshipful and dear brother, if it pleases you, I earnestly pray that you be of good comfort. For I will arrange for you to be released from prison and delivered from your illness. Understand that your great lordship has obtained the consent of almost all the great lords of England, with their armies and treasures, to maintain and support your cause. Therefore, you shall once again be a king, as you were before, and they have all sworn to me on a book.\nAnd as well prelates, earls, and barons, when Sir Roger Mortimer saw and understood the might and strength of the letter, his heart grew angry toward Sir Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, and so, with all the haste he could muster, he went to Dame Isabelle, the queen who was the king's mother. He showed her Sir Edmund's letter and his will and purpose, and how he had contrived and planned to depose King Edward of Windsor, her son. The queen was so angry toward Sir Edmund, Earl of Kent, that she had him arrested at the Friars Minor at Winchester.\n\nAt that time, Sir Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, was so proud and haughty that he recognized no lord in the realm as his peer. He became so covetous that he followed Dame Isabelle, the queen's court, and besieged her pennyworths with the officers of the queen's household in the same manner that the king's officers did.\nHe made provisions for victuals and carriages, and did all he could for expenses and to gather resources, without sparing anything. He made a secret pact with the queen and the great lords of England on his behalf. They feared Mortimer, who had accused them of treason and felony in the death of the king's father. When they learned of Mortimer's casting down, these lords came to King Edward and begged him to maintain them in their rights. The following lords pursued this matter: Sir William Montagu, Sir Humphrey Bohun. Sir William his brother, Sir Ralph Stafford, Sir Robert Herford, Sir William Clifton. I leave you well. Therefore, I advise you to go to the constable. Do you understand that the castle gates are locked with keys that Dame [name] will show you through Alley? And so you shall enter the castle unnoticed.\nof the only man who were your enemies, and that night Sir William Montagu, and all the lords of his quarrel, and the same constable also went to horse, and made a show as if they were intending to leave the sight of the Mortimers. But anon, as the Mortimer heard this news, he went to prevent them from crossing the sea out of fear of him, and took counsel among themselves to let their passage and sent letters immediately to the ports, so that none of the great lords should return to their own countries but if they were arrested and taken.\n\nAnd besides attending to Sir Edward's death, the king's father, and also through whom the Scotch Christ a thousand CC, XXX,\n\nto the pope, through a false suggestion that he made his oath to it for,\nduellyd in France until he died there, and Sir Edward his son inherited his lands of Dunyyer, and did homage to the king of France for them. And it came to pass afterward that Edward, it was John Ball's son, had with him a squire of England who was born and brought up there.\naliens were to help him / And they promised to help him in all that they could, but they failed him at his most need / And at that time, Donald earl of Morray / had a true quarrel / when the earl of Fife, a fiery man and a stern herd, knew that the bailiff was coming to take the land of Scotland, he came in haste to Kinghorn with ten thousand Scots to prevent him from landing /\nBut Sir Edward Balliol and his company dispersed him / at which dispersion Sir Alexander Seton was slain there, along with many others / The earl of Fife was then sorry and deeply ashamed that so little a company had defeated him / and shamefully, he and all his living men fled /\nThen came Sir Edward Balliol. and took the country all around him until he reached the abbey of Dunfermline / and there he found provisions for himself and his people, and among other things, in a chamber he found about a hundred great statues of fine oak with long pikes of iron and steel.\nThe earl took them and delivered them to the strongest men of his company. Afterward, he went from there and lodged himself in a field two miles from St. John's town. The burghers of the town heard that the Earl of Fife had been defeated by the Baxters, and they were greatly afraid and terrified. They broke their bridges over the Water of Earwic, preventing the Baxters from crossing. The earl lodged there all that night, taking little rest. He said to his people, \"Lords, you know well that we are now lodged among our enemies. If they can hamper us, there is no hope but death. If we stay here all night, it will bring us much sorrow and harm. The power of Scotland grows every day, and we cannot do the same. We are but little people against them. Therefore, I pray you, for the love of Almighty God, let us be bold and hardy, and may we mightily take the Scots this night and boldly wage war upon them.\nand let us pursue them this night, and if they pass through us, and they see our hardiness, so that other Scots who come and meet them and see them so travel-weary, the more afraid they will be of us to fight. And fiercely we shall fight with them and pursue them, so that through the grace of God Almighty, all the world will speak of the dignity of our chivalry.\n\nAnd, gentlemen, understand well that the entire company that comes with Sir Edward Ballou granted well to this council and were glad. And immediately they pursued the Scots, who were a wonder to me, weary as they were. Ballou and his company sorely followed them, causing them much distress through their assault, so that they could not help themselves and their small numbers, but the Scots among them wondered what had befallen us. For Ballou has caused us so much trouble and sorrow in this matter. Now it seems to us, that he works by grace, for he is very gracious in his quarrel.\nAnd all we certainly shall be dead or come to him to yield since his father released us, and among other things, the Bailol and his people passed the water of Earwen. Sir Roger of Swynerton's son was fierce and angry. He went forth, and they saw people well armed, and we went to them and fought with them, and slew as many as remained. And nevertheless, at this assault, they thought it had been the great host of Scotland. When it came to the morning, they gathered themselves together and rested. But while the Englishmen rested, the noble Baron Thomas of Vesci and the noble Baron of Stafford saw all this. He said to Robert Bruce's son, \"Sir Robert, it greatly grieves me at my heart that these men the Bailol brought with him should die by the Scottish sword, since they are Christian men as well as we are. And therefore, I think it would be great charity.\"\nSir Robert Bruce: \"I have perceived that you are an enemy and a traitor to Scotland, since you consent to save our deadly enemies who have caused us much sorrow and shame. Now it seems clear that you are of their alliance. Sir Robert: \"Sir Donald falsely lies. I am not of her company nor of her consent. Quickly, I will fight with them rather than any of this company. And Sir Robert said, 'I will assault their heads before you do.' With that, they spurred their horses fiercely upon Caskemore and his men. They came upon the bailiff and his companion near a hanging bought from the more in a narrow passage. They hastened them towards the Englishmen so quickly that thousands fell to the ground, each on top of the other in a heap.\"\nThe bailiff and his men firmly stood against them, and fiercely slaughtered Scots to the ground. They inflicted many severe wounds upon them, causing them to stand upon their foes and pierce them through their bodies with their swords and spears. The Scots who remained fled away to save themselves as best they could.\n\nSir Edward Baillol and his men pursued them, killing many more. Afterward, they went to Saint John's town and took it, holding it as their own. They provisioned themselves there, as they had discovered what they needed to make merry.\n\nThe bailiff's wounded men were sent to ship to England to heal their wounds. At that time, there was a Flemish fleet in the sea, a strong force and a robber called Crabbe. This Flemish fleet was driven out of Flanders for its wickedness. Therefore, he came to Scotland to align himself with the Scots.\nThis text describes an encounter between Edward Balliol and Scottish forces. Balliol had caused harm to Englishmen and was met by wounded Scottish soldiers returning from battle. Balliol attacked them, intending to kill them, but the Englishmen defended themselves successfully. Balliol then fled to Scotland and encountered a large Scottish company on his way to Saint John's town. He informed them of his defeat at the hands of the Englishmen who had wounded him and were returning to England for healing. Balliol warned the Scots that they would have no chance against Edward Balliol due to his recent victory over the Scottish chivalry with a small number of men.\n\nCleaned text:\nThis Crabbe did much harm to Englishmen and met in the sea the Balliol's men who were wounded in battle and were being sent back to England to heal their wounds. This Crabbe gave them a great assault and intended to kill them all, but the Englishmen defended themselves well and managed to discomfort Crabbe and his company. Having fled to Scotland, as he approached Saint John's town, he found a great Scottish company coming together to gather, having been rallied after the defeat at Gaskemore. The Scots were immediately told by Crabbe of his defeat at the hands of the Englishmen, who were wounded at Gaskemore and returning to England to heal. Crabbe warned the Scots that they would have no power or grace against Edward Balliol, who had recently defeated the Scottish chivalry with a small number of men.\nHe caused the siege to be lifted from St. John's town and kept them as best as he could and might. The Scots, who understood Crabbe's words to be true, abandoned the siege and helped themselves in the best way they could by night.\n\nWhen this news reached Scotland, that the lords and knights were defeated at Gaskemore in Scotland by Sir Edward Balliol, you shall understand that the lords, ladies, and gentles of Scotland came quickly to St. John's town and surrendered to Balliol, and did homage and fealty for their lands. He received them freely. And from there he went to the Abbey of Scone and was crowned king of Scotland. And after that, he proclaimed his peace throughout the land.\n\nAt the same time, it happened that King Edward held his parliament among his lords at the new Castle up Tyne to amend the trespasses and the wrongs that had been done in his land.\nKing Edward, the balloch of Scotland, came to him and did homage and seisin for the realm of Scotland in this manner. In the same way, King Edward of England gathered together the homages and feasts of Scotland. This was arranged with the counsel and assent of Dame Isabella, his mother, and Sir Robert. King Edward came to the town of Anand, and there took his dwelling. A company of knights and strong men came to him and were given to him, and he treated them well in deed and in continuance, so that he trusted much in them. As soon as the traitors saw that he trusted much in them, they planned an ambush in a company. They intended to slay the king, but through the grace of Almighty God, he broke through a wall and a hole in his chamber and escaped the treachery and all his men were slain. He escaped with great fear to the town of Cardross. There he was severely besieged. This happened during the conception of Our Lady. King Edward the Balliol was then sent to...\nKing Edward of England was falsely and treacherously put to shame and sorrow through his liege men upon whom he trusted greatly, and begged him for the love of God to maintain him and help him against his enemies. The king of England felt great pity for him and promised him help and succor, sending him word that he should remain in peaceful style in the aforementioned city of Carlisle until he had gathered his power. King Edward of England convened a council at London and summoned his men from various shires of England. When he was ready, he set out towards the town of Berwick upon Tweed and there met King Edward Balliol of Scotland with his power. They besieged the town and outside it made a fair camp, promising the townspeople that they would yield them the town and the hostages they held, and in exchange for this they would release the hostages. When the hostages were delivered to the king, the townspeople immediately sent word to him.\nThe Scots told her of their sorrow and mischief. The Scots came privately over the water of Tweed to the abbey's buy. Sir William Yam, the steward of Scotland, and many others came with him, putting them in great danger at that time of her life. They came over a bridge that was breaking, and the stones were away. Many of her company were there drenched. But William and some of his men went over and came by the English ships. A truce was between them that the town should be rescued by half of Scotland. And King Edward commanded them to yield the town or he would take hostages. The Scots said that the town was rescued well. And there they would hold them. When King Edward saw the Scots break their truce, he was greatly angered. He immediately ordered the capture of Sir Thomas Fytz William and Sir Alexander Seton, wardens of Berwick.\nThe earl of Morrity, James Frisell, Simon Frisel, Walter Steward, Reynold Cheyne, de vmfreuville, Patrick de Pollesworth, David de Wymes, Michel Scot, William Ladie, Thomas Boys, Roger Mortimer with 20 bachelors, newly dubbed 100 men of arms, 18 M and 4 C of commons. The earl of Dunbar, keeper of Berwick Castle, helped the Scots with 50 men.\n\nThe Scots came fiercely in four wings well arrayed in arms to meet King Edward of England and King Edward of Scotland. With their power, they came fast and sharply against evening song time. At that time, the flood was at Berwick in the water of Tweed, such that no man might cross on horse or foot. The water was between the two kings and the realm of England. The Scots waited on their side for the English to be drenched or slain.\n\nThe earl of Dunbar, keeper of Berwick Castle, assisted the Scots with 50 men.\n\nThe following individuals were involved: the earl of Morrity, James Frisell, Simon Frisel, Walter Steward, Reynold Cheyne, de vmfreuville, Patrick de Pollesworth, David de Wymes, Michel Scot, William Ladie, Thomas Boys, Roger Mortimer with 20 bachelors, newly dubbed 100 men of arms, 18 M and 4 C of commons. The earl of Dunbar, keeper of Berwick Castle, helped the Scots.\nArmes / And Syr Alysander of Seton kepar of the forsayd toune of be\u2223rewyke with an honderd men of armes / And the communers of the toune with iijj honderd men of armes / And with hem eyght honderd of footemen, The somme of the erles and lordes aboue sayd ammounted lxvj / The somme of bachelers newe dubbed am mounteth to an honderd and xl. The somme of men of armes ammounteth thre / M / C / The somme of the communers amoun\u2223teth liij M CC / The somme totayll of the peple aboue sayd amou\u0304\u2223teth lvj M vij C xlv / And these lxv grete lordes \nbesydes the toune of Berewyk / at the whiche batayll were slayn of the scottes xxxv M / vij / C / xij / And of Englisshmen but only xiiij / & tho were fotemen / And this vyctorye byfell to the englissh men on saynt margarets eue in the yere of the Incarnacion of our lord Ihesu cast M CCC xxxij / And whyle this doynge laste the englyssh pages toke the pylfre / of the scottes that were slayn euery man that he myght take withoute ony chalengyng of ony man / And so after this\ngracious victory, the king turned again to the same siege of Berwick. When they besieged us and heard how King Edward had fared, they yielded the town and castle to him the next day after the battle, that is, on St. Margaret's day. And then the king appointed Sir Edward Balliol, along with other noble and worthy men, to be keepers and governors of Scotland in his absence. He himself turned again and came back to England after this victory with much joy and honor. In the next year, that is, the year of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ 1434, and of King Edward VII, he went again to Scotland during the winter. At this journey, throughout all England around St. Clement's tide in winter, there arose such a springing up and welling up of waters and floods both from the sea and from fresh rivers and springs that the river banks, walls, and costs broke, and beasts, men, and houses were damaged in many places, especially in low-lying areas.\nThe trees were violently and suddenly driven/drowned a way and fruits of the earth through continuance and habituation of waters of the sea thereafter were turned into more saltness and sourness of savour. In the year of King Edward's reign, King Edward entered the Scottish sea after midsummer and gave battle to many Scots, overcoming them. And after Michaelmas, in the year of our Lord 1347, and of King Edward the XII in the month of March during the parliament at Westminster in Lent time, King Edward created the duchy of Cornwall and allowed it to be called the duchy of Cornwall. And in that same year, it was ordained in the same parliament that no one should wear any cloth woven outside England as cloth of gold or silk beyond the sea, but only those who could spend a pound of rent a year. This ordinance and statute had little effect, for it was not enforced. In the 13th year of his reign, King Edward.\nEdward went over sea to Brabant with the queen. In the same time, the king, through the counsel of his true lies and the counsel of his lords who were present with him, took the names of the kings of France and quartered their arms with those of England. He commanded his coat of arms, under the description and writing of the name of England and of France, to be made as best as could be. That is to say, the flowery one that was called the noble prize of 6 shillings, 8 pence of sterling, and the half noble of the value of three shillings, 4 pence. And the next year after, that is to say the 15th year of his reign, he commanded and had written in his Charters and other letters the date of the reign of England. English archers made an assault on the town of St. Amand where they slew, among others, a knight, and also destroyed the town. In the 16th year of his reign, following.\nIn the winter time, the same king dwelled still upon the aforementioned siege and sent frequently to England to his treasurer and other pursuers for gold and money that should be sent to him there in his need. But his procurators and messengers shamefully and very slowly served him at his need, and they deceived him. Because of their defaults and negligence, the king took oaths between himself and the king of France.\n\nKing Edward allowed grand justices and great feasts to be made in the place of his birth at Windsor. There were never such seen there before. At these feasts and royalty were two kings, two queens, the prince of Wales, the duke of Cornwall, eleven earls, nine countesses, barons, and many burgesses, who could not easily be numbered, and from diverse lands beyond the sea were many strangers.\n\nAt the same time, when the feasts were done, King Edward made a great supper. He first arranged and began his round table, and he ordered and fixed the day of the aforementioned round table to be held there.\nIn Windsor, every year in Whitsun, and from the time of the coming of the Hernandes eighteen years before, the English so hated and clung to the woods and folly of the strangers that they ordained and charged them annually diverse shapes and disguisings of long, large and wide clothing.\n\nIn the twenty-first year of his reign, King Edward, through the counsel of all the great lords of the realm of England, called and gathered them to assemble in his parliament at Westminster. Before Easter, he ordered himself to pass over the sea again to deal with and destroy the rebels of France. And when his navy was gathered and made ready, he waited with a huge host on the twelfth day of July, and sailed into Normandy. He remained there for six days due to the treachery of the sea and to allow all his men and their necessities out of their ships. He then marched towards Caen, wasting and destroying all the towns he found in his path.\nxxvj day of Iuyll at the bridge of Cadony manly / & orpedly y strengthed & defended with nort he fonde / whan phelyp of valoys parceyued al this al though he were fast by with a strong hoost he wold not come / no nerre but breke all the bridges by yonde the water of seyne fro Rone vnto parys. And hym self fledde vnto the same cyte of parys with all the hast that he myght / Forsoth the noble kyng edward whan he come to parys bridge and fonde it broken within ij dayes / be lete make it ageyne / And in the morow after the assumpcion of our lady kyng edward passed ouer the water of seyne goyng toward Crescy / and destroyed by the way tounes with the peple duellyng ther in / And in the fest of saynt bartholomew he passed ouer the water of somme vnhurt with all his hoost ther as neuer byfore hand was ony maner way ne passage wher ij \nAnd for alle this the vngloryous \nhym with the resydue of his peple / wherfor it was sayd in comu ne among his owne peple / N\nAnd so a day of batayll was assygned bytwene hem and\ncer\u2223teyne lordes and men of holy chirch that were of that cou\u0304tre with other comune peple faste by the Cyte of duresme / at whiche daye thurgh the grace & helpe of almyghty god the scottes were ouer comen / and yet were they iij fold so many of hem as of Englissh men / And ther was slayn al the chyualrye and knyghthode of the Royamme of Scotland / And there were take as they wolde haue fledde thens Dauyd the kyng of Scotland hym self The erle of Mentyf. syr william douglas / and many other grete men / And after that our Englysshmen whan they hadde rested hem a fewe dayes & had ordeyned ther kepars of the northcou\u0304trey they comen vnto london / and broughten with hem dauyd kyng of Scotland / and al these other lordes that were taken prisoners vn to the tour of london with alle the haste that they myght. And\nther they bef\nIN the xxij yere of kyng edwardes regne / he we\u0304t ouer the see in the wynter tyme / & lay al the wynter at ye siege of Caleys / the whiche yere the whyle the siege lasted phelip the kyng of\nThe French force attempted to deceive and fraudulently withdraw the siege of Calais on the 25th day of July, with a great host and strong power, approaching the siege of Calais. Philip had sent word to King Edward on the last day of July that he would give him open battle three days later, around evening time, if he dared come from the siege and stay for it. And when King Edward heard this without delay or hesitation, he gladly accepted the day and hour of battle that Philip had assigned. However, when the King of France heard that the following night after he set up his tents, he removed and waited awhile, sending some of the greatest men of state and government of the town to England to await his pleasure. In that same year, King Edward held Christmas at Baunton. The day after New Year's Day, the king was in Calais castle with his soldiers, and the enemy was unaware of this. The false spy and traitor Geoffrey of Charney.\nHe must not openly have his purpose in the castle privately, and stealthily he comes in and holds the town with a great host. And when he and his men had come in, he paid the aforementioned sum of florins as was customary between them to a certain man.\n\nNow you shall hear how they were deceived. For they came in by a private postern over a little bridge of trees. And when they had come in, subtly and privately the bridge was drawn up and kept so that none of those coming in might go on.\n\nMass in August next following almost an entire year, and in those days there was death without sorrow, weddings without friendship, willful penance, and death without scarcity, and fleeing without refuge. For many fled from place to place due to the pestilence. But they were infected and could not escape death after the prophet Isaiah says, \"Whoever flees from the face of fear will fall into the ditch.\" And he who thinks he escapes from the ditch will be held and tied with a green rope.\nbut whan this pestylence was seced / as god wold vnnethes the x part of the pe\u2223ple was left alyue / And in the same yere bigan a wonder thyng that al that euer were borne after that pestilence hadden ij ch\nANd in the / xxv / yere of his regne abonte seynt Iohannes day in heruest in the see fast by wynchelsee kyng edward had a grete bataylle with men of spayne\u25aa where that t is to say / the peny / the grote of value of iiij pens / & the half groe dere somer / and in the xxxviij yere of his regne in the parleme\u0304t holden at westmestre after estren / sir henry erle of lancastre was made duke of lancastre / & in this same yere was so grete a dro\nfor the moost partye were lost in defaute / wherof ther come so grete disese of men and beestes and derth of vytaylles in englond / soo that this land that euer afore had be plentiuous had nede that ti me to seke his vytaylles and refresshyng of other out yles\u25aa & con\u2223trees / And in the xxix yere of kyng Edward it was acorded graunted & sworne bytwene\u25aa the kyng of frau\u0304ce /\nKing Edward of England was to have back all his lands and lordships that belonged to the duchy of Guienne in old times, which had been withdrawn and wrongfully occupied by various kings of France beforehand. These were to be held by King Edward and his heirs and successors forever, freely, peaceably, and in good quietude, according to this covenant. The king of England was to leave and release all his right and claim that he had, and make amends with the king of France and the title he took from them. However, through fraud and deceit of the Frenchmen, and through the pope and the Roman court allowing it, these covenants were discredited and abandoned. In the same year, the king, through his wise and discreet council, revoked the wool staple from Flanders into England.\nWith all the liberties, franchises, and free customs that were established in England in various places, such as Westminster, Canterbury, Chichester, Bristol, Lincoln, Hull, and all the aforementioned things that pertained to this, King Edward swore to carry out this thing himself, and Prince Edward, his son, with many other great witnesses present. In the thirty-third year of his reign, immediately after Whitsunday, in the parliament held at Westminster, it was reported and certified to the king that Philip, who held the kingdom of France, was dead. And that John, his son, had been crowned king. And that this John had given his son Charles the duchy of Guyenne. When King Edward learned of this, he had great indignation towards him and was greatly angered. Therefore, before all the worthy lords assembled at that parliament, he called Prince Edward to him. To whom he granted the duchy of Guyenne.\nGuyenne, by right, should long belong to him, granting and strengthening him, so that he should order himself to defend himself and avenge himself upon his enemies, and maintain his right. And later, King Edward himself and his eldest son Edward went to various places and saints in England on pilgrimage, to have the more help and grace of God and of his saints. And the second calamity of July, when all things were ready for that voyage and battle, and his army also ready, he took with him the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Salisbury, and a [large number] of others. In the thirty-first year of his reign, on the fourteen day of January, the king in the castle of Berwick, with a few men but having there a great host, the town was yielded to him without any manner of defense or difficulty, except for the king of Scotland, that is, Sir John Balliol, considering how God did many marvels and graces, and men of arms about two miles. And so the victory filled up to them.\nPrince and the people of England, by the grace of God, released many prisoners and charged them, on their truth and knighthood, to go free. But the prince took the king of France and Philip his son with all due respect, and met again at Bordeaux with a glorious victory. Some of the captured men and those who were with us made peace and an accord between the two kings, in no way to act contrary. And among all his lords, for the greater love and strength of witnesses, he delivered and departed the relics of the crown of Christ to the knights of England. They courteously took their leave. And on the following Friday, in their presence and that of other worthy men, Prince Edward made his vows. Later, both kings and their sons, and the most noble men of both realms, within the same year, made the same oath. And to strengthen all these aforementioned things, the king of England asked the greatest men of France.\nAnd he had his axing, that is, about six dukes, seven earls, and twelve barons, and worthy knights. And when the place and time were assigned for both kings with their councils to come together and agree on all, the aforementioned thing between them I spoke to ratify and make firm and stable the common agreement between the two kings and their sons and the greatest lords of both realms and of their councils who were present. And I had not sworn before the aforementioned oath that they had made and was titled between them, they begged me to keep it, and all other convenants that were between them I ordained. And in this same year, men and beasts, trees and housing, were destroyed suddenly by tempest and strong lightning. And the devil appeared bodily in many a form to many people as they knew in diverse places.\n\nKing Edward, in the 35th year of his reign, immediately after Christmas, held his parliament at Westminster. In which was put forth and sealed the accord and:\nThe treaty that was stabilized and agreed upon between the two kings, which pleased many people, and therefore, by the kings' commandment, were gathered in Westminster church on the first Sunday of Lent. That is to say, the Englishmen and Frenchmen were present, where was solemn mass of the Trinity presided over by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Master Simon Islep. And when the Agnus Dei was done, the king being there with his sons and also with the kings' sons of France and other noble and great lords with candles lit and crosses borne forth, all who were called to it were not sworn before, swore that same oath that was written upon God's body and in the mass book in this manner:\n\nWe, N, and N, swear upon holy God's body and on the Gospels steadfastly to hold and keep towards us the peace and the accord made between you, the two kings, and never to do the contrary. And when they had thus sworn, they took their oaths' pledges that their oaths were recorded by the notaries.\nthis same yere in the asce\u0304cion eue a bout mydday was seyn the eclyps of the so\u0304ne / & ther folowed su che a drought / that for defaute of rayne ther was grete barines of corn fruyt & heye / And in the same moneth the vj kal of Iuyn ther fill a sanguyn rayne almoost like blode in burgoyne / And a sangneyn crosse fro morne vnto prime Was y seen & appered at bo loyne in the eyre / the which many a man saw / & after it meued / & fill in the mydde see / & in the same tyme in fraunce & in englond & in other many la\u0304des / as they that were in pleyn co\u0304trees & desert baren wytnes sodenly ther appered ij castels / of the which wente out ij hoostes of armed men / And that one hoost was clothed. & heled in whyte / & that other in black / And whan batayl bitwe ne hem was bygonne / the whyte ouercome the black / And anon after the blac toke hert vnto him / and ouercome the whyte / And after that they went ageyne in to hir castels / And than the Ca stelles and all the hoostes vanysshed awey / And in this same yere was a\nIn the same year, great and an enormous number of people, particularly men, whose wives, acting against their governance, took husbands - both strategists and other lewd and simple people - forsaking their own honor, worship, and birthright, married those of low degree and little reputation. In this same year, Henry the Second died.\n\nAnd in the 35th year of King Edward the Fifteenth, on St. Martin's Day about eveningsong time, there arose such a wind from the south with such fury and strength that it brought down to the ground houses, strong buildings, towers, churches, and steeples, and all other strong works that still stood, making them weaker and more unstable while they remain. This wind lasted without interruption for seven consecutive days. And immediately after, such heavy rains came in both harvest and summertime that all field works were destroyed.\nIn the same year, Edward took the lordship of Guyenne, and King Edward welcomed and greatly respected him. After they had stayed for a long time, two of them returned to their own countries and kingdoms. However, King Francis remained in England due to great sickness, and in the thirty-ninth year of his reign, there was a strong and prolonged frost that lasted from Saint Andrew's tide to the twelve Kalends of Apul. This frost hindered tilling and sowing of the earth and other field works, as well as hand labors, due to the extreme cold. At Orl\u00e9ans in Britain, a great deadly battle took place between Sir John of Montfort, Duke of Brittany, and Sir Charles of Blois. However, the victory fell to the aforementioned Sir John with the help and support of the Englishmen. Many knights, squires, and common men were taken in this battle, among whom Charles was slain.\nIn this year, at Sauoy, only self and those who stood about him, and seven Englishmen, were slain. King Edward of England allowed the service and expenses of John, King of France, to be arranged in a worthy manner, and he was brought to France and buried at St. Denis. In the forty-first year of King Edward VI, Edward, Prince Edward's son, was born. When he was seven years old, he died, and in the same year, it was ordained that Saint Peter's Pence, from that time onward, should no longer be paid. This was the first king of England, from the country of Wessex, who began to reign in the year of our Lord 545. He granted England to Rome for the continuation of the school there, and in this same year, there were 21 students in Rome. Additionally, by common assent and the desire of the community of the realm, around this time, at King Edward's command.\nEdward's command in England, when all the castles and towns were yielded to him that had long been held in France, was Sir Bartholomew Clive, knight, an injured man and a good warrior. He went and proposed to expel Peter of Spain from his kingdom with the help of the majority of the aforementioned great company. Trusting also in the help and favor of the pope, since it concerned him. So that the same Peter, who had been smitten with fear of this news, fled to Gascony to seek help and succor from Prince Edward. And when he had fled from Spain, Henry his brother, a bastard by the consent of the majority of Spain, and through the help of that fearsome company, which I spoke of earlier, having lost and not well rewarded or pleased with the answer they had received, turned homeward again, leaving them behind in their inn privately. He was alarmed, lest it should be any prejudice.\nThe world undertook the quarrel, he bound and knotted sore the king who was deposed with a great oath, that is to say, that he should ever afterward maintain the right belief and faith of the holy church and the holy church itself, with all its ministers, rights, and liberties, to defend from all its enemies and evils. And all who were against it took up the cause and quarrel of the deposed king and begged him, with the grace of God, to restore him again to his kin domain, and led and gathered together within the shortest time his army with men of arms to wage and fight in this aforesaid cause. And at the same time, on the Scottish sea, it is said that many a man took three days to gather, there were seen two churches, of which one came out of the south and the other out of the north. They fought and wrestled cruelly and strongly to gather and the south church first overcame the north church. It rent and tore him so that he should not rest nor take breath.\nAnd after the southern eagle flew home to his own costs. And soon after, it was seen in the morning before the sun rising, and in the last day of October, save one day, many stars gathered on a heap and fell down to the earth, leaving flying beams in a manner of lighting. Whose flames burned and consumed men's clothes and men walking on the earth, as it was seen and known by many a man.\n\nIn the year of our Lord, 1567, and of King Edward, 45, the third day of April, there was a strong battle and great one in a large field called Priasers, near the waters of Nazareth in Spain, between Sir Edward the Prince and Henry the Bastard of Spain. But the victory fell to Prince Edward.\n\nEdward came near him, and when Henry the Bastard saw that, he turned with his men in such great haste and strength to flee that an huge company of them in the aforementioned flood, and of the bridge thereof, filled down and perished. Also, the Earl of Denem was taken.\nSir Bartram Cleykyn, the cause and maker of the war, and Chieuetaine of the vault ward of the battle, along with over two thousand other great lords and knights, including two hundred from France and many from Scotland, were present. On the enemy side, there fell lords, knights, and common people to the number of five thousand, and many more, with English men being few. After this victory, the noble Prince Edward returned the piers back into his kingdom again. However, through treachery and falseness of the aforementioned Bastard of Spain, who was seated at his table, he was strangled and died. But after this victory, many noble and hardy men and English in Spain died through the plague and other diverse sicknesses. In the same year, Stella was seen between the north and west coasts, whose beams were broken between him and the king of France, indicating how he might best avenge his wrongs.\nThe king, on one occasion, fought battles against the church and on another occasion against lords. In that region, he performed many marvelous acts, including the conversion of St. Paul. After completing and decorating the sepulcher with great expenses and royal honors for the burial of Queen Philip his wife, a large sum was to be paid for three years. The clergy opposed this and refused to grant it to the next heir. Instead, they agreed that the sum should be paid in three years by certain terms.\n\nIn the 45th year of King Edward, King Edward, with unwise counsel and indecent behavior, demanded a great sum of gold from the prelates, lords, marquesses, and other rich men of his realm, stating that it should be spent on defending the church and the realm. However, it never benefited the latter. Therefore, around midsummer, after him,\nThe king gathered the worthy men of his realm, among whom were some lords, including Lord Fitzwater and Lord Graison, as well as other knights. The king appointed Sir Robert Knolles, a proven and experienced knight, to govern and manage all affairs. When they arrived in France, as long as they remained united, the French dared not attack them. However, due to envy and covetousness among them, they separated and split into various companies unwisely and foolishly. But Sir Robert Knolles and his men remained safe within a castle in Britaine. In the same year, the City of Limoges rebelled and fought against the prince, as did other cities in Guyenne, due to great taxes, costs, and reasons imposed upon them.\nPrince Edward, whose charges were not acceptable, turned from him and went to King Francis of France. When Prince Edward saw this, he was deeply disturbed and angry, and he returned to England with great injuries and fierce battles fought against the people who desired to fulfill his predecessors' will. However, they did not achieve their purpose.\n\nFrom Lancaster, the Earl of Cambridge and his brother came out of Gascony into England, and they took the peace treaties and married their wives there. At last, they went to the court of Rome without any effect for their purpose.\n\nIn this year, there was a strong battle at sea between the English and the Flemings, and the English had the victory. They took 25 ships laden with salt, slinging and drenching all the men on board who were not from that country. Had peace been made and an accord reached sooner, much more harm would have befallen them.\nBetween them, in this same year, the French besieged the town of Rochell. Therefore, the Earl of Penbroke was sent to Gascony with a great company of men-at-arms to destroy the siege. They passed the sea and safely reached the harbor of Rochell. However, when they were there at the harbor, they were met with unexpected English forces which inflicted much damage, injury, and death upon them. For the English were not yet ready to fight and were taken by surprise. In the ensuing battle, ten out of sixty men were wounded to death, and all their ships were burned. They took the Earl and an immense treasure of the realm of England with him, as well as many other noblemen also on Midsummer's Day, which is St. Etheldreda's Day, and led them away to Spain. This misfortune caused no great wonder, for this Earl was a very evil liver, an open lecher, and in a certain place he stood and was against the one he should have asked for more men of the holy orders.\nThe church of other people of the lay fee accepted the king and a great host to enter see to Roche, but the wind was contrary to him and prevented him from going far from the land. Therefore, he stayed a certain time on the sea coast, waiting for a good wind for them. Yet it did not come, so at last he came with his men to land ward again. And immediately as he was on land, the wind began to turn and was in another coast than he was.\n\nIn the 47th year of King Edward's reign, the duke of Lancaster with a great host went into Flanders and passed through Paris by Burgundy, and through all France, until he came to Bordeaux without any hindrance from the fresh men. He did little harm there, but he took and plundered many places, towns, and men, and let them go freely afterwards. He was to leave and not meddle in the keeping of offices and reservations of benefits in England. Those who were chosen to do so.\nbishop same as their metropolitans and archbishops, as they were wont to be in old time / Of these matters and other concerning the king and his realm when they had the pope's answer, they were to certify him again by letters of the king's will and of his realm / or they were to determine nothing further from the aforementioned articles / In the same year, John, archbishop of York, John bishop of Ely, and William bishop of Worcester died. In their stead, the king appointed a tenth of the clergy and fifteen of the laity as their successors. The next year after King Edward IV, on the 15th day of June, Master William Wytlesey died, archbishop of Canterbury. Therefore, the monks of the same church asked and desired a Cardinal of England to be archbishop. And for this reason, the king was agreed, and had intended and planned / to have expelled the monks of the same house. And so they spent much on this, but the king would not consent or grant their election yet.\nof the Cardinal, not long after the third year of King Edward's reign, he allowed or caused, and held at Westminster the greatest parliament that had been seen many a year before. In this parliament, he asked of the commonalty of the realm, as he had done before, for a great subsidy to be granted to him for defending himself and his realm. But it came answered that they were so often daily troubled and burdened with many tallages and subsidies, that they could no longer endure such burdens and charges. And they knew and were aware that the king had need of saving himself and his realm if the realm were well and truly governed. But it had been so long ill governed by evil officers that the realm might neither be prosperous in commerce and merchandise nor rich. And they offered these things to themselves, if the king would certainly prove and stand by.\nAfter the king had a need, these men were founded and proven. They willingly offered to help him according to his power and state. Following this, numerous complaints and defects of various officers of the realm were publicly presented and shown in parliament. Notably, those of Lord Latimer and others who were suspected of evil governance were requested to be removed. The commonalty asked that worthy and proven men be put in their places. Among other commoners, there was one, a wise knight and a true and eloquent man named Pierres de la Marre. He was chosen to speak for the commoners in parliament. Pierres recounted and published the truth, recalling the wrongs against Lady Alice and certain other individuals, as well as the king.\ncou\u0304ceill / as he was bode by the co\u0304munes / & also trustyng moche for to be supported & mayntened in this mater by helpe & fauour of the prince / anon as the prince was dede at the Instau\u0304ce & request of the forsayd dame alice this pyers de la mare was Iuged to e vj kat is to say in trinite so\u0304day / in the worship of which fest he was wont euery yere wher that euer he were in the world to make & hold the most sole\u0304pnyte yt he my\u0292t / whos name & fortune of kny\u0292\u00a6thode but yf it had be of another ectour al me\u0304 both cristen & hethen while he lyued & was in good poynt wo\u0304dred moche & drad hym wo\u0304der sore / whos body is worshipfully y buryed in crychirch at cau\u0304terbury / And in this same yere the men & the erles tenau\u0304tes of warwyk arisen malt they my\u0292t / m so ferforth that forsoth they had destroyed perpetu e kyn\u2223ge the so\u0304ner had holpen it / & taken hede therto / & therfor the kyn\u2223ge sente his lettres to therle of warrewyk chargyng hym & com\u2223mau\u0304dyng that he shold stynt redresse & amende tho euel \nbut he toke &\nThe king made his son the duke of Lancaster his governor of the realm. This was the year after Cadlemass or the parliament was held. The same year, the king asked a subsidy from the clergy and the laity. It was granted to him. That is, he should have from every lay person, both man and woman, over the age of 24, 4 pence. He should take no alms from known poor beggars. He should have from every man of the holy church, 12 pence if beneficed or promoted, and 4 pence from all others. He should take the fourth parts of the orders of the Friar Beggars. This same year, Richard Edward's son was made Prince of Wales. The king also gave him the duchy of Cornwall and the earldom of Chester. Around this time, the Cardinal of England was suddenly struck down on the third day before Mary Magdalene day after dinner. He lost his speech and died on Mary Magdalene day.\nIn the year of King Edward, at the beginning of October, Pope Gregory XIII brought his court from Avignon to Rome. On the 14th day of April, at London, John Monsterworth, knight, was drawn and hanged for being excessively covetous and unstable. He frequently took large sums of money from the king and his council for wages of men-at-arms that he should have paid, and used it for his own purposes. Fearing that he would eventually be punished for this reason, he fled privately to the king of France and was sworn to him and became his man. He promised him a great navy from Spain to bring chaos and destruction to England. But rightful God, to whom all things are known, suffered this John to be born, that he should destroy or bring about his accursed purpose through battle.\n\nAfter King Edward's death, Richard of Burgundy, his heir, received the order of knighthood from him at Windsor. King Edward, who is buried, made him a knight.\nKing Edward, in truth, was exceptionally good and gracious among all worthy men in the world. He surpassed and shone through grace, receiving favor from God above all his predecessors, who were noble and worthy. He was a valiant and hardy-hearted man, fearing neither misfortunes nor harm. A noble warrior and fortunate one, he achieved victory in both land and sea battles, and in each assembly with great glory and joy. He was meek and humble, treating all men, whether strangers or his subjects, with the same kindness. Those under his governance were devoted and holy to God and the Church, and he revered and maintained them. He was treatable and well-behaved in temporal and worldly matters, wise in counsel, and discreet, soft, and meek in speech. In his deeds and manners, he was gentle and well-taught.\nhaving pity for those in disease in youth, generously giving to them. Seemingly healthy, of good stature, with a face that shone so much grace that any man who beheld his face or dreamed of him hoped that all things would be joyful and pleasing to him. He governed his kingdom gloriously until old age.\n\nBut misfortunes and unfortunate things began to spring up, and the harm continued for a long time after.\n\nAnd after the good King Edward the Third, who was born at Windsor, ruled Richard the Second, the son of the Prince of Wales. King Richard was born in the city of Bordeaux in Gascony, and was crowned at Westminster in the eleventh year of his age. In the second year of his reign, there was a dispute between Lord Latimer and Sir Rauf, who was taken prisoner in the battle of Spain by these two squires, and the aforementioned Lord Latimer.\nSir Rauf Ferriers desired to have the prisoner who was the Earl of Dene, whom they had taken in the battle of Spain. For this reason, these two lords came into the church at Westminster and found this squire celebrating mass beside St. Edward Shrine. They seized him, who was called Hawel, and Shakel was arrested as well. Hawel was imprisoned in the Tower of London. He refused to deliver the Earl of Dene's prisoner to these men, who were called Jack Straw and Wat Tyler. And they came.\n\nAssembled before the Black King, who was present, they brought the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir Edmond Sudbury, and Sir Robert Hales, Hospitaler Priest and Master of St. John's House, and a white friar who was the King's confessor, to the Tower. They beheaded them and placed their heads on a spear shaft. It was then borne through London and set high upon London Bridge.\n\nImmediately, these risers and misgoverned men were wide and clean vanished.\nIt had not been they/and the king, by the prayer of his lord's mayors and their six knights, good and worthy men of the city of London \u2013 William Walworth, Slowe Iakes, Nicholas Brembre, John Philipot, Nicholas Twiford, and Robert Lades, the six Robert Gaytons \u2013 until the king with his lords and knights returned again to the Tower of London. And there he rested until this people were better composed and set in rest and peace. The great earthquake, and was generally throughout the world on the Wednesday after Shrove Tuesday in the year of our Lord MCMLXXXJ. Whereof all manner of people were sore agitated and dreadfully long time for fear of vengeance lest our Lord shewed and did. In the sixth year of King Richard, Sir Henry Specher, bishop of Norwich, went with a cross over the sea into the country of Flanders, and there they took the towns of Gravening and Burburche, Dunkirk.\nIn this year, Newport was where they loaded and unloaded ships with plunder, intending to bring them into England with these goods. And the bishop of Norwich and his council burned these ships with all the pelage in the same harbor into hard ash. At Dunkirk, a great battle took place between the Flemings and Englishmen. At this battle, a great multitude of Flemings were slain and an enormous number. And then the bishop with his retinue went to Ypres and besieged it for a long time, but it could not be taken. He left that siege and returned to England again, for our Englishmen were heavily defeated and many died on the field.\n\nAnd in this same year, Queen Anne came to England, and the king's ambassadors were brought to England, and so forth to London. The people of the City, that is, the mayor and aldermen and all the commons, rode out against her to welcome her, and every man in good array, and every craft with its minstrelsy greeted her in the best manner possible.\nIn Kent, she was brought to London through the city, and so forth to Westminster to the king's palaces. There, she was married to King Richard worthily in the abbey of Westminster and crowned queen of England. Her friends who came with her were given great gifts, and they were well entertained and refreshed as long as they remained there. In this same year, a battle was fought in the king's palaces at Westminster due to certain points of treason between Sir John Ansley knight and Carton squire. But Sir John Ansley overcame Carton, and he was made to yield within the lists. Carton was then stripped of his armor and drawn out of the lists, and so forth to Tyburn. There, he was hanged for his deceit. In the eighth year of King Richard's reign, Sir Edmond Langley, Earl of Cambridge, the king's uncle, went to Portugal with a fair retinue of men-at-arms and lawyers to strengthen and help.\nThe king of Portugal opposed the king of Spain and his power. At this battle, the king of Portugal gained victory through the help and comfort of the English. After this journey was completed, the Earl of Cambridge returned home to England with his people in haste. God bless him and his gracious gift, Amen. In the same year, King Richard held his Christmas at Eltham. And at the same time, the king of Aragon fled from his own land and came to England to seek support and help from our king against his enemies who had driven him out of his realm. He was brought to the king at Eltham, where the king held his royal feast of Christmas. Our king welcomed him, showing him great reverence and worship, and commanded all his lords to show him every possible kindness. Then he begged the king for grace, help, and comfort in his need, and for assistance in regaining his kingdom.\nThe king showed pity and compassion for his great misfortune and grievous disease. He asked what was best to be done, and they answered that if he wanted to give him anything good, it would be well done. Regarding his people traveling so far into foreign lands, it was a great risk. The king gave him gold and silver, and many rich gifts.\n\nAt the same parliament held at Westminster, the Earl of the Marches was publicly proclaimed Earl of the Marches and heir apparent to the English crown after King Richard. The Earl of the Marches went over sea to Ireland to his lordships and lands, for the Earl of the Marches is Earl of Ulster in Ireland by right, lineage, and heritage. He lay at the castle of his at that time. And there came upon him a great multitude of wild Irishmen to take and destroy him. He came out fiercely from his castle with his people, and they fought greatly. There he was taken.\nIn the 1xth year of King Richard's reign, the Earl of Arundel sailed with a great navy of ships near Medway, accompanied by men-at-arms and good archers. Upon reaching the broad sea, they encountered the entire fleet, which was coming from Rochell with wines that were enemies' goods. Our navy set upon them and took them all, bringing them to various ports and havens of England. Some were brought to London, and you might have had a tonne of Rochell wine of the best for 20 shillingsters linges. And so we had great cheap wine throughout the realm at that time, thank God Almighty.\n\nIn the reign of King Richard the 12th year, the five Lords rose at Rattec, were hanged, and their throats were cut. After that, in the same parliament at Westminster, Sir Simon Beverley, a Knight of the Garter, and Sir John Beauchamp, the steward of the king's house, were present.\nIames Berners were dragged to their deaths and then led on foot to the tower hill, where their heads were struck off. The king's men were all there with chains of gold, and they wore the same hearts as previously mentioned from the tower on horseback through the city of London to Smithfield. This man placed this duke of Lancaster's edict upon him, and he asked him why he did so. This Roman turned again and broke the baker's head. Neighbors came out and tried to arrest this Roman, but he broke free and fled. He fortified the gates and kept the place so that no one could enter. Many more people gathered there and said they would either get him out or burn down the place and all that were within. Then the mayor and sheriffs, along with many others, arrived and quelled the commotion. They made every man go home to his house and keep the peace. This Roman's lord, the Bishop of Salisbury, Master John Waltham, was deeply troubled by these events at that time.\nof England went to Sir Thomas Arundel, archbishop of York, at Windsor castle. The king reprimanded the mayor and sheriffs severely for the offense they had committed against him and his officers in his chamber in London. For this reason, he deposed and dismissed the mayor and both sheriffs. This occurred 14 days before the feast of St. John the Baptist. Then the king summoned Sir Edward Dalingridge, a knight, and appointed him wardEN and governor of the city and chamber of London, as well as all its people. He held this position for only four weeks due to his gentleness and consideration towards the citizens of London. Therefore, the king deposed him and appointed Sir Baudwin Radington, the king's controller of the household, as wardEN and governor of his chamber and its people. He also chose two worthy men from the city to be sheriffs with him for governing and enforcing the king's laws in the city: Gilbert Mawfield and Thomas Newenton.\nmayre and the aldermen of Chester held all the royal courts of law from Midsummer (the feast of St. John the Baptist) to Christmas next following at Chester. But when the king and his council found it less profitable there than it had been at London, they removed it again to London and Westminster for the ease of their officers and advantage to the king and all the realms' commons. And when the people of London learned that these courts were returning and that the king and his people were coming as well, the mayor and aldermen, along with the chief commoners of the city, gathered a great sum of gold from all the commons of the city. They ordered and made great royalty for his coming to London and granted him his grace, good lordship, liberty, and franchises again, as they had before. The king granted them grace, which was done at the times.\nBy his letters patent and charter, the queen and other worthy lords and ladies fell on their knees and begged the king to confirm this. Then the king took the queen, granted her all that she asked, and they thanked the king and queen and went home again. In the fifteenth year of King Richard's reign, certain Scottish lords came to England to seek worship as granted by the terms of truce. These were the persons: the Earl of March and he challenged the Earl Marshal of England to a duel on horseback with sharp spears. They rode towards each other as two worthy knights and lords. But the Scottish Earl did not make a full challenge. He was thrown from his horse and man, and two of his ribs were broken by the fall. He was carried home from Smithfield to his inn, and within a little time afterwards, he was carried home in a litter. At York, he died. Sir William Darrell, knight and the banneret of Scotland, made another challenge.\nIn the twenty-second year of King Richard's reign, Piers Courteyn, knight and the king's banneret of England, rode certain courses on horseback in the same field. When he had ridden and tried his challenge, he could not have the letter; he gave it over and would take no more of his challenge. He turned his horse and rode home to his own town. And one Cockborne, a squire of Scotland, challenged Sir Nicholas Hauberk knight of certain courses with sharp spears on horseback. They rode five courses to decide the matter, and at every course the Scot was thrown, both horse and man. Our English lords, thanked be God, defeated the field. In the seventeenth year of King Richard's reign, the good, gracious Queen Anne, wife of King Richard, died in the manner of the Lady Anne in the shire of Surrey on a Wednesday. She was brought to London and then to Westminster. There she was buried and worthily entered beside St. Edward's shrine. On whose soul almighty God have pity and mercy. Amen.\n\nIn the twenty-second year of King Richard's reign, King Richard went over the sea to Calais.\nwith Dukes, earls, lords, and barons, and many other worthy squires, and common people of the realm, in good array, as eagerly anticipated a worthy king and prince of his nobility and of his own person to do him reverence and observe, as was due to their liege lord. A king and emperor could also abide and receive the worthy and gracious lady who should be his wife, a young creature of 19 years of age, plentifully. And all manner of servants were ready to serve them all. And thus, this worthy marriage was solemnly done and ended with all royalty. Then, the two dukes of France, with their people, took their leave of the king and queen, and went again to Gravelines. And there, the French lords, that is, the two dukes and all their men, had come.\nover the water they met and took leave of one another. Our lords returned to Calais, and the French lords crossed the water again into France. Immediately after, the king made ready with the queen and all his lords, ladies, and people and crossed the sea into England, and went to London. The mayor and the sheriffs with all the aldermen and worthy citizens rode out to meet them at the Blackheath in Kent. There they were met, and welcomed in good array, and every man in the clothing of his craft. Minstrels entertained them. They brought them to St. George's Cross in Southwark, and there took their leave. The king and queen rode to Kenington. And upon turning again to London, there was so great press of people on horse and foot on London Bridge that there were dead on the bridge.\n\nImmediately after this,\nThe king, driven by his evil excesses and counsel and malice late in the evening on the same day as mentioned before, prepared himself with his strength and rode to Essex to the town of Chelmsford. There, Sir Thomas of Woodstock, the good duke of Gloucester, was waiting. The parliament, which was being held on the aforementioned lords' judgment, was to be attended by the king's writ. The king sent his writ for their maintenance and strengthening against them, as they were his enemies. This was to be done in all haste, and they were to come to him under pain of death. The king himself went to Cheshire to meet the local churchmen. They gathered and brought a great and huge multitude of people. Both knights, squires, and principally men of Cheshire. These men, and archers, the king took to his own court and gave them a bowge of court and good wages to be keepers of his own body, both night and day, above all other persons, and most beloved.\nAnd bestow your trust in the one who later turned from a young man into great loss and shame. He will tell you of his utter ruin and destruction, as you will soon hear. At that time, Sir Henry Earl of Derby arrived with a great army of men-at-arms and archers. The Earl of Rutland came with a strong power of people, both men-at-arms and archers. The Earl of Kent brought a great army of men-at-arms and archers. The Earl Marshal arrived in the same manner. The Lord Spencer arrived in the same manner. The Earl of Northumberland and Sir Henry were also present. He was made Earl of Wiltshire, and Sir John Mowbray, Earl of Salisbury. And when the king had thus acted, he held a parliament and royal feast for all his lords, and for all manner of people who would come there. And this same year, Sir John of Gaunt, the king's uncle and Duke of Lancaster, died in the Bishop's Inn in Holborn. He was brought from there to St. Paul's, and the king made and held his entry well and worthily with all his lords in the church of St. Paul's.\nIn London, he was buried beside Dame Blanche, his wife, who was daughter and heir to the good Henry, Duke of Lancaster. In the same year, a dispute and debate arose between the Duke of Hereford and the Duke of Norfolk. They engaged in battle and threw down their gloves. They were taken captive and imprisoned. The battle was joined, and the day and place were set. This should take place at Coventry. And there, the king arrived with all his lords that day, and was seated in the field. Then, these two worthy lords came into the field, clean armed and well arrayed with all their weapons, ready to engage in battle. We were ready in the designated place to fight against them. But the king intervened and took the quarrel into his hands.\n\nImmediately, the Duke of Hereford was exiled for a term of ten years, and the Duke of Norfolk was exiled forever. At the same time, Sir Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, was exiled forever and deposed from his position.\nThis sees for my lordship of the king / And immediately these three worthy lords were commanded and defended the king's realm / And at once they obtained ships at various harbors / and sailed to diverse lands each his way / The duke of Norfolk went to\n\nKing Richard made Sir Roger Walden, Archbishop of Canterbury, a clerk. In the twelfth year of King Richard's reign, through false counsel and the imagination of covetous men who were around him, blank charters were made and ordained. They were sealed by all manner of rich men throughout the realm. People were compelled to set their seal to it. This was done for great covetousness. Therefore, all good hearts in the realm turned away from him who was king ever after.\n\nThis was utterly destruction and end to him who was so high and excellent a prince and king / and through covetousness and false counsel, he was falsely betrayed / Alas, for pity that such a king might not see.\n\nKing Richard then set\nKing Richard's kingdom and his royal land England was leased to four persons: Sir William Scrope, Earl of Wiltshire and Treasurer of England; Sir John Bush; Henry Green; and Sir John Bagot. These men turned out to be treacherous and caused much harm and death within a short time, as you will find written hereafter. And King Richard made great preparations for war and went to Ireland, taking with him large numbers of lords with great hosts to strengthen her with arms, archers, and much great equipment and good order for war. Before he crossed the sea, he appointed and made Edmund Earl of Lancaster, his uncle, Duke of York, his lieutenant of England in his absence, with the governance and counsel of these four knights who had taken England from the king. He then crossed the sea and came to Ireland, where he was well and worthily received. The rebels, who were called the Wild Faction,\n\nAnd while King Richard was thus in Ireland, Sir Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Hereford, returned from banishment.\nThe king had previously made the earl of Derby duke of Hereford. This duke, whom the king had exiled from the country, had returned to England to challenge the duke of Lancaster's dominion as his rightful inheritance. He came from France via Calais and there met Sir Thomas of Arundel, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who had also been exiled from England. With him came the Earl of Arundel, his son and heir, who was in ward and keeping Sir John Shelley knight, formerly with the Earl of Huntingdon, and the Duke of Exeter, who was in the castle of Reigate in the south. Upon hearing of his arrival and knowing his whereabouts, these lords drew to him, welcomed him, and encouraged him in every way. They passed into the land and gathered many people. When King Richard learned and knew that these two lords had returned to England and were landed, he left his ordinance in Ireland and came to England to ward.\nSir Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, came to the castle of Flint to take counsel and make decisions. But no one came to him. Then Sir Thomas Percy went to King Richard's tower and told him of his misgovernance and extortion, which he had planned and ordered to oppress all the common people, and also the realm. Therefore, the common people of the realm wanted to depose him of his kingdom. And so, at that time, in the Tower of London, he was deposed by the counsel of all his lords and commoners. He was taken from the tower to the Castle of Leeds in Kent and kept there for a while. Then he was taken from there to the Castle of Pontefract in the northcountry to be imprisoned. There he met his end. When King Richard was deposed and had resigned his crown and kingdom, and was kept in custody, all the lords of the realm, with the commoners' consent, chose by agreement:\nWorthy Lord Henry of Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, Duke of Hereford and Lancaster by right line and heritage. And for his rightful manhood, the people chose him over all others and made him King of England among them. After King Richard II was deposed and removed from his kingdom, the lords and the Commons, along with other worthy men of the realm, chose Sir Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, as his son and heir of John, Duke of Lancaster, for his worthy manhood. He was crowned King of England at Westminster by the assent of the realm following the deposing of King Richard. Then he made Henry, his eldest son, Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester. He made Sir Thomas Arundell Archbishop of Canterbury again, as he had been before, and Sir Roger Walden, whom King Richard had made Archbishop of Canterbury, he made him bishop of Winchester.\nBisshop of london. For that tyme it stode voyde / And he made erles sone of Arundel that come with hym ouer the see from Caleys in to Englond / he made hym erle of Arundel / as his sndre had \nlyege lord the kyng / as al other lordes had done / And than anon dyed kyng Rychard in the Castel of \nAnd when kynge Henry wyst & knewe verryly that he was dede / he sete tere hym in the beste maner / and closed it in a fayre cheste with dyuerse speceryes and baumes. and closed hem in a lynnen clothe al sauf his vysage / and that was lefte open / that men myght see his persone from al other men / And soo he was brought to london with torche lyght brennyng vnto saynt poules And there he hadde his masse and his Dirige with moche reue rence and solempnyte of seruyce / And when alle this was done / he was brought from saynt \nAnd in the fyrst yere of kyng henryes regne he helde his Criste masse in the Castel of wyndesore / And on the / xij / euen come the duke of aumarle vnto the kyng / and told hym / that he and the duke of\nSurre and the duke of Exeter, the Earl of Salisbury, and the Earl of Gloucester, along with others of their affinity, were ordered to make a meeting with the king on the twelfth day at night. There they cast a plot to kill the king in his revels. And then the Duke of Albemarle warned the king. And then the king came the same night to London privately in all the haste he could to get help, support, and counsel. And immediately these others who intended to kill the king fled in all the haste they could, for they knew well that their council was in danger. They were taken through the city of London to London Bridge, and there their heads were set upon high poles, and their quarters were sent to other good towns and to Colchester. At Oxford, Sir Bernard Brokes knight was taken and imprisoned, and Sir John Shelley knight and Sir John [unclear].\nmaudelyn / and syr william Fereby seruau\u0304tes of kyng Rychardys / & they weren arestid and putte in to the toure of london / And thyder come the kynges Iustyces / and sate vpon hem in the tour of london / and ther they were dampned al foure vnto the deth / and the dome was yeue vn to Syr Bernard Brokeys / that he shold gone on fote from the toure thurgh london vnto Tyburne / and ther to be hanged / and af ter his hede smyten of / and Syr Iohan shelley knyght / and Sire Iohan maudelyn / And Syre william fereby were drawe thurgh oute london to Tyborne / and there honged / and hir hedes smyten of, and sette on london brydge.\nAnd in this same yere kynge henry sente quene Isabell hoome ayene in to fraunce / the which was kyng Rychardes wedded wif and yafe hyr gold and syluer / and many other Iewelles / & soo she was dyscharged of al hir dower, and sente oute of Englond\nAnd in the second yere of the regne of kyng Henry the four\u2223the was Sir Rogyer of Claryngdone knyght and twoo of his\nmen / & the prionr of lau\u0304de / &\nIn the reign of King Henry, twelve persons, including some minor friars and masters of divinity, were drawn and hanged at Tyburn for treason. A great discord and debate ensued in the court regarding the rightful successor, causing significant harm and destruction of the king's towns and lordships throughout Wales. They also robbed both English and Welsh people and held Lord Grey of Ruthin prisoner, keeping him in custody until he was ransomed by prisoners of the march. After this marriage and feast were completed, the earl and bishop, along with their retinue, took their leave of the lord and lady. In the fifth year of King Henry's reign, Lord Thomas, the earl's son, sailed over the sea, accompanied by the Earl of Kent and many other lords, knights, men-at-arms, and archers to chastise the rebels who had previously caused much harm to our realm.\nEnglishmen and merchants came to many towns and ports in England along the coasts. And Lord Thomas, the king's son, came to Flodden before a town called the Skelton, among all the ships of the Duke of York.\n\nIn the sixth year of King Henry's reign, the Fourth Earl of Mar of Scotland, by safe conduct, came to England to challenge Sir Edmund Earl of Kent regarding certain matters of war on horseback. This challenge was accepted and granted. The place was taken at Smithfield in London.\n\nThe Earl of Mar of Scotland came proudly into the field according to his challenge. And immediately the Earl of Kent and Lord Earl Marshal of England gathered a strong power against King Henry. Hearing this, the king came with his power northward as quickly as he could and met them.\n\nIn the same year, Sir Robert Knolles knight, a worthy warrior, died at his manor in Norfolk. From there, he was brought to London on a horse bier with much torch light.\nIn the same year, Philip the younger daughter of King Henry was brought over the sea to the White Friars in Fleet Street. There, a solemn feast and royal reception were held for him, along with those who came, both poor and noble. And in the same year, Dame Philippa, the younger daughter of King Henry, was brought across the sea with Sir Richard, Duke of York, and Sir Edmond Courtenay, Bishop of Norwich, and many other lords, knights, squires, ladies, the king and queen, and returned again to England in haste. Thankful to Tiberius, he was hanged there, and the knight took his capture. Death's grasp was caught, but they did not leave until they had taken the castle and all who were within. There, this good lord died. May God have mercy on his soul, Amen. And then his men came home again to England with the earl's body, and was buried among his ancestors worthy of their esteem. In the same year, there was a great frost in England that lasted fifteen weeks. In the fourth year of King Henry's reign, the Neschal of Henry arrived with other men.\nSeek out Auntres and go to him to worship in deeds of arms, both on horseback and on foot, at all manner of points of war. The seneschal challenged the earl of Somerset, and the earl answered him manfully in all challenges, and put his adversary to the worse in all points, and won him there greater in the field. And thus ended the challenges with much worship. And the king, at the reception of the strangers, made a great feast, and gave them rich gifts and they took their leave, and went home to their own country. In the 11th year of King Henry's reign, the 4th, there was a great battle done in Smithfield between two squires. One was called Gloucester's man, and Arthur was the defendant. They fought well and manfully together for a long time. And the king, for his manfulness and his grace, took their quarrel into his hand, and made them go out of the field at once. And they were divided from their battles. And the king gave them grace. And the 11th year of King Henry's reign, the 12th.\nHenry IV's reign ended when Richard of Wales, a rebel, supporter of Owen Glendower, caused much destruction to the people of Wales, was taken and brought to London. There, he appeared before the justices and was condemned for treason. He was then drawn through the city to Tyburn, hung, beheaded, and his body quartered and sent to four towns.\n\nMeanwhile, the duke returned safely to England. The king then made Thomas his son duke of Clarence, John duke of Bedford, and Humfrey duke of Gloucester. Thomas Beaufort was made earl of Dorset, and the duke of Aumale was made duke of York. The king then ordered Thomas duke of Clarence, Thomas Beaufort earl of Dorset, and Sir John Cornwall, along with many other lords, knights, squires, men of arms, and archers, to sail over the sea to France to help.\nThe duke of Orl\u00e9ans and these worthy lords embarked from Hampton with their retinue and sailed over to Normandy, landing at Hog. They entered and lodged beside St. Thomas of Canterbury shrine, and thus ended King Henry. Amen.\n\nAfter the death of King Henry IV, his son, who was born at Monmouth in Wales, reigned. He was a worthy king, gracious, and a great conqueror. In the first year of his reign, for great love and goodness, he sent to the monks of Langley, there, as his father had done, to bury King Richard II. He also took more of them both within and without the city and sent them to Newgate. They were brought before the clergy and the king's justices and convicted before the clergy for their false heresy and beheaded before the justice for their false treason. Sir Roger Acton knight was also taken.\nheresy and also for treason against the king and the realm. He appeared before the clergy and was convicted for his heresy to be burnt and damned before the Iustices, to be drawn from the Tower of London through the city to St. Giles' Field, and to be hanged and burnt. In the second year of King Henry's reign, he held a council of all the lords of the realm at Westminster. There he put forth this demand and prayed and begged of their goodness and good counsel and good will towards him and his lords. And there the king and his lords were agreed that they should be ready in arms with their power in the best array. And those within the town when they should play, their song was well away. And alas that ever any false tenants' balls were made, and cursed all those who were begun. And the time that ever they were born. And on the morrow the king cried at every gate of the town that every man should be ready on the morrow early to make an assault upon the town. And William\nBouchyer and Iohan Graukt, along with twelve other worthy burgesses, came to the king and begged him to withdraw his malice and destruction towards them. They thanked God that He had saved their knight and king in his rightful title. The king, holding back and seeing the multitude and number of his enemies, granted them battle. The king, with a meek heart and good spirit, lifted up his hands to Almighty God and begged Him to grant him victory in that day's battle. The king granted him his request and said, \"Grant mercy, Cosyn of York. Pray make yourself ready.\" The king then commanded every man to prepare a stake of tree, sharp at both ends, so that the stake might be planted in the earth at a slope, preventing their enemies from overwhelming them on horseback, for that was their false purpose and a warning to them to suddenly overrun our men at the first coming upon them.\nThe night before the battle, the Frenchmen made great fires and reveled with shouting and showing off, and mocked our king and his lords at the dice. An archer was always present for their amusement. They believed that all the English army had been there the morning before. The day began to spring, and the king, by good advice, ordered his battle array, and his wings and chariot commanded every man to keep ranks. He prayed them all to be of good cheer. When they were ready, he asked what time of the day it was. They replied it was prime. Then our king said, \"Now is good time, for all England prays for us. And therefore be of good cheer, and let us go to our journey.\" Then he said with a loud voice, \"In the name of the Almighty God, and of St. George, the standard-bearer, and St. George, this day be your help.\" Then these Frenchmen came charging down, as if they wanted to ride over our entire army. But God and our archers made them stumble.\n\nFor they shot that day for a wager, and our stakes were:\nThe men on top, one over the other, who lay on heaps, were the soldiers and archers who thanked them profusely with arrows and stakes. Our king, with his own honor, fought manfully. And thus Almighty God and St. George brought our enemies to the ground. There were prisoners: the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, the Duke of Bourbon, and the Earl of [illegible]. He rested until he would come to London. Then the mayor of London and the Aldermen, with all the worthy commoners and craftsmen, came to Blackheath well and worthily arrayed to welcome our king with diverse melodies. They thanked Almighty God for his gracious victory, which he had shown him. And so the king and his prisoners passed by them, until he came to St. Thomas Watering. There he met with all religions with a procession and was welcomed. And so the king came riding with his prisoners through the city of London, where many a fair sight was shown at all the conduits and at the cross in Cheape.\nThe mayors and aldermen, with sheriffs and worthy craftsmen of London, welcomed the emperor at Blackheath by the king's command. They brought him to London with much honor and great reverence. They then took his horse and rode to Westminster. The king lodged the emperor in his own palaces, and he rested there for a long time at the king's cost. Soon after, the duke of Holland came to England to see the emperor and speak with King Henry. He was worthily received and lodged in the bishop's inn of Ely.\n\nWhen the emperor was well rested and had seen the land in various places and knew the comforts, he took his leave of the king. But before he departed, he was made a knight of the Garter and received the insignia. He then thanked the king and all his court.\nworthy lords and the king went over the sea to Calais, and remained there a long time to receive an answer from the French king, as necessary for such a worthy warrior. When the time came, ships laden with guns and gunpowder arrived, and when this was ready, and the duke of Clarence had entered the town, he slowly advanced until he reached the king, sparing neither man nor child. They cried out \"Clarence, Clarence\" and \"Saint George.\" A worthy man named Springs was dead on the walls on the king's side. The king commanded that he be buried in the abbey of Canterbury, quickly, by William Courtenay, on whose soul God have mercy. Amen. And then the king entered the town with his brother the duke of Clarence and many other worthy lords with great solemnity and mirth. The king commanded the captain to deliver him his castle. He begged the king for fourteen days of respite if any true truce was to be made.\nAnd the town and Castle of Bayous, with other towns, were under this composition. More than fifteen women left the town in one day. Our king ordered the town and castle to be filled with Englishmen and appointed two captains: one for the town and another for the castle, charging them on their lives to keep the town and castle well.\n\nThe king also garrisoned and placed a captain at the gate. Regarding the earl of the march who the king had ordered to patrol the sea and protect the coasts of England from all enemies, the wind arose against them, and they feared they would all be lost. But through the grace of God Almighty and good governance, they rode ahead of the storm, and two carracks, two balingers with merchandise, and all the people inside were lost. Another carrack was driven before them near Hampton.\nAnd he threw his mast over the town walls on St. Bartholomew's Day. And when all this commotion ceased, this worthy marcher took his ships with his men and went to the sea. He landed in Normandy at Hoges, and rode forth toward the king. The Frenchmen fled before him at every encounter. And there came to them Anthony Pigge and pursued them all the way until they reached a great body of water. There they feared they would be drowned, as the water closed in around them and they could not escape. But at last, God's mercy and this pigg brought them out safely. And there they captured a guide who knew the entire countryside. He led them through a quick sand and into an Ilo, and there they took many prisoners on their way to the king. And they came to Cane. The king welcomed him and took his journey to Argenton. It was immediately reported to the king, and they were granted their lives and went on their way.\n\nAnd our king removed to a...\nThe strong town called Ceses had a fair monastery, which was given immediately to the king. Then the king went to Alawsom and won the town and the bridge. The king sent the Earl of Warwick to a town called B, where he stayed for a long time. In the fifth year of King Henry's reign, the Earl of Powys and the Duke of Exeter, the king's uncle, were sent. As they approached, they threw down all the suburbs around the city onto the hard ground, so that the king would have no refreshment upon his arrival. The Friday before Lammas Day, the king and his host arrived before Ronne, and immediately he set up his siege around the city. His ordinance was served to the town, and the king and his lords were lodged in the Chartrehouse. Great strength was stationed before the castle gate. The Earl of Ormond, the Lord Harington, and the Lord Talbot were there with their retinues.\nSir John Cornwall and many other noble knights, including themselves, lodged with the Duke of Clarence. The Duke of Exeter and his retinue were lodged towards the king, with Lord Roos, Lord Willoughby, and Sir William Porter, knight, and their retinues, before St. Hilary's port. The Earl of Mowbray was lodged in St. Catherine's Abbey, and the Earl of Salisbury lodged on the other side of St. Catherine's, with Sir John Gray, knight, lodged at the abbey called Mount St. Michael. The king's treasurer, Sir Peter Lely, knight, was lodged between the Seine water and the Abbey, keeping the ward under the hill, and the Baron of Carraway was lodged under the water side to keep the passage. Jenico, the squire, lay next to him on the water side, and the two squires kept the Seine waters and fought with their enemies frequently. On the other side of the Seine lay the Earl of Huntingdon and Master Neville, the Earl of Westmoreland's son.\nAnd Sir Gilbert Umfreville, Earl of Kyme, and Sir Richard of Arundel, and the Lord Feryers with their retinues were before Portsdown Point. Each of these lords had strong ordnance, and the king made, over the water of the Seine, a strong and mighty chain. He placed it through great piles firmly in the ground, and it passed over the River Seine, preventing any vessel from passing beneath it. Above that, they allowed the king to build a bridge over the water of the Seine. This enabled men, horses, and all other cargo to go back and forth at all times when necessary. Then the Earl of Warwick arrived and had reached King Henry of England. The king immediately sent the Earl of Warwick to Cawood to besiege it. When he came before the town, he sent his herald to the captain and demanded that he surrender the town under threat of death. He then laid siege to the town. The captain besieged the Earl, allowing him to come to his presence and speak with him. And so, the good Earl...\nAnd he came out with four other burghers and entered into an agreement with this Earl, so that this same town was under composition to be governed as the City of Rome was. The Earl granted and consented to this on the condition that the king's navy with its ordinance might not pass up by them in safety without any manner of let or disturbance.\n\nNow I will tell you which were the chief captains and governors of the City of Rome. Guy Botilier was chief captain both of the city and of the castle. Termegan was captain of the Porte de Cauvain. De la Roche was captain of the diners. Authonye was lieutenant to Guy Botilier. Henry Chantfen was captain of the Porte de la Pout. Iohan Mantreuas was captain of the Porte de la Chastel. De Preaux was captain of the Porte of St. Hillary. The Bastard of Tine was captain of the Porte Martenylle. Jacques, a worthy warrior, was captain of all the men at arms.\nGo outward both on horseback and on foot, all men of arms, when they issued out of the city, through all the portes; he them arrayed as they should encounter with our men. Each of these captains led out five hundred men of arms and some more. And at the first coming of our king, there were enlisted by heralds into three hundred thousand men and women and children, young and old. Among all these was many a manly man of his hands. And they proved them when they issued out of the city, both on horseback and on foot, for they came never at one gate out alone but at three or four gates. And at every gate two or three thousand good men's bodies were armed and manfully contended with one Englishman. And this siege lasted twenty weeks. And ever they of the town hoped to have been rescued, but there came none. So at last they kept the town so long that there died many thousands within the town for lack of food, of men, women, and children, for they had no provisions.\nThe men drove out the poor people of the town for spending on victuals, and our Englishmen drove them back into the town again. The captain of the town saw the misery they were in, that they were not rescued, and also the scarcity of victuals, and that the people were dying every day from lack of food, even young children lying and nursing their mothers and dying. Then they sent to the king asking for his grace and mercy, and brought the keys of the town to the king and delivered the town to him. And all the soldiers quartered themselves and their horses and equipment in the town yearly to receive from them customs and fees and tolls. And then the king entered the town and stayed in the castle until the town was set in order and governed.\nAfter taking Rone, Depe, and many other towns in Bas Normandy were given to them without a stroke or siege, once they understood that the king had taken Rone. In the same year, a peace was made and sworn between the duke of Burgundy and the Dauphin. They were sworn up on our Lord's body that they would love and assist each other against their enemies. However, contrary to this oath, the duke of Burgundy was slain and pitifully murdered in the presence of the Dauphin. Therefore, the French were greatly divided and in real necessity labored to make a treaty with the king of England. The king of England daily took their towns and castles. In the same year, Queen Jane was arrested and brought to the castle of Leeds in Kent. And one Brother Randolf, a doctor of divinity, was her confessor. He was later killed by the fall of the tower during words and debate. After Queen Jane was delivered, in the seventh year both kings of France and England.\nwere accorded to King Henry and made heir and regent of France. He was also wedded to Queen Catherine, the king's daughter of Frederick. This was because they would not accept Archbishop [illegible]. And many other lords who accompanied the body as it came to Westminster in England. In every town along the way, he solemnly held his dirge on the roofs, and mass on the mornings. Much alms was given to the poor people by the way. The corpse was brought through London on the seventh day of November with great reverence and solemnity to Westminster, where he now lies. It was worshipfully interred, and after was laid on his tomb a royal image of silver and gilt, like himself, which was made at the cost of Queen Catherine. Thus ended and is entered and buried the noble King Henry the Fifth.\n\nNote: This King Henry V was a noble prince after he became king and crowned, although in his youth he had been wild and reckless, sparing nothing of his lusts.\nThe king desires, but accomplishes them after his coronation, anointing and sacrament. Immediately, he transforms into a new man and sets his intent on living virtuously, maintaining the holy church, destroying heretics, keeping justice, and defending his realm and subjects. Since his father had deposed him through his labor, King Richard pitifully made him die and, for the offense done against his liegeance, he had sent to Rome for absolution, which his father did not perform during his lifetime. The king was a leper before he died. Furthermore, this noble prince summoned all the abbots and priors of the St. Benedict order in England and held them in the chapel house of Westminster for the reform of the order. He also summoned bishops and men of the spirituality, causing them to fear that he would take the temporalities out of their hands. Therefore, through their labor and procurement of the spirituality, they were encouraged.\nKing Charles challenged Normandy and his right in France, to prevent himself from seeking occasions to enter into such matters, and throughout his life after he labored in the wars inquiring greatly about the realm of France. By the agreement of King Charles, he had all the governance of the realm of France, and was proclaimed regent and heir of France. And so, notwithstanding this great war, he remembered his soul.\n\nHere are the successive feasts celebrated by monks:\n\nFirst, Assumption, on the feast of the Virgin Alma,\nAsks for the last, Christ resurrected from death, P\nNunaat ang, Essence of God born of the Virgin,\nCommemorates the born, the last Mass for Mary,\nFirst was celebrated, in honor of the Almighty,\nLast was received, denying that it was Mary,\nSeparately, the first should be adored from the body of Christ,\nLast should be made, from the pure Virgin.\n\nGrant that the first may be celebrated on the holy cross,\nAnd greet all others.\n/ est prima colenda supernos / \nVltima de requie, pro defu\u0304ctis petit esse.\nSe\u0304per erit media, de proprietate dei / \nAnd yet the noble kyng henry the. v, fou\u0304ded / ij / houses of rely\u2223gyon, one callyd Syon besyde braynford of thordre of saynt Bri\u2223gitte bothe of me\u0304 & wome\u0304 / & on that other side of the riuer of tamy se an hous of monkes of chartrehou\nco\u0304tynuelly praid for nyght & day / for euer whan they of sion reste they of the chartrehous done their seruyse / and in lyke wyse whan they of the chartrehous reste / the other goon to / & by the ryngyng of the bellis of eyther place / eche knoweth whan they haue ended theyr seruyce / whiche he nobly endowed / & done dayly ther grete almesse dedes as in the chartrehous certeyn children ben fou\u0304de to sco le / & at syon certeyne almesse gyuen dayly / And yet beside al this he hath fou\u0304ded a recluse / whiche shal be alwey a preest to pray for hym by the sayd chartrehous / whiche preest is wel & sufficiently endo wed for hym & a seruau\u0304t, Co here may al princes take\nKing Henry, a noble prince, reigning little more than a year, accomplished many noble deeds within that time for the perpetual remembrance and prayer for his soul, as much in his worldly conquests as in his Christian and pagan realms. Determined in himself, if God had spared him, he would have waged war against the Saracens again and sought the aid of other princes and the passageways on the journey. He sent a knight named Sir Hugh de Lanoy to Jerusalem.\n\nAfter King Henry V, Henry his son reigned, but as a child not yet a year old. His reign began on the first day of September in the year of our Lord 1422. Doubted and feared because of his father's harsh conquests and the wisdom and guidance of his uncles, the Duke of Bedford and the Duke of Gloucester, this year, on the 20th of October, the Lord Talbot and all the power they could muster in Normandy kept the garrisons.\ncapytains with many people of the duke of Burgoyne & on that other side was the duke of Albany, the duke of Tournois, that was Thirlwall Douglas, the Earl of Buchan with many lords of France, & a great company of Scots, and armies. Then Earl Douglas called the duke of Bedford John with the Loden sword. & he sent him word again that he should find that day that his sword was stolen. And so the battle joined on both sides & fought long, that there was no man who should have the better for a great while, but at last, as God would have it, the victory fell to the English party. For there were slain Earl Douglas, who little before was made duke of Touraine, the Earl of Albemarle, the Earl of Tonnerre, the Earl of Vaudemont, and the Vicomte de Nerbonne, who were among those who slowly knelt before the dolphin and many more to the number of over ten thousand. And the duke of Albany and many others were taken prisoner.\nIn the third year of King Henry the V, the Duke of Gloucester married the Duchess of Holland. He went over sea with her to Holland to take possession of his wife's inheritance. There, he was honorably received and acknowledged as lord of the land. But soon after, he felt compelled to return home and left his wife and the treasure he brought with him in a town called Mouce in Holland. The town promised to be faithful to him, but they betrayed him. They delivered the lady to the Duke of Burgundy, who sent her to Ghent. She escaped in a man's disguise and went to a town in Holland called the Ghowde. There, she was strong enough to withstand the Duke of Burgundy. Shortly after, the Duke of Gloucester sent the Lord Fitzwater and certain men of war and archers over to Zeeland to help her.\nThe duchess of Holland, residing at a place in Zeeland called Brewer's Haven, was confronted there by the lords of the country, who came down upon him, and in the end, he was willing to withdraw himself and his men to the sea rather than engage in battle. However, he killed and injured numerous lords and many people of that same country. He then returned home again with his men, making no further provocation. In the same year, the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Suffolk, the Boroughcliffe, and the Lord Scales, with their retinues, laid siege to the city of Mons, which they took in a short time, along with many other strong towns and castles, numbering fifty-three in total. At this time, Normandy and a large part of France were under the control of Orl\u00e9ans.\n\nIn the fourth year, on the same night that the mayor of London, John Coucher, had taken charge, there was a great watch in London due to disturbances between the bishop of Winchester and the Duke of Gloucester, protector. The mayor and the people of the city were determined to stand by the duke.\nof Gloucester, as protector of the realm, but through the labor of lords who went between and particularly by the labor of the prince of Portugal, there was a:\n\nGilbert Beauchamp,\nIn the fifth year, the dust of Bedford with the duchess his wife sailed over the sea to Calais, and a little before them sailed Harry bishop of Winchester. And on Our Lady Day Annunciation in our lady church at Calais, the bishop of Winchester, while he had sung mass, was made cardinal. And this same year there was great abundance of rain, which destroyed the substance of the harvest and corn. It rained almost every other day. This same year, the good earl of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Moultrie, laid siege to Orl\u00e9ans. At this siege, he was slain by a gun that came out of the town. May God have mercy on the soul of the one who fired the gun, for since he was slain, Englishmen never gained ground in France, but rather began to lose little by little until all was lost.\nthis same yere a Breton murthred a good wedowe in her bedde withoute algate / which we do we fou\u0304de hym for almesse / and he bare awey al that she hadde And after this he toke the grith of holy chirche at saynt Georges in south werk / and there toke the crosse / and forswore this land And as he went it happened that he cam by the place where he did this cursed dede in the subarbys of london / and the women of the same parysshe come ont with stones and canel dunge / and slowe and made an ende of hym\u25aa Notwythstandynge the Conestables & many other men beyng present to kepe hym / For ther were many women and had no pyte, Also this same yere the duk of Norfolk with many gentilmen and yomen toke his barge the / vin / day of Nonembre at saynt mary ouerayes for to haue goo thurgh london bridge / and thurgh mysguydyng of the barge it ouerthrewe on the pyles, and many men drowned / but the duk hym self with. ij or thre lepe vpo\nand especyal a mayde whiche they named la pucelle de dieu / this mayde rod lyke a man / & was\nA Valyau\u0304t Captain among them undertook many great enterprises, to the extent that they believed they could recover all their losses through her. However, she died at last after many great feats, due to the soldiers being unpaid for their wages by the Calais townsfolk. The Duke of Bedford, then Captain, came to Calais on the Tuesday in the Easter week. And on the morning after, many soldiers of the town were arrested and imprisoned. The Duke rode to Terewyn in the same week, and by the means of the Bishop of Terewyn, he wedded the earl's daughter of St. Paul. He returned to Calais.\n\nThe 11th of June, on St. Barnabas Day, four soldiers of Calais were the chief instigators of the restraint, namely John Maddely, John Lundaye, Thomas Palmer, and Thomas Talbot. And before these, one hundred and twenty-two soldiers were baptized.\nmy lord the regent and his wife came to London after Midsummer. About this time Pope Martin died, and after him Eugene the fourth was chosen as pope in Rome by the cardinals. He was a valid pope, but shortly after he was made duke of Burgundy, who had long been English sworn, returned French by the means of the said legate, and made peace with the French king, receiving the king's pardon for his father's death. The council intended to have him go into France, but he was prevented and charged to go to Calais, which at that time was well fortified and manned. Sir John Ratcliffe was lieutenant of the king in that town, and the Baron of Dudley was lieutenant of the castle. On the ninth day of June, the duke of Burgundy with all the power of Flanders and many other people came before Calais and laid siege to the town. Every town of Flanders had its tents by them. This siege lasted three weeks.\nWhile the Duke of Gloucester, being protector of England, took the most part of the lords of England and sailed over the sea to Calais to rescue the town or to fight with the Duke and his host if they would have stayed, this time London and every good town of England sent over sea certain people well armed for the war. And the second day of August, the said Duke of Gloucester arrived at Calais with all his army and over 500 ships. And the duke and all his host that lay in the siege, as soon as they espied the sails in the sea, suddenly in a morning departed from the siege, leaving behind them much equipment and supplies, and fled into Flanders and Picardy.\n\nBetween Gravening and Calais, there was a dispute between the King and the Duke of Burgundy. For the King, there was the Cardinal of England, the Duke of Norfolk, and many other lords, and for the Duke was the Duchess, having full power of her lord as regent and lady of his lands.\n\nIn the 15th year.\nKing Henry died Sigismund, Emperor of Austria and Knight of the Garter, whose body was kept at St. Paul's in London with great reverence. In the same year, on New Year's Day at Baynard's Castle, a stack of wood suddenly fell after none, killing three men cruelly and injuring others. On a Thursday at Bedford, eighteen men were murdered without a stroke as they left their common hall, and many were injured. In the eighteenth year, Sir Richard Beauchamp, the good Earl of Warwick, died at Rouen, being at the time lieutenant of the king in Normandy. His body was brought to Warwick, where it lies respectfully in a new chapel on the south side of the quire. Also in this year, there was a great famine in all England; a bushel of wheat was worth forty pence in many places in England. Despite this, people could not afford it. Stephen Brown, who was mayor of London at the time, sent to Paul's Cross and brought grain to London.\nCertain ships laden with rye. Which eased and did much good to the people, for corn was so scarce in England that in some places of England poor people made their bread of fern roots. This year, the General Council of Basle deposed Pope Eugene, and they chose Felix, who was duke of Savoy, and began the schism, which endured until the year of our Lord Thouart fourscore and three. Felix was a determined prince, and saw the sons of his sons, and after lived a holy and devout life. He was chosen pope by the Council of Basil, and so the schism was long-lasting. And this Felix had little obedience because of the neutrality, for the most part, and nearly all Christendom obeyed and regarded Eugene as the true pope, God knows who was the true pope of them both during Eugene's lifetime. This same year, Sir Richard, vicar of Hermettesworth, was deprived of his priestly office at Poitiers, and burned at Tournai as an heretic at St. Botulph's.\nIn this year, a good Christian man died at the stake; therefore, after his death, many people came to the place where he had been burned and offered prayers. They built a heap of stones and set up a cross of tree and venerated him as a saint until the mayor and sheriffs, by the king's and bishops' commandment, destroyed it and made a ditch there instead. In this year, the sheriffs of London fetched five persons from St. Martin's, the sanctuary, who were later restored to the sanctuary by the king's justices. After Albert the Third, Frederick was chosen emperor. This Frederick, duke of Austria, was long emperor and delayed being crowned at Rome because of the schism. But after the schism was resolved, he was crowned with imperial dignity with great glory and triumph by Pope Nicholas the Fourth. He was a peaceful, quiet man, not hating the church. He married the daughter of the king of Portugal. In this year, Eleanor Cobham, duchess of Gloucester, was arrested for certain points.\nThe duchess of Gloucester was examined in St. Stephen's Chapel at Westminster before the Archbishop of Canterbury. She was required to open her penance and go through Cheape bearing a taper in her hand, and afterwards to perpetual prison in the Isle of Man under the keeping of Sir Thomas Stanley. At the same time, Master Thomas Southwell, a canon of Westminster, Master John Humfrey, a chaplain of the said lady, Master Roger Bolingbroke, and one Margaret Jurdemayne, called the Witch of Eye, were arrested for being in conspiracy with the said duchess. Master Thomas Southwell died in the tower the night before he was to be brought to trial, as he claimed he would die in his bed and not by justice. In the year XX, Master John Humfrey and Master Roger Bolingbroke were brought to the Guildhall in London before the Mayor, Lords, and Chief Justice.\nEngland was rained and drowned, both to be drawn and quartered, but Master John Hume had his charter men cried nay, not this man, but Roland held. Therefore, the Mayor, who had sent those who cried out to Newgate, remained there for a long time and were punished. In the same year, diverse ambassadors were sent to Guyana for a marriage for the king for the daughter of Armagnac. This marriage was concluded, but by the means of the Earl of Suffolk it was delayed and put aside. After this, the said Earl of Suffolk crossed the sea into France, and there he arranged the marriage between the king of England and the daughter of Sicily and of Jerusalem. The next year, this marriage was fully concluded, by which the king should deliver to her father the duchy of Angoul\u00eame and the earldom of Maine, which was the key to Normandy. Then the Earl of Suffolk departed with his wife and diverse lords and knights in the most royal state that could be from England.\nwith new chariots and palefreys, which went through Chepe and so crossed the sea, and received her, and afterward brought her to Hampton where she loaded and was truly received. And on Candlemas, even before a great tempest of thunder and lightning at after none, Paul's steeple was set on fire on the middle of the shaft in the timber, which was quenched by force of labor, and especially by the labor of the mass priest of Chepe, who was thought impossible to move, save by the grace of God. This year Thomas Stanley was made Earl of Derby and created Duke of Buckingham, the Earl of Warwick Duke of Warwick, Earl of Dorset Marquis of Dorset, and the Earl of Surrey was made Marquis of Suffolk.\n\nIn this year King Henry married Queen Margaret at Southwark, and she came to London on the 18th day of May. And by the way, all the lords of England received her worshipfully in various places, and in particular the Duke of Gloucester, and on the Blackheath the Mayor, aldermen, and all.\nThe queen was brought to London in blue gowns, adorned with the insignia of her craft, to be met with her, with red hoods. And on the xx day of May, the said queen was crowned at Westminster. There were various pageants and continuance of various histories shown in different places of the city, royal and costly.\n\nAnd the third day of May, the aforementioned queen was crowned at Westminster. Prior to this, within the sanctuary of the abbey, there were three days of observances, which observances were greatly increased in Italy and in Germany. This Bernardin was canonized by Pope Nicholas V. In the year MCCCCL, Iohannes de Capestrano was his disciple, who greatly profited the reform of that order. But Henry never prospered nor advanced from this time forward. However, fortune began to turn against him on all sides, in France, Normandy, Guyana, as well as in England. Some men held the opinion that King Henry gave commission plenarily to Bernardin.\nIn the reign of King Edward III, Sir Edward Hulle, Sir Robert Roos, and Guyon, by Duisburg, discussed the rebellion of the Comyns against their prince and lords. Disputes among the lords. Murders and slayings of them. Fields fought over. In conclusion, many lives were lost, and the king deposed the queen and her son, who fled to Scotland, then France, and eventually to Lorraine, the place she first came from. Many believe that the breaking of the king's promise to the sister of the earls of Armagnac caused this great loss and adversity.\n\nIn the twenty-fifth year of King Henry, a parliament was held at Bury St. Edmunds, called St. Edmond's Bury, where all the commons of the country were summoned to be present in their most defensible array to await the king. The duke of Gloucester, the king's uncle, who had been the protector of England throughout the entirety of the king's reign, came to this parliament and was lodging in his quarters when he was arrested by the vicount.\nThe constable of England, who accompanied the Duke of Buckingham, and many other lords, were ordered to depart from him. Forty-eight of the chief among them were also arrested and sent to various prisons. The Duke was soon after deceased. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen. Some said he died of the plague, some said he was murdered between two featherbeds, others said a hot spittle was put in his fundament. But how he died, and in what manner, is not known to me. When he was thus deceased, he was laid open for all to see. Lords, knights of the shires, and burgesses came and saw him lying dead. But they could not perceive how he died. Here men may mark what this world is. This duke was a noble man and a great scholar, and had ruled this realm worshipfully to the king's benefit, and could never be found.\nIn the year of King Henry, XXVII., with true peace between France and England, a knight of the English party named Sir Francis of Aragon took a town in Normandy named [Unknown]. This Nicholas was from Genoa, born of a sow's womb, a doctor of divinity, an active man. He rebuilt many places that were broken and ruined, made a great wall around the palace, and made the wall new before Rome due to fear of the Turks. The people were afraid of the Turks.\n\nA fault to him/but envy of those who were governors and had promised the duchy of Anjou and the earldom of Maine caused the destruction of this noble man. After they sent his body to St. Albans with certain lights for burial, Sir Gerard of Clifton had the charge to convey the corpse. However, the other party objected. But the pope was above it. God bless above all things, give and grant his peace in the holy church, spouse of Christ, amen. This Nicholas was from Genoa, born of a sow's womb, a doctor of divinity, an active man. He rebuilt many places that were broken and ruined and made a great wall around the palace and made the wall new before Rome due to fear of the Turks. The people were afraid of the Turks.\n\nFor fear that he would hinder that delivery, they destroyed this noble man. After they sent his body to St. Albans with certain lights for burial, Sir Gerard of Clifton had the charge to convey the corpse. However, the other party objected. But the pope was above it. God bless above all things, give and grant his peace in the holy church, spouse of Christ, amen. This Nicholas was from Genoa, born of a sow's womb, a doctor of divinity, an active man. He rebuilt many places that were broken and ruined and made a great wall around the palace and made the wall new before Rome due to fear of the Turks. The people were afraid of the Turks.\nFoggers against the truths/of which taking began much sorrow and loss. This was the occasion. By which the Frenchmen got all of Normandy. Around this time, the city of Constantinople/which was the Imperial city in all of Greece/was taken by the Turks/Infidels, who were betrayed, as some hold opinion. And there, the emperor was taken and slain, and the royal church of Santa Sophia was robbed and despoiled, and the relics and images and the rod drawn about the streets. This was done in spite of Christian faith, and soon after, Christian faith in Greece perished and ceased to exist. There were many Christian men slain, and innumerable sold and put in captivity, by the taking of this town. The Turk is greatly enraged in pride. And it is a great loss to all of Christian domain. In the year/xxviii/, a parliament was held at Westminster, and from then adjourned to the Black Friars at London, & after Christmas to Westminster again. And this same year, Robert of Cane, a man of the west country, with a few ships, took a/[something]/.\ngrete flote of shippes comyng out of the saye laden with salt, which shippes were of pruys / fla\u0304 dres / hola\u0304d & zeland / & brou\u0292t hem to hampton / wherfor the mar chau\u0304tes of englo\u0304d beyng in flau\u0304dres were arested in brugys Ipre & other places / & my\u0292t not be deliud ner their dettis discharged, til hey had made a poynteme\u0304t for to pay for \nshippes, whiche was payd by the marchau\u0304tes of the staple euery peny, And in lyke wyse the marchau\u0304tes and goodes beyng in d\nTHis yere of our lord M / CCCC. l, was the grete grace of the Iubylee at rome / where was grete pardon, in so moch yt from al places in Crystendom grete multitude of peple resorted thider / this yere was a grete asse\u0304ble & gadyng to geder of the comons of kent in grete nombre & made an Insurectyon & rebel led ayenst the kyng & his lawes / & ordeyned hem a capytayn cal led Iohn Cade an yrysshman / whiche named hym self Mortymer cosyn to the duk of york / & this Capytayn held these men to geder & made ordenau\u0304ces amo\u0304g them / & brought hem to\nAt Blackheath, he presented a petition to the king and his council, revealing the injuries and oppressions suffered by the poor Commons under false pretenses. A large crowd gathered there, and on the seventeenth of June, the king, along with many lords, captains, and soldiers, marched towards Blackheth. When the captain of Kent learned of the king's approaching army with great show of force, he withdrew with his people to a small village called Sevenoaks. On the twenty-eighth of June, the king arrived with his army in order and encamped at Blackheath. Through his council, he sent Sir Umfreville Stafford, Knight, and William Stafford, Squire, two valuable captains, with certain men, to engage the captain and bring him and his accessories to the king. They reached Sevenoaks, and there the captain, with his followers, encountered them and fought against them. In conclusion, he killed both Sir Umfreville and William, as well as those who refused to yield or flee.\nscarmuche, among the lords men and common people, were greatly varied in their allegiance against their lords and captains. They openly declared that they would go to assist and help the captain of Kent. But if they might have execution on the traitors around the king, whom the king had refused. And they openly declared that the Lord Saye Treasurer of England, the Bishop of Salisbury, the Baron of Dudley, the Abbot of Gloucester, Daniel and Truelian, and many more were traitors and worthy of death, for the pleasure of the lord's men. Also, some of the king's household, whom the Lord Saye was arrested and sent to the Tower of London. And then, upon hearing news of the defeat and overthrowing of the Staffords, the king was drawn to London and from London to Killingsworth. For the king and the lords did not dare to trust their own household men. After this victory over the Staffords, the captain immediately took Sir Umfreys salad and his brigands, filled with guilt nails, and also his guilt spurs, and arrayed himself.\nThe lord and his captain, along with all his men, and more than were expected, resorted to the blackheath. The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Duke of Buckingham arrived there as well. They spoke with him. He was witty in his conversation and made a reasonable request. They departed. On the third day of July, he entered London with all his people and made proclamations in the king's name, declaring that no one should rob or take anyone's goods without payment. He rode through the city in great pride and struck his sword upon London stone in Cannon Street. While in the city, he sent for the lord mayor to have him lodged. They fetched him and brought him to the guildhall before the mayor and aldermen, where he was examined. He insisted that he should be judged by his peers. The commons of Kent forcibly took him from the mayor and officers and took him to a priest to confess.\nAnd the citizens of the City concluded to drive away the captain and his host, and sent to the lord scales and to Matthew, a captain of Normandy, that they would assault the captain that night with those of Kent. And they did so. They came to London Bridge in Southwark before the captain had any knowledge of it, and there they fought with those who guarded the bridge. The Kentishmen went to their harbors and came to the bridge, shooting and fighting with them. They gained control of the bridge and made the Londoners flee, slaying many of them. This continued all night back and forth until 9 o'clock in the morning. And at last they burned the drawbridge, where many of the Londoners were drowned. In this night, Sutton, an alderman, was killed, along with Roger Heyson and Matthew Gouhe, and many others. And after this, the Chancellor of England sent a general pardon to the Captain, as well as another for all his men. And then they departed from Southwark, each man home to his house.\nproclamations made in Kent, Southsex, and other places, that what a man could take, the captain, whether Quyn or Dead, shall have a M mark. And after this, Alexander Iden, a squire of Kent, took him in a garden in Southsex, and in the taking of the captain, John Cade was slain. And afterwards, his head was set on London bridge. And immediately after that, the king came into Kent and had his justices sit at Canterbury and inquired who were accessories and chief cause of this Insurrection. And there were eight men judged to death in one day, and in other places, more. And from thence the king went into Sussex and to the westcountry, where a little before was slain the bishop of Salisbury. And this same year, so many were judged to death that twenty-three heads stood at London bridge at once.\n\nIn the year 30, the duke of York came out of the march of Wales with the earl of Devonshire and the lord Cobham, and great procession for reform of certain injuries and wrongs, and also to have justice on certain lords being about the king.\ntook a field at Bretherfield near Dartford, which was a strong field. For this reason, the king with all the lords of the land went to Blackheath with a great and strong multitude of people, armed, and prepared for war in the best way. When they had assembled on Blackheath, certain lords were sent to him for treaty and appointment making, which were the bishop of Ely, the bishop of Winchester, and the earls of Salisbury and Warwick. They agreed that the duke of Somerset should be held in readiness and answer to such articles as the duke of York would put upon him. Then the duke of York should break his field and come to the king. This was all promised by the king. The king commanded that the duke of Somerset should be held in readiness. Then the duke of York broke up his field and came to the king. However, when he arrived, contrary to the previous promise, the duke of Somerset was present in the field, waiting, and chiefly attending the king.\nThe Duke of York was ridden through London as a prisoner, but they intended to keep him in custody. However, a noise arose that the Earl of March's son was coming to London with 10 men, which alarmed the king and his council. They then decided that the Duke of York could leave at his will.\n\nThe Duke of Calais was made captain, and York revealed the king and his realm as he saw fit. The great lords of the realm, as well as the commoners, were displeased for this reason. The Duke of York, the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury, along with many knights, squires, and a large crowd came to free the Duke of Somerset and others from the king.\n\nWhen the Duke of York and his followers understood that the king had departed with these lords, they thought, according to their counsel, that he would go westward instead of meeting them. The Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Stafford, Earl of Northumberland, Lord Clifford, and many others were with him.\nFrom London, an anonymous traveler changed his course and reached St. Albans on the 24th of May. There, he met the king, who sent certain lords to maintain peace and depart. However, while they were dealing with that matter, the Earl of Warwick entered the town with the march men and others, and fought against the king and his party. The battle lasted for a considerable time, but eventually, the Duke of York obtained and secured the victory of that journey. In this battle, the Duke of Somerset, Earl of Northumberland, Lord Clifford, and many knights and squires, as well as many more, were killed. The following morning, the king was brought to London in a great state and lodged in the bishop's palaces of London. A great parliament was held immediately after, in which the Duke of York was made Protector of England, the Earl of Warwick Captain of Calais, and the Earl of Salisbury Chancellor of England. And all.\nIn this year, those who had previously advised the king were set aside and could no longer rule as they once did. In the same year, Pope Nicholas V died, and in his place came Calixtus III. Calixtus was a Catalan and an old man when he was elected. Due to his advanced age and poor health, he was unable to carry out his zeal and desire against the Turks, and the reason for this delay was his age and illness. Calixtus instituted and ordained the feast of the Transfiguration of our Lord to be celebrated on St. Sixtus Day in August, due to the great victory that the Hungarians had against the Turks on that same day he was elected pope, in the year of our Lord 1451, and died in the year 1455, on the same day that he ordained the feast of the Transfiguration to be celebrated. In this same year, a great affray broke out in London against the Lombards. It began when a young man looked at a dagger from a Lombard and broke it. In this year, four great men were taken.\nFishes between Earth and Lot perished over 40,000 people. In the year 605 AD, Bishop Osmond of Salisbury was canonized at Rome by Pope Calixtus. And on the 17th of July, he was translated at Salisbury by the Archbishop of Canterbury, as well as many other bishops. In August, after Sir Peter, the duke of York, the earls of Warwick and Salisbury held the governance of the realm. Though the said lords should be destroyed utterly, as was openly shown at Bloorheth by those who would have slain Earl Salisbury. They sought to save their lives and also for the common welfare of the realm, assembled a great multitude and took a field in the west country. To this Earl Warwick came from Calais with many of his soldiers, including Andrew Trollop and others, in whose wisdom for the war he held great sway. The duke of York took shipping in Wales and sailed over into Ireland.\nThe king, not knowing of this sudden departure of the lords, found none of them in the field. He sent out men in haste to follow and pursue them, but they did not encounter them as God willed. The king then went to Ludlow and dispersed the castle and the town. He sent the Duchess of York with her children to my lady of Bokingham, her sister. The Duke of Somerset was immediately appointed captain of Calais, and these other lords who had departed as mentioned earlier were proclaimed as rebels and traitors. The Duke of Somerset then took to him all the soldiers who had departed from the field. He made ready in haste to go to Calais and take possession of his office. Upon his arrival, he found the Earl of Warwick there as captain, as well as the Earls of March and Salisbury. He took the town and brought many ships into the harbor.\nhem all to Calais with which ships many mariners of their free will came to Calais to serve the Earl of Warwick, & after this the Earl of Warwick, by the orders of the lords, took all his ships\nThese lords had obtained these ships from Sandwich, & had ordered the Lord Rivers and his son to remain and keep the town, making one Murphy Captain of the town, & no man was to venture or merchandise that should go into Flanders was to go to Calais. Then they of Calais seeing this, sent out Master Denham & many others to Sandwich, & so they did. & they assaulted the town by water & by land, & brought Murphy their Captain over sea to Risbank, & there beheaded him. And yet daily men came over to them from all parties of England,\n\nAnd after this the said Earls of March, Warwick, & Salisbury came over with much people. & their landings drew & came to London armed. And for the lords of the king's counsel.\nThey knew their truth and assembled them, telling them that they intended no harm to the king's person, only intending to remove those around him. They departed from London with a great procession towards Northampton, where the king was accompanied by many lords and had made a strong camp outside the town. Both parties met and fought a great battle there. In this battle, the Duke of Buckingham, the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Viscount Leicester, the Lord Egremont, and many knights and squires, among others, were killed. The king himself was taken in the field and later brought to London.\n\nShortly after, a parliament was held at Westminster during which, as the queen with the Prince was in the north and absent from the king, and would not obey the things concluded in the parliament, it was decreed that the Duke of York should go north as protector to bring in the queen and subdue those who would not obey.\nThe Earl of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Newell his son, and many others, were overwhelmed and slain at Wakefield during Christmastide week by the lords of the Queen's party. The Duke of York was also slain. The Earl of Salisbury was...\n\nThis concludes the present book of the Chronicles of England. Printed by me, William Caxton, at Westminster Abbey by London. Finished and completed on the 8th day of October. In the year of the Incarnation of our Lord God, 1482, and in the 21st year of King Edward the Fourth's reign.", "creation_year": 1482, "creation_year_earliest": 1482, "creation_year_latest": 1482, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"}, +{"content": "Quarto iungit iuvat decet et delectat, oportet et latet illis nu novi vult associari.\nRefert inter et est genitum, pertinet adde.\nThe verbs personally in the following verses will be constructed with a dative case, except:\nHec libet atque licet placet et liquet acridit inde.\nCongruit evenit et contingit et expedit ista.\nConvenit incumbit vacat et cedit quoque prestat.\nCuni reliquis paribus sunt consualia dativis.\nPertinet is construed with an accusative case with a preposition and not with a dative case. Ut dicendu\u0113 est, Quarto non terno coniunges pertinet aptely.\nAll the verbs personally of the passive voice will be constructed with a dative case or else with an ablative case with a preposition expressed or understood. Exemplum: I am pleased. Michi placetur. The master is gone. Itur a preceptore. Hoc nec est necessitas at all times to express the ablative case. Exemplum: They are gone. Itur. They fight. Pugnatur. Quid agitur? They sit. Sedetur. Unde versus.\nPassive voice takes the dative case for impersonal verbs. Join it with a preposition preceding. A boy comes from a teacher. Serves a king but I do not believe he is pleased. Such words as \"am\" and \"come\" have often the signification of the passive. Also, when you have an English verb to be made by this vowel, and you have a proper name of a place, town, or city, and it is the first or second declension, their rules for declension are to be understood as those that are not compounded for. You must put a preposition before them. As you have seen, \"I was at St. James\" becomes \"I went to St. James\" or \"I came from St. James.\"\nThys nowne domus ys thus declynyde Nominatiuo hec domus genitiuo huius domi vel domus datiuo huic do\u00a6mui accusatiuo hanc domu\u0304 vocatiuo o domus ablatiuo ab hac domo Et plu\u0304 noi\u0304atiuo he dom{us} genitiuo ha{rum} domo{rum} vel domuu\u0304 datiuo hijs domibus accusatiuo has domos vo\u2223catiuo o dom{us} ablatiuo ab hijs domibus. Vnde versus.\nPer quartu\u0304 domus est flectenda nisi sextus\nSingularis quartus pluralis et est gemtiuus\nIn numero vtro{que} semper flexus vtrius{que}\nwhen that y haue a questyon askyd y shall answere euer more by the same case that the questyon ys aschede by ex\u00a6cepte hytt be askyd by a possessyue Exemplu\u0304 que\u0304 queris", "creation_year": 1482, "creation_year_earliest": 1482, "creation_year_latest": 1482, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase2"} +] \ No newline at end of file