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+{"content": "The labors and thou, of Sapienza, from whom\nIn my first book I will preach and assign,\nIt is so pleasant unto each person,\nThat it shall occupy one alone,\nSoon after this I shall wisdom require,\nHer blessed house and her winning place,\nAnd then return unto her acts blue,\nAs she them wrought by time, pressure, and space,\nThis matter she taught me in her grace,\nI spoke with her, as you may here and read,\nFor in my dream I met her in a mead,\nO clemest lady, most facundious,\nO ravenous delight of Eloquence,\nO gilted goddess, gay and gloryous,\nInspired with the perfuming Influence,\nOf delicate heavenly complacence,\nWithin my mouth late distilled thy showers,\nAnd formed my tongue to please mine audience,\nMy ignorance, whom darkness had eclipsed,\nWith thy pure beams illuminated all aboute,\nThy blessed breath let reflection in my lips,\nAnd with the dew of heaven thou them dewout,\nSo that my mouth may blow and incense out,\nThe redolent dulcet Aromatick\nOf thy purified lusty Rhetoric. I know myself most naked in all arts,\nMy common vulgar the most interrupted,\nAnd I conversant and born in the parts\nWhere my native language is most corrupt,\nAnd with most diverse tongues mixed and rupt,\nO lady, for this reason I entreat thee,\nMy muse amend/dress/forge/mine and each,\nFor to all makers here I make excuse,\nThat I cannot a lyrically endite,\nRude is the speech of force, which I must use,\nSuch misfortune my native birth may write,\nBut O ye lords which have your delight\nIn terms gay, and be most eloquent,\nThis book to you no pleasure may present,\nBut nevertheless, as tasted bitterness,\nAll sweet things make be more precious,\nSo shall my hook extend the godliness\nOf other authors which are glorious,\nAnd make their writing delightful,\nI simple shall extend,\nAnd my rudeness shall show their subtleties,\nGo wretch Chaucer's earthly gods two,\nOf their thirst of eloquent delight,\nWith all you successors few or many,\nFragrant in speech, expert in poetry,\nYou yet them in no point I envy,\nExiled as far I am from your glory. As night from day or death from victory,\nI honor you, bless, love, and glorify,\nTo whose presence my book shall attend,\nHis hasty judgment I pray he modify,\nAnd not delay, or have it in disdain,\nFor I purpose no making to delay,\nMeek heart, good tongue, and patient spirit,\nWho possess these three, I present my book,\nAnd as he lists, let him detract or add,\nSince I am compelled to write\nBy my sovereign, and have a merry subject,\nAnd cannot please paint in,\nLate ignorance and childhood have the wit,\nI ask for nothing more but God of his mercy,\nYour look confirm from slander and envy,\nExplicit Prologue\nAll busy swimming in the stormy flood\nOf fruitless worldly meditation,\nTo purposes late. Nothing seemed so good\nAs to tell you the story that,\nAnd to put in sequestration\nEach other thing that might cause unrest,\nAnd thus to bed I went with thought my gest,\nThe Chessplayer, or he a man, has drawn\nOnly thought to make good profit,\nFor king or queen, knight or pawn. Each of these he has in his memory\nSo each estate and worldly governance\nIn one eschequer in my mind I saw\nBut I didn't know what drew me best to draw\nFirst, my desire was to have drawn my king\nAt his heart's lust in sure prosperity\nBut in the chess I had espied a thing\nThe king could not pass his sea to make way, or some pawn draw instead\nThen both to guide the king and pawns also\nAnd all other my wits were to seek\nI thought how by moral philosophy\nThe Chess was found and set in diversity\nOf danger for a mirror of policy\nThe virtue departed is in three\nFirst, a man must connect himself in degree\nThen his household, and then in city and realm. These are the three diverse\nAristotle in his political book\nThe first of these says high politics is called Monarchy\nThe second part, who has a lust to look\nAt politics called Economics\nThe third party is called politics\nBut of all these since I had never schooled\nTo play at Chess I thought myself a fool\nIn this board's eschequer of my mind As I first put a man to draw a draft,\nFirst came you, world, with unkind Dame Fortune,\nAnd said, \"eschew,\" and so strongly they fought\nAgainst me that all my men were caught\nWith their escheques, so much they each consumed,\nThat either I knew not, suddenly I was doomed.\nThen came reason, and she to me did say,\n\"With noble fortune and false worldliness,\nO fool of fools,\nThou canst not find a point of sickness,\nFor in their draft all\nGod spoke, she said, \"a fool I conclude.\"\nThen\nThat the might teach me some dish\nFor\nFor from of help, for which I go\nWhy's at the l\nThus broken on sleep, my spirit forth went,\nAnd\nIn wilderness, but I knew not when,\nIn much\nWith wild\nNow wood, now wind, now rain, I knew no where,\nThe wild wolves pursued me,\nI would flee them, but while,\nAnd of a way I was lost.\nThorny and severe came the encounter,\nThere I went, I was aware of a sight,\nBut forth I thrust with thorns to rent,\nAnd thanked God of light, which\nOut from a meadow most heavenly to look. About which can a lusty river be sweet,\nA lady came and two with her she took,\nI came to her and so she welcomed me great,\nThe waters' name asked I, she quietly said,\nAnd soon she said, \"My name is Sapience,\nIntelligence this high, and this science,\nTo all virtues we are ladies three,\nBoth in office and degree different,\nIt is my part to know the divine,\nMy sister here has diligent knowledge,\nOf creatures in heaven and earth content,\nAnd the science of things temporal has knowledge pure,\nThus may you know of us all,\nOf us three I am the most sovereign,\nAnd if the list pleases and defines it,\nI am the true, proper knowledge certain,\nOf earthly things and also of divine,\nAy, fresh and green, and lusty is my heart,\nThough I seem young, full old my years have been,\nFor sapience in old folk is ever seen,\nThe desert place of fear, through which you come,\nIs a dreadful worldly occupation.\nSoon leave that place and dwell with me at home,\nYou shall have wit, lust, delight,\nGrace, help, life, Hebe, and eternal salvation. Now I rest, I have traveled all day for my labor is now at play. I was glad and fell on one knee, held up my hands, and said I would willingly be her servant with all submission. But, lady, my master and sovereign, you ask me for your labor and your pain, I would have said she replied. Tell me your command, and the gladder you will be. A mighty and dignified prince, most excellent and most victorious, having a son and four daughters, and a servant whom he cherished with affectionate love and desire, gave his servant a command in certain terms. The servant broke it and died old, paying the penalty. The king called for four tormentors and bade one put him in prison, and another should quickly flee him, and the third kill him, and the fourth devour him. The four daughters heard tell of this rumor, whose names are Mercy, Truth, Right, and Peace. But Mercy thought her father's ire would cease. She looked down into the deep prison. Her loved servant saw she sitting there,\nFor whom her heart both bled and wept.\nDistantly, tears distilled all her cheer,\nShe began to unlace her sunny hair,\nNaked was her breast, and before her father,\nOn knees she fell down.\nO merciful, and O most merciful king,\nKing of kings, and father of pity,\nWhose mighty mercy is immeasurable,\nO eternal prince, O benignant lord, she said,\nTo whom mercy is given in property,\nOf thy servant who lies in prison bound,\nHave thou mercy or death, my heart would desire,\nI am sovereign above thy works all,\nI am the pure author of thy godhead,\nI am thy child, thy celestial gem,\nThe mystic of all thy godliness,\nThe substance that feeds all mankind,\nI am the treasure of thy delight,\nO prince of peace, my bone now grant me peace,\nSee how I sit disabled,\nMy crystal eyes. see how their tears rain,\nMy rosy lips, see how they are pierced,\nThe hem of my cheeks, also, of my two cheeks,\nSee how the tear river dries,\nMy swan-like throat with sighs in distress. My breast forbids / see father all is faint\nAnd if you would grant me your prisoner\nAnd give me leave to lose him from pain\nThis distress / & all this my heavy cheer\nTo gladness you might restore again\nYour high vengeance / why should you not restrain?\nAnd she showed mercy since he is penitent\nWith that came truth. & asked what it meant\nTo truth then spoke her father reverent\nAnd said a servant / which I loved best\nOn pain of death I give a commandment\nWhich for to keep in him was all my trust\nBut he it broke. & as a proud traitor cast\nMe to supplicate / and I made my behest\nFor his transgression he should die at the least\nMy daughter prays mercy with pitiful voice\nI would forgive / and on him have pity\nFor since my mercy is most copious\nI must it show / thus argues she to me\nNay, nay said truth / father it may not be\nYou must of force observe your own statute\nAnd your promise fulfill for every foot.\nThink that I am your daughter in truth\nThat of all truth does execution. Without your will, eternity would be incomplete with imperfection. Your will is law, your promise is reason. Since your will and your promise were such, if he should die, you may not depart from it. For your godliness puts an end to all variation. Establish your sentence and your just judgment. Let the same penalty be carried out in deed that was broken by your commandment. Then said mercy, unworthy is that assent. Every reasonable creature, without mercy, may not live or endure. Do you not know well that I am eternal? Quoth mercy, though, how may you restrain me? I am lady above the heavenly sphere. Though you are in the earth a prince and sovereign, my mighty grace is never void nor in vain. Therefore, I must release the penitent servant. Save from death, pardon this argument. Right sensible and suppliant for your sake, he who makes this strong argument quoth truth is not mine. Neither in this nor in that, truth compels me. And I am permanent as you are. And since by necessity, my father must be true from his behest, how may you him? And if you think he broke not his command\nTo show mercy to one, at least\nOne is God; in his goodness include both\nIgnorance and hastiness and exile\nAnd presence and ask also might I soon\nWhy does he who is better than I say mercy\nBut if mercy had execution\nWhy was I then all my father's responsibility\nAnd all his joy in my creation\nWas I not made for their respite\nOf heavenly bliss and for necessary\nThat both angel and man must have of me\nAnd if I were their adversary\nThe heavenly court could not be restored\nMy father's kingdom would be vain and empty\nA power could hold it without me\nWhy should I not then have sovereignty\nAnd completion of my petition\nTruth answered, for you ask no reason\nThough you argue all day for your purposes\nTruth shall deliver at her own will\nMy liberty in no point will I lose\nI am my father's child, as well as you\nAnd righteousness I know will hold with me\nAnd with it, truth for her sister went. Dame righteousness, who was immediately present,\nAppeared righteously / but fearful to behold,\nRighteousness came, all bedecked with light,\nShe spared not for heat nor for cold,\nFor high or low, to fulfill all right,\nMy sisters strove with her, with loud voice,\nI will discuss, and their contention,\nAs rightly asks, bring to conclusion,\nTo his servant I think, what trust and grace,\nMy father had, and also,\nAnd in the earth for him he made a place,\nOf lust, delight, and of all liberty,\nEach earthly thing also to his sovereignty,\nHe had incline, and be obedient,\nWhile he truly fulfills his commandment,\nWhat thing in the earth he could or might devise,\nFor hearts' rest and lives' sustenance,\nOn him laughter arose in all godly wise,\nAnd at his lust made him obedience,\nExiled from him was unhappy chance,\nAdversity could never hinder his steps,\nTo his master while he was true servant,\nAnd if so, he broke his commandment,\nMy father made a constitution,\nThat imprisoned and all quickly fled and rent,\nDid and devoured should be punishment. For his trespass and transgression,\nThat pure love and fear this just precept\nShould him excite that it were truly kept,\nNotwithstanding the promise and statute,\nThe trust, the love, the bounty and kindness,\nOne free servant subject to servitude,\nSave to conspire with all ungentleness,\nAnd of the just madam made full ingress,\nWherefore of right I think he must be dead,\nLate be quoted peace, that is a cruel deed,\nAnd with that word peace came into the place,\nWhose person was patron of portraiture,\nHer rosy lips with a cheer full of grace,\nOffered kissing unto each creature,\nPhebus himself with all his bemede cure,\nMay not resemble the light of her visage,\nSo pure perfect was that heavenly image,\nAnd on this wise she began her tongue to pose,\nAnd said to truth, O right, how may this mean,\nAs your purposes peace for to expel,\nAnd to make mercy nevermore be seen,\nAnd to ordain death for to reign as queen,\nThis would not more, but for to deprive express,\nMy father's kingdom and his sovereign richesse. Every kingdom that has disputes within it\nMust necessarily be deserted.\nWe are four for one conclusion,\nTo sustain the realm and its estate.\nWhy then should there be debate?\nAnd since the law would rather suffer loss\nThan extend, let peace and mercy reign.\nMy father's kingdom and had suffered no why.\nIt is for rest and tranquility\nThat he writes in his style,\nThe prince of peace, the author of pity,\nKing of mercy, and he,\nThus the need of force must peace reign and prevail,\nThe chief strife and debate perish in all battle,\nThe chief advocate and commission\nOf this high kingdom is for peace,\nWhy make you disputes, and with strife I will not dwell,\nAnd if debate me from this kingdom, it is forever destroyed,\nBut since it is, there is a trespass done\nTo mercy, let the trespasser yield,\nIt is her office to redress it soon,\nFor trespass is to mercy a mercy,\nAnd right as sweet has its appeal by you. \"With supreme mercy's might,\nWithout transgression, mercy endures light,\nWhat should be, if not necessity,\nWhat requires salvation, but if there were a sore,\nWhat needs drink, their thirst has no powers,\nWhat should mercy be, but transgression precedes,\nBut transgression, by mercy, is little worth,\nWithout transgression, no execution,\nMay mercy have, nor yet perfection,\nBut sister truth, you may reign as a princess,\nWithout falsehood, and have your sovereignty,\nWithout injury, and so may right wisdom,\nAlso without war, peace may always be,\nBut mercy kindly has no property,\nWithout transgression, of which she has her might,\nJust as the sun the moon yields all their light,\nTherefore, I advise, as a conclusion,\nThat we obey mercy with one accord,\nAnd leave all our discord,\nFor little things as clerks here record,\nWith peace grows and good; with discord, it wanes away,\nTherefore, lead pacify,\nOur lust to one, and fall to mercy,\nLate I deny truth to you, I will not assent,\nNo more will I consent, righteousness said.\" And with that word, truth to her father she went,\nAnd thus she said, \"O ground of steadfastness,\nO permanent, O true truth endless,\nHold thy highest. And support virtue,\nFor righteousness agrees with me. These words say righteousness, and kneels down,\nAnd said, 'Father, since it is my office\nTo yield condign remuneration\nTo evil and good, to each virtue and vice,\nAnd not to spare for prayer nor for price,\nI shall glorify thy godhead,\nThat truth asks, I must justify,\nThe aforesaid case reserving in my mind,\nHow soon my servant wishes to offend,\nAnd how he was cruel and unkind\nTo thy behest, I must of right attend,\nAnd need of force to judgment descend.\nWherefore I yield sentence definitive,\nIn the aforesaid form let them pay to death him drive,\nOf this process to have the true intent,\nI will thou wit, quoth wisdom to me,\nThis mighty king is God omnipotent,\nIn one godhead reigning. And persons three,\nHis son is Christ, his daughters in degree,\nBen virtues four annexed to his godhead,\nHis servant is old Adam, as I read.\" \"Return we now, through darted with Mercy fell down she might no longer feign,\nAs a swan or in a ly,\nPeas singing that stood on,\nAnd at the last with pitiful voice and wild,\nShe said, alas, peas is for aye exiled.\nO mercy god, for my sister mercy,\nLying in a swooned dying for lack of breath,\nFor truth unfaithfulness and unrighteousness,\nAgainst us has given sentence of death.\nI will not rest, but go through holt and heath,\nExiled away returned, wol I never,\nFarewell father, Farewell thy realm for ever,\nFarewell mercy, farewell thy pitiful grace,\nSo well away that vengeance shall prevail,\nFarewell the bemed light of heaven's place,\nTo mankind thou mayst no more avail,\nThe pure darkness of hell the doth assail,\nO light in vain the clips hath the inc,\nMan was thy lord, now man is thy refuse,\nO Seraphim yield thine armies,\nO cherubim thy glory do away,\nO ye thrones let be all your melody,\nYour hierarchy distained is for aye,\nYour masters set in what array,\nShe lies in swoon, & y born with debate.\" Fare well, powerful household, desolate and forsaken,\nO sovereign mighty dominions,\nO virtues and you potestates,\nO princes, with all your heavenly sounds,\nArchangel, Angel, with your three estates,\nYour spouse's peace is in dispute,\nNow may you weep, and the three hierarchies,\nYour nine orders cannot be restored,\nFare well, all. Dame Mercy lies in swans,\nFor truthfulness, accused is mankind,\nAnd righteousness, which should do all reason,\nHas condemned him as cruel and unkind,\nMercy and peace for them no grace may find,\nNotwithstanding, judgment may have no suit,\nBut it must be executed,\nWoe worth the debate, which never may have peace,\nWoe worth the penance, which asks for no pity,\nWoe worth the vengeance, which mercy may not cease,\nWoe worth that judgment, which has no equity,\nWoe worth that truth, which has no charity,\nAnd woe worth that Inge, which may no guilt save,\nAnd woe worth right, which may no favor have,\nFare well, Saturn, Jove, Mars, and Phoebus bright,\nFare well, Venus, and fare well Mercury. Farewell shining lady of the night,\nI was your guide, but now I depart,\nO cruel Mars, thy temper's fury,\nNow may you show, and Jupiter thine ire,\nNow may you rain with darts full of fire,\nI was the rain that held you all together,\nI tamed you and set you in accord,\nBut now I go, I know not why further,\nWherefore, of force, you must fall to discord,\nO sovereign of all battle, the lord,\nNow may you send comet, thy messenger,\nTo signify that battle, nears,\nWhen Flora rides, and cold away is gone,\nWith Jupiter, then may you meet at pleasure,\nAnd join in some sign of the zodiac,\nEngender fire, and make herbs combust,\nInfect the eye, and so to join justly,\nOne with another, hot, moist and dry,\nContraryous strive for the victory,\nNow may you fight, & make both wind and rain,\nAnd erratic ever in your course be,\nFor peace is gone, that your ire did refrain,\nAnd stabilized you in all tranquility,\nFarewell, all of you with all your broad company,\nFarewell, father, thy realm may never increase. And with that word, peace departed,\nThe father's bliss, the supreme joy and chief\nOf all heaven, the brother to mercy,\nThis woeful case seeing, and this discord,\nFor me indeed did wisdom send most swiftly,\nWith counsel, help now in this need,\nThrough Percival, my herb begins to bleed,\nFor peace is gone, and mercy lies in swoon,\nWithout comfort so well a way the while,\nAnd desolate is this heavenly region,\nBut mercy reign, and peace come from exile,\nO wisdom, help now to reconcile,\nMy sister peace, and mercy to comfort,\nAnd to this fine, with counsel, support me,\nO master mine, O sovereign mighty lord,\nThis case is hard without delay, I said,\nGreat is that help, that may bring accord,\nMercy and truth, lady righteousness and peace,\nMercy would save her man, and vengeance sees,\nTruth will not so, nor lady righteousness,\nAnd for this strife, peace is driven to wilderness,\nEach one of them will no way be removed\nFrom their intent, it is inconvenient,\nTo reconcile them, how should it be achieved? Syn two for two who stand contrary\nThis sole case is most wonderful to study\nFor this accord, whoever shall fulfill it\nMust needs perform their entire will\nBut wisdom, who can please them all\nAnd give each one their full desire expressed\nI mean the wretch / who lies in prison thrall\nMercy to have / and his guilt to rectify\nAnd not offend dame truth and righteousness\nAnd revoke peace / who shall this do who says he\nIn one godhead since we are three persons\nMy father is full of lasting might\nAnd all wisdom is apropos to me\nOf all goodness the blessed heavenly light\nThe holy ghost has to its property\nThus may wisdom and goodness that both three\nAlways of one will / may this accord make\nBut of thee three who shall keep the truth\nMy wits whole I gather to me\nAnd finally for conclusion\nO master mine / I said it lies in thee\nOf this accord the execution\nAnd on three ways I prove it by reason\nTherefore by force to make this accord\nDispose thyself. Be both subject and lord\nThy father is so fierce, thou knowest well. That pities and mercy which do not compromise him as judge, and the Holy Ghost in whom all grace and truth is knitted, Dame Truth and Right will not admit. For well they knew that he is mercy's friend. Wherefore thou thyself must make an end to this. One wretch desired not thy father might, nor yet the goodness of the Holy Ghost. For thy wisdom he cast thee with the to fight, and smote thy shield aside the heavenly host. For which thou thyself must answer well thou knowest. Not thy father nor yet the third person The help of this lies in the alone. This sister's soul who shall pacify Must be the Son of Man and take humanity. And for man's guilt, suffer the Son to die. And reason man who thinks I in my mind. Since but to one Son the Trinity may find. Which Son art thou, that by necessity This solemn act lies finally in thee. Then said I myself, O lady wisdom, O good beldame or ye proceed further, vouchsafe to tell your noble truth. Why might wisdom and goodness, as I did, Address three persons which are in one godhead? Appropinquare are they not equal and consubstantial? And yet, as the wise say, they are all in goodness and wisdom. Equal and like, of one substance they are. But you call the Father mighty, and the Son full of wisdom, the Spirit of goodness. This will cause a reason that is in kind to express. A Father is a name of age, of impotence and debility. A Son a name is of youth and courage, of incisiveness and instability. A Spirit is a name of cruelty, of height and pride. And also, if you want to see in kind, the Father in the Trinity we call mighty, the Son full of wisdom, the good Spirit this is of its property. But it avoids the vice that in kind is knit. But of them all, my will you will understand. In might with grace, none is more excellent. Each one has all, and all three are but one. Let us return the Son to our mother. My sovereign lord, the brother of mercy, said wisdom. I see it now so clear that this accord in me is finally. But it is hard to take mankind and die,\nYet mercy comforts and saves,\nSuch death is but amusement,\nWith full effect he concluded in his heart,\nTo make redemption for all mankind,\nGive death for life, give joy for pains' pain,\nSovereign love, and make submission,\nThe angels also had compassion,\nFor man's death, they cast them all\nTo counsel the holy spirits went,\nThe hierarchies with their heavenly college,\nTo pray for him, it was their whole intent,\nThat he might come to his old inheritance,\nOut from the Caribe and the smoky cage,\nOf servitude, which had included him,\nFor four thousand years, he could not refuse,\nThe hierarchy next to the Trinity,\nWith heavenly voices pitiful and delicate,\nKneeled down and said, \"O God, we are,\nAs thou well knowest, thy immediate advocates,\nCubicles also of thy godhead,\nTo our prayer, O mighty God, take heed.\"\nThe sustenance of our life, our lust, and everlasting bliss. The high glory that shines in your face,\nThe human mind cannot conceive why,\nSince man, formed in your likeness, is,\nAnd created from your own sickness,\nWhy does he lie in darkness?\nWhat honor is, what worthiness,\nTo your godhead, to suffer your image\nTo be consumed and drenched in darkness,\nFor whom you made light a heritage,\nAnd since our bliss is whole in your visage,\nWhy should its form be always in darkness?\nTherefore we pray, O prince full of grace,\nHave pity on man, your creature,\nWhose hands are strong, pledging to undo,\nLet not your shape endure so long in darkness,\nGive some reward to your own honor,\nFor now is the time of mercy and peace,\nAnd now it is coming that all vengeance should cease.\nExplicit supplication of the prime hierarchy.\nThen the second hierarchy knelt down\nAnd humbly said, O sovereign lord of all,\nWe are made your might to magnify,\nAnd to observe your imperial law,\nAs worthy lords that in general,\nWith diligent care support your empire. And with knighthood have obeyed your desire,\nFrom us all the proud prince of darkness,\nAs captives took lords of each estate,\nThen was made, through the heavenly gods,\nFor restoring this desolate kingdom,\nBut woe be it to whom it was meant,\nSince the lion of all cruelty,\nIn his dark lake, has sovereignty,\nOur worthy lordships, & our manors old.\nO mighty god, how long vacant shall they be,\nTheir heirs also, how long shall death withhold,\nSince you are life, why has death sovereignty,\nIf you be king, to your honor see,\nSo bind the fiend, and take man by conquest,\nUnto your bliss, and set your realm in rest,\nFour thousand years is sufficient,\nFor punishing old Adam for a taste,\nAnd well away, hell is exuberant,\nWith its offspring, & our realm stood waste,\nNow show mercy, O thou who hast it all,\nFor now is the time for mercy and peace,\nAnd now comes the time that all vengeance should see.\nExplicit supplication second hierarchy,\nTharchangel and their hierarchy,\nKneeled down, and said with a benign voice. O god, thou knowest we are always ready\nTo thy godhead. To assign us a province,\nAnd as thou wilt, assign us in thy realm,\nAs true and diligent officers we do,\nThy commandments we obey. Thy messengers,\nWe are always ready, and in thy realm,\nTo whatever place we are sent, we cannot find,\nBut peace is gone away, and mercy lies weeping,\nFor truth and right will not consent,\nTo save our kindred, our realm which should restore,\nWherever we go, debate is before us,\nOur enemies also have victory,\nWhile thy child continues in discord,\nAnd unless kindred is brought to thy glory,\nThou canst never bring them four to accord,\nOn thy old mercy, O good god, record,\nAnd since everything is possible,\nPeace thy child, and bring kindred to bliss,\nThe father's heart by kindness should be pitiful,\nOf his children, and weep for their absence,\nTherefore I pray, O victorious prince,\nSend for Dame Peace. Bring her to thy presence,\nAnd to kindred grant a plain indulgence,\nFor now is the time of mercy and peace. And it is time that all vengeance should cease. Explicit supplication thirdly to the Hierarchy. That excellent prince of all worthiness, that mighty lord, that gracious father, that righteous root, that well of godliness, that noble king, that glorious master, that sovereign sir, and most victorious one, beheld his realm all wasted with ruin. And in himself he began to pity,\n\nHe heard also how pitifully complained\nHis heavenly court of his desolate realm,\nAnd how mercy was distained by tears,\nAnd peace his child exiled for debate,\nAnd how mankind was so incarcerated\nThat by no way he might restore his realm.\nThen his heart, moved by pity, grew sore,\nTo mercy he bent his prayer, which was on the point of spilling tears.\nThen through the dart and drops small of pity,\nHis blessed son then knew his father's will.\nFair Irand thought it was time for a fight,\nAnd rose up with lust and delight.\nHe knelt down and said, \"Father of might,\nI am your son, in whom all wisdom is.\" And well I wote, thou farest not aright for the child. I shall reward each one with their intent And man again to thy bliss. Sweet, sweetest son, Do what the, But it seems to me that I, the godhead that such gladness he mankind, And renounce, With humble heart to do thy will, With thee, I am, Thou, I, Quoth that good son with diligent spirit, And up, He took her up, and godly began to kiss her, And say, O sweet mercy, O princess of all bliss, O sister mine, O godly young maid, With salt tear, why be ye thou or I, I am that wight, that shall your sorrow, And save mankind, & being again, Cast up your eyes, behold, I am your brother, Your life, your lust, your love, your champion, And for your sake, my self shall, & none other, Become a man, and suffer passion, To help mankind, and with double renounce, Bring him to you, & save, which was thrall That mortal is, I shall make Immortal. Thus shall I do your heart to comfort, Your sovereign eke for to magnify, Full manfully I shall my pain comport. And think on you as on my own lady,\nTo fight in arms and obtain victory, you.\nAnd every fault, you at your pleasure add,\nReturn, good lady, though,\nThe brother's speech was saluted to her sore,\nThanked him, as cure of all her woe,\nO prince, she said, which shall restore my right?\nWhat may I do, your thanks for to deserve,\nThat ready am for me to live and be,\nO sweet, most sweet brother, and of my knight,\nO\nTo your reward, where shall I gather might,\nTo your kindness, I not how I may best,\nThank you for this, but O prince, worthyest,\nMe as your own, command always as you,\nThus all was well, and either other kissed.\nThe Trinity went to counsel straightaway,\nDecided in host, a messenger should go,\nTo the maiden, the daughter of,\nTo salute,\nThe Son of God to bring man out of woe,\nMother and maid she should bear and conceive,\nWhich message done, she goodly began to receive,\nYet to mercy more strange the to excite,\nO blessed Son, see how I sit on knee,\nBehold these breasts small with all delight,\nThat yield the suck, the milk of chastity. Behold the woe that thou were born to be,\nBehold the hands that on my lap were laid,\nBehold thy spouse, thy mother, and thy maid,\nAnd for all this have mercy, son of man.\nFor next thyself I dearly have them bought,\nFor well thou knowest the sword of sorrow ran\nThrough my heart. When thou on rode was brought,\nAnd I the saw with wounds all besought,\nSince then in pain I had my part with thee,\nPart of my will for man, son grant me this,\nThus shall my mother say, if man offends,\nO sister mine, sustain thy lust to sustain,\nAnd I myself his trespass to amend,\nMy wounds wide shall hold both new and green,\nDistilling blood full fresh they shall be seen,\nIf with mankind my father will debate,\nWhen he them sees, he may no longer hate,\nTherefore be glad, O sister mine, have mercy,\nReceive thy man. Do with him what thou wilt,\nShe knelt down, took him full thankfully,\nEmbraced him, and after this him kissed,\nThat tongue can tell what spirit knew.\nFor pure gladness, in what place to abide. Her perfection bliss pierced the heaven wide,\nThen he went to Dame Virtue and said, \"Sister, be you not yet content?\nYes, brother mine, she replied in all degree,\nFor truth it is that man was negligent,\nMore than I ask, his punishment is also his,\nThen he went forth to Dame Righteousness,\nAsked the same, who answered, \"O sweet brother, man is for his transgressions,\nMore punished than I myself desire,\nI am content, let us debate and pass,\nAnd with that word, peace, fervent as the fire,\nWas present then. For all anger was stanch'd,\nMercy and truth met at their own will,\nAnd right and peace embraced heartily,\nTo this kissing, O mighty prince of peace,\nBring us all; as thou art on a cross,\nAnd grant me grace, or in making cease,\nTo thy pleasure, some matter that is good,\nFor to compile and help me from the flood,\nOf fruitless worldly meditation,\nAnd find a way to my salvation.\"\nExplicit, Book One of the Court of Wisdom, Mercy and Truth confronted each other,\nJustice and Peace obstructed them. I. In matter of my book, I reveal the solemn manifestation\nOf wisdom most heavenly to behold,\nWhose city is set in all perfection,\nAnd to avoid the obloquy of false tongues,\nI pray thee, O good goddess Minerva,\nGrant me grace; dress my style, purify my language,\nStrengthen my wit, minister to my matter.\nFor I am but a simple creature,\nI will usurp in thy palace tapestry,\nBut thou wilt guide me to show in what matter\nI shall pronounce things, which thou dost see.\nThy referendary only I will be,\nThe pure knowledge and true sentiment\nOf thy wisdom was never my dower,\nBut as the sun in light most excellent,\nWith its beams, the moon illuminates clear,\nSo these wise men, fools, bear every day,\nWherefore thy wisdom, as thou wilt teach me,\nO lady mine, in my book I will preach.\n\nExplicit.\n\nWhen wisdom had finished her busy cure,\nWhich is rehearsed in the aforesaid book,\nShe said, \"Return home,\" and she would go,\nIntelligence and science with her she took. And on myself I began to look well, and said, \"Beel, soon if thou wilt come with me, come in hast. Right welcome thou shalt be.\" Then we went forth to the riverside, Whose name is quite full of all sweetness. Over it, without, were arches high and wide. A bridge was set full of all lustiness. The marble stone showed the solemn worthiness of geometry in such a way. Such a good work that no one could devise. The pillars were strongly enarched with effect, With pinnacles and towers full of bliss. And allured cleanly gave such a seemly prospect, That such a bridge was never seen, indeed. And on a tower this scripture was written, \"Who fears God, come in; and right welcome.\" For fear of God is the way of all wisdom. I entered on the bridge with sapience. She led me over to the riverside. \"Come in,\" she said, \"put forth in presence. For such a sight through all the world wide, Thou never saw so full of lust and pride. So glorious is it, for the nones.\" As grave is it, so were the precious stones. The Alabaster, the electuary. The Aurypt and the Argyle\nThe Asterion full of heavenly glory\nThe Admante and the Argylete\nThe Admatyst and also the Admatyte\nWhich bright stone withstands the might of fire\nSo good a sight no spirit might desire\nThe Alabaster white yields victory\nAnd iron swags the shining argyle\nAnd love reforms the said electryle\nThe Admant also but the argyle\nHas in him self a star full of delight\nThe Auryptgment hot is in effect\nThe Amethyst yields right good intellect\nThe pale beryl that heals eyes sore\nAnd helps love and staunches enmity\nThe Selidon that with lust can restore\nAnd medicine is to old infirmity\nThe Carbuncle that has its sovereignty\nWhen darkness is / the precious crystallite\nWhich fiends flee and hold in despight\nThe Calcite which is hard in the grave\nThe Crysolite most shining on the night\nThe Crystal clear that men often save\nThe Garnet red which flux staunches right\nThe Carnelian stone in thunder which has might\nThe Calephane that voices sore does cleans. The following beings:\n\nThe Diadek, who inspires to preach\nThe Dionysus, hating drunkenness\nThe good Eschite, the womb's healer\nIn birth of child and cause of their joy\nThe Emachyte, stopping bleeding express\nThe Elytrope, the son's foeman and venom's sleeper\nThe stone Enydros, most wondrous in kind\nWhich always distills drops to the sight\nAnd never moist nor let men find it dry\nThe weeping stone, a clerk says it is bright\nThe epistyte, a stone full of light\nFoe of corn and excellent rose in hue\nAs scholars testify in their depositions\nThere was also the gentle gagates\nBeneficial for women in prolonged labor pain\nWhich, if a maid drinks it, will please her\nAnd in her body keep it well and fine\nWhere she corrupts, she should immediately ruin\nThe Salachyte, most profitable for milk\nThere was also this commendable virtue\nGe\nBlack in color but virtuous in might\nMaking beloved where they go\nIf they bear it and tell them aright What think you of the Iaspar green in sight,\nA salve against the foul fevers' access,\nTherefore I lie full of all lustiness,\nThe good Jacynth, comfortable and right,\nIn pestilence a noble medicine,\nThe Adachyd, which within itself outshines\nOther stones, fine,\nThat sweetens water to the divine,\nThe Ierachyte, which if a man bears,\nNo fleas with biting him endure,\nThere was the good Irys of Arethusa,\nA salve for women in their childhood,\nThe stone Iona, which teaches prophecy,\nThe sad Camen with various colors led,\nThe dropcy, which he lets as I,\nIn old books and the obsolete,\nThat color lost restores to us,\nA noble stone, for hunters good,\nLipparia, called a right one,\nFor beasts wild, they never so wood,\nTo his presence, he brings them through his sight,\nThe Alabandyne, which yields might to blood,\nThe Alabaster, which through heat will remain,\nSeven days in heat, as noble clerks say,\nThe Margaryte, which is both bright and white,\nAlso medicinal and comforting. The magnes yields grace and delight,\nSovereign has the power to attract,\nThe melancholy one, whose juice is excepted,\nSweet as honey, in color white and green,\nThe good myrrh, which has a clean odor,\nThe stone mica and also the melochite,\nWhich children young when in cradles were,\nKeep them from noise and all dispute,\nThe stone nitrum, which helps to wash clean,\nThe medrys also good for blindness of eyes,\nThe stone Nesite, which in the tooth men find,\nAnd near venom, it waxes hot of kind,\nThe Onyx, which is a stone of India,\nThe onyx also, which as a mirror,\nA man may see and find his own image,\nOptallyus, of many strong color,\nThat is to thee good patron and succor,\nThe Oryte also, which saves from beasts wild,\nAnd suffers not women to be with child,\nThe Paryus and also the parasites,\nGreen of color, and good for feeble sight,\nThe pyrite stone, which burns us within our hand,\nIf we press it dryly,\nThe stone ponyarse, which has a wonderful might,\nGood for women, and of itself alone. He brings forth right swift another stone,\nThe Quarry one, which the sleeper says\nWhat he dreams and also the quintessence's good,\nThat can increase breasts with milk always,\nThe good Ruby, which stauncheth blood always,\nThe Rebe as well, which is of beast's wood,\nThe strong binding heals forever,\nAnd noble medicine is for sore wounds,\nThe good Sapphire, most noble and most precious,\nOf all stones and most preservative,\nComfort in peace, and beneficial to sore eyes,\nOf unkindly heat and most repressive,\nIt makes glad, it is comfortative,\nIt stauncheth blood and sweet, and chaste,\nHe loves it best and it drives away venom,\nThe green Emerald, truly medicinal,\nAgainst tempest sicknesses and fantasy,\nThe Sardonyx, truly commendable,\nFriend to the meek, and aids lechery,\nThe Sardons that make men hardy,\nThe sons' gems full of beams bright,\nThe serenity that in love has its might,\nTopaz, good for lunatics,\nAnd stauncheth Ire and calms heaviness,\nIt is wholesome as well for men frenetic. The good turquoises, which bring gladness\nGood for the sight, the precious stones that alleviate sickness\nHe lets divers, the syntheses, which of kind\nRefreshes blood and keeps man in his mind\nAll other stones which are precious\nThere might men see full of all pure delight\nBut I must be concise\nTherefore of them I will write no further\nOf their virtues I touch here but little\nTheir properties, whoever wishes to have told\nI counsel them to look in old books\nAs in a book called the lapidary\nIn Isidore or Deascorides\nBy philosophers, as in Pliny\nOr Bartholomew, look who may please\nNatures and kinds there mayst thou see at ease\nSuch things, as do not belong to coming matter\nAnother field I have in haste to add\nAnd if thou seemest that here be strange stones\nAnd thou canst name them better in English\nDo so. Their names for thee to change\nSo my language and my book thou not blame\nFor I suppose there be few words lame\nBy the Latin, for the surer name\nI name them all, and for the more common. Explicit description of the stones on the bank of the Rui:\n\nThat good water, that noble, clear\nThis river swells in its kind, moist and cold,\nThe wholesome, perfect nourishment for every thing on earth,\nCorn, herb, tree, plant, and every living thing,\nIt gives its drink and cleanses all foul things,\nThe earth it makes fruitful,\nIt also tempers the heavens with the sun,\nAnd with its subtle, curious vapor,\nIt grows the air's incorporation,\nAnd thickens it, and is of high renown,\nRising up high,\nTo challenge heaven for a worthy place,\nFrom whence fall distilling showers, sweet,\nReplenishing the earth and committing itself,\nBut to the heavens it is most temporary,\nIts sweet drops are also most nourishing,\nAnd the cause of life for each thing,\nWithout it, all things would be lifeless.\nThrough the earth, it goes with its moisture,\nAnd penetrates it through its effusion,\nThe parts of the earth also through its cure. Ben stables sad and takes Elles for great heat and high intention\nOf sovereign drought, right by necessity,\nTo powder they should be dissolved.\nHe is to fish, wholesome and profitable,\nAs air to beast, and cause of all their bliss,\nHis properties, that are most commendable,\nDame science declares well,\nAnd as a glass, so contemplative. He is\nOf thing objective, the shape to represent,\nOf him has need all thing in him contained,\nHe will always move without rest or constance,\nWhile his party superficial\nIs adequate by right and like distance,\nOut from the earth like from the midst of all,\nAnd of the sun's light celestial,\nInto the heaven he makes reflection,\nThe natures four he passes in renown,\nOf water, thus to speak in kind,\nThere may none find a lovely property,\nBut in him self this River has them all,\nIn paradise he had his sovereignty,\nBoth out and in, to run with liberty,\nFrom sulphur veins, and from metal ore,\nHe can abstain, and be ever sweet and pure,\nBasilius in his examination. Desire water and its property,\nHe who has desire may look upon them,\nBut I myself will flee proximity,\nAnd of my River speak as seems fit to me,\nWhat should I say to him here and behold,\nAll earthly joy passes a thousandfold,\nHis heavenly sighs, his delicate groans,\nHis sweet murmur, his subtle course and style,\nHis fresh color, which no storm may abate,\nHis sweet-smelling fragrance, reflecting at will,\nMight say incense, in this way I will,\nTo excite from heaven's place,\nNature to come and see my solace,\nO Physis Tygrys Gyon. Eufrates,\nO Doryx also the flood of paradise,\nO Iordan Cobar and thou Edapces,\nDanube and Pharpar at your service,\nAbana also, as wise clerks write,\nWhich of Damascus with its moist passage,\nFills the gardens green with herbage,\nO Tyber. Rhine, Yber, Leyre and Rhone,\nGeron and Renus with many watery drops,\nAnd O you solemn and sovereign floods,\nOf Asia, Africa, and Europe,\nAmong you all I note a beautiful soporific,\nLike this River in comparison,\nThe Occan submits to him obedience. O ye floods and you other all,\nWho have your course through the earth's space,\nWere not like in any points special\nTo this River in bounce nor in grace,\nAnd he who loves floods to know and trace,\nIn Barthylmewe in his fifteenth book,\nAmong his province, may you go and look,\nHoly scripture makes mention,\nIn Genesis and other places too,\nOf floods and their condition,\nAnd philosophers tell them also,\nAs I read, but all this let me go,\nOf this River and its enchantment gay,\nI mean of fish now, something I will say,\nExplicit description of the River,\nThis lusty fish within this River sweet,\nThere swimming, which we find and call,\nThey put in use to bear swim and flee,\nNow at the ground and now above they leap,\nNow discovered, and now upon a heap,\nNow here, now there, now endlessly. now outward,\nThe sight of them might heal each wounded heart,\nSome had a lust to see the son's light,\nSome to the private umbrage began to attend,\nAnd gathered in their towels to the sight,\nShot out of length they extended their courage. The perfection of their bliss could not mend\nWhat should I say, they had a joy in earth\nThe whale, the dolphin and sturgeon\nThe carp and efferno\nThe cacodryl and vratynstopus\nThe sea swine and fastolyon\nThe millago, that fleets the water on\nThe hamo that dreads the hook\nWith many more, whoever has a lust to look\nThe millane, Gastor, {per}pecanius, Auronnea, Phager, Ferra, also the conger, which was Corus\nThe pike, the luce, the samon I see too\nThe swordfish with many other more\nThe roche, the tench, the lamprey, and the eel\nThe fluke, the plaice, the flounder good to sell\nThe crab, the lobster, and the crayfish also\nThe welk, the oyster, and the mussel good\nThe rouche, the perch, there was no fish to seek\nThat in the sea in river or in flood\nIn pond, stew, dyke, that ever swam or yielded\nWhoever him sought, immediately there may him see\nIn lust, in bliss, and all prosperity\nAnd if so were he had of kind a vice. In any point, or were brought from that river of price\nAnd of that water, glorious\nHe should immediately be good and virtuous\nShortly to say, to each fish, great and small\nIt is preservative and medicinal\nTheir names all I need not to repeat\nFor every fish that beautifully is in kind\nIn this river had a desire to convert\nWho seeks him, immediately there may he find\nIt is the pure, wholesome river and kind\nAnd of each nature and complexion\nTo every fish it is nourishment\nAnd he who wants to know diversity of fish\nAnd how they vary in their dwelling\nHow they feed and which is good in dish\nOf their wisdom and generation\nOf their virtue and operation\nOf what shape, what substance, and what kind\nThat they are of, thou may find in books\nBy Aristotle in his book of beasts\nBy Isidore also more fully\nBy Avicenna / by Bartholomew's gestes\nBy Constantine / and by Basil\nBy Ambrose also, who declares such things to us\nWell in his examination\nWho has a desire, God look upon these clerks. For I will not make declaration of such matters that are collateral. It would be unwise to engage in such long digression. The nature of fish/to tell and name them all. It must suffice my scripture general. For now I will let my pen feed with writing. And I will tell something of that most heavenly food. Explicit Description of Fish. The sovereign honor of the earth's space. The sweet mother, the fresh month of May. To flow sent and prayed her for her grace. That she would come with her enchantments gay. For to request depiction and to array, This blessed food with perfect diversity, Of colors fresh full of solemnity. She came right glad enrobed in haste. With herb flower, tree, and all precious fruit. Her thirsty cure in no point was wasted. For each good thing was there most plentiful. O paradise with thy glorious sight. Thou art not now but an image feigned. This perfect food has distained all thy bliss. The rose, the lily, the violet. Reflecting, shining, and painting the ground. Red and bright with heavenly color set. Blode and milk and pottage are abundant\nThe red, the white, and the blue represent delight\nThe ruby, the sapphire, the marigold\nThe purple two or the two precious stanching blood\nThe two long ones are heavenly against pain\nAnd to the nose, the first is delightful\nAnd to the sight, the second is pleasing\nThe third is rightly seen in taste\nThe rose, the lily, the violet I mean\nThe fair jasmine, the long-lasting primrose\nThe daisy, the good gypsophila flower\nWith all other herbs without boast\nThat generates flour or fresh color\nAgnus castus, the worthy parsley\nOf chastity, the good saffron also\nOf time, the mint, the rue with many more\nThe rosemary, the savory, the sage also\nAristology, the annise, the betony for the sick\nThe dittany, and the fumitory\nThe mallow, the dock, three dragons, and also the bread\nThe marigold, called the ilytrope. The bureau, the fenel, and the percale\nThe lettuce sweet with many milky drop\nThe coriander that hound doth flee\nThe plantain eke, the mandrake eke I see\nWith all other that grows on the ground\nEach beautifully herb has lust there to abound\nTheir names all / it needeth not for to write\nNor their virtues / my labor only is\nTo describe what pleasure and what delight\nWhat pleasure, comfort, honor, & what bliss\nUnto this mead they ministered, indeed\nThe sight of them and of their youngly flowers\nWas very salve. and healing to all longings\nExplicit description of flowers and herbs\n\nA heavenly wood was on that other side\nAnd closed in with that river about\nPlanted at will with trees full of pride\nThe blossoming bows unto the earth began to shout\nThe cedar tree presumptuous and stout\nHaving contempt for the earth only to abide\nAmong the stars his head began to hide\nHe and the palm, and also the good cypress\nBegan to rise and to burst forth with delight\nThe bows bore of all gentleness And gave a umbrella to that solemn sight,\nWith double bliss; each tree was symbolic,\nWith fruit for man, and shade to the ground,\nThus hunger there need not abound.\nThe partridge, the olive, the apple tree,\nGrew great and green, and most plentiful,\nThe pears in bows, and apples of abundance,\nThe almond tree with gardens' fruity,\nDistilling came from its hole precious,\nThe fir in height like the cider,\nTo Amoun, the red aromatic,\nThe aloes, the gentle cane and good,\nWhose marrow and juice is made in sweet sugar,\nThe balm distilling in a flood,\nIts gentle balm made through the ground to soothe,\nThe cinnamon with fresh odor replenished,\nThe good spikenard, mastic, the gum, rosin,\nOlibanum, the precious thurife and fine,\nThe vine tree bearing clusters great and huge,\nIn this wood which largely spread,\nWith honey sweet grapes and herbs pungent,\nWhich in might are strong as I read.\nThe first in taste, the other surpassed,\nThe second was helpful to the strong access,\nThey staunch thirst, they helped in sickness. The fair and green tree in bowers bark and leaves,\nThe cedar was sovereign of trees all,\nThe top, the root, among the greens grew,\nHerb'd, nourished, and sweet in small strands,\nThe bird, the bee, the water special,\nIn breadth and bows they were bred in the hole,\nAnd out of the root the well distilled hole,\nThe bows brought forth both birds and fruit,\nThe hole, the bark, offered honey and wax,\nThe root found the moist and cold refuge,\nOf all the earth made to abound and grow,\nThe honey, sweet fell down in drops lax,\nAnd with the balm and joy of flowers glad,\nIn the water Electuary they made,\nThe sturdy oak, the ash, the plum tree,\nWith acorns, chestnuts, and with the damask,\nAll other trees with their fruits in degree,\nThe rampart, the myrtle, the laurel, and the pine,\nThe cherrybine sweetening the sweet rase,\nThe birch, the box, the elm, the sycamore,\nThe fig, the wine of trees I speak no more,\nFor every tree and fruit in especial,\nAnd every spice and mace, ginger and clove,\nPepper and greens with other spices all. That ever on tree, bush, or herb can grow,\nThere was at first Zepherus began to blow,\nOut through the mead and taftia reflew,\nTheir perfect bliss illumined all the eye.\n\nExplicit description of Arborum.\n\nThe merry birds in their melody,\nTheir heavenly voices began to sing,\nTheir angular raucous harmony,\nOut through the heavens unto the highest throne,\n\nGave price, and passed the nine orders each one,\nO cherubim they said, come here to us,\n\nThe throstle cock upon the cedar green,\nThe nightingale upon the blooming thorn,\nThe noble swan with white feathers and clean,\nThe gentle lark flying among the corn,\n\nDid not cease to sing from even to morn,\nWith all other birds of pleasure,\nTheir voices urged the concordance,\nEach other bird in kind had its bliss,\nIts joy, its comfort, and its sustenance,\nThey had no need to ravage to use I,\nEach thing obeyed to their pleasure.\n\nDebate no staff, discord, nor yet distance,\nAmong them might not be engendered be,\nEach one other supported in degree,\nThe proud peacock his tail began to wheel. On the sun, which fiercely shone,\nAppeared an archangel from heaven sent,\nHeavenly colors filled the heavens content,\nHis tail, the flowers, the birds also,\nThe eye, the nose, the ear, food with all joy,\nThe eagle, sovereign of birds,\nThe good goose, the prized falcon,\nWith all others that to royal sport belong,\nDisposed there they reigned at will,\nThe gentle dove, Innocent of all vice,\nThe turtle, true, the phoenix singular,\nIn lust and bliss they gathered all,\nThe wholesome partridge and the pelican,\nThe sparrows also, the plowman, and the pie,\nThe popinjay, the rook, the hen, the crane,\nTheir names all here to specify,\nIt is not necessary for every bird,\nShort-lived and having power in kind,\nTo rejoice in comfort, they enjoy their flight,\nThey flee at will, there is none to hinder them,\nThey build in bliss, they have all liberty,\nThey need not fear gypsies nor nets,\nFly where they will, they are in all safety. The wind the rain nor anything adversely\nMay disturb them, all joy is among\nThe heavens above, delighted in their song\nExplicit description of Auvium\nThe noble lion and the lioness,\nThe unicorn, the elephant also,\nThe leopard, the wolf, the bear express,\nWithout anger in rest and peace began to go,\nThe heart, the hind, the book, and also the doe,\nThe bole, the ox, the cow, and her calf,\nNo rawen dreaded, peace was on every half,\nThe heart, the hind, and the gentle doe,\nProud and mighty, and leaping lustily,\nIn head and breast, on foot also to and fro,\nIaped, paced, and started merrily,\nIac napes nice made them all minstrelsy,\nNow here now there in each place was his feast,\nEach thing objective, he began to counterfeit,\nThe brook, the panther, and the dromedary,\nThe ass, the camel, and the lynx full of sight,\nThe boar, the swine, the hare, and the sow,\nThe fox, the tiger of most swift might,\nThe hound, the ermine bright and white,\nThe squirrel also, the mouse, the cat, the ram. The ghost / the kid / the horse / the sheep / all other beasts shortly for to write\nThat in kind / that began to sustain\nIn peace / and rest / in comfort and delight\nEach beast and bird / fish / flower / and green herbs\nTo stay to swim / sing / laugh or cry\nIn wood / in nest / in water / and the meadow\nTheir perfect bliss unto the heavens spread\nThe water's sound / the lusty fish and fair\nThe good season / the young sun & bright\nThe meadow / the herbs the flower / & their reflection\nThe blooming bows. the birds fresh of flight\nThe tender wind with his breath & his might\nInspired through the blossoms at dew's eyes\nIt to be seen was a heavenly paradise\nExplicit description of Animals\n\nWhen I had seen the solemn sovereign sight,\nDame Sapience led me to a comely castle shining bright,\nFull of all solace, delight, lust, and pride,\nIn whose circuit were wants large and wide\nOf perfect bliss, I set there seven towers.\nThe light of which astounded up to heaven,\nThe dyke of it formed with delight. \"This is the way to virtue and grace,\nTo knowledge, wit, and all wisdom.\nThis is the way to the heavenly place,\nWhere scorn and thirst, sin never comes.\nThis is the way to that solemn kingdom,\nWhere peace, bliss, and comfort are ever sought.\nCome in who will, and welcome forever.\nSeven bright ladies came down from heaven\nWith many other ladies, their servants.\nI will not name them. Faith, hope, and charity come first.\nPrudence, the wise woman, and Fortitude also.\" With wisdom and righteousness, the wise man\nKisses sapience and heartily begins\nClemens was clemency and virginity\nDame continence and dame devotion\nDame lowliness, and chastity as well\nOn whose head were garlands of renown\nOne for virgins and their Reliquiae\nOne for married people who live chastely\nThe third for widows, if they remain pure\nWith hope was gladness and contrition\nDame discipline and also sapience\nConfession and contemplation\nThe blessed lady, also penitence\nWith charity was grace and indulgence\nPeace and accord, pity, compassion\nAnd mercy, Empress of all renown\nWith prudence was counsel and reason\nThe fear of God and tractability\nDame diligence and dame discernment\nDame providence, cause of all bounty\nWith wisdom was dame benevolence\nMoralite, manners, and tolerance\nDame sobriety and proper sufficiency\nWith fortitude was dame perseverance\nRest and quiet, science and stability\nEver of one strength without change\nAnd never proud for any prosperity Nother yet grumbling for adversity\nWith right wisdom was law and correction. Truth. right and justice and execution,\nThen came a lady divine Theology,\nWith seven ladies her serving in a row,\nDame Sapience they followed humbly,\nPrist her with blessings and lowly began to bow,\nEach one other embraced all about,\nGlad of that meeting full of grace,\nWhat should I say, it was an heavenly place,\nThere was grammar ground of science all,\nAnd Dialectic full of pure knowing,\nDame Rhetoric science imperial,\nDame Arsmetic science in proportioning,\nGeometry that measures every thing,\nThe lady music and Astronomy,\nThese ladies seven sewed theology,\nThen from the great dungeon within the place,\nA solemn tower which styled up to heaven,\nPhilosophy the lady full of grace,\nWith ladies came as after I shall tell,\nTo sapience the way she took evenly,\nAnd said, \"welcome sister and sovereign,\"\nThey kissed sweetly, of other both were fine,\nPhilosophy is who lust to diffuse,\nKnowledge of earthly and also heavenly things,\nY joined with sad study and fine. Of governance, the art of living honestly and well, is also known as the probable knowledge of worldly and beautiful things, as much as is possible to man. It is called the art of arts and the meditation of death. This art is set in two parts: in pure science and openness. Science teaches by certain reason, openness is certain. When things cannot be proven by reason, and if the sun is more in quantity than the earth, how much more the heavens, of what matter, and if it is stable or mobile, this science cannot teach anew. If the moon is moist, hollow, or even, we do not know this by pure reason but by openness. This sovereign lady, Dame Philosophy, contains within herself all arts. Nature and kind, virtue and policy, are taught and executed in her wisdom. Therefore, to her are annexed three sisters, who are of sovereign bounty. The first sister is called Natural Philosophy, whom the graceful call Dame Physica. The second princess, named Ethyca by the Greeks, is also called the first sister of Philosophy. The third sister is named Logica. Philosophy values them highly. The first sister teaches the cause of every thing and its proper nature. The second sister embodies trust in living, knowledge of virtues and honesty. The third sister comes with reason, making discernment between good and evil.\n\nMillesius, one of the seven sages in Greece, was the first to explore, through reason, the causes of the heavens and the nature of each. Then came Plato, a worthy student of nature, who sought after natural art, including geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy.\n\nPrincess Ethyca, the mistress of politics, was the first to establish good governance. Socrates, her founder, sought to know virtue and live honestly. He sought out four ladies, full of pleasure, to serve Ethyca with obedience. Their names are Prudence and Righteousness, Fortitude and Temperance. Than found Plato the lady rational,\nWho when that kind and virtue known have been,\nTeacheth each man by reason special,\nTo understand the subtle strength and clean,\nOf kind and virtue what they would and mean.\nThen sought he out Dame Dialectica,\nTo serve her with Dame Rhetorica.\nIn these three sisters grounded may we find,\nDivinity, if we look well, you see,\nFor each divine other speaks of kind,\nAs in the noble book of Genesis,\nOr of manners as in proverbs,\nOr of logic, for whom divines all,\nThe Canticle taken in special.\nSome say philosophy, called reason,\nHas ladies two subjects in special.\nThe first, Inspective, whose eye a bound,\nDiscerns things which are celestial.\nThe second, Actual, that of each thing makes discernment,\nAs it shows in operation.\nDame Inspective has serving ladies three,\nDame natural and also Dame doctrinal.\nThe third in heaven has sight and sovereign,\nWherefore she is called the divine princess.\nThe first teaches the kind of things all,\nBy craft the second gets Intellect. The third invisible things have respect:\nDoctrinal matters have served four ladies\nThe good Arithmetic and lady Geometry\nLady Music also, full of bliss\nThe fourth princess was called Lady Astronomy\nOf these four ladies, I shall specifically\nSpeak of them hereafter in my treatise\nOf them no more, for now I will write\nLady Actual has other ladies three\nAs lady Moral and lady Dispensatory\nLady Cycle was the third, full of bounty\nThe first disposes to each man of life\nMode of living, the second is active\nWhich can govern her household without strife\nThe third of Cytes has governance\nWe entered into this gate full of bliss\nUnto the first court full of heavenly light\nWhich lady Science kept in keeping\nWhich shows and illuminates all things fresh\nAnd paints them to the sight with proper kind\nMA, beast, herb, tree, there you may know them all\nScripture teaches you how to govern him\nAnd what he is in body and in blood. And what matters he in lie or yet in him,\nWhy is this evil, and why that thing good,\nWhy this is tame, and why that beast wild,\nAll polycy in earth, and all knowledge,\nDame Science there had in that dwelling,\nThere was all natural philosophy,\nAnd in a goodly parlor I see sit\nThe philosopher with his company,\nDiscussing kind and what belongs to it,\nThere was clerk, note, knowledge, and wit,\nThe point they write, they dispute they part,\nThey determine each thing that has a nature,\nAristotle, Avicenna,\nGood Algazel, Galen, and Apollonius,\nPythagoras and Plato with his pen,\nMacrobius, Crato, Boethius,\nRasis, Isidore, Calyxte Orbasius,\nSalustius, Cleophyl, Hippocrates,\nWith many more whose names I let pass,\nThese had delight to serve Dame Science,\nAnd to have knowledge in philosophy,\nThey worshipped her, they did revere her,\nTheir whole desire was to her sovereignly,\nThey wake, they work, they study diligently,\nWhile they are with Dame Science expert,\nThey might rouse every heart. In the second court, we went to the one known as the \"prima Curia.\" Here, we found halls filled with chambers, high and good, full of all lust and heavenly complacence. Depicted with reverence were the heavens, his bliss, and those who dwell in it. The hierarchies in nine orders were knighted, and we were informed of the degree of each hierarchy, its office, and its observance. The first one was called Echyndia, or Echidna, and it was depicted with all pure pleasure. Lucifer and his unhappy chance, the spirits that fell with him, and the pain of hell were also depicted. Our faculties faltered when they began to fail, as in every invisible creature. Intelligence must give us counsel. By her, we have perfect knowledge and purity. When eye, nose, ear, mouth fail, and we cannot gain pure science, we must turn to intelligence. There were Daphnis, Bernard, Bede, and Bartholomew, the good cardinal, the sweet Boanerges, who had seen and knew this. The pure council of the first nature and many more in a contemplative parish of clerks,\nI see them seated to describe heavenly things,\nTheir names all / I cannot now repeat,\nThe multitude of them so passing were,\nThey cannot all be contained in a verse,\nBut to behold how fresh, lusty, and green,\nWas their desire to look on clean books,\nAnd heavenly with mental eye to see,\nAll earthly joy it surpasses in degree,\nWith joy and bliss and delight,\nDame Sapience, that good goddess,\nTo her ward sovereign of all renown,\nThen led us forth to a hall express,\nWhose bliss, beauty, lust, and perfect noblesse,\nAll earthly place passes a thousandfold,\nThe joy of it with tongue may not be told,\nIt was an heaven only to look upon,\nSo rousing it was and elegant,\nOh Primus and thy hall Ilium,\nWith all thy proper beauty, pleasant,\nTo be like it is not sufficient,\nTo this hall, which by nature was made,\nAs master chief in portraiture,\nIt was hung with all its work in gold. Full of stars of wisdom and wit,\nThe parables most godly to hold,\nEcclesiastes also followed it,\nThe book of wisdom fully written,\nThe good book Ecclesiasticus,\nAll wisdom there clear began and discussed,\nAnd on the days / Minerva, who was called Pallas,\nThe goddess of wisdom, full of light,\nOn heavenly wise portrayed and painted was,\nA lady fair, enclosed, fresh and bright,\nWhose head was with the rainbow dyed,\nA crest above her right hand had a spear,\nThe other side a shield of crystal clear,\nHer head was fearful and also monstrous,\nFor diverse serpents hung her head about,\nBright eyes she had, and clothing precious,\nOf colors delightful and strong,\nAn olive tree with branches on a route,\nOn which a night crow sat lustily,\nIt might not be made better,\nAnd what it meant there told Dame Sapience,\nThis is the goddess of all sovereign wisdom,\nDepicted thus with lust and reverence,\nShe was of Jupiter's brain,\nTo moral sense, it is as much to say. That all wisdom comes from God above,\nWho are poets called Jupiter and Jove,\nWisdom has armor of every virtue,\nThe bright rainbow of love and friendly demeanor,\nThe crest of honor / the fearsome head to show,\nWith serpents diverse is the perfect fear,\nOf God of death / and of the high deceit,\nOf his envy full of spite,\nEvery wise man who encounters such a serpent,\nShe has the right spear of correction,\nThe shield of fortitude and patience,\nThe dove of peace / the night raven a good sign,\nWhich is the bird of meekness and license,\nShe has the eyes of reason and prudence,\nHer clothing also, which is of three colors,\nSignifies faith. hope / and charity,\nWisdom or prudence, whoever desires to see,\nOr her perfect array and lovely,\nI counsel him that he look in belief,\nFullgencius in his Metamorphoses,\nFirst in Saturn / and him then I advise,\nLook in Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto,\nThere shall he see, which thing I leave unsaid,\nWas never place on earth so glorious,\nAs is the worthy hall of wisdom. With wise men in the office, most delicious,\nFilled with men of reverence,\nIn a chapel full of complacence,\nWithin a shrine lusty to all use,\nSet with all bliss was Solomon the wise,\nTheology took a Bible at once,\nAnd turned to many a story's end,\nThe Gospellers / Mark / Matthew / Luke & John,\nThe Doctors four: as Gregory and Augustine,\nJerome / Ambrose / experts in divine things,\nCame all about her, all they sit,\nThere might men bear of wisdom and wit,\nThere studied Holcot upon sapience,\nAnd Nottingham upon the gospellers,\nThe good clerk / the master of sentences,\nSaint Thomas also worshipped all Freres,\nTo the master of the stories with his brethren,\nAnd many one more good clerk and divine,\nThan for to tell my wits can differ,\nWith grammar were ladies well versed,\nOf whom the first seemed Dame Orthography,\nIn a parlor, lusty, fresh and green,\nThere was also gentle Ethymology,\nDiasynodistica / and prosody,\nThese sisters four different in office,\nServed grammar, as lady full of price. The first lesson: the rules for writing\nThe second, the parts of reason\nTo tell each word truly is its delight\nAnd which is nomen, which verb and pronoun\nThe third, the construction of parts\nThe last, each word its time and accident\nIn these four, all grammar is contained\nThese four served the science literal\nIn writing, pronunciation, and construction\nOf letter, syllable, word, reason, with all\nShe has her principal considerations\nShe is the ground, the gate, the entrance\nTo all the noble liberal arts\nBy her friendship, they are made special\nThere were Moses, Cadmus, and Carmenta\nEbrard Ferryn, Iohan Gerlond, and donated\nPrescyane, Petyr, Thomas de Hennai\nLambart Papy, they wrote early and late\nThe Januens were in great estate\nAnd Aristotle for their books' wisdom\nCatholycon and pararmonisa\nHugucion with many other authors\nWriting and looking at grammar\nI let these names briefly pass over\nThey may not do it, but prolong my matter\nMany a baby of sovereign heavenly cheer Desirous all in learning, about dame Grammar sat to have their ground. Explicit brief description of Grammar and its parts. In another part, with many clerks of scholars of young age, Dame Dialectica was set up. She read them all Latin was their language. They all of her asked none other wage but that they might discern and also purge, truth from falsehood, that was their only cure. Her parlor was fresh, her clothing proud and stout. Of different sciences and of Incipit, with sophisms depicted all about, and other matters, as of diffinytyf. The common treatises taught them ryth. Which whatkinds, what is a proposition, What he is, and his division, Which is subject, couple and predicate, And how he is reson indicative, And when he has universal estate, Particular or affirmative, Infinitive singular or negative, Which Subalterne, which contradiction, Which is contrary, taught she be reason. Equivalents and conversion, Syllogism manner of arguing, And for to make an obligation. She taught them diligently\nThey disputed eagerly in their learning\nWith strange sophisms they discussed various matters\nAnd cried often, \"Thou art an ass\"\nThe universals and the nature's good\nThe topics Topicus also\nThe principles the Eleatics\nShe read them all with many more treatises\nShe taught them how to proceed and go\nAnd to attain all philosophy\nHer presence was heavenly bliss\nThe philosophers who had been present before\nWith Lady Science in her first tower\nWith this lady also were seen\nAnd had conversations with her in particular\nAlfred the Great, Ioras, Juvenal\nEraclius, Affricanus, Democritus, Physiologus\nSyrian Theophrastus, Cyprus\nWilliam Conclus, Johannes\nSir Thomas and New, Plumus\nSalustyanus, Parmenides, also many others\nExplicit brief tractate on Dialectic\nLady Rhetoric, mother of Eloquence\nMost elegant, most pure and glorious With delight and blessings, honor and reverence,\nWithin her parlor, fresh and precious,\nSat as queen, whose speech was delightful,\nHer auditors began to joyfully converge.\nEach word of hers might charm every heart,\nAnd many a clerk had a lust to hear\nHer speech from them, a perfect sustenance,\nEach word of hers was so clear and illuminated,\nThat heaven it was to hear her beauty,\nHer terms were gay as a sovereign's,\nCatepbaton could not hinder in any way,\nShe taught them the craft of ending,\nWhich vices should be avoided,\nWhich are the colors gay of that craft,\nTheir difference and also their property,\nEach thing ended how it should be pointed,\nDistinction she clearly discussed,\nWhich is Coma Colymperdus,\nWhoever thinks my writing dull and bland,\nAnd would conceive the colors purple,\nOf Rhetoric, go and try it,\nAnd to Geoffrey the poet laureate,\nTo Januens a clerk of great estate,\nIn the first part of his grammar book. Of this matter there truly may he look\nIn Tullius also most eloquent, the chosen spouse to this lady free,\nHis guilted craft and glory in content,\nGay things you made e'en if thou lust to see,\nLook also the Code, the Digest three,\nThe books of law and of good physic,\nOf ornate speech there springs up the flood,\nIn prose and meter of all kinds, you see,\nThis lady blessed had lust to play,\nWith her was blessed Richard Pophys,\nFair Roses, pystils clear, lusty and gay,\nWith matters were poets in good array,\nOutside: Homer, Virgil, Lucan, Orace,\nAlanus, Bernard, Prudentius and Statius,\nExplicit processus\nArsmetryke than amyd the lady's all,\nAs a princess beautifully had her manor,\nEach of her had need in special,\nBecause of which she was of great renown,\nAnd all her craft by numeration,\nWas for to set each thing in its order,\nWithout her ben the sex arts unsure,\nShe told us there how both the earth and heaven\nHad their making and their perfection,\nIn days six and also in nights seven. How three persons and one god contend with truth\nMoses, Eli, and Christ himself\nFast forty days, and of the apostles twelve\nIn holy write much is named, of which we have knowledge\nAnd in this world each creature is made by numerical proportion\nFour elements, the seven planets above\nThese are distinct in true certain number\nWithout her, all crafts are in vain\nIt is written that God made all things\nIn weight, in number, and also in measure\nOf Arithmetic, therefore He should be glad\nOf anything which has pure knowledge\nWhen our weak, month, year, there is sure\nTheir cycles their times and their space\nBy this lady to have knowledge we trace\nShe taught number, which is old, and which even\nDivided him with subtraction\nTen figures also of Arithmetic she showed new\nAnd calendars for numeration\nShe told the craft of computation\nTo add, to subtract, and to multiply\nEach thing to count she taught truly\nShe taught us also what number was A multitude of units she said,\nAnd with her set the old Pythagoras,\nNichomachus, of whom much is said,\nApuleius and Boethius right well arrayed,\nThese were the first in Latin and Greek,\nWho in the craft of number ever drew,\nExplicit brevis processus de Ars Metrica,\nAnd geometry, her subtle art, outran,\nAnd her place as lady she reverently held,\nShe sat at ease with lines large and long,\nCompas rule, plumb line, and many instruments,\nWith figures queer and all to her intent,\nOf every thing to give the true measure,\nThis her craft, her labor, and her cure,\nShe made circles, figures, and strange spheres,\nTriangles quadrants wonderfully wrought,\nLaid lines along, and often she changed them,\nThe pure measure of every thing she sought,\nAnd by her craft the pure knowledge she brought,\nHow high, how low, how long, and how broad also,\nWas every thing she had, she had not to seek,\nWhich is the winch, the center or the pole,\nFull craftily she taught of every sphere,\nWhich circle is cut, and which is whole. Which line is right / which perpetually circular and which diameter?\nAnd by this craft, the true measure began to trace\nThe earth's space, how long it is about,\nAristotle says that old scholars say\nThat it contains twenty-four thousand in its circle,\nBut Albert thinks it is a plain error,\nFor in his time, its diameter could not be determined,\nBut another scholar showing to Theon of Alexandria,\nSaid that the earth in its circle should be round,\nShould be twenty thousand miles and forty,\nAnd thus one scholar confuses another,\nSo that the truth is not found by any of them.\nGod's thing says Basil should have remembered,\nAnd that which stands in doubt should pass,\nWith the diverse scholars of Egypt,\nWho first discovered the craft of geometry,\nAlso Theodosius in his manner,\nSat among philosophers,\nOf that science treating craftily,\nAs good Englishmen, and many other scholars,\nOf them no more, for further I must go.\nExplicit on Geometry. A little beside in a place of bliss,\nSat Dame Music with her three ladies,\nThe first was named Armonyca, wise,\nThe second, Rethenica, free,\nThe third, Metrica, full of beauty.\nThey picked a song, they numbered new notes,\nTheir melody formed on heaven's notes,\nThe first delighted in tunes and metre,\nThe second measured rhythm with the note,\nThe third numbered her song with certain feet,\nAnd which were her bounds, she well knew.\nWith them were good clerks who thus wrote,\nAnd said that Music was the pure conveying,\nAnd true way of perfect singing.\nThey also wrote, who first found Music,\nSome said Tubal, some said Linus, Tibeus,\nSome Zetus, Amphyonas they understood,\nSome plainly said it was one Orpheus.\nSome openly said for anything they could discuss,\nThat by the sound of hammers in a forge,\nPythagoras first gained Music's forge,\nDame Music gave her craft to record,\nAnd made a way, how folk should first begin,\nHer example was in a many-stringed instrument,\nQuadrant long, hollow within. Of the mid one string had in a gyne\nOut from which divers tunes she wrought\nAnd thus the ground of Music first she sought\nShe taught six syllables / which we call notes\nAnd in her craft they were necessary\nWhich on an impromptu thou mayst bring to help\nIf thou can proportion its meter clean\nUt queant laxis is it / which I mean\nThere you may find it / Re / Mi / Fa / Sol / la\nThese syllables she used Dame Music\nShe taught the notes by her many-cord\nAs she the string did touch or pull\nAnd as she lengthened or shortened the cord\nWhich high / low / or sharp / and which is dull\nOf all these notes she taught at the full\nTheir variation / and their discord\nTheir orders also / and their ascension\nA Gamut then wonderfully she found\nWhich is a rule to teach them to sing\nAnd it to know she taught them on their hand\nBy which they knew the ground of all singing\nThe notes they knew thereby / and their changing\nAnd proved also / which song is false or true\nTo Music thus she began the ways to show. She taught them which were perfect tunes\nAnd gave him in lust to hear their concordance\nWhich tunes also are called perfect\nAnd which in song should be their governance\nProportion she had in remembrance\nDiapason and diatessaron also\nAnd just intonation not to seek\nWhich large or small, which brief or semibrief\nMinim rests in rule and also in space\nAll this she taught, but I must be brief\nIn this matter I will make no further trace\nFor though I would, I have no space\nBut whoever desires to learn music in earnest\nFor true instruction I refer him to Boethius\nAnd to a clerk, who is called Berno\nJohn de Muris and John de Musica\nTo guide also in his Metrologo\nThere you may find of Dame Harmony\nOf Dame Metrics and of Dame Rhythmics\nOf all music the true instruction perfect\nThere you shall find. With joy and delight\nAnd these with music were in joy and delight\nAnd helped her pronounce, with her harmony\nAnd with them was each instrument, indeed\nThat is of music and of minstrelsy. The harp, lute, pipe, trumpet, fiddle, ryuyls, and sautry. The rote, cagons, and monycord. The gyterne, Symbalclauycord. Explicit Tractatus de Musica.\n\nI see in a place full of all pleasure.\nThe heavenly lady, dame Astronomy,\nWho of the stars the courses and governance,\nTheir figures also discerns craftily,\nAnd with her was the maid Astrology,\nWho sometimes is kindly and precious,\nAnd otherways overmuch superstitious,\nShe is kindly when she shows clear,\nThe sun's course, the moon, the stars also,\nAnd does nothing but as kindly teaches,\nBut when she desires in stars to seek,\nThe birth of man, which whole shall be sought,\nAnd will be divine and preach things for to be,\nUnkindly and unloving is she,\nAstronomy, that lady full of grace,\nGan first divine what thing ye world should be,\nWhat thing heaven is, his course and his place,\nHis palaces, his parties in degree,\nHis form, his sphere, and also his property,\nHis sight, his course, his moving at the best,\nWith all other parties most and least. His hemisphere and his cer:\nTheir properties and how they were called\nThe Zodiac also began to describe\nThe sun's course and its effects clearly\nts magnitude. its nature well understood\nThe moon's course, its various shapes also\nAnd their eclipses, there was nothing to seek\nShe taught also how various stars rise\nAnd in what time they go their circles all\nAlso how the sun the moon gives all their light\nWhich we call Lucina in particular\nAnd how that fire from heaven falls\nLike as the stars fill it is seen\nThe cause of this and what it may mean\nAnd to each star that was called is a sign\nBy sight of which thing to come men may guess\nA proper name she began to assign\nAs Arcturus, Ursa, the greater and lesser\nThus various names she began to dress\nAs Typhon, Boetes, Iades\nArcturus, Orion, and Pleiades\nAs Lucifer, Cometes, Vesperus\nTheir names old she told most craftily\nThe seven planets she named for us\nSaturn, Jove, Mars, Phoebus, Mercury\nThe Moon, Venus, and what they signify The twelve figures she told rightly arrayed,\nThe Ram, Bull, and the gemelles, Crab, lyon, and straight maid,\nThe balaunce, tharcher, and Scorpio, Goat, water syre, and fish,\nThe seven planets as they approached,\nDisposed thus, I must say,\nAnd how each figure held its proper property,\nA proper name she began to construct,\nThe gentiles also, how they were blinded,\nLust, honor with fresh and new worship,\nThe seven planets, as perfect goddesses true,\nTheir rites old, and their idolatry,\nShe began to rehearse, as poetry teaches,\nAnd how they name the ram the first sign,\nSince in Mars, the beginning of the year,\nThe sun makes his worthy course,\nAnd they worship him in their manner,\nBecause of Jove, whom in their temples clear,\nIf they depict a Ram's head, they make,\nWith horns two, for Jupiter's sake,\nHe came as an ox and took Europa, they said. For the reason that they worshiped their grace,\nCastor and Pollux, when their deeds were laid,\nAmong the stars they deemed had a place,\nWhom they call the twins with solace.\nHercules also slew the great lion,\nHim for that sign they worshiped with renown,\nO miserable, wonderful to believe,\nO cursed blindness of these gentiles all,\nWhich named fish and beasts in heaven,\nFor they reign perpetually glorified,\nAs Ram, bore, Crab, and bear in special,\nHound, lion, swan, the eagle also in fear,\nWhom they worship for Jupiter's chief squire.\nShe also spoke of battle's destiny,\nAnd how in stars some men have such belief,\nThat in their birth right by necessity,\nIs ordered all that pleases or grieves them.\nThis old error our doctors have refuted,\nSocrates and Aristotle say the same,\nNotwithstanding they were not of our faith,\nOr if a man were in his nativity,\nConstituted to his several arts all,\nThey for the right reason should have law in special,\nOr miscreants to punishment be thrall. Good Isodre makes this declaration:\n\nIn condemning of this false opinion,\nAstronomy, the first discovery of the Egyptians,\nFound Astrology and its subtle observation.\nThe people of Chaldea first sought and recalled to mind,\nWhom Abraham taught the Egyptians with pleasure,\nAs Josephus writes without doubt,\nBut the Greeks say this art was first discovered\nBy one Atlantis, and from him it originated,\nAnd with this Lady was Serapis,\nJohn of Spain, and Myrrhine also,\nAnd all other authors in degree,\nWho drew from her, whose names let me go,\nThus in stars I will cease and be silent,\nAnd by the order of the arts, seven,\nRule people to leave the world and draw to heaven,\n\nExplicit of Astronomy.\n\nFaith leads us to her dwelling place,\nTo a tower solemn and gloryous,\nFull of all joy, comfort, virtue, and grace,\nFrescoed with precious colors,\nAnd in a parlor full of solace,\nAll the apostles were set with pure delight,\nAnd of our faith the articles they wrote,\nThey believed in God, the maker of heaven and earth, and all that is. Of a visible and invisible being\nAnd in his son Christ, full of blessings,\nBefore the world, who was always is,\nI do not make and consubstantial to his father,\nFrom whom all is formed.\nHe came from heaven, and in the maid Mary,\nBy inspiration of the holy ghost,\nMankind he took, and was born to die,\nTo win man's soul from the devil's host,\nAnd under Pilate, set with Jews boosting,\nBound and beaten, crowned and crucified,\nWith watery wounds, Innocent he died.\nFor he was given mankind from hell he brought,\nAnd rose the third day to live again,\nStayed in heaven, his father's throne he sought,\nFrom whence as king, he shall come yet certain,\nBoth quick and dead to judge, to life or pain,\nThe good to blessedness, the evil to punishment.\nHeaven, earth, and hell shall quake in that judgment,\nAnd in the holy ghost believe they had,\nIn holy church baptism and communion,\nOf saints also to hold firm and sad,\nOf all transgressions to have remission,\nAnd to believe in the resurrection,\nOf people dead and in lasting life. To the one almighty God, I bring these articles, along with other points concerning the Holy Trinity. In special, faith herself began to tell, with all the secrets of the depths, which in English are not repeated. Such things as should be private and occult, I ask that we leave and take as desired.\n\nThere was faith doing all reverence to the holy sinner Mary Magdalene,\nWho, by faith, received indulgence for all her sins and was cleansed completely.\nGood Martha also, by her grace, obtained\nAnd brought her brother Lazarus to life.\nSo was the son also of Regulus.\nThere was also the daughter of Canane,\nWho, by her, was brought from the bonds of the devil.\nAll others, too, who, through faith, were cured of any infirmity,\nWith me, stood healed: the blind, the deaf, leprous feet and hands,\nWhom faith healed and brought to grace.\n\nThere were also the holy confessors\nWho preached faith while they were alive,\nDoctors, martyrs, and glorious authors. Writing of faith and its merit,\nAnd in this way they described it,\nSaying that faith is the foundation of all goodness,\nWithout which life has no certainty,\nGranting strength and comfort to all things,\nAnd he who does not believe falls impotent,\nThe shield of faith, who wishes to endure,\nOvercomes all things as if in reverence,\nIts three enemies with their deceitful pretenses\nShall never prevail against it,\nAsk and believe, your asking shall not fail,\nShe is the one true God, eternal,\nPrincipally of whom doctrine is preached,\nAlso truly of her articles,\nWithout error, great or small,\nLively and quick to do every quick deed,\nOr else she would be but a dead body,\nThere was the lady Clarity, well adorned,\nDevotion and maidenly virtue,\nMaiden continence and chastity,\nMaiden loveliness and stability,\nEnlightened, fresh, each one in their degree,\nThese seven faiths and as they could devise,\nWith bliss they sang and said in this way,\nIf it is better to believe in God above. Than in mankind or in many other things,\nWho believes in him, for he can keep and love\nTheir lust fulfilled and grant them their asking\nAnd in his gospel, a worthy king he said,\nHimself in me, who lust believe\nThough he be dead indeed, yet shall he leave\nO cursed folk with your idolatry,\nWhich in false gods you set your delight,\nBlind doom and death is all your mamery,\nOf stock and stone, men may such care and wit,\nLeave them for false with sour and despise,\nIn our one god cast an anchor and believe,\nThough you were dead, he can make you live,\nHe is all life when your gods are dead,\nThey have a time, and he is eternal,\nThey are but earth and brought low as lead,\nHe reigns as god above the heaven supreme,\nBlessed be he. For he no grace will spurn\nTo them that will in him set their belief,\nAnd though they die indeed, yet shall they live.\nExplicit Tractatus de Fide et Cantus famule sue\nThe Lord's Prayer\nThe Hail Mary\nAnd the Creed\nThe ten commandments\nHave one god in worship\nIn this is forbidden all manner of idolatry. Witchcraft, enchantment, and all misbelief, take not his name in vain. This forbids all heresy, all mismeaning, unworship of God, forswearing, taking his name in vain, and such other things.\n\nHallow thy holy day. To this belong: hearing of thy service, keeping the outward of deadly sin, visiting thy power's neighbors according to those who are at debate, and such other things.\n\nWorship thy father and mother: God thy father, holy church thy mother, the ghostly fathers, thy fleshly father and mother, all men of age and worship, and prelates of the holy church. Sleigh no man with hand smiting, mouth backbiting, heart cursing, nor willing evil, nor vengeance. Do no lechery. Here is forbidden all adultery, all fleshly deeds, and all misuse of man's seed. Do no theft. Here is forbidden stealing, wrong purchasing, dishonoring of heirs, treachery, usury, wrong amends, false measures and weights, and such other things.\n\nBear no false witness. Here is forbidden false lying, backbiting, accusing, and appearing of good lots, and such other things. Desire not your neighbor's wife, not only forbidden is the deed, but also the desire and will of the heart. Do not desire your neighbor's land, beast, servant, or anything that is his. The seven deadly sins: Pride, arising from haughty bearing; Displeasure, scorn, high spirit, gay appearance, pride of riches, craftiness, strength, virtue, goodness, pride of kin, ungraciousness, vain glory, envy, and such other forms of envy. Delight in your neighbor's evil fare. Be heavy-hearted about his welfare. Backbiting, sulking of discord, scorn, and such other forms of wrath. Fighting, quarreling, hurting, biting, worrying, cursing, grumbling, desiring vengeance, cruelty, manslaughter, and such other forms of covetousness. Falsehood in winning, in having, in selling, in meeting, in weighing, deceit, treachery, sacrilege, simony, usury, theft, receiving stolen goods, extortion, wrongful withholding, withdrawing of a servant's hire, withholding of tithes and dues of the holy Church. Gluttony, drunkenness, eating or drinking too much, too early, too late, out of measure. Breaking of fast: Eating delicious foods and drinks or partaking in them to strengthen the body / for sin and such other sloth. Idleness arises from this. Delight in sleep. Neglect of faith. Unwillingness to serve God. Forgetfulness of alms. Waste of time. Discontent. And such other lechery, in thought. Will, desire, work, sight, feeling, and deed doing, with single or common persons: Widows, maidens, wives, gossips, goddaughters, religious, or any other outside of wedlock. Sin against nature or such other. The five senses: Sight, hearing, smell, taste, feeling. The seven bodily works of mercy: Feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, clothe the naked, harbor the homeless, visit the sick, deliver the prisoners, and bury the poor who have died. The seven spiritual works of mercy: Teach those who cannot, give good counsel to him who asks it, correct your subject who offends, comfort the sorrowful, forgive him who trespasses, have pity on sinners, and pray for your enemy. The seven principal virtues: Faith. This is the beginning of our salvation and it stands in three things:\nIn the unity of the Godhead in three persons,\nIn the manhood of Christ,\nAnd in the sacraments of the Church: hope,\nThis is a trust by the mercy of God to be saved,\nAnd it stands in the grace of God and good works: charity,\nThis is the end and perfection of all God's commandments,\nAnd it stands in the love of God above all,\nAnd thy neighbor as thyself,\nRighteousness,\nThis is a paying of debt to each thing that it rightfully deserves:\nAs to God, praising and thanking,\nTo thy neighbor, love and charity,\nAnd to thyself, diligence to fulfill God's will,\nWisdom,\nWhich is a virtue to distinguish good from evil,\nAnd it stands in discerning good and refusing evil,\nStrength,\nThis makes a man mighty and hardy to do great things for the love of God,\nAnd it stands in patiently suffering adversity,\nAnd meekly taking prosperity,\nMeasured.\nThis is a mean between too much and too little,\nAnd it stands in taking sufficient that is needed. And in refusing utterly that is too much or too little, by these things shall each man and woman know God. These that follow bring a man to heaven: good perseverance, patience in adversity, obedience to the commandments of God, righteousness in deeds, penance in life, contrition of sin, and charity. These bring one into hell: desperation, wrath in adversity, unrighteousness of deeds, love of sin, malice, obstinacy in sins, despite of the commandments of God, hate of good things, and ignorance. The five wits spiritually: mind of the kindness of God and of your last end, understanding of his benefits and of his bore, will to worship him in thought, word, and deed without any weariness, reason to rule with your wits, both inward and outward, without any blindness, imagination of virtuous living, necessary works, and dreadful deeds of joy and of pain.", "creation_year": 1480, "creation_year_earliest": 1480, "creation_year_latest": 1480, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "Premium listing of the Trinity:\nComments on what each person should greet\nFurniture in the house\nNames of characters and beasts\nEssential and wild herbs\nNames of sea creatures\nNames of river creatures\nNames of companions\nNames of fruits from trees\nNames of rains\nNames of stews\nNames of common drinks\nTrade of cloth\nGoods from various cities and festivals\nWoolen goods\nNames of hides and pelts\nNames of apothecaries\nNames of oils\nColors for painters\nNames of alums and alum\nNames of all metals\nNames of merchandise\nNames of rain grains\nPrelates of the holy church\nCardinals, bishops, archbishops, abbots, and officials\nMonks and men of the lord\nEmperor, kings, queens, dukes, counts, princes, barons, knights, esquires\nNames of men and women\nAnd trades according to the order of A, B, C\nGreat feasts and terms of the year\nGolden features of weavers and fullers\nToners, spinners, weavers. Des lormiers et armurers. (Blacksmiths and armorers.)\nDes tailliers et vaisseurs. (Carpenters and sailors.)\nDes taincturiers et drappiers. (Dyers and drapers.)\nDes boulengiers et cordewaniers. (Bakers and cordwiners.)\nDes escripuains et arceniers. (Scribes and architects.)\nDes moulniers et bouchiers. (Millers and butchers.)\nDes poissonneurs et teliers. (Fishmongers and tanners.)\nDes chandeliers et libraries. (Chandlers and librarians.)\nDes gauntiers et corbelliers. (Gaugers and corbeliers.)\nDes painturers et vsuriers. (Painters and surers.)\nDes conureurs de tieulles et destrain. (Conurers of tiles and destrains.)\nDes charpentiers et feultriers. (Carpenters and feltmakers.)\nDes chauetiers et boursiers. (Shoemakers and moneylenders.)\nDes cousturiers et especiers. (Tailors and spicers.)\nDes coultiers et hosteliers. (Culters and hostelers.)\nDes touriers et cuveliers. (Turkers and cuveliers.)\nDes mesuriers et messagiers. (Measurers and messengers.)\nDes chartons et changiers. (Cask makers and changers.)\nDes mo\u0304noyers et pastesiers. (Monowers and pastries makers.)\nDes Iongleurs et teneurs. (Jongleurs and tenants.)\nDes vairriers et serruriers. (Furriers and locksmiths.)\nDes gorliers et huchiers. (Gorliers and huchiers.)\nDes parcenniers. (Parcenniers.)\n\nAnd the words that each one\nMay learn to go from one country\nTo another city and other reasons.\nWhich would be too long to put in this table.\nAt the end of this doctrine.\nFind a way\nTo learn to count\nBy books, by souls, by money.\nYour receipt and your measure\nReported in sum\nMake diligence to learn\nFlee idleness, petty and great. \"All vices are hidden in him, a good doctrine for learning briefly French and English. Of the name of the father, and of the son, and of the Holy Spirit, I wish to begin. And I intend to order one book. By which one can reasonably understand French and English as this is written. It can contain and extend what it cannot fully comprehend, but what one will not find there, one can find elsewhere in other books. Know that the lines of this author contain more words, reasons, and responses than many other books that would want to learn from this one. One can easily engage in trade between countries and recognize many goods that would be good purchases or sales for becoming rich. Learn this book diligently, great profit comes truly from it, or know that it has one complete part. When you go through the streets and encounter some whom you recognize, be kind and appear friendly to them.\" You, or you gentlemen of worth, first greet. If it is he or they, remove your surcoat. For ladies and damsels. If they display their surcoat, let them leave it with you, in such a way. Let the waiters greet him, Sire, God be with you. This is the briefest. That one may say to the people, or in other matters, Sir, you are most welcome. Lady or damsel, you are most welcome, Sire, God grant you a good day. Lady, good day, you grant me, Sir. Companion or friend, you are most welcome. What do you do, how are you, even if you have been, I do not see you yet. I have been away for a long time. In what country, Sire, it would be too long to tell. But if you please, anything that I can do, command me, as to him who willingly does it. Sire, great mercy, I offer you courteous words and of your good will. God grant it to you, God allows me to serve you. Know certainly that you are not deceived, for I am the one doing it for you and yours. I. Pray God you command me, I take my leave of you. Respond thus: Our lord protect you. I commend you to God. Go to God. Greet me, madam or maidservant, of your house or inn. Your wife and children, your maid, your servants and daughters, all your household. Recommend me to my lord, my ladies, my lady, my maid, to your father and mother, your uncles and aunts, your cousins and cousins, your brothers and sisters. Do not forget me, I will gladly do as you command. I commend you to God. Now go to God. These salutations and responses end here. Other things necessary to speak of now follow. It is necessary to know this. We shall first speak of the household. In need, the household is well-ordered. Doubt is it good to have many windows,\nThrough which there is great light,\nHe hangs them in the chambers,\nSoldiers, grenadiers,\nWine wanted to keep.\nConvenient to have shelves,\nAnd a low chamber.\nFor taking easily,\nNow you are convenient to have beds,\nLights of feathers,\nFor the poor to sit on,\nLights of wool,\nStraw mattresses,\nQuilted points.\nFor covering the beds,\nCoverlets thus.\nBanks, which are beautiful,\nUnder the single calyx,\nStrained within.\nBanks, chairs,\nLessons, stools.\nPots of earthenware, cauldrons,\nCauldrons of pailles.\nBaskets, lauries,\nPots of earth,\nCannes of earth,\nTo go to the water,\nYou will find these things.\nIn the pottery,\nIf you have clay,\nMake that you have,\nWorks of art,\nPots of glaze and canes,\nCannes of two lots,\nCannes of a sextier,\nLots and half lots,\nPints and half pints,\nOne lot is called,\nIn no place one quart,\nThese are the measures.\nWhat should I call them,\nBut the bottles,\nOf leather,\nAre found in all ways,\nOr you are convenient to have,\nPlatters of glaze,\nSaucers for shaking. Sallieres trenches\nThese findings.\nOf wood and earth\nCoverings of keuuer.\nOf earth and iron\nOr after a worker.\nOne places within.\nThe aforementioned things.\nThe wooden louches.\nThe silver louches\nPlace one where desired.\nIn addition, secure guard\nThe louche of pot around the fire\nTrembles to sit upon.\nOn the slab appears\nLining or turves\nTwo branders of iron\nOne estenelle, one grey\nOne grauwet\nCoutieaulx for tailoring.\nWhat one desires\nOne coutle de poree for tailoring\nHanaps silver\nHanaps dored\nCoupes dor\nHanaps at feet\nThese things place.\nIn your hutch or writing desk\nYour joys in your forchier\nLet them not be taken\nPlentiful linens\nNappes towels\nTo make for us\nAnd sausages among the straw\nYou will find\nOne mortar one pestle\nAt the perch hang your vestures\nManteaux sourcorps\nHeuques cloches\nCottes pourpoints.\nVestures fourrures\nVestures diverse and deste\nThe oreilliers on the bed\nOn the queuerchief.\nChemises brayees.\nTo the entire braieul\nWhen you are disrobed. On true furrs,\nDesturiens daigneaux,\nPlichons de lieues et de conins.\nPlace in the treasury,\nYour bread, your cheese,\nYour butter, your meat,\nAnd other companions,\nThe adornment of the table.\nMake it have salt and wine.\nHere ends the third chapter,\nOr do you understand petitions and requests.\nI will now tell you about another matter,\nWhich I will begin,\nIf you are married,\nAnd have a wife,\nAnd have married,\nIf you maintain peace,\nAnd your neighbors do not speak against you,\nExcept that you are a virgin,\nIf you have father and mother,\nHonor them,\nCarry them honor.\nAccording to the commandment,\nAnd the counsel of Cato,\nThey should be honored,\nFor he said in his book,\nHonor father and mother.\nIf you have children,\nAnd the chastisements of the rod,\nAnd instruct them,\nIn your manners,\nUntil they are grown,\nSend them to school,\nTo learn to read and write.\nThey should not resemble beasts,\nBe kind,\nTowards all people,\nTowards you they will serve,\nThink they are as good as you. \"You shall not despise them. Command them willingly in this manner. Margot will take money. Go to the butcher. Buy pork. That one will answer. Which kind of pork do you want. Do you want pork from the green sauces. Beef in the hall. It will be good with mustard. The Fresh at the elms. Preferably. Char of mutton or veal. Roasted or in browned. I will gladly sell you none. Char of piglet or chickereel. If we make a deal. Of venison. It is of pig, wild boar. Of serf or bis. It is latourne au noir poivre. When you will buy it. Go to the poultry shop. Buy chickens. One hen and two chicks. But no capon. Nor coc. Nor pluck. Roussignoulz widecos. Masanges moussons. Annettes awues. Piuions coulons. Tourterelles butoirs. Pertris limoges. Paons alouwes. Cignes chuynes. Gelines vieses. I am ill. Such meat would distress me. I cannot digest it. Sir, you have many named. More than one thinks to buy. You are so tender. You could barely endure.\" Menger chars de chevalx, de torzes de muletz, de poutrains de iuments, encores sont d'autres bestes, dont on na cure de mengier: loups, renards, fouines. Olifans, lupars, catz, singes, asnes, chiens, ourse menge bien. Si faitton chieures. On ne menge point aigles, griffons, espreuiers, faucons, oistoirs, escouffles. Des bestes venimeuses: serpens, lasartz, scorpions, mouches, veers. Qui de ces veers sera morse, il luy fauldra triacle, s'il non il en moroit. Or apres heures des poissons. De poissons poez oyer les noms doucuns. Non mie de trestouts. Car je ne les scaroye. Comment trestous cognoistre? Ainsi ne furent les maronners.\n\nPremiers des poissons de mer: de la mer vous viennent balainees porc de mer, cabellau, plays esclefins, sugles rayes, merbens esparlens rouges, maqueriaulx mulets, br\u00e8mes aloses, esturgeon, fresez herencs, congres, herencs sorees. De riuieres mengies: carpes, angui, lues, becques, becquets, tenques, perques, roches creuiches, loqurs, gouiuons, saumon de pluiseurs maniers, saumon de la Meuse, saumon de scoche. Garnars oysters mussels\nWho knows more knows more by name\nFor I know not more to say\nOr call them compenages.\n\nFirstly, milk and butter\nFromages de Cheese de Champagne.\nFromages de Brye de Bergues\nFrom cheese of Brebis\nFromage de Chievres.\nOefs de Geleynes daube\nOefs d'Annettes\nOf milk and eggs\nMade flans\nOf milk boiled with flour\nMade rastons\nAnd charcuterie paste\nOf cream made butter\nOf sheep's milk.\nMade gaufres\nWastelts rastons\nWere forgotten.\nPears apples prunes\nCherries baked\nMores fresh figs\nPesques nectarines\nFigs raisins\nAlmonds dates\nThe names of trees.\nPorrier pear cherry cherry\nPesquier fig tree mulberry\nNesplier nut tree chestnut\nFresne ash elm\nSaulx willow palm\nBeneath these trees\nAre herbs souffle fragrant\nThere are red and white roses\nMint confit and grain\nFleur-de-lys bloom.\nAnd hay is ready.\nTheir boys are the vegetables\nGrouseillers grapes.\nThey are found often\nIn gardens on mounds\nIn orchards is ready fruit\nAmong them are herbs\nFor making. \"You have cards and artichokes. They are still in the gardens, red and white. Chop onions. Beets, careful with thorns, sorrel, sage, thyme, lettuces, parsley, chervil, leeks, fennel, borages. These are the potages, peas, beans, lentils. Vin rouge and white, gruel and parsnips. This is the bourraises. Wine of rhin, dausas, French, Spanish, muskadel, bastard, dosoye, garnate, Gascony, malmsey, Romaney, cooked wine, Greek wine, hippocras, clarey are made of wine and good spices. White wine, mead, honey, ginger, syrup, cider, apple syrup, boulie, terrine, fontaine water is good to drink. Cattle drink from the troughs, goats drink from the tiles. Other things without delay. Memorable things I recall, I want to discuss and learn with you, if you want to be a berger, cloth or other merchandise. Go to the hall, which is the market, climb the stairs, you will find the cloth there. Cloth of wool, red or green.\" \"Assurely, Gauner Vermeil, between us more, Royet Esquiekeliet, Saye white and blue. Scarlet in grain, I am about to begin. By this telegram, come as it is in the first chapter. Lady, what do you do there? Of these cloths, or what is the whole cloth worth? Speak briefly about how much it is worth, Sir Reason. I will give you a reason, you will sell it at a good price. See for cattle, Lady, it is convenient to gain. Guard against anyone paying. Four sous of the cloth. If it pleases you, it would not be sensible. I would like to have it, but I still have something better. Who is not the best that I would not give for seven sous. I believe it in good faith, but it is not my cloth. From such silver, you know well what you will sell it for, Sir, what does he want? Lady, it would be worth three souls to me, it is poorly offered or too expensive. It could be gold in your casket, Damoiselle, you will not lose it. I will give you one word.\" \"You surely shall have [it] if you pay five souls for so much trouble that you take, for I will not keep anything. Lady, what would be worth that much to you? Long speeches, Tail for me a pair of robes, How many shall I tailor? Until you think it necessary. For a surcoat, For a coat, For a headdress, For a pair of hose, Sire, you will need fifteen yards. By God, have them measured, Of what generosity is it, Of fifteen yards and a half, It is good generosity, Give them to the other, It is all one by my soul, But I would gladly do it. Lady, measure well, Sire, I will not deny it to you, I know this, If I do not yield, I am called a measurer. Sire, if it pleases you, We will call no one to see the lady. I hold myself, Content with you. For it seems to me That you manage well, Pray God save your grace, I wish you to measure, Lady, since I hold myself, Plainly content And since it pleases me, There is no need to remeasure.\" \"You will have one thing from me. Tell me how much I owe you. If you lend me, sir, I will repay you well, as much as I owe you. Lady, keep in mind what money you give me. Good money it is. These are the big danglers from Flanders, patrons and half-patrons, the old, fat danglers who are worth a penny, the new ones worth four pennies. You should know this, sir, who receives so much money. You say you see, sir. But you love florins from the Rhine more, escutcheons of the king, royal nobles. Salutations from Lyons. These are good stars' pennies, all good money, but I would rather give it to you. You will easily spend it, everywhere in the city and throughout the country, in all provisions and merchandise. Fair sir, I praise you so much that if it were necessary, I would provide you with other provisions or whatever I have mixed in, which you could take away without a key or money. If we are both poor, it is a great business. Know that my money is in front of another. This would be right.\" For your kindness, for courtesy.\nWhich is in you,\nIt is not mine\nThe last silver\nThat you have from me\nWhatsoever it may be.\nFor it is due at times.\nAnd with my companions.\nCloth of various kinds.\nFrom numerous cities,\nFrom London, from Everwick,\nFrom Bristow, from Bathon,\nFrom Paris, from Rouen,\nFrom Bruges, from Ghent,\nFrom Ypres, from Tournay,\nFrom Lille, from Dixmude,\nFrom Menin, from Comines,\nFrom Bailleul, from Poperinghes,\nFrom Dendermonde, from Daloze,\nFrom Saint-Omer, from Valenciens,\nFrom Brussels, from Malines,\nFrom Louvain, from Danvers,\nThus I think to go.\nIf it pleases God,\nTo the feast of Bruges,\nTo the feast of Danvers,\nTo the feasts of Berghes,\nTo the feast of Steenbrugge.\nTo the feast of Salesbury,\nTo the feast of St. Bertilmeu,\nWhich will be in London,\nTo the dedication of Chalons,\nTo the fair of Cambridge.\nTo the procession of Westminster,\nTo the general procession,\nShall I buy wool,\nHow will you take it,\nWhat do you want from the claw,\nWhat shall I give of the stone,\nWhat does the book cost.\nOf this wool, daygneaulx,\nYou will answer. \"Ainsi que c'est \u00e9crit ailleurs, encore n'en suis-je pas pr\u00eat. Que je ne rach\u00e8te pas de veaux, de vaches, de boeuf, de chiens ou de b\u0153uf, fait bon cordewan de veaux de b\u00eates. Peut \u00eatre fait le basenque si en faisons parcemment. En quoi on \u00e9crit, on aura eu oyet. Des draps des laines, des peaux et des cuirs, tout dans un chapitre, ce que je ne suis pas, apothicaire ou esp\u00e9ci\u00e8re. Ne sais pas leur nommer. Toutes mani\u00e8res d\u00e9pouill\u00e9es, mais je ne les nommerai qu'une partie. Gingembre, galangal. Safran, cubebs, poivre commun, chucr\u00e9e blanche et brune, fleur de cam\u00e9lia, anis graine de paradis. De ces choses, faites confitions. Et bonnes paup\u00e8res, de quoi on fait bonnes sauces et \u00e9lectuaires de m\u00e9decine. Or nous dirons-nous des huiles. Huile d'olive et de s\u00e9same, huile d'olive et de denoyaut\u00e9e, huile d'alingnasse, huile de chenille. Faites moutarde. Je rach\u00e8terai des choses, dont on fait pointures. Asur et vert de Espagne, vermillon de Br\u00e9sil, vernis orpement. Encore je veux employer un somme d'argent en sel, en voil en harpoie, en verde chire.\" In red and green, we write\nIn black, we write\nWhat is filled in\nThe tables\nWhat children learn to write\nAnd pork fat\nFor making pottages. Pork fat.\nWe anoint the soles\nIf it is removed from alum\nI will buy in balls\nSince it is used in tanning\nGuades and guarances\nBut how I,\nMyself,\nWill make this book\nAnd I know one part\nHow things are named\nI do not know at all\nHow or how much.\nGoods are sold\nBy measure or by pound\nBy quarters or by sextaries\nBy pounds or by half pounds\nOr by inches.\nBy balances or by tonnels\nBy vessels or by balls\nBy sacks or by quarts\nSo it is.\nWhoever wants to know it\nCan ask the merchants.\nWho truly know it\nI am not yet among them\nName the metals\nThat are smelted.\nTin and lead are stained\nSilver and gold are gilded\nGolden things\nSilver things\nCorroded things with silver claws\nSilk bindings\nA silver buckle\nBurses with lining of lambskin\nThese are merchandise\nSpindles with spurs\nTin basins. \"Coffins & scripts\nAlesnes graffiti\nCornets inkwells\nContaulx forks.\nLittle houses of silk\nCuffs of men\nSilk pendants\nLantern handles\nRed silk\nGreen cloth\nBlack silk.\nOf these silks\nMade border decorations.\nWhat shall I make an end\nAnd say of grains.\nBled flour\nSoil barley\nAvennes vegetables.\nFeathers pouches\nOf these things I am weary\nSo that I shall rest\nBut I shall not number\nThe great lords\nThe prelates of the church\nThe princes the great lords\nFirst of the highest\nThis is of our holy father\nThe pope of Rome\nWho dwells at Avignon\nWho by right should be\nAt great Rome\nAfter this is the emperor\nThe greatest lord.\nLady grandness Queen\nOf all the world\nShe is queen of England\nThe king of France\nIs the richest king\nOf treasures seen\nFrom the sea.\nThe king of Aragon\nThe king of Castile\nThe king of Cyprus\nThe king of Navarre\nThe king of Bohemia\nThe king of Poland\nThe king of Denmark.\nThe king of Portugal.\nThe king of Scotland\nThe king of Naples\nThe king of Jerusalem\" The text appears to be in Old French, and it seems to be a list of various religious figures and orders. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nLes douze cardinaux\nPar dessous les \u00e9v\u00eaques\nSont les abb\u00e9s\nLes officiaires\nLes pr\u00eatres, les doyens, les prieurs, les gardiens\nDes sous ces ma\u00eetres\nSont les pr\u00eatres\nLes chanoines sont rent\u00e9s\nOn veut dire\nQu'un abb\u00e9 de Cluny\nEst le plus riche clerc\nQui soit au monde\nApr\u00e8s le pape\nGris-moisnes sont\nDu ordre de Chistiaux\nSaint Bernard est notre patron\nBlancs-moisnes sont du\nDu ordre de Pr\u00e9montr\u00e9\nNoirs-moisnes du m\u00eame ordre\nSainte Beno\u00eete\nGuillemins Fr\u00e8res mineurs\nJacobins chartreux\nCarmes Augustins\nPr\u00eacheurs Bogards\nCur\u00e9s chapelains\nAbbesses prieresses\nNonnains\nDu ordre de Sainte Claire\nB\u00e9ghines clergesses\nOr viennent les noms The text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a list of names of lords, knights, and ladies, as well as various tournaments and events. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nDes ducs: de Duras, duc de Verdun; duc de Lancaster; duc de Bretagne; duc de Guyenne; duc de Gelres; duc de Bourgogne; duc d'Austriche; le comte de Darndel; le comte de Ken; le comte Desex; la comtesse Wery; le comte de Flandres; le comte de Clermont; de Boulogne de Saint-Pol; de Hainaut de Hollant; ch\u00e2telain de Doures; vicomte de Beaumont; de Bourshier de Berghes; chevaliers esquiers Hardy; Messire Ernoul de Noirs et Bauerets, et fut constable de France; Messier Daspremont, est double baneret; les noms des dames: La Bonne Reine; duchesse, comtesse, princesse; Pour ces dames: Sont les tournois; Les Ioustemens; Les grandes guerres; De quoy les grands ma\u00eetres n'ont que faire; Et sont en repos; Et les ma\u00eetres de m\u00e9decines aussi.\n\nPour ce que plusieurs mots\nCherront ou pourront tomber\nQui ne sont point ici \u00e9crits.\nSi vous \u00e9crivez,\nDoresenauant,\nDiverses mati\u00e8res,\nDe toutes choses,\nPuis de l'un puis de l'autre,\nOu quel chapitre\nJe veul conclure. Les noms des hommes et des femmes\nSelon l'ordre de l'abc.\nLes noms des m\u00e9tiers.\nSi tu peux entendre\nmon cheval tant\u00f4t.\nSi lui mets\nla selle et le r\u00eane.\nJe monterai\nA une assembl\u00e9e\nOu \u00e0 une ann\u00e9e.\nRegardez si c'est fer forge\u00e9\nDes quatre pieds\nSi c'est non\nSi le fermerai\nAbraham c'est fait\nVous esp\u00e9rons.\nPuis vous d\u00e9sirez\nAvant que vous partiez.\nAdrien ou allez-vous\nSi vous allez mon chemin\nJe vous tiendrais compagnie.\nSi je serais tr\u00e8s heureux\nAller ou partir\nSans s'arr\u00eater\nSi nous voulons venir.\nAinsi comme nous\nEt les autres avons promis\nAbel ou vendu on.\nLe meilleur vin de cette ville\nDites-le-nous\nNous vous prions\nAndr\u00e9 le meilleur vernier\nA la rue des lombards.\nCar je le jugeais\nC'est une tonne pleine\nAu prix de neuf deniers.\nDans la premi\u00e8re auberge\nQue vous trouverez\nAndr\u00e9 va chercher\nUne quart et demi\nEt te fera bien mesurer\nSi nous buverons une trait\nNous d\u00e9sirons des tripes\nDe la foie du poumon\nUn piecede boeuf.\nUn piecede porc.\nUn teste d'aux.\nSi nous d\u00e9sirons. Et beaures beque a beque,\nAncel mets la table et les estaulx,\nLave les voirs,\nRespaulme la hanap,\nDresse a manger,\nTaille du pain.\nLave le mortier et le pestil,\nFais nous des aules,\nNous en avons toute jour,\nPlus chaud en nous membres,\nArnoul verse des vin et nous donnes a boire.\nNon ferai je poele des aules.\nAlles ainchois laver,\nVous beuriez bien a temps,\nAubin est a la porte,\nMais always\nVa se laisse ens.\nIe crois quil porte\nCe quil me doit,\nAnthone est un homme vertueux,\nIl se lie tous les nuits\nPour oyr matines,\nIl ne me chaut\nDe son matin lever\nOu de son dormir\nNe de son veiller,\nAugustin est ici,\nIl est a l'ecole,\nIl s'en est alle a prime,\nIl reviendra a tierce,\nN'ira nu a midi,\nOr vienne a none,\nJe voudrois que il demourast\nJusques aux vespres.\nVoire jusques au complie.\nEt si demourast,\nJusques aux matines\nOu jusques au minuit,\nEt si ne reuennist jamais,\nJe ne l'acompterois plus.\nAdrien parle a moi,\nCombien de mois sont en lan,\nQuels sont ils,\nJanvier Fevrier,\nMars Avril,\nMai Juin,\nJuillet Aout,\nSeptembre Octobre. November December.\nAgnes knows well the names of all the great feasts and the terms of the year.\nMaidens named them. I will not do so if God does not command Agathe to do so.\nAt Christmas, Easter, Ascension, Pentecost, Trinity, St. John, St. Peter, St. Remy, All Saints, St. Martin, St. Xophere, Our Lady in March, Candlemas, Our Lady in August, Quaremieu, the Floral Day of Easter, the Day of the Year, the Days of the Three Kings, the Penitential Week, Half a year, The Day of the Sacrament, The procession of Deuerwik, The procession of Counter, The pardons of Syon, Will be at the beginning of this.\nAppoline comes to drink.\nI will not greet your grace again.\nYet I still drink.\nI have had good times\nWhich have lasted long.\nYou have been alone\nLong enough to be sad.\nI want to keep you\nFrom sorrow of bad fortune\nBut always to live in joy\nWill be my reward. Amand serve you. A fairer beloved one than you have, and wiser than I know of, she is beautiful and wise. If they could have her. She is very pleasant Amelberge. May God grant her goodness. See her or me there. What do you say of me? We do not speak of you except for good. Albert of Hainault comes from the city. If it pleases you, sir, he brings news. Good and bad, for it is said that peace will be between the two kings and their realms united for three years. Sir of that mouth. Let us drink wine. Baudouin le Cousin Charles is marshal of France. He told me that respect will be shown between the English and the Scots. He has letters. Benoit le Vaillant is lieutenant of the bailiwick and provosty. He is my kin and I am his. If I may boast, Bernard is the clownish one. To go to leisure, you want to tell me, the clown of the workers, I do not really know, but the clown of the day, he commits a great offense. Boniface makes the fire. \"Fais boullir le crevasse. Si je mets plus de galles et plus de substance et mouve le narde. Berthold stays here. Avec nous, vous nous donnerez de ce que nous vous avons et de ce que Dieu nous a pr\u00eat\u00e9. Si cela vous fera un beau rire, vous n'aurez que nous m\u00e9nager. Bertran serait assez, car sans qu'il y ait que du pain et de bonne cuisine, je me souffrirais. Si, comme \u00e0 chacun, il doit souffrir, Barnabe allez-vous entendre. Nous ne vous en occuperions pas. Ne vous courrouciez point, car vous savez tout \u00e0 plaisant que votre compagnie n'est ni bonne ni belle. Basilles que vous co\u00fbte. Mon menage que vous, vous plaigniez de moi. Plaignez ou ne plaigniez point, je ne l'ai jamais fait. Compagnie avec vous. Tant que je vis ou la vie ou le corps aura, Brix va ou four pour les p\u00e2t\u00e9s. Sackez-les hors de l'\u00e9paule. De l'\u00e9pice tout chaud car il est assez r\u00f4ti et le drechies par \u00e9cuelles. Sire les p\u00e2t\u00e9s sont venus. Le rost est r\u00f4ti.\"\n\n\"Beatrix la lavandi\u00e8re viendra ici apr\u00e8s manger. Si je vous laisse les lignes draps, elle les nettoiera bien.\" Berte cleans the pots against these high hours. In the chamber everywhere, gold shines. It seems to me that it makes my belt. One covered cloth claw, silver weighing forty deniers, and one triangular. Cyprien the weaver, my promise to Tistry, my drap, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow, when the file was carried. Yesterday before yesterday, Anthan before Anthan, no one had much fabric, as long as it came to this day, not hastily. Colard the fuller knows well how to tread on fabric. If I want him to tread on it, he is still very dangerous. Conrad the barbers, he should shave him. He takes from the elder four mites. Since the barbers have their franchise. Katherine the pigeon keeper was there for money. She swore by her faith that she never took a pinch. Laine pays well for this, for him it will be paid well. Cecile the spinner came with her. She took a lot of your thread. Who was spun at the spindle. But the thread was spun at the wheel, so many twists that it is wonderful to see. Colombe the boisterous one goes there, pulling from this side, because I wanted to kiss him, nevertheless I had no talent. She scolded me. I scolded him. Clement and Clemence, his foster parents, kept silent together. She said that no one had ever been good pariahs or mariahs. She reproached him for finding himself fighting with a young valet. Claire the blind one went for her bread. Almosne is well employed there, for when she saw him. She would have regretted asking if it was pitiful for her. Clarisse knew her business well. When she had learned it from him, he sold draps esbouriers. What do you ask for? She had been a beggar. She had much to do. She gained a lot. For she was very greedy. D'Audi le lormier is a good worker. To make saddles, bridles, and whatever goes with them. Denis the farrier has given me a good sword. Of excellent tempering, a sharp knife, a sword. He owes me to sharpen it. Damyan the armorer will sell me some plates. A basinette. A hauberk. A gorgier. Gauntlets of iron. Donace the purse-maker has given me a perfect mon pourpain and mon paltocque. Istas the tailor has made so many tailored clothes for the people, out of good diligence. \"Au jour quelqu'un a promis, pour ce qu'il ne cesse, Neuxtit ne jour, Et si a plente de couriers, Encore dont ne peut il, A grand peine livrer aux gens, Ce qu'il leur promet. Eraerd le vieux verrier, Savait bien \u00e9touper. Un mantel traverse. Refouler regretter, Rescourer une robe. Et tous vieux draps. Elyas le pointureur, Et remeissonnes & remues. De la ou il soloit demorer. Il y met si longtemps. Mon drap \u00e0 tendre, Que je l'endommage de lui. De quelle couleur le tendra-t-il, De br\u00e8che de galles, Il d\u00e9staindra tantost, Je le ferai d\u00e9corcher, Estiennes le voirier. Lui pria qui le fasse bien, Si lui en m\u00e9rite, Quand vous le verrez, Car il affirme bien. Ermentin g\u00eet malade, Parles tout bas, On portera son urine, Au ma\u00eetre alchimiste, Regarde que Lorynal soit net et clair, Et s'il est orthographi\u00e9. Se le frott\u00e9 dedans, Que ta s\u0153ur elle suive, Si lui voulait beaucoup, Elle lui vient de peur, Elle voit battre deux hommes, Dont un fut tu\u00e9. Et l'autre quassait, Francois le drapier, Est un riche homme, C'est bien employ\u00e9, Il donne volontiers pour Dieu.\" Il examines the troubles,\nThe prisoners,\nHe advises the hungry and orphans.\nFirmin the tavern-keeper,\nTwo tonnes of mustache.\nHe presents,\nBelieving he has a task,\nSends messengers.\nHe passes lightly over the throat,\nFrederic the wine seller,\nSays he can do it well.\nWhat we sell,\nHe has the right to say.\nHe boasts great traits,\nFierin the boulengier.\nSells white bread and brown.\nHe has sour wheat lying in his loft,\nA hundred quarters of wheat,\nHe bought in time and at the right hour,\nSo he doesn't have any cheap merchandise,\nFourchier the card-wainer,\nWorks more leather than three others,\nIt's a good sale for him,\nOf soles and galoches.\nFerraus the shoemaker,\nMakes shoes so poorly tailored and ill-used,\nThat I would not advise anyone,\nTo buy shoes from him,\nPhelipote the tignesse,\nBrings one forge-worker,\nOr he had within,\nBesides Dorfois cloth and silk,\nAnd the fustane,\nIf he makes him take it.\nAnd put in prison,\nThen she had,\nLoreille beaten.\nIf she threatened,\nHer master to have killed,\nWho would be in charge,\nEach guards his loyalty. Felix, the silk worker,\nMakes many pouches and silk ribbons,\nFor he is their master.\nGillesbert, the carpenter,\nMakes bows and arrows.\nThe arblastriers treat,\nG\u00e9rard, the miller,\nAccording to what is said.\nEmbl\u00e9, the half-farmer,\nTakes either half of the grain or produce,\nFrom those who bring it to grind.\nThe half-farmer does not take it from me.\nBut a little of each sack,\nG\u00e9rard, the scribe,\nKnows how to write charters,\nPrivileges, instruments,\nDebts, receipts,\nTestaments, copies.\nHe knows how to count and render accounts,\nOf all rents, whether payable in cash or inheritable,\nOf all censuses.\nHe is very useful.\nIn good service.\nWhat he writes remains valid,\nThis is the most noble profession,\nWhich is in the world,\nFor there is no one so high or noble,\nWho can stoop to learn or do it,\nUnless it is written,\nThe law and faith would perish,\nAnd all the holy scripture would be forgotten,\nFor each loyal Christian,\nShould teach it to his children and relatives,\nAnd they should know it themselves,\nOr otherwise without fail. God will ask them and take revenge, for ignorance will not excuse each one who is guilty. As he would answer, the butcher washes. He remains near the butcher shop. He sells so well his wares that it reveals to him, for he sees that the poor man does not know how to put it in his mouth. It is a good thing to know a good trade, guiding the fisherman, he is not much worse off if it appears to be at his house. He sells all kinds of sea fish and those from sweet water, which are written above. Above, in another place, in this book, Gabriel the carpenter held my loom, of linen thread, and cut it. If I lack the material, and the stain is finished, it is accomplished. It desires oil. It is woven to whiten, Giselins the undertaker sold his wagons, his baskets, his sieves. Gherlin the potter was at a feast, he left a great abundance of merchandise, which I will not name, for they are named in one of the chapters. George the bookseller had more books than all the others. He bought them all. Tels soient illes ou imprim\u00e9es ou autrement poursuivies,\nCe sont des doctrinales catons, Heures de Notre Dame,\nDonn\u00e9es par hasard,\nPsautiers bien enlumin\u00e9s, Loyes \u00e0 fremauls d'argent,\nLivres de m\u00e9dicines, Sept psalmes kalendriers,\nEncres et parchemins,\nPlumes de signes, Plumes dauphines,\nBons breviaires, Qui valent bien de l'argent,\nGervas le feure, Est beaucoup plus riches,\nEncorement prest il,\nLa livre pour trois mailles, Gertrude la s\u0153ur Gillebert,\nEst morte et est pass\u00e9e,\nPri\u00e8res pour son \u00e2me,\nQuand elle est pass\u00e9e,\nDroit maintenant,\nDieu luy pardonne,\nSes p\u00e9ch\u00e9s et ses m\u00e9faits,\nNous y irons au corps,\nDemain \u00e0 l'offrande,\nHenry le pointurier,\nPoint mon escu,\nDe diverses couleurs,\nA grand raison,\nJe me l\u00e8ve de lui,\nIehan le usurier,\nA tant prest\u00e9,\nIl ne sait le nombre,\nDu avoir qu'il a,\nTout ma\u00eenement assembl\u00e9,\nIl pr\u00eate la livre,\nPour quatre deniers,\nKylian et ses compagnons,\nPour leurs m\u00e9rites,\nSont saints en paradis,\nO\u00f9 est joie sans fin,\nLambert le charpentier,\nA marchandet a moi,\nDe faire mon ch\u00e2teau,\nLe basse cour et une grange. Et le charpenter de bon ouvrage et des degrets, tous les charpentiers doibt il livrer Laurence le machon, qui a pris \u00e0 machonner et amen\u00e9 des ouvriers, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 achet\u00e9s bonnes pierres de marbre, les fen\u00eatres dalbastre, mais le cailloux n'est encore point mesur\u00e9, le brasseur. Brasse tant de ceruse. Qu'il ne peut vendre, car il est renomm\u00e9es de mauvais beurage se lui conviennent \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque.\n\nIetter devant les porciaux, Lamfroy le couvreur de tuiles. Couvre le belfroy, Descailles de tuiles, au mieux qu'il pouvait. Encordont est-il plac\u00e9. Par le vent d\u00e9couvert, Leonard le couvreur d'estrain couvre ma maisonnette, d'estrain et de glu, les lattes qu'il achet\u00e9s. Ne valent rien, il les fit faire. Et les placqua de terre. Donc est il placqu\u00e9ur. Logier le f\u00fbtier. A maint bon chapeau de bi\u00e8res et de f\u00fbtres. Lucien le gantier si\u00e8 d\u00e9ncoste de moi. Faitte gans de cerf, de chien et de brebis. Lion le bourgeois a bourses et alloires, et les ont achet\u00e9s les enfants des tasses bien ouries. Lucie la bastarde ne fera jamais bien. Car she spoke poorly of those\nWho had treated her ill\nMartin the spicer\nReceived various spices\nOf all kinds of powder.\nFor making stews\nAnd at many taverns pointed\nPlains of confections\nAnd much of canes\nPlains of beverages\nMaurisse the surgeon\nMingled in healing\nFractures and abscesses\nHe saw fit to carve from stone\nAnd heal with beverages\nFrom gravel of rupture\nMaximian the master of medicines\nWatched the urine of people\nHe would tell them.\nOf what they were sick\nHeadache\nEye pains\nEars\nIf they had toothache\nAt the hips as mamilles\nShe would heal and cure\nEdema dropsy\nTesyque morbus\nFeet and toes\nQuarterly and tertian fevers\nFrom the pox\nGod protect us\nAnd from all that could grieve us\nHe gives advice on art\nAnd other tongues\nHe had much good herbs\nMabile the cook\nDressed herself well\nShe made surplices\nChemises braies\nCourochefs and all that\nThat could be opened\nOf linen cloth\nMahault the huetier She remains wise.\nShe sells her houses cheap.\nShe knows of two constructions.\nNichole the mustard-seller.\nA good vinegar.\nGood verjuice, good mustard.\nGalantine sausage.\nBlack pudding.\nBonne gausaille.\nNatalie, the lady of the estuaries,\nKeeps a good estuary,\nThe most desirable woman of the city,\nThey go to taste it.\nAll strangers.\nShe remains.\nBehind the wall of the Carmelites,\nOlivier the courier,\nGains from courier work,\nA penny for God.\nTwenty or thirty pounds,\nObereol the hostelier,\nWelcomes all good guests,\nHe has the Germans,\nCalled Ostlers,\nFrench Poitevins,\nEnglish Brabantians,\nFlemings Lombards,\nSpaniards Portingalians,\nGenoese Sicilians,\nHainautians Hollanders,\nDanish Frisians,\nHe honors the messenger.\nGuards the prison,\nThe prisoners are there,\nThey make larcenous mourdriders,\nFaux monnoyers, robbers,\nFalse coiners,\nThey hang one up,\nThe others train them,\nThe others put them on wheels,\nThose who coin false money,\nCoin them the ears,\nBussyn a name,\nLy bourreaux of Bruges.\nPious malefactors\nhave gotten their comeuppance. Les a il emestr\u00e9. Dieu nous garde. De sa ma\u00eetrise. Bailluis estottes Aulains des \u00e9chevin Chevaliers cheuaucent avec La ont les mis \u00e0 mort. Et les sergents y sont ainsi. Ceux qui \u00e9chappent Sont bannis hors du pays Sur peine d'\u00eatre pendus Ogier le fauconnier Apportait des faucons Oisillers d'Ardanes Espreuiers Quil vendra \u00e0 Montpellier Ogier le poulallier A des poules assez Quiles ne sont pas trop crasses Nor trop maigres Pyer le batelier Va tout oisieux Car son doyen Lui a d\u00e9fendu son m\u00e9tier Sous l'amende de vingt sols Jusque \u00e0 douter qu'il en aura. Achatte sa franchise Il s'en plaint Au bourgmestre Et les gardiens des m\u00e9tiers Ne font compte. Poul le cuisinier Fait et refait les cuisses Tonniaux vaissaux Courant et gouttant Paulin le mesureur de bl\u00e9 A tant mesur\u00e9 De bl\u00e9 et de mestelon Quil ne peut plus de vieillesse Il est tout gris Il donna \u00e0 chacun sa mesure Pieronne sa filleule Est la pire garce Que je sache de chez la m\u00e8re Quentin le tollenier A pris de moi Un livre de gros Plus qu'il ne devait prendre Du trait ton lieu. Sume traitearai,\nAu receveur pour men droit requerre.\nQuirin le detier vend ses dees.\nAinsi qui veult a prest argent,\nC'est bonne marchandise,\nRobert le messagier est envoies au roy.\nA route deux paires de lettres,\nSellees du seal royal,\nRoberte la cerenceresse na plus de channey,\nEt a perdu sa cerenche,\nElle vendra son lin,\nRichaert le veytier, Richier le chareton,\nMenra du fien sur ma terre,\nQuand elle sera annee,\nEt sur mon courtil,\nQuand il sera fouys,\nEt au jardin,\nEntour les arbres,\nRolland le maionnier,\nFera mon prie.\nUne soif entour,\nRogier le coustre est a Aignon,\nPour empecher,\nUne cure une chapelrie,\nVoire si Dieu plaist,\nRainier le esquier est aux Justes.\nAux tournois a compagnie,\nTres honnourablement,\nIl a mon rougin,\nMon palefroi mon destrier,\nMes lances.\nIl aura le pris,\nRaulle le changier a sys a change trente ans,\nLes monnoyes sont bien desirees,\nSi que les gens se mettent en peril,\nDestre damnes.\nC'est grand folie,\nDe donner l'eternalite,\nPour le temporalite,\nWaltier le paternostrier. Vend le d\u00e9dicasse, paternosters de cristal par deuxaines en gros, dambe de veau et de cornes. William le rammonnier vend les rammons par loysir. Ce pais moy ie voudroye quil le vendraisist bien. Valerien le tenneur en achat de beaucoup plus. Car il vend cuivre, car il le tanne moi-m\u00eame. Walram le coureur fait un ort mouster. Il pute aual la maison, il coure ses piaules de saing de harens. Vaast le vairrier vend orains \u00e0 madame, une pelice de vaire et de bonnes fourrures. Wauburge le pelletiere refait une pelle bien, aussi fait son baron xpristien le gorlier. Me fait un goriel, dont j'ai deux goriels pour mes chevaux de querre. Xpristiene la fille se plaint du serruier, car il ne veut pas donner un enfant qu'il gagna. Yzores le hugier fit le forcier de mamie, sa luysel son \u00e9crijn. Isaac le vigneron yra aux vignes, il me sonnera des crappes, car en les vignes gagnera il assez. Isaac le chauderlier donne quatre chaudrons contenant douze galons chacun. Pour quarant gros le pi\u00e8ce. Et le bon chandelier. I will provide the cleaned text below:\n\nDonde quarti candellette di sale\nPer un denaro la pezzo\nZachare il procuratore\nMandai chiamare Ieronimo il barbiere.\nIo gli faro contrastare.\nIosso il parcevidente\nMi vendette una pelle parcemina\nChe tutto fluiva\nE una coperta di franco\nRei a uno di quei\nChe nulla valeva.\nChe io non posso sopra scrivere.\nVada chiedere una penna\nE dal miglior carta\nMio canichetto mie forcette\nScrissi una lettera d'amore.\nSe lenoier\u00f2 a mamma\nIo sono stanchissimo\nDi tanti nomi nominare\nDi tanti mestieri\nTanti officii tanti servizi.\nIo mi voglio riposare.\nAncora inoltre per allungare\nCio che avevo iniziato\nDir\u00f2 io del meglio\nQuesto \u00e8 che Dio ci ha creati\nAll'aspetto\nDi Lui stessi.\nDico al principio\nChi bene far\u00e0 avr\u00e0 buon successo.\nDio \u00e8 misericordioso\nE se \u00e8 giusto\nHa piet\u00e0 per i peccatori\nChe si vogliono convertire\nDe' quei che hanno pentenza.\nChe fanno confessione vera.\nE loro penitenza perfezionano\nChe il confessore loro la imponga\nE non il falso malvagio.\nChi guariscono non cura\nSecondo la santa scrittura. \"You are in danger of perishing for those who feel it not, in the peril of death. If you do not take remedy when you know or find it, it is said that our lord and the Virgin Mary, the holy apostles, the four evangelists, angels and archangels, prophets and martyrs, patriarchs, confessors, saints virgins, saints veils, saints innocents, these saints and saints await a good reception from God through their prayers. It is necessary to hear mass and all hours of the day, at least for those who are troubled. Going to see the sacrament is a good desire if you must. No pilgrimages if you pay hastily. When you are weary for your journey, and you do not know the way, if you ask thus, commanding the people to God, God is good people. I send me to St. James, to our lady of Boulogne. To which door will I go? And to which hand? I will take my way with the right hand. When you come to a bridge, if you pass, you will find a path with the left hand that will lead you to a counter.\" La vous verres sur vne eglise\nDeux haultes clocqueres\nDe la aurez vous\nQue quatre lieuwes.\nIusques a vostre gyste\nLa seres vous bien aisies\nPour vostre argent.\nEt se y aures bon hostel.\nDame dieu y sort\nCompain vous soies bien venus\nPoroye ie auoir\nVng licte chy ens\nPourray ie cy herbegier\nOyl bien et nettement\nSi fussies vous dousisme\ntout a cheual\nNenuil fors que nous trois.\nA il a mengier chy ens.\nOyl asses dieu mercy\nApportes nous ent\nDonnes du fain as cheuaulx\nEt les estraines bien.\nMais quils soient abuures\nDame que debuous nous\nNous auons este bien aise\nNous compterons demain\nEt payerons aussi.\nQue vous vous en loeres\nMenes nous couchier\nNous sommes lasses\nBien ie voye vous reposeres\nIannette alumes le chandeille\nSi les menes la sus\nOu soler deuant\nSi leur porte de liauwe chaude.\nPour lauer leurs pieds.\nSi les couure de coussins.\nRegarde que lestable\nSoit bien fremme.\nDame peult on nauyer\nDescy a bouloigne\nOyl maintenant il ya.\nVne nef preste plaine de gens\nDieu les veulle conduire Dieu les amains a sauuete\nDieu les laisse leur voye\nBien employer\nEscoutes il tonne et esclire\nY pluyt et gresille.\nDieu saulue les biens des champs\nDieu en puist souuenir\nSeigneurs qui vouldroit\nCe liure ne fineroit iamais.\nCar on ne pourroit tant escripre\nQuon ne trouueroit toudis plus\nLe parchemin est debonnaire\nIl seuffre sour luy escripre\nQuancques on veult\nCy appres vous deuiseray.\nVng liuret quon appelle\nLe nombre le quel est\nMoult prouffytable.\nPar le quel\nOn pourra scauoir compter\nDe denier as deniers\nSi en poes retenir.\nLes debtes quon vous doibt\nEt les receptes\nQue vous aues rechupt\nOu que vous aues paiet\nSi commencies ainsi.\nComme est declare cy apres\nvNg deux trois\nQuatre chincq six\nSept huyt neuf dix\nVnze douze treze\nQuatourze quinze seze\nDixsept dixhuyt\nDixneuf vingt.\nTrente quarante\nChincquante soixante.\nSeptante huytante\nOu quatre vingt\nNonante Cent\nDeux cents\nMille Cent mille\nVng million\nAinsi toudis montant\nVne liure de strelins\nVne marcq que vault.\nDeux nobles dangleter\nVne liure de gros Monye de Flandres\nOne soul that owed\nThree gross or twelve pennies\nOne penny a yard\nOne quart a mite.\nHere ends this doctrine\nTo a rector at Loundres.\nIn printed form.\nIn which one each\nCan briefly learn\nFrench and English\nThe grace of the Holy Spirit\nWishes to enlighten the cures\nOf those who learn it\nAnd teaches us perseverance.\nIn good works\nAnd after this transitory life\nThe enduring joy and glory\nFirst, the calling of the Trinity\nHow each man ought to greet other\nThe catalysis of desire to the house\nThe names of flesh and of beasts\nAnd of tame and wild birds\nThe names of fish of the sea\nThe names of fish of the rivers\nThe names of white meats\nThe names of the fruits of trees\nThe names of diverse trees\nThe names of potages\nThe names of common drinks\nThe merchandise of cloth\nOf diverse towns and fairs\nThe merchandise of wool\nThe names of hides and skins\nThe names of apothecaries\nThe names of oils\nOf the colors of p\nThe names of coriander. Of aluminum and other colors.\nThe names of all metals.\nThe names of merchandises\nThe names of dyes\nOf the prelates of the holy church\nOf the pope, cardinals, bishops.\nArchbishops, abbots, and officials\nOf monks and people of order\nOf emperors, kings and queens\nOf dukes, earls and princes\nBarons, knights, squires\nThe names of men and women\nAnd of crafts in order of AB C\nThe great feasts and terms of them\nOf goldsmiths, weavers and fullers\nShepherds, knights, spinsters\nOf bridalmakers and armorers\nOf tailors and upholsterers\nOf dyers and drapers\nOf bakers and shoemakers\nOf scribes and boatmakers\nOf millers and butchers\nOf fishmongers and linemen\nOf kettlemakers and librarians\nOf glassmakers and moundmakers\nOf painters and usurers.\nOf tilers and thatchers.\nOf carpenters and hatmakers.\nOf cobblers and pursers.\nOf shepherds and spicers\nOf brokers and hostelkeepers\nOf keepers of prisons and couriers\nOf masons and messengers\nOf carters and changers\nOf mintmakers and pybakers\nOf players and tanners. Of makers of greyware and lawyers,\nOf goremakers and joiners,\nOf parchment makers\nAnd the words that everyone\nMay learn to go from one land or town,\nAnd more other reasons,\nTo set in this table,\nIn the end of this doctrine,\nShall you find the manner,\nFor to learn reckoning.\nBy pounds, shillings, pence,\nYour receipt and your giving out,\nBring it all in some sum,\nDo diligence to learn,\nFlee idleness small and great.\nFor all vices spring thereof,\nRight good learning.\nIn the name of the Father,\nAnd of the Son,\nAnd of the Holy Ghost.\nI will begin\nAnd order this book.\nBy which men shall reasonably understand,\nFrench and English,\nOf as much as this writing contains and stretches,\nFor he may not all comprise,\nBut that which cannot be found,\nDeclared in this,\nShall be found somewhere else.\nIn other books.\nBut know for truth,\nThat in the lines of this author,\nAre more words and reasons,\nComprised and of answers. In other books, he who wishes to learn this one may take it in hand and engage in trade from one land to another. Learn this book diligently. Great profit lies within it truly. Now, know what is required of you: when you encounter people in the streets, whether they are known to you or not, greet them first. If they are men of worth, bow your head. For ladies and damsels, if they bow their heads, place yours alongside theirs. In such a manner, you may sell them. God keep you. This is the shortest way to address people in selling or other situations. Sir, you are welcome. Lady or damsel, you are welcome. God give you a good day. Dame, good day, give you our lord. Fellow or friend, you are welcome. What do you say, how are you? May it be well with you. Where have you been for so long? I have not seen you in a long time. I have been long out of the country. In which country, sire? You know that I would be happy to tell you if you please. So that I may do it, command it to him who will gladly do it. Sire, thank you for your courteous words and good will. May God reward you. May I deserve it. You certainly are not deceived, for that I would do for you and for yours. To God I commend you. I take leave of you. Answer thus: Our lord conduct you. May you be commanded to God. May you have God in His holy keeping. Go to God. Greet the lady or the damsel of your house or your hearth. Your wife, your children, your husband, your sons and your daughters, all your men, also recommend me to my lord. To my young lords. To my lady. To my young lady. To your father and to your mother. To your beloved father and mother-in-law. To your uncle and aunt. To your cousins and nieces. To your cousins once removed. To your newborns and nieces. Children of your brother or sister, forget not your brothers and sisters. I will do it gladly for you. To God I commend you. Now go to God. Thus end the salutations.\n\nNow I stand to speak of other things necessary. That is to say, of things used in the house, of which I may not be without. Of the house first I shall speak. If it is to do well, the house ought to be well windowed, with diverse windows, by which it has great light. It behooves to the chambers, lofts, and garrets. Who will maintain the wine, should have sellers and a low chamber, for taking his casement. Now you must have beds. Beds of feathers. For the poor to lie on, beds of flocks. Sarges tapestries, quilts painted, for the bedds to cover. Couerettes also, bankers that are fair, under the bed a chalon, straw therein. Benches, chairs, lystes, stoles. Pots of copper kettles, kettles pans, basins lavers, pots of earth, cannes of earth, for going to the water. You shall find the following in the pottery:\nWorks of tin, pots of tin and cans,\nCans with two stops, cans with a six-sided stop,\nStops and half stops, pints and half pints,\nA stop is called a quart in some places,\nThese are the measures I can name, but not bottles.\nOf tin, wood, or leather,\nMen find these in all manners,\nNow you must have,\nPlates of tin, dishes, saucers,\nSalters, trenchers,\nThese things you shall find,\nOf tree and earth.\nCovercles of copper,\nOf earth and iron,\nAfter a dish, fat,\nWhere I lie, place these things and the spoon handles of wood,\nThe spoon handles of silver,\nThese things men use,\nIn most secure keeping,\nThe ladle of the pot about the fire.\nTrue to set it on,\nBelongs on the heart,\nWood or turves,\nTwo andirons of iron,\nA tong, a griddle,\nA flesh hook.\nKnives for cutting,\nWhatever I may will,\nA chopping knife,\nFor chopping herbs,\nSilver cups,\nGilt cups,\nGolden cups,\nCups with feet,\nPlace these things here. In your witch or chest:\nKeep your jewels in your pocket\nSo they are not stolen\nPlenty of sheets.\nBedclothes, towels\nTo make us ready.\nAnd sauces through the strainer\nYou must have.\nA mortar, a pestle\nHang your clothes on the perch\nMantles, frocks\nHeukes, clokes.\nDoublets, clothes, furs\nWinter clothes and summer\nThe pillows on the bed.\nOn the kerchief\nChertes, breeches\nWith the pantler\nWhen you are unclothed\nI find furs\nOf beaver and lambs.\nPiles of hares and rabbits\nSet in the cupboard\nYour bread, your cheese\nYour butter, your food\nAnd other white food\nThe levying of the table\nMake sure there is salt\nAnd glasses\n\nHere ends the third chapter\nNow understand little and much\nI shall say to you right away\nOf another matter.\nIf you are married\nAnd you have a wife\nAnd you have a husband\nLive peacefully with them\nSo that your neighbors say nothing bad about you.\nIt should be shameful\nIf you have father and mother\nAlways honor them. Do to them worship.\nForbear them. For after the commandment and the counsel of Catherine, men ought to worship them. He saith in his book, \"Worship father and mother. If you have children, chastise them with the rod and inform them with good manners. The time that they are young, send them to school to learn to read and write, that they do not resemble beasts. Be buxom to all people, to your servants. Think that they are as good as you, despise them not. Command them your will. Margaret take of the silver. Go to the fleshshams. By the flesh of them, she shall answer again, \"What flesh will you have? Will you have the flesh of pig with the green sauce? Flesh of beef salted shall be good with the mustard. The fresh with garlic. If you better love, flesh of mutton or of lamb, of a hog or of a calf. Is it roasted or roasts with browned? I shall buy it with good will. Nay, but buy flesh of bacon or of a cheap one. Of the venison, be it of wild boar or of heart of hindcalf. Buy it with brown pepper when you have bought it. Go to the butcher. Buy one pullet and two chickens, but not a capon or a cock. Do not bring plover, woodcocks, nightingales, sparrows, geese, ducks, partridges, larks, storks, swans, old hens. I am sick. Such flesh should grieve me. I shall not be able to digest it. Sir, you have it to me. There are many more named than I thought to buy. You are so tender. You may harm. Eat flesh of horses, bulls, mules, colts, mares. Yet there are other beasts, of which men do not eat. Wolves, foxes, weasels, olifants, lupards, cats. Apes, asses, hounds. A bear men eat well. So do men goats. Men do not eat. Eagles, griffins, sparrowhawks, hawks, kites. Of venomous beasts, serpents, lizards, scorpions, flies, worms. Who of these worms shall be bitten? He must have triacle if not that he shall die. Now afterwards you shall hear of fish. Of the fish you may hear. The names of some not of all. For I do not know how all to know. \"And not the mariners, the first fish of the sea come to you, Whales, porpoises, haddocks, soles, thornbacks, whiting, sprat, mackerel, mollets, brim, aloses, sturgeon, fresh herring, congres, red herring, carps, eels, pikes, pikerellis, tenches, perches, roaches, creveyches, loches, gogeorns, salmon of diverse manners, salmon of the masse, salmon of Scotland, shrimps, oysters, muscles. Who knows more, name him. For I know not more to speak. Now name we the white meat, and that whence it is made. First, milk and butter, cheese of England, cheese of Champagne, brye of berries, kine of sheep. Cheese of goat, eggs of hens, eggs of ducks. Of milk and eggs, men make flans. Of milk sodden with flour, men make pancakes and pasties. Of flesh, make pies. Of cream, make butter. Make men wafers, wastles, eyre cakes. Forgotten, of fruit shall ye here named, pears, apples, plums, cherries, morberries, strawberries.\" Fygge's Receits\nAlmonds dates\nThe names of trees: pear tree apple tree cherry tree.\nPesse tree fig tree mulberry tree\nMedlar tree plum tree oak\nAshe nut tree olive tree\nWild thorn palmetto tree.\n\nUnder\nBe here herbs sweet smelling\nThere be roses red white\nMint confite and grane\nLilies hoppes\nAnd hedges in meadows\nIn woods be the verdures.\n\nBrambles bramble berries\nThere is found often\nIn gardens on the mounds\nWithin the medows is the grass\nWhereof men make heath\nSe ben there thistles and nettles\nYet be in the gardens\nRed cool and white.\n\nPorridge onions\nBeets chervil parsley\nSage ysop time\nLetues porcelain\nCresses geloffres\nRapes garlic fenell\nSpinach borage\nThese are the potages\nPesens beans\nFumet which is made of wheat.\nCaudel for the sick\nGrowell and wortes\nThese are the drinks\nRynyssh wine and of elzeter\nWine of bean and of gerniole\nFrench wine and of spain\nMuscadel and bastard\nWine of sand of pomegranate\nWine of gascony\nMalmsey romeney wine\nWine sodden wine greek\nYpocras and clarey are made. Of wine and good spices,\nWhite wine, red wine.\nHoney mead,\nAle of England,\nBiere of Alemayne,\nSyther is made of apples,\nBoulye is made,\nOf water and leaven, and of wort,\nWell water drink me well,\nWater drink the bestes,\nSo wash me with all linen cloth,\nOf other thing without delay.\nWhile I remember,\nI will to you devise and teach\nIf you will bargain,\nWoolen cloth or other merchandise,\nSo go to the hall.\nWhich is in the market,\nSo go up the stairs,\nThere shall you find the clothes,\nClothes medleyed,\nRed cloth or green,\nBlue yasured,\nYellow reed,\nSad blue morrey,\nRaye checkered,\nSay white and blue,\nScarlet in grain,\nSo may you begin,\nBy such greeting,\nAs it is in the first chapter.\nDame, what hold you the ell?\nOf this cloth,\nOr what is worth the cloth's hole,\nIn short, how much thell.\nSir reason.\nI shall do reason.\nYou shall have it good cheap,\nYou truly for cattle,\nDame, I must have wine,\nTake heed what I shall pay,\nFour shillings for the ell,\nIf it please you,\nIt were no wisdom. For so much I want\nGood scarlet, you have rightly.\nIf you can, but I still have some.\nNot of the best,\nWhich I would not give\nFor seven shillings,\nI believe well in you,\nBut this is not such cloth,\nYou know that well.\nThis that you will leave,\nShall be sold\nSir, what is it worth,\nDame, it were worth to me,\nThree shillings and sixpence.\nThat is poor quality,\nOr asked too much,\nYet had I,\nIf it were gold in your chest,\nDamsel, you should not lose it,\nNever a cross,\nBut save certainly,\nHow shall I have it,\nWithout something to leave,\nI shall give it to you at one word,\nCertainly if you have it,\nYou shall pay,\nFor so many ell-lengths,\nWhich you shall take,\nFor I will abate nothing.\nDame, what will avail then,\nLong words,\nCut for me a pair of gowns,\nAs much as you think,\nAlso much as needed,\nFor a surcoat,\nFor a coat,\nFor a tunic,\nFor a pair of hose,\nSir, it behooves you,\nFifteen ell-lengths in God's name,\nOf what bread is it,\nOf two ell-lengths and a half,\nThat is good bread. \"But I will do it gladly, Dame. I hold myself content with you, for it seems so to me. You have done well to me. Fold it up in God's name. I shall not save your grace, but I will have you, Dame. You seem plainly content and it suffices me. There is no need to measure it again. Hold the boy and bear it. You shall have an halfpenny. Now, Dame, how much does it come to? This that I have of you, Sir, if you give to me. Nineteen shillings. You shall pay me well, so much you owe me, Damoiselle. Tell me what money. Give me good money. These are groats of England. Such there are of Flanders. The old groats of England, which are worth five pence. The new ones are worth four pence. You ought well to know that so much money you receive.\" You say the truth, sir,\nBut you had rather\nGive children's scutes\nThe king's shillings\nRinaldo's nobles of England\nSales of gold lions\nOld sterling pennies\nThis is all good money\nYou and I may give it out\nYes, you shall give it out well\nWithin the town\nAnd all around the country\nIn all penny worths\nIn all merchandises\nFair sir, I am well pleased with you\nWere it so that you failed\nAnything\nThat I meddled with\nOr that I have in hand\nYou may bear it away\nWithout halpeny or penny\nSo well have you paid me\nRight great thanks\nKnow that my silver\nYou shall have before another.\nIt were right.\nFor your kindness,\nFor the courtesies,\nThat are in you,\nIt is not\nThe last silver\nThat you shall have from me\nHow is it that this is the first\nFor me behooves others while\nAnd to my fellows,\nClothes of many kinds,\nOf many towns,\nOf London / of York,\nOf Bristol / of Bath,\nOf Paris of Roen,\nOf Bruges / of Ghent.\nOf Ypres / of Dornik,\nOf Riselle / of Dixmude,\nOf Menin / of Comines,\nOf Belle / of Poperinge.\nOf Dendermonde / of Aloste. Of Saints Omer and Valenciennes, of Brussels and Mechelen,\nOf Louvain and Antwerp. I also intend to go,\nIf it pleases God, to the feast of Bruges,\nTo the market of Antwerp, to the market of Bergen-op-Zoom,\nTo the fair of Sterbinge, to the fair of Salebury,\nTo St. Bartholomew's Fair which shall be in London,\nTo the church holiday of Chalons, to the fair of Cambridge,\nTo the procession of Westminster, to the general procession.\nAnd I shall buy wool.\nHow will you show me the way?\nWhat will you have of the nail?\nWhat shall I give for the stone?\nWhat is worth a pound\nOf this wool of lambs?\nYou shall answer,\nAs it is written elsewhere,\nYet I will not leave it.\nI will not buy.\nHides of kyne.\nFrom which men make leather,\nOf the fells of deer or of the buck,\nMake men good cordovan.\nFrom sheep's fells,\nMay be made the basin.\nSo men also make pergammon.\nIn which men write.\nNow have you heard,\nOf clothes of wool,\nOf felts and of leather,\nAll in one chapter.\nFor I am not,\nA spicer nor an apothecary,\nI cannot name.\nAll manner of spices. But I shall name a party: ginger, galingale, cubebs, saffron. Pepper, comyn. Sugar, white and brown. Flour of camomile. Anise seeds of paradise. Of these things, make confections and good powders.\n\nFrom these, are made good sauces and electuaries for medicines. Now, let us speak of the oils. Oil of olive and of fieldseed, oil of poppy and of rapeseed, oil of linseed, oil of hempseed. Men make mustard. I shall buy things, whereof are made paints: asure and green of Spain, vermilion on brass, vernisor orpement. Yet I will buy in store: a sum of silver in pitch, in rosin, in green wax, in red and yellow wax, in black wax. From which are filled, the tables. In which men teach, the children to write, and of sewet, the fat of a swine. For to make potages, sayme of herring. Men enjoy them with shoes. If I find alum, I shall buy by bales. For it belongs in the dye house: wood and madder.\n\nBut how that I\nBegin to make this book,\nAnd I know a party,\nHow men name the things,\nTherefore I do not know,\nHow or for how much. That men sell goods\nBy measure or weight,\nBy quarters or sestiers,\nBy pounds or half pounds.\nOr by ounces,\nBy balances or barrels,\nBy vessels or bales,\nBy sacks or lasts.\nHe who will know it,\nMay ask it at the merchants,\nWho well know it.\nYet I have not named the metals.\nWhich follow:\nIron, steel, lead, tin.\nCopper and brass.\nGold, silver things, gilt.\nThings silvered.\nGirdles with silver nails,\nA corse of silk,\nWith a bodice of silver,\nPurses wrought with the needle,\nThese are merchandise, N\nPewter pots, tassels.\nCoffins and pens.\nAlles points,\nEnke horns,\nKnives shears.\nHuns of silk,\nCoyfs for men.\nPendants,\nLaces points,\nRed silk,\nBlack silk,\nOf these silks shall I speak of grapes.\nBenches, p.\nOf these things I am weary.\nBut the great lords I shall name,\nThe prelates of holy church,\nThe princes, the great lords.\nFirst of the highest,\nHe who is of our holy father,\nThe pope of Rome,\nWho dwells at Avignon,\nWho by right should be\nAt great Rome.\nNext is the emperor,\nThe greatest lord. The greatest lady of the world is Queen Temperesse of Almain. The king of France is the richest king in treasure beyond the sea. The king of England is the most mighty and rich. The kings: of Spain, Aragon, Ceile, Navarre, Beme, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Naples, Jerusalem. The archbishops: of Canterbury, York, Colerne, Rennes, Trier, London, Winchester, Chester, Lincoln, Paris, Senlys, Bayeux, Luke. The bishops: of London, Wynchester, Chester, Lyncolne, Paris, Senlys, Bayeux, Luke, Cambrai, Terrewyn. Above them are the twelve cardinals. Under the bishops are the abbots, officials, provosts, wardens, priests, and canons. An abbot from Cluny is rented. Is the richest clerke.\nThat is in the world\nNext the pope.\nGray monkes ben\nOf the ordre of cistiauls\nSeint bernard is theyr patron.\nWhite monkys men fynde\nOf the ordre of premonstrence.\nBlac monkes of the ordre.\nOf seynt benet\nWyllemyns and frere menours\nBlac freris & monkes of chartre ho{us}\nWhite freris and austyns\nPrechers lewd freris.\nCurattes chappelains.\nAbbesses prioresses\nNonnes\nOf the ordre of seint clare\nBeghyns clergesses\nNow comen the names\nOf dukes of erles\nOf the duke of yorke\nOf the duke of lancastre\nOf the duke of bretaigne\nOf the duke of guyan\nOf the duke of gheldreland.\nOf the duke of bourgoyne\nOf the duke of ostryche.\nThe erle of arondel\nThe erle of kente.\nThe erle of essex\nThe erle of warwyke\nThe erle of flaundres\nThe erle of clermonde\nOf boloyne of seint pol\nOf henaud of holand\nCastelayn of douer\nVycounte of beaumond\nOf bousser of berow\nKnyghtes squyers hardy\nSir arnold of noirs is a banerett\nAnd was conestable of fraunce\nMy lord of aspremond\nis double banerette\nThe names of ladies The good queen, duchess, countess, princess,\nFor such ladies, belong the tournaments,\nThe joustings, the great wars,\nOf which the great masters\nOf divinity and astronomy,\nHave not to do.\nAnd they are at rest,\nAnd the masters of medicines and surgeons also,\nFor this, many words,\nWhich are not clearly written here,\nI shall write you from henceforth.\nDiverse matters,\nOf all things,\nSince one thing with another,\nIn which chapter,\nI will conclude,\nThe names of men and women,\nIn the order of A.B.C.,\nThe names of crafts,\nSo that you may hear,\naDam bring hither.\nMy horse alone,\nAnd set upon him,\nThe saddle and bridle,\nI shall ride.\nThere I have promised to be,\nTo a parliament or to a year's mind,\nBehold if he is shod,\nOn four feet,\nIf not,\nLead him to be shod.\nAbraham, it is done,\nHold still,\nDo on your boots,\nYour spurs,\nSince break your fast,\nBefore they depart,\nAdrian, where well you go,\nIf you go my way,\nI shall hold you company,\nSo shall I be much glad,\nAlaric, now go we. Without it, if we will come, like us and the others have promised, Abel where sell men the best wine of this town. Say it to us. Andrei sells me the best, in the street of Lombards. I have tried it. It is of a full fat cow. At the price of 8 pence and the first tavern that you shall find, Andrei goes and fetches a quart and a half. And do well to measure it, so shall we drink a draught. We shall break our fast with tripes of the liver of the long pig, a foot of an ox, a foot of a swine, an head of garlic. So shall we break our fast and shall drink beer to beer. Ancelme sets the table and the trestles, washes the glasses, spoils the cup, dresses to eat, cuts bread, washes the mortar and the pestle, makes us some garlic. We shall have all the day more heat in our members. Arnold gives us wine and gives us to drink. I shall not I pile the garlic. Go first, wash well in time. Aubin is at the gate, but at the door, let him in late. I think that he brings me what he owes me. Antony is a wise man. He rises every night for matins. I do not care about his early rising or sleeping, nor his waking. Austen, where are you? He is at the school. He has gone to prime. He will return at terce. He will not come at midday. Now comes none. I would that he stayed until evensong. And if he tarried until matins or midnight, and if he came never, I would not care much. Adrian speaks to me. How many months are in the year? Which are they? January, February, March, April, May, June, August, September, October, November, December. Agnes our maid can well name all the great feasts and the terms of the year. Damsel, name them. I shall not help me God so say it is. At Christmas at Easter, At the Assumption at Whitsunday, The Trinity at St. John, The day of St. Peter, At St. Remy, The day of All Hallows, At St. Martin's Mass, At St. Xyprian, At our Lady in March, At Candlemas, At our Lady in harvest. At Shroftyde, on Palm Sunday, New Year's Day, the Day of the Three Kings, and the Week of Penance; halfway through the year, and the Day of the Sacrament. The processions of York and Counter, the Pardon of Syon, will begin in August.\n\nAppolyn comes, I cannot save your grace,\nYet I will drink.\nFor I refuse not the chalice,\nThat was vilony.\n\nAnastase, have you eaten?\nYet I dine.\nAt night I shall sup.\nYou have well your time,\nThat so long.\nBe in solace,\nFrom sorrow of evil adventure,\nBut always live in joy,\nShall be my behavior.\n\nAmand your cousin Alied,\nHas a fairer life\nThan you have,\nAnd was better taught.\nShe is fair and wise,\nSo that they might have enough of goods to give.\n\nAmelbergh is well pleasant,\nGod give her good happiness,\nSee her here where she comes,\nSee me here truly,\nWhat say you of me?\nWe say nothing but good,\nAlbright of Haesburgh.\n\nCome you from the town,\nYou, sir, if it pleases you,\nWhat tidings?\nBring us good and fair,\nFor men say. That peas shall be between the two kings and their realms or trueholds for three years. Sir, with that mouth, you must drink wine together. Baudouin, cousin of Charles, is marshal of France. He said to me that there will be a truce between the English and the Scots. He had letters about it. Benet, the servant, is lieutenant of the bailiff of Amyas and of the provostry. He is my kinsman, and I am his. So may I announce it. Bernard is the clock's owner. He is to go to work. You would say the bell of workmen. I do not truly, but the day bell you over a great while. Boniface make fire Make the inch to seethe And put in more gall and more substance And stir it so it does not burn Bertilme waits here. With us this day, we shall give you of that which we have and of that which God has lent us. So men make to you a fair bed. You shall have no worse than we ourselves. Bertram, this shall be enough for him. Nothing but bread and good ale should suffice me. So it ought to suffice each one. Barnabe, go and get the hens. We have no charge of you, nor anger you. You know all plainly that your fellowship is not good or fair. Basil, what has cost you my household, that you plain or plain nothing, I shall have no company with you as long as I live or the life in my body shall have. Bryce, go to the oven for the pasties. Draw out the shoulder of the spit all hot. For it is roasted enough and dress it by dishes. Sir, the pasties are come, the roast is dressed. Beatrice the laundress shall come here after dinner. So give her the linen clothes. She shall wash them clean. Bertha shows the pots against these high days in the chamber out. Colard the goldsmith owes me to make my girdle. A girdle nailed, with silver weighing 40 pence and a triacle box. Cyprien the weaver has promised to weave. My cloth to morrow or after morrow. When was the thread there born? Yesterday before yesterday, foryere tofor. It had not been woven, for as much as on this day, nor so hastily. Colard the fuller can well full cloth. So will I that he fulfills yet is very dangerous. Conrad the sheriff He owes to share He takes from the elde four mites Since the sheriffs Had their franchise Katherine the kempster Is here right now for money She swears by her faith That she comes never well Therefore men shall pay her well Cecily the spinster. Came with her She prays much for your yarn That was spun on the distaff But the yarn That was spun on the wheel Has so many knots It is marvelous to see Colombe the halting Went her changing from hens. For this I Would have kissed her Nevertheless I had no lust And she cursed me And I cursed her again Clement and Clemence his stepdaughter Were joined together She said that stepfathers And stepmothers were never good He reproved her that she had found Her wrestling with a boy Clare the blind Went for her breed Alms is there well bestowed For the time that she saw. She had not gladly asked Therefore it is pitiful of her Clarisse the nun Can well her craft. She learned it to stop, the cloth. What ask you? She was with it rocked. She has good to do, That she wins much. For she is much lustful. David the bridlemaker. Is a good worker, For to make saddles, Bridles and spurs And that thereto belongs, Dennis the fourpence-hour Has of me a sword Of right good cutting, A knife with a point, A sword Which me ought to hurry, Damyan the armorer Shall sell me a plate, A basinet, An habergeon, A gorget, Gloves of iron, Donaas the doublet maker Has made my doublet And my jacket, Esteve the tailor Has so much to cut For the good diligence That he does to the people To deliver their clothes At the day promised Therefore he rests not, Night nor day And has plenty of sowers. Yet then he may not. With great pain deliver the people That which he has promised them Everard the upholsterer Can well stop. A mantle hooded Full against card against, Shirt again a gown. And all old cloth Elias the painter Is housed again and mended. From then where it was customary to duel, he tarried so long for my cloth to dye. I shall have harm of him. Of what color shall he dye it, with brazil or gall? He shall stain it anon. I shall do it with bark. Stew the glazier. I prayed him he would do it well. So thank him. When you see him, it behooves well. Ermentin lies sick. Speak softly. Men shall bear his urine to Master Alfonso. See that it is clean and clear. And if it is foul, rub it within. Cover your sister. She shall be appeased. It shall avail her much. It came to her from fear. She saw two men fighting, of whom one was slain and the other hurt. Anusneys the draper is a rich man. It is well bestowed. He gives gladly for God's sake. He visits those who are not whole. The prisoners. Also counsels the widows and the orphans. Fremyn the tavern keeper has two tons of must. He has offered me to borrow if I have to do with him. Send to fetch them. It passes lightly through the throat. Frederic the wine cripple says that it is well worth it. That a man sells it, he has the right to say it. He drinks great draughts, the baker sells white and brown bread. He lies with a hundred quarters of corn in his granary. He buys in time and at the hour, so that he has not the dear cheap. Forcker, the cordwainer, puts more leather to work than three others, so he has good sales. Of shoes and galoches, Ferraunt the hosier makes hose so ill-shaped and so ill-sewn that I would advise no one. Hose of him to buy. Philipote the scallywag stalls from her master. A thief was there, and many disorders. And ribbons of silk and of fustian, so that he took her and put her in prison. Since she had, her ear was cut off, so that she threatened to have her master slain. Whatever comes of it, each keep his truth. Felice the silkwoman makes so many purses. And patteners of silk, for she is their mistress. Gysebert the bowmaker makes the bows and arrows. The arbalists shoot. Gherard the miller steals the half. Of corn or grain. Of those who bring to him, Brynge to grind, He does not steal the half But a little of every sack The scribe records Geruays Can well write charters, privileges, instruments, debts receipts. Testaments copies He can well reckon And render reckonings Of all rents, Whether for life or heritable Of all farms He is well profitable In a good service He who writes abides secret It is the most noble craft That exists in the world For there is none so high Or so noble That can shame him For learning or doing it, If it were not for the scripture. The law and faith would perish And all the holy scripture Shall not be put in forgetting Therefore every true Christian man Ought to learn it For his children and friends And himself, Or otherwise without fault God will demand them And will take vengeance For ignorance Shall not excuse them Every man should acquit himself As he will answer Gombert the scribe Dwells beside the scribe's trade He sells his flesh so well. That it appears to him, for I saw him so poor,\nThat he knew not what to put in his mouth,\nTherefore it is a good thing\nTo own a good craft.\nGuy the fishmonger\nHas not suffered him worse,\nAs it appears after his house,\nHe sells all manner\nOf sea fish and fresh water.\nWhich were written\nBefore in some place\nWithin this book,\nGabriel the linen weaver.\nWeaves my linen cloth\nOf thread of flax and tow,\nI lack woeful wool,\nAnd of warp is it ended.\nYou say Thursday,\nIt is woven.\nFor to do white,\nGyselin the mandemaker.\nHas sold his vans,\nHis mands or corps.\nHis temples to clean with,\nGheryn the kettlemaker.\nHas been at a good fair,\nHe left there great plenty of batterie,\nThe which penny is worth,\nI shall not name.\nFor they are named\nIn one of the chapters,\nGeorge the bookseller\nHas more books.\nThan all they of the town.\nHe buys them all\nSuch as they are\nWhether stolen or printed\nOr otherwise procured,\nHe has doctrinal cats,\nOur lady's parts.\nDonatus' parts. Sawters enlightened, bound with silver clasps, books of physics, seven psalms calendars, ink and parchment, quills of swans, quills of geese, good portoses (which are worth good money), Geruays the smith is much richer. Nevertheless, he lends me, The pound for three halfpens. Gertrude the sister of Gilbert is dead and passed. Pray for her soul When she passed. Right now. God forgive her. Her sins and her transgressions We shall go to the corpse. To morrow to the offring, Harry the painter Paints my shield With diverse colors By great reason I am pleased with him. John the usurer Has lent so much That he knows not the number Of the good that he has All evil gathered to gether They are beneath the pound For four pence, kilian and his fellows For their deservings. Ben saints in paradise Where is joy without end Lamberth the carpenter Has bargained with me To make my castle The nether court and a barn. And he ought to timeber it Of good work And the steers. All the timber wood He is bound to deliver himself. Laurence the mason has taken the position of mason and will bring the workmen and has been bought. He will bring good stones of marble for the windows. However, the lime or chalk is not yet moved. Lien the brewer brews so much ale that he cannot sell it. He is renowned for serving bad drink. So he behooves him otherwise to throw the hogs the scraps. Lamfroy the tiler covers the steeple. With scales with tiles, he covers it as best he can. Nevertheless, it is not yet discovered by the wind. Leonard the teacher has covered my little house. With straw and reeds, he made the walls and daubed them with earth, of which he was the dauber. Logier the feltmaker has many good hats of beaver and felt. Lucian the glazier sits beside me, making glasses of a heart, of hound and sheep. Lion the pursuer has purses and pouchmakers and sells them to the children. Of well-wrought pouches. Lucie the bastard shall never do well. For she speaks ill of those who have done well to her. Martin the grocer. Selleth many spices, of all kinds. For making browettes, he has many boxes painted, full of confections, and many pots, full of drinks. Morisse the surgeon. He mingles with him to heal, wounds, sores, and apostomes, with ointments and plasters. He can cut out the stone and heal by drinks of the gravel and of brekynge. Maximian the master of physics sees the urine of the people. He can tell them, from which they are sick, Of the headache, Of the pain of the eyes, Of the ears, If they have toothache, At the breast at the papas, He can heal and cure. Dropsie, blody flyxe, Tesyke, morale, Feet, nails, Feuer quartain and tercian. Of the gout, Whereof God keep us, And of all that, That may grieve us, He gives counsel for the gout and for other sicknesses. He has many good herbs. Mabill the shepherd knows her well. She makes supplies. She sells dearly her calls or houses. Of linen cloth, Maude the hue or call makes, Maintains her wisely, She sells dearly her calas or houses. She sows them with two seeds. Nicholas the mustard-maker. Has good vinegar. Good verjuice, good mustard. Galentine sauce. Black pepper. Good ginger. Natalye, the wife of the stews, keeps a good stew. The most succulent of the city. They go there to be stewed. All the strangers. She dwells there. After the wall of the White Friars, Oliver the broker. Wins by brokage. With one goddess penny. Twenty pounds or thirty. Over the hosteler. Has all the good guests. He has the ale-mains. That men call easterners. Poitevin Frenchmen. Englishmen Brabanders. Flemings Lombardians. Spaniards Portuguese. Genoese Scots. Haynewiers Hollanders. Danes men of Friseland. Onnor the keeper of the tower. Keeps the prison. There the prisoners be. There are thieves, murderers, false money makers, robbers, ruffians of women, cutters of purses. Those who cut purses. Cut men the ears. Buskin is named. The hangman of Bruges. After that the evil doers. Havere known his evil deeds. He has them in mastery. God keep us. From his mastery. Bailiffs scouts. Some of the ships. Ride with them as they are put to death. And the sergeants are there also. Those that escape shall be banished from the land. Upon pain to be hanged.\n\nOgier the Falconer. Brought falcons. Gerfalcons of Arden. Sparrow hawks. Those he shall sell at Montpeller. Ogier the Poulter. Has poulettes. Which are not too fat nor too lean. Peter the Beater of Wool. Goode all idle. For his den. Has forbidden him his craft. On the accusations of twenty shillings. Until he shall have. Bought his franchise. He shall complain himself. To the burgomaster. And the wardens of the craft. Set not thereby.\n\nPoulle the Couper. Makes and forms the keppies. Barrels vessels. Leaking and drooping. Paulin the Meater of Corn. Has so much motion. Of corn and mostly. That he may no more for age. He is all gray. He gives to each his measure. Pierine his daughter. Is the shrewest girl. That I know on this side the sea. \"Quinten the toller has taken from me. A pound of groats more than he should take by right of toll. Therefore, I shall go to the receiver to request a query of the dismaker. He sells his dice. As he will for ready money, it is good merchandise. Robert the messenger is sent to the king with two pairs of letters sealed with the king's seal. Roberta the bekester has no more hemp and has lost her hekel. She shall sell her flax. Richard the carrier and Richard the cartar shall lead dong on my land when it is plowed and on my herber when it is doled and into the orchard about the trees. Roland the handwerker shall make my priddle an hegg about. Roger the sexton is at Avion. To get a cure, a free chapel truly, if God will. Reyner the squyer is at Testes at the tornoye, accompanied right worshipfully. He has my courser, my palfrey, my steed. He shall have the prize. Randolf the changer has sat in the change 30 years. The money is well desired.\" So that folks put themselves in peril,\nTo be damned, it is great folly,\nFor to give the eternal for the temporal,\nWalter, the maker of the Pater Noster,\nSold at the dedication,\nBede's of crystal,\nBy dozens in great,\nOf amber, glass, and horns,\nWilliam, the brassmaker,\nSells brass by the pound,\nWoe is me, I would\nThat he sold well.\nValeryen, the tanner,\nHas much advantage,\nIn that he sells leather,\nFor he tans himself.\nWalram, the corer,\nDoes a foul craft,\nHe stinks after the house,\nHe corers his hides.\nWith a semblance of hearings,\nVedast, the grayware maker,\nSold while to my lady,\nA pitch of gray and of good furs.\nWauburge, the pitch maker,\nForms a pitch well,\nSo does her husband,\nChristian, the coler maker,\nMakes for me a coler,\nThen shall I have two coliers,\nFor my horses of the plow.\nChristine, the daughter,\nComplained of the locksmith,\nBecause he denies,\nOf a child that he wanted.\nYsores, the joiner,\nMade a fork for my love,\nHer chest, her shame.\nIsaac le Wyneman,\nShall go to the vineyard. He shall show me the grapes in the vineyard. He shall win some. It is Isaac the potter. Give four potters' vessels. Each containing twelve gallons. For forty groats the piece And the good candlemaker gives four tallow candles. For one penny the piece. Zacharias the porter has brought me a summons. For I have done something. Jerome the barber I shall answer. I bought a skin of parchment. That was all flued and a covering of calfskin shown on one side. Nothing worthless that I might not write upon. Go fetch a pomace (pomegranate?) And of the best paper My penknife my sheris (shiras, possibly a type of paper?). I shall write a letter of love And shall send it to my love I am all weary Of so many names to name. Of so many crafts. So many offices, so many services I will rest myself Nevertheless, for length's sake. That which I have begun I shall say is that God has made us Into His likeness I say at the beginning Who does well shall well have God is merciful And so He is righteous. He has mercy on sinners who know it. Of those who have repentance and make true confession, and fulfill the penance the confessor charges, the false evil that does not care to amend them perishes. Therefore, he is ill-advised who feels wounded within himself and is in peril of death if he does not take remedy when he knows where to find it.\n\nMen say that those who serve our Lord, the Virgin Mary, the holy apostles, the four evangelists, angels and archangels, prophets and martyrs, patriarchs, confessors, holy virgins, holy widows, and holy innocents, attend to a good reward before God through their prayers.\n\nMen ought to attend Mass and all the hours of the day, which is at ease for him at least. Go see the sacrament, it is a good breakfast if you owe. Pilgrims, pay them hastily when you are ready. For going on your journey and not knowing the way, ask it thus:\n\nIn conducting the people to God, to God go good people. I go to Saint James. To our lady of Boloyne,\nAt which gate shall I go out,\nAnd at which hand,\nShall I take my way?\n\nOn the right hand,\nWhen you come to a bridge,\nGo over it.\nYou shall find a little way,\nOn the left hand,\nWhich will bring you in a contr\u00e9e.\nThere you shall see, upon a church,\nTwo high steeples.\nFrom thence you shall have,\nBut four miles,\nTo your lodging,\nThere you shall be well pleased.\nFor your money,\nAnd you shall have a good Inn,\nGod be with you,\nFellow, you are welcome,\nMay I have,\nA bed here within,\nMay I here be lodged,\nYou well and clean,\nAll were you twelve,\nAll on horseback,\nNay, but we three,\nIs there to eat here within,\nYou enough, God be thanked,\nBring it to us,\nGive he ye to the horses,\nAnd straw them well,\nBut that they be watered,\nDame, what do we owe,\nWe have been well eased,\nWe shall reckon to morrow,\nAnd shall pay also,\nThat you shall hold you pleased.\nBring us to sleep,\nWe are weary,\nWell, I go you shall rest,\nIenette light the candle,\nAnd lead them there above,\nIn the solar to fore,\nAnd bear them hot water. For to wash their feet and cover them with cushions. See that the stable is well shut. Dame, may men go by ship from here to Boulogne. There is a ship ready full of people. God convey them safely. God bring them in safely. God grant them a good journey. Well come. Here it thunders and lightens. It rains and hails. God save the goods of the fields. God grant them a good thought. Lords, who would\nThis book should never be ended,\nFor men cannot write so much.\nI shall assign you hereafter.\nA little book that men call\nThe name of which is\nVery profitable\nBy which\nMen shall more easily reckon\nFrom penny to pence\nSo may you retain\nThe debts that men owe you\nAnd the receipts\nThat you have received or paid.\nBegin thus as is declared hereafter:\nOne two three. Four five six. Seven eight nine ten. Eleven twelve thirteen. Fourteen fifteen sixteen. Seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty. Forty-fourty, Fifty-sixty, Sixty-seventy. Or forty score. Ninety hundred, Two hundred, A thousand a hundred thousand. A million\nThus all mounting.\nA pound sterling\nA march, which is worth\nTwo nobles of England\nA pound great\nMoney of Flanders\nA shilling, which is worth\nThree groats or twelve pence\nA penny halfpenny\nA farthing a myte\nHere ends this doctrine\nAt Westminster by London\nIn forms printed.\nIn which one ever each\nMay shortly learn\nFrench and English\nThe grace of the holy ghost\nWill enlighten the hearts\nOf them that shall learn it\nAnd we give perseverance\nIn good works\nAnd after this transitory life\nThe everlasting joy and glory.", "creation_year": 1480, "creation_year_earliest": 1480, "creation_year_latest": 1480, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "I. Antoine Wydeuille, Earl Ryuyeres, and others, including Lord Scales, have experienced various and numerous worldly adversities in their lives, as every human being is subject to the whims of fortune by the will of our Lord God. Of these, I, Antoine Wydeuille, have been particularly affected. Through the infinite grace and goodness of our Lord, I have been released from their hands, and by the intercession of the Mediator of Mercy, I have come to understand and recognize the need to abandon all ingratitude. I am therefore compelled, as far as my wretchedness allows, to give singular loving and thankful expressions to God and to dispose my recovered life to His service, following His laws and commandments. In atonement and recognition of my iniquities and faults, I have resolved and purposed during that time to seek and execute works pleasing to Him, as far as my frailty permits. I understood it was the year of grace 1471. I determined to embark on that voyage from Southampton in the month of July that year. And so I sailed from there until I reached the Spanish sea, lacking sight of all lands. The wind being good and the weather fair, I took recreation and asked to read some good history. Among other companions was a worthy gentleman named Louis de Bretayles, who greatly delighted in all virtuous and honest things. He said to me he had a book that I would like very much, and brought it to me, a book I had never seen before. It is called \"The Sayings or Dictums of the Philosophers.\" According to my understanding, it was translated from Latin into French by a worthy man named Jehan de Toulouse, once provost of Paris. Had I the time and opportunity, I gave it a sincere affection. And particularly because of the wholesome and sweet sayings of the psalms, which is a glorious fair mirror for all good Christian people to behold and understand. It speaks universally to the example, teaching and doctrine of all kings, princes, and people of every estate. It praises virtues and knowledge, it blames vices and ignorance. And although I could not, at that time nor during my pilgrimage, have leisure to oversee it thoroughly at my pleasure, yet nevertheless it remained steadfastly in my mind. Remaining in that position after such a season as it pleased the king's grace to command me to give my\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in Early Modern English, which is a form of English used from the late 15th to the late 17th century. No major corrections were necessary as the text was already quite readable.) I attended upon my lord, the Prince, when I looked upon the said book. And at last, I decided to translate it into English, which, in my judgment, was not understood by the understudy for this purpose. And lest I could not always be so well occupied or should fall into idleness, when I could, I fell into both the sentences and the words as closely as I could. Nevertheless, I have translated and therefore I fear that those who would read the translation and have true understanding of either of those books, either in Latin or in French, might find errors in my work. I would not affirm this because of the contrary, but rather I would attribute the fault to my own inexperience and the diversity of the books. Humbly requesting their reform with my apologies and the excuse that, not being an expert in my manner, I followed my copy and the ground I had to speak upon as follows:\n\nSedechias was the first philosopher by whom Through the will and pleasure of our Lord God, Wisdom was understood and laws received, which Sedechias said that every creature of good belief ought to have in him sixteen virtues. The first virtue is to fear and know God and his angels. The second virtue is to have discretion to discern the good from the evil and to use the virtues that God has ordained to reign over him and to have lordship and power over the people. The fourth virtue is to worship his father and mother. The fifth virtue is to do justice and truthfully to every creature according to his possibility. The sixth virtue is to distribute his alms to the poor. The seventh virtue is to receive and defend strangers and pilgrims. The eighth virtue is to bind and determine oneself to serve our Lord God. The nineteenth virtue is to eschew fornication. The tenth virtue is to have patience. The eleventh virtue is to be steadfast and true. The twelfth virtue is to be peaceful and temperate and shamefast of sin. The fourteenth virtue is to love justice. The forty-fourth virtue is to be liberal and not covetous. The fifty-fifth virtue is to offer sacrifices to our almighty God for the benefits and graces he shows daily. The sixtieth virtue is to worship God almighty and to place him wholly in his protection and defense for resistance to the misfortunes that daily fall in this world. Sedechias said that, just as it belongs to the people to be subject and obedient to the royal majesty of their king or prince, so it behooves their king or prince to attend diligently to the welfare and governance of his people, and rather to will their well-being than his own profit. For by simulation, a king or prince is with his people as the soul is with the body. And Sedechias said, \"if a king or prince gathers money or treasure by subtle extortions or other unjust means, he ought to know that he does wrong, for such treasure cannot be gathered without.\" A king or prince who neglects and is slothful, and fails to search and inquire about the dispositions and works of his enemies, will not long remain secure in his kingdom. Sedechias said, \"The people are fortunate and happy who have a good and virtuous king or prince, discreet and wise in knowledge. The people are greatly unfortunate when any of these things are lacking in their king or prince. Sedechias further said, \"If a king or prince, through sloth or negligence, fails to do even the little things he ought to do, and disregards orders, he will incur greater undoing and, consequently, may lose all. Sedechias also said, \"If a king or prince believes false words and has no respect for them, he will suffer harm suddenly.\" A king or prince should instruct his son in virtue and knowledge, and teach him how to govern the land after him. He should love and favor his knights, not allowing excessive hunting or idleness, but encouraging good eloquence and avoiding vanities.\n\nSedechias said: It is fitting for a king or prince to have a trusted servant first know his character and manner of rule, and if he understands him to be of good condition and governance, he should retain him, bearing patience in adversity. Otherwise, beware of him.\n\nSedechias further said: If you have a true friend who loves your well-being more than any of your kinsmen desiring your death for the succession of your goods, take him more in your love and favor.\n\nSedechias also said: Every resemblance delights others. Sedechias: He who will not be chastised by fair and sweet words should be corrected by sharp and hard corrections. Sedechias said: The greatest riches is satisfaction of the heart. He is not rich to whom riches do not last, nor when they can be easily taken away. But the best riches is that which endures perpetually. Sedechias said: Obedience done by love is firmer than that which is done by might or fear. Sedechias said: Experience is a good chastisement. Sedechias said: Looking upon the end of the work, if it is good, gives hope to the beginning. Good repute and fame are fitting in this world; the deeds themselves are profitable in the other world. Sedechias said: It is better for a man to hold his peace than to speak insincerely with evil people. When a king or prince is evil-taught and vicious, it is better for them that have no knowledge of him than for those who are greatest masters in his house. Sedechias said: A woman is better. To be barefoot is better than to bear an evil disposition or a wicked child. And he said, \"The company of a poor wise man is better than that of a rich ignorant man who thinks to become wise through subtlety. He who offends God, his creator, fails all the more. Do not believe in him who says he loves and knows truth and does the contrary. Ignorant men will not abstain from their sensualities but love their pleasures of the flesh. But it is otherwise with wise men, who leave idleness and the delights of this world. And he said, \"How can the works of those who intend the perfection of good things perpetual be compared to those who only desire their transitory delights? And he said that the wise bear their griefs and sorrows as sweet unto them, knowing that their end will be to their merit. And he said, \"It is profitable and good to do well to those who deserve it, and evil to do well to them. To those who have not deserved it, for all is lost that is given to them, just as the rain that falls upon the grave. He is happy that, during his days, he does commendable things, and takes in this world only that which is necessary to him and cannot be avoided. Applying himself to do good deeds and to leave the bad ones. A man ought not to be judged by his words, but by his works, for commonly words are empty, but the harm or profit of every thing is known by the deeds. When alms are distributed to the poor, it profits as a good medicine given to those who are sick. But alms given to the unneedy are a medicine given without cause. He is happy that he withdraws his ear and eye from all vile things. The most commendable decision that any man can make in his life is that which is set in the service of God and in good works. And the second is that which is spent on necessary things that cannot be forborne, such as food. Drink and clothing, as well as remedies against sickness: the worst issue is that which is spent on sin and evil works.\n\nHermes was born in Egypt. He is often identified with Mercury in Greek mythology, and in Hebrew as Enosh, the son of Jareth, the son of Malaleel, the son of Cainan, the son of Enoch, the son of Seth, the son of Adam. Before the great flood called Noah's flood, there was another small flood that drowned, but only the land of Egypt was spared before Hermes departed from there. At the age of four score years and two, he was accompanied by seventy-two persons of various tongues who always urged and exhorted the people to obey our lord. He educated Cum to virtues, which he fulfilled with sciences. He was the first to discover the art of schools and established laws suitable and appropriate to every climate for the people. The kings of those days gave him great audience and obedience in all their lands, and so did the others. The high priests of the Isles commanded the people to keep God's law, tell the truth, despise the world, maintain justice, and seek salvation in the other world. They were ordered to say prayers and fast every week, destroy enemies of the law, give alms to the poor and needy. The priests commanded the keeping of pork flesh and camels. They were also instructed to keep away from adultery. They established many feasts at certain seasons and appointed various persons to offer sacrifices at the rising of the sun. And some at the first new moon, and at the conjunction of planets, and when they ascended and descended. The sacrifices were of various things, such as roses, flour of grains, wheat, barley, fruits, grapes, liquors, and wines. Hermes added that it was not sufficient recompense to offer only these. And said, \"O thou man, if you desire God's wellbeing, you should never fall into the paths that lead man to harm. And said, \"Make not your clamors to God as ignorant, full of corrupt willfulness. Be not disobedient to our Lord God, nor transgressors of His law. And none of you do to your fellow as you would not be done to, but by concord and love guide others. Use fasting and prayers in pure and clean wills. Constrain yourselves to do good deeds humbly and without pride in such a manner that from your works may grow good fruits. And keep yourselves out of the company of thieves and fornicators. And said, \"Keep yourselves that you be not and let truth be always in your mouth, and swear not but in truth and 'nay,' enforce not others to swear who you know will lie. Lest you be partners in their adultery. Put your trust in God who knows all secrets and He shall judge you in equity. At the great day of Judgment when He shall\" You shall reward the good for their goodness and punish the evil for their wickedness. And you are certain that the Redeemer, our Lord, is the great test of wisdom and the greatest delight that one ought to have. From whom all goodness comes, and by whom all the gates of wisdom and understanding are opened. God, who has loved his servants, has given them discernment and has established prophets and prophets, and ministers filled with the Holy Ghost, by whom he has manifestly shown unto them the secrets of the law and the truth of wisdom, to entice them that they should shun all errors and apply themselves to all good works. And use wisdom and follow the laws, be merciful, and garnish yourselves with good doctrines. Think and look well upon yourselves, hastening you, to my great and especially when you shall punish evildoers. And if you use any manner of thing like to seem unjust, do not be ashamed to draw back from it and to take penance for the same, for to give other example. If it be. Not punished in this world, it shall be at the great day of Judgment, and such shall be tormented with great pains without any pity taken upon them. And he said, correct yourself by your own self and follow the wise men, learning from them good virtues. Let all your desire be to win good reputation and fame. Employ not your time and your mind in hurts through craftiness or subtleness. For such works will not be hidden. But at the last, he said, \"consecrate and of your faith unto wisdom.\" And if you do so throughout your life, it shall be to you a great and profitable winning. And of that noble virtue shall come to you greater benefits than if you should acquire great gold and silver or other treasures not durable. For it shall be to you a great richesse in the other world that never shall have an end.\n\nAnd he said, \"be all one within and without, in that you shall speak.\" And be humble and obey yourself to your king and your princes. And worship the great ministers under them. Love God and truth, and give true counsel to the extent that you are able. may the more holy among you, with your good patience, be in the way of salvation. And said, yield loving unto your lord as well in your tribulations as in prosperity, in your poverty as well as in your riches. And said, you shall bear nothing other than your works, and therefore, beware that you do not judge unjustly, and desire rather to have power in doing good deeds than riches in sin. For riches may be lost soon, and good deeds shall ever abide. And said, beware of much laughing and mocking any person, though you perceive in him any foul or evil teaching. Yet rebuke them not dishonestly. But think that God has made you all of one matter, and might have made you as evil as He, wherefore you ought to thank His goodness that has shown you such grace, and has kept you from mischief in the past and present. And pray Him of His mercy that He will keep you for the future. And said, if it happens that the enemies of our faith will dispute with you by diverse and sharp words, answer them in sweetness and in gentleness. Humble yourself and pray to God for counsel, and may He address all His creatures to the good faith for their perpetual salvation. Be silent in council and be cautious of what you speak beforehand. God said, \"Make your children learn good things in their youth, or they will fall to malice. And so you shall not sin in them.\" God also said, \"Worship and pray to our Lord with a pure will and address all your desires to Him, and He will help and enhance you, wherever you go. Subdue your enemies under you.\" When you wish to fast, make first your souls clean of all filth that your fasting may come from a pure heart without any evil thoughts which God deems vile. And as you ought to abstain from meats, so ought you to abstain from sin, for it does not satisfy to spare meats and do evil deeds. In your young age, visit the Lord's houses, and let all your prayers be in sweetness and humility without pomp or pride. When you are most merry in your houses with your people. Remember the poor and the humble. Give alms to them and said, \"Comfort prisoners, those in sorrow and trouble. Heal the sick. Clothe the naked. Give food to the hungry. Give a pleasant word to the thirsty, and if it was you who have hurt them, give it to them, satisfying yourself with the pain they endure. And said, \"Strive to make new friends, but first test them; lest, if you put too much trust in them, it be to your hurt and that afterwards you repent. He who God has exalted in this world should take no pride nor vain glory in it. Nor should he consider himself greater than one of his fellows, for God has made the rich and the poor of one creation, through which all are equal. And said, \"Beware that in your anger or indignation no foul words escape your mouth, for it is dishonorable and generates hate. It is not fitting for him who seeks knowledge to seek it by means or for money, but only by\" A king is good and noble because he causes good laws to be kept and maintained in his realm, and lays down the bad ones. Generosity and liberality are known when a person is in need and in poverty. Patience is shown when one has the power to judge and avenge. He who worships wise men is known as just and does good deeds, and enforces himself to win knowledge and good conditions. Therefore, he will find that those who like him in this world or the next do the same. He is unhappy both here and there who has wit and refuses to learn any science or doctrine. He who refuses to teach what he understands in science and good conditions should be considered a partner in the ignorance of the forward people. He who denies teaching science to one who is capable of learning it should be deprived of his benefit in this world, but there is none who saves ignorant people, who are usually envious and forward. And he said: \"Liberality and largesse are better in wisdom than in riches, for the reputation of a wise man endures, but riches do not. A man ought not to offend or hate him who has wronged him, but ought to do good instead of harm. The wisdom of a man is proven in three things: making an enemy a friend, making the Jew wise, and reforming the wicked into goodness. He may be called good when others fare better for his goodness. He who loves the well-being of his neighbor as his own. Great science profits little to a covetous man, but little science profits much to him who withdraws his courage from covetousness. And he said: \"Life may be compared to the flight of an arrow. And death is like its lighting. It is more merciful and better to have pity on the fool than on the worldly wise man. He who holds himself not satisfied with what he has.\" That god had sent him no more, and said, \"A reporter or a constructor of tales commonly lies to him who listens to them, or is false to those to whom he has spoken of it. And scorn and contempt put an end to love, as fire does to a brand. And said, An envious man is friendly to him who is present and an enemy in his absence, and shows him his friend by word and his enemy by deed. An envious man serves for nothing but to disparage all others. And said, He who feels secure in himself is not sure that he will not know his own guilt. And said, Be wary, do not obey covetousness, for when you want it, it will not obey you. He who gives good counsel to others begins to profit from it himself, and was asked by the said Hermes what it was that most hindered and troubled man, he answered, 'Ire and envy.' They asked him why. The wise man stood closer to the rich man's gates.\" The rich man at the wise man's house replied. The wise man knows the profit of the rich, and the rich does not know the profit of the scientific wise man. He who has wit and discretion and does not know it himself is like the foolish man, he said. He is wise who knows ignorance, and he who does not know it is ignorant. How should he who does not know himself know or judge another?\n\nThere are two kinds of men, he said. One seeks and cannot find, the other finds and cannot profit.\n\nSapience is like a thing fallen in water. It can only be found by those who will search and fetch it from the bottom.\n\nWithout chastity, a man cannot be very perfectly wise, and without wit, he may not be perfect in science.\n\nDiscipline is the ornament of wit. Every man ought to enrich himself with it.\n\nIt is not honest to chastise a man before all people, rather do it in private, he said.\n\nWhen a man often excuses himself. His known guilt. It causes his error to be remembered. And he said, \"The ignorant person is but little. Though he be old, and the wise is much. Though he be young.\" And the world now despises those whom it was once wont to worship, and the earth wastes and devours those whom it was once wont to nourish and feed. And he said, \"The fool is known by his words. And the wise man by his works.\" And he said, \"Few people envy a dead man, but many lie upon them.\" And he said, \"Be merry and glad. It suffices to anger the envious man.\" And it was asked of the said Hermes, why he did not marry. He answered, \"He who cannot swim alone in the sea, how should he bear another in his neck swimming? And he said, Keep yourself from the company of a young lion which resembles a thing that seems good from afar, and it is not right at all. And he said, \"He who will do evil at your instance against another, Right willingly he will do it against you.\" And he who will praise. The virtues not in the [thing] and thou rejoice in it, he may also allege the vices he sees in the. And he said, \"Ire troubles reason and hinders all good works and advances all evil.\" He who labors in that which cannot profit, therefore lets go of that which might. And he said, \"The harm and trouble caused by evil people hinders the desire and well-being of the good.\" And when thy friend errs or makes a mistake against thee, yet as much as thou mayest, depart not from his friendship, but try the means to correct him. And he said, \"Wise and true is he who readily forgives the error of his friend.\" And he said, \"It is better to chastise oneself than to let others do it.\" And he said, \"The goodness that comes from an ignorant man is like that which grows on a thorn bush.\" And an evil companion is like a tree kindled whereof the one branch sets the other aflame. And he said, \"The noblest thing that God has made in this world is a man, and the richest thing to him is\" A man suspects that things may not be as they seem. He said a true recommendation in heaven and on earth is truthful speech. A king or prince should not grant titles or authorities, but to good and merciful people. They should be loved as a father loves his children. He said it should be sufficient for a man to be rewarded when his adversary requested pardon. He was asked what was a generous act. He replied, \"to give silver to unknown men for the sake of known men, and to give to those who have acknowledged me, for the sake of those who have not.\" He said the life in this world is so short that one should not conceive hatred or desire to harm others. He advised, \"establish and appease your anger with your patience, your ignorance with your wisdom, your forgetfulness with your memory.\" He also said, \"It is a good sign when a child is ashamed, for it shows he should have wit.\" It is well that you do good while you are in prosperity, for perhaps in adversity your power shall not fail you. It belongs to every man with all his might to seek knowledge and to keep a good eye on his enemies. Beware lest you be exalted to greatness through pride by lordship or other riches. Your will, words, and deeds should always be equal, and so shall God love you and your succession. There may be none who escape on the great day of judgment, and His help will be there by the three things: Discretion, chastity, and good works. All things may be left save good deeds. All things may be changed save nature. All things may be redressed and reformed save evil deeds. All things may be essential save death, and the sentence of our Lord.\n\nIt is no marvel that a good man is not covetous, but it would be a great marvel if a covetous man were good.\n\nThe error of a wise man may be compared to a crashed ship, which in its sinking draws down many. And said, \"Trust is in the nature of a bondship. My trust is a liberty. And the said Hermes, correcting King Hamon, gave him this precept and charge: Remember first, above all things, to love, fear, and obey our lord God. Secondly, all those who have dominion and lordship over people ought always to keep in mind: First, to remember the people subject to him; secondly, all those in his service, yet he should keep them in freedom and not in thralldom; thirdly, how his lordship and power in this world may not long endure. And said, \"King Hamon, it behooves you to keep your soul rightly in will and word, and you ought not to be slow in the destruction of the miscreants, but to constrain them to obey our lord God. Desire not to have any riches without it being rightfully obtained. For truly, the people will always and well maintain themselves, and there can be no well-being in a realm without it.\" It has been observed that the decay of a kingdom is due to its people. If the prince is drawn away from them, he will be left alone and should therefore remember his deeds and estates, and put all that he will need in the other world into storage. If it happens that one must go to war in one's own person, beware lest the enemy surprise you through sluggish provisioning. When going to battle, first solicit and exhort your people courageously, and ensure that every man is set in his place and appointed how he shall fight. Beware lest you be surprised by the enemy through lack of watchfulness and good espionage. Therefore, multiply your scouts and spies so that you may always know the movements of your enemies, and ensure that they do not deceive you. Whenever you command your people to do anything, ensure secretly that they have carried it out. And charge or native whomsoever that they fear the consequences of offending you more. When you command any settlers to be made, do not sign or seal them until you have personally overseen them. Many have been deceived, and you know this to be true.\n\nGovern wisely, so that your knights and people take pleasure in your rule and are glad to be in your company. Delight them in seeing rightful and good governance. Sleep only as much as is necessary for the sustenance of your body and the rest of your heart. Enter into truth without dissimulation and sloth, and do not delay the execution of what is necessary.\n\nSustain and love those who are the great multipliers - that is, the commoners who labor the earth, by tilth and seed sown upon it. Through them, the realms and the people are sustained. The knighthood is multiplied, and houses are filled with riches. Therefore, such ones shall be kept and cherished.\n\nOpenly worship those who are good. Every man should do so according to his ability. his discretion and science should be made known to the people, so that they may be benevolent to those who seek knowledge. Encourage them to learn and understand, so that realms or provinces may benefit from their knowledge.\n\nPunish malefactors and those who endanger or trouble you within your realm or lordship. Strike off their heads publicly, so that others may take example from them. Hang thieves. And punish Sodomites and those taken in adultery according to their estate.\n\nBe wary of liars' words and punish them. Hear the proners once a month.\n\nDeliver those who ought to be delivered, and give them alms: it is due. But not so hastily that they may have desire for repentance. And be cautious not to act solely on your own counsel, but be advised by others. Men of age and discretion, and those who have experience in many things, find such just and rightly called by him. Report the former to the most holy opinion of all your counselors. And he said, \"He is noble who uses kindness. It is a great kindness to use justice and chastity, and to give liberally when it is asked. And he said, \"When a king or prince cannot restrain his own evil vices and covetousness, how should he reprove his servants? And when he cannot correct his own servants, how should he correct and guide all his people? Therefore, a king or prince first ought to be lord over himself, and then over others in order. And he said, \"A good king or prince should not be too full of suspicion, for it will make men draw away from him. Nor should he have any of that disposition in his household, especially backbiters, conspirators, or talebearers.\" When there is division or trouble in a king's or a prince's house, wise counselors or servants will scarcely remain. It is said that he who cannot control his anger has no power over his wit. A wise king or prince should not make comparisons nor dispute in discord with one who is greater and mightier than he is. And it is said that when a king or a prince has conquered and overcome his enemies, he ought to maintain them in justice, in good customs, and in liberality, and so he may make enemies into friends. And if a king or a prince assembles an outrageous treasure and does not dispend it, the people are to the king as the wind to a great fire. For the more the wind is, the stronger is the fire. And it is said that a king or a prince ought to know those who truly have served him and establish them around him according to their truth, wit, and ability, and ought to give and be generous. If he gives unwillingly to unworthy people who have not deserved it, it puts a stumbling block in the way. The courage of his good servants will last long to serve him well. And so he will be surrounded by numerous wicked people, to the point that he cannot be delivered from them. It is disgraceful for a king or prince to learn and know everything, as there are many things that a king or prince should not know or understand. Alquin said that men receive great benefits daily from God our Creator, even if they are sinners. They are then supposed to thank Him for His graces and ask for His pardon for their transgressions. Many things seem right and good at first, but are later greatly criticized. Many things that are initially despised later become desirable. It is better to have great necessity than to borrow from someone in whom you have no trust. If you labor to teach a fool, folly will increase. I marvel at those who abstain from bodily pleasures but make no abstinence from sin. Silence is often wise. that avoids perils and uses truth. Which discipline shall maintain thee and thy works, and he who will well keep the faith, ought to leave to his friend of his goodwill, and be gracious to those that he knows to be good and no denier of justice to his enemy, and to eschew all things that touch idolatry.\n\nOmid was an ancient poet in Greece and of the greatest estate there. He was after Moses. He and all followed his discipline. The which Omid, by fortune, was taken and imprisoned and put up for sale as a prisoner or a bondservant. \u00b6 And taxed him when he was. He said of his father and mother, \"Will you that I should sell myself?\" \u00b6 And they asked him, \"Why to be delivered?\" \u00b6 And so he remained long in prison. At the last they let him go. He was a man fair of form and of large stature, and lived 80 years. And hereafter follow his sayings. He is discreet who can refrain his tongue \u00b6 And said and labored for others. And said it is a friendly living to dwell with good people. and thou. \"you shall be one of them. accompany him, and you shall be one of those. He is good and liberal who applies himself to good works and puts them into execution or ever there comes any occasion of impediment. The heart shines in virtue and is sure when it is set in wisdom. And fraud and deceit are in the fruit of evil though. And the look shows sometimes the disposition of the heart before the words have been spoken. It is great security for a man to pursue by time in his causes. And it is wonderful of a man who can be in resemblance to God and enforces himself to be like a beast. Beware, lest you take nothing that you cherish to be accused of. For if you do, you shall be the accuser of yourself. Pay the price to win good conditions and virtues. For vices and harms thereby. There was once a wise man who escaped from a broken and lost ship onto an island in the sea.\" Being alone, he drew a figure of geometry on the sand. He was found by certain shipmen who brought him to the king of that land, telling him of the chance occurrence. Therefore, the king sent word through all his provinces, charging them to learn and acquire such skills as would be necessary for them after their ship was lost. That is, science and good work.\n\nHe brought with him two vessels, and the other was behind. In the vessels and the company of other men, he said to his son, \"Beware that you do not covet, for if you are covetous, you will be poor. If you are patient, you will be praised. If you are proud, you will be blamed.\"\n\nHe said, \"A man is better than all other beasts of the earth. Sapience is to be worked out by science. The world is a house of merchandise; some gain wealth through their good deeds, and some lose through their poor governance. By great diligence, some men attain to their goals.\" And he who has great might and governance in this world should have no great rejoicing, and he who has none is despised. And he said there is no wicked thing than lying, and there is no goodness in altering. Salon was of Athens and wrote many books of predictions. He established the laws there, which Athens was filled with wise men in those days. He had many verses teaching people to eschew their own wills. And he said, \"When you will do any thing, follow not your own will but seek counsel, and thereby you shall know the truth of the works.\" It was asked him, \"What is the most difficult thing in a man?\" He answered, \"To know himself. To keep his frailty or liberty. To speak in places where he ought not, To be angry, with that he may not amend, and to covet that, which he may not have.\" And he said, \"The things of this world are established by laws, and the laws are sustained by two things: by sword and by banner.\" And he said to his disciple. Do not act mockingly towards that which generates hatred, and said, \"The praises of a man belong only to those who are given to him for his good works. And it was asked, 'Who is generous?' He replied, 'He who practices generosity. Not coveting what others have. You may not depart from anything of yours without consideration. And he said, 'If you will, the love of your friend will remain firm with you. Be courteous to him and spare him in his anger or error. And he said, 'You ought not to give a man greater praise in his presence than he is worthy, for he knows the truth. And he was asked, 'How should one win friends?' He answered, 'In worshiping and speaking well of them in their absence. And he said, 'The soul has no greater joy nor greater sorrow than when it rejoices at good things and has no sorrow. But when it sees evil things and no good.' \" She looks upon the world and sees the good and evil so intermingled that she should not simply rejoice in herself nor anger herself. And a king who does right and justice shall reign and govern his people well, and he who does injustice and violence seeks another to reign for him. It is fitting for a king or a prince first to order and dress himself, and afterward to dress others, or else he will be like one who would dress his shadow for himself. It was asked of him, \"When countries and towns are well governed, he answered and said, when their princes rule them according to their laws.\n\nSabion was a great defender of his neighbors and had certain friends whom a king intended to kill. And when Sabion understood this, he went with them in resistance of the said king, who assembled such a great number of knights against him that he was discomfited and taken, and was commanded to be put in engine and tortured unless he would accuse those who were conspiring to make war. Against the king, Sabion answered that for no pain, he would not reveal that thing, which would displease his friends. In truth, he had his tongue cut out by his own teeth, so that he might not accuse his fellows and friends. And Sabion lived. XLIV. years, and after that followed his disciples, and he said, \"If you lose anything, say you have restored it, not yours.\" And he said to one of his disciples, \"Multiply your friends and that will assuage your care.\" And he said, \"A wise man ought to beware how he marries a fair woman, for every man will desire her love. And so they will seek their pleasures, to the hurt and displeasure of her husband.\" And he said, \"Delight in riches is a dangerous vice.\" And one of his servants came to him once and told him that his son was dead. He answered that he knew well that he was mortal and not immortal, and a man ought not to fear the death of the body, but the death of the soul. Oon asked why he spoke thus, for he held that a reasonable soul might not die. He answered that when a reasonable soul is converted into the nature of a beast, without the use of reason, it is still considered dead. For it loses the intellectual life. He found a young man sitting by the sea weeping despairingly of this world. To him he said, \"Despair not. For if you were in the midst of that sea with great danger to your body and your goods, you would wish most ardently to be here with only your life saved. Also, and if you were a prisoner, and the keepers would sell you and take from you all that you ever had, you would be glad to have only the deliverance of your body. The young man answered truthfully that he spoke the truth. Then Sabion said to him, \"Now think, have you been in all this danger and have you escaped? Therefore, hold the contentment with what you have.\" And you now stand in this state. The young man departed greatly reassured.\nYpocras was a disciple to Esculapius the second, who descended from royal blood. He was the first discoverer of the art of medicine. Which he swore and taught to his children, and commanded it should not be learned from anyone except from father to son. And so this science remained in their hands, and he commanded it should dwell in the middle habitation of Greece in the three islands. And Ypocras resided on the Isle of Thasos, and in the two other islands, the study was less in his days. The opinion of the first Esculapius was that medicine should be used only by experience, for it was never found otherwise. And so it was used until M.C.C.C.C. years after, when another physician came, named Methius, whose opinion was that experience without reason was dangerous. And they used these two opposing views for two hundred years, until another physician came called Bramaridos, who disparaged experience, saying: That many errors grew from this, and although he had three disciples who held different opinions, one used experience only, another reason only, and the third subtle crafts and enchantments. These three ways were used until Plato came, who diligently taught the seeing of his predecessors in his science and showed that experience only was dangerous and reason only could not be sufficient; he took the books of subtle craft and burned them all except those that were of reason and experience to guide him. After his death, he left the craft to five of his disciples. The first was to order physics for the body and to let blood. The three were to heal wounds. The four were to believe the sick and heal broken bones. And after this came Empedocles, whom he especially used and took for most true and reasonable. He left after his death to these of Plato. The three disciples, that is, Hippocrates and two others, who died and rested, leaving only science and craft in him. Hippocrates, who saw the craft of medicine as a means of salvation because all his companions were dead and he was left alone on the island of Cos. He thought it would be most profitable to practice this craft himself. He not only taught it to his children and kin but also to all who were willing to learn. He condemned certain things in this science and added them to certain compositions in brief words. He commanded his two sons, who were masters of sciences, to teach it publicly. He said it was more convenient that it should be taught to strangers capable and inclined to learn than to his own kin not disposed to learn. And as he ordered, it has come down to us to this day, and in his life he showed it to various strangers and made them experts in it, taking their promises. A king of Persia named Darius sent a request to the king of this island Thasos called Pylates, asking him to send Hippocrates, who would receive gold in return. At that time, the land of Greece was divided into many kingdoms, some of which paid tribute to the king of Persia, including that of Thasos. Pylates therefore asked Hippocrates to go to the Persian king, to heal certain pestilences in his kingdom. If Hippocrates did not go, it could be dangerous for the island, as the Persian king was not able to resist him. Hippocrates answered that he would never go to heal the enemies of Greece, nor leave the habitations where he practiced medicine. Hippocrates lived 451 years after Nebuchadnezzar. He wrote numerous books on medicine, of which thirty had been preserved, and twelve of these were most studied. Other books were also possessed of Galen's making. The aforementioned books were written by Hippocrates. Ypocras was of little stature, great-headed. Crooked-backed. Much studying and of little language. And much looking down to the earth, holding in his hand a flask of monies for letting blood or a green branch profitable to the eyes, he led a life. Sixteen years of which he was employed. Seventeen in study and the remainder in exercising his skills. And here follow diverse of his sayings:\n\nPoverty in fortune is better than riches in fear.\nAnd he said that life is thought short. The pain is thought long. Experience has been heard to come by, and judgment is dangerous.\nAnd he said the health is not to be kept sparing in good exercises nor to fill one's body with wines and meats.\nAnd he said, it is better to amuse oneself with what hurts than to encourage what helps.\nAnd he said, the heart is tormented by two passions, that is to say, with sorrow and the thought of sorrow comes dreams and fancies. And of thought comes wakefulness and restlessness. And sorrow is a passion of things past. And thought is fear. And he said that a soul is lost which sets its intent upon worldly things, that is, in covetousness. He who wants the life of his soul to endure should mortify it and give it pain in this world. And he said there may be love between two wise men, but not between two fools, even if their folly is equal. For wisdom proceeds by order and can agree in one sentence. But in folly there is no due ordering, and therefore they can never agree in love. He said a man ought not to swear, but it is either so or not so. He said be content with that which ought to suffice you, and so you shall not have any grumbling, the less grumbling you have, the more wickedness and vices you withdraw from. He said he who wants to be free should not covet that which he may not have, for if you will have what you desire, you are bound to it. It was a question for him of evil and vile things. He answered nothing to these things. They asked him why he spoke not. He replied that silence was the answer to such questions. He said, \"This world is not perpetual to any creature. Therefore, let no one differ, and I said he who does not know truth is rather likely not to do it, than he who is informed and taught it. Science is like a root of a tree. Operacion is like the branches. And science is like a thing engendering. Operacion is like a thing engendered. Take a little of science at once, so that you may keep it and learn more. For if you will take more at once than your witte may suffice, you may easily forget all.\nPythagoras said that it is a right blessed and noble thing to serve God. To sanctify his saints, to disdain the world, to use justice and all virtues, the most principal is to abstain from sin. It is good to use fasting and studies and to make oneself beloved. It is good to have science to understand. The truth of things. He ordered it to be taught to men and showed it to women. He also ordained prayers and polished and adorned speech. He said the soul is perpetual and capable of receiving merits and penances. He moderated his food and drink, never being fatter or leaner than others at any time. He was a subtle man and loved doing good to his friends as much as to himself, saying that the goods of friends should be common. He made 46 volumes of books. He was born in the country of Samye. He said an harm not lasting is better than a wealth not enduring. This was written both in his seal and in his girdle. He said that as the beginning of our creation comes from God, so it is fitting that at our end our soul returns to him. He said, \"If you want to know God, do not force yourself to know worldly people. A wise man does not esteem the worship of God in words but in deeds. Wisdom is to love God, and he who loves God loves him in return.\" that which the works that God loves are turned towards God, and he who is turned towards God is near to Him. God is not only worshipped by sacrifices or other offerings made to Him, but by the will and sincere intentions. He who clings much to this world is a sign that he has little knowledge. At all times, whatever you do, keep in mind that God is with you and knows your thoughts, and sees your deeds. Therefore, you ought to be ashamed to do wrong. God only knows the wise man who fears Him, and marvel not that the people do not know this. God has no more desirable place in this world than in a clean and pure soul. A man ought to speak of honest and good things, or listen to those who do, and grumble and eschew all vile things. Keep your patience when you hear slander, and do deeds that no one may speak ill of you, and attend to the security of your body. Be temperate in your eating. In your drinking, in your lying with women, and in all your other labors, strive to do well so that others envy you. And he said, do not spend excessively or be too stingy, so that you are not bound to your treasure. Have temperance and measure in all things, which is profitable in all respects. And he said, be attentive and receptive to your counsel, for your needs; if you neglect it or sleep on it, it might cause you to be a partner in your own death. And he said, do not do anything that should not be done. He who is not content cannot attain truth. He who has no knowledge ought to be disappointed. The judge who does not judge rightfully deserves great blame. Be careful that your tongue speaks no villainy nor that you give your ears to hear it. A man ought not to force himself in this world to make pilgrimages or buildings to serve others after his death. But he ought to strive and acquire such things as may benefit him. \"It is better for a man to lie upon the hard ground believing firmly in God, than to lie in a bed of gold, doubting himself. Let your merchandise be spiritual and not corporeal, and then increase and joy shall be good and lasting. He who has anything said, when you will set upon any man, think you would defend him if you were set upon. Dispose your soul to receive all good and worthy things. Set aside the vanities of this world, for they distract and impede your reason. You ought not to sleep any night until you have remembered and considered the deeds of the day past. And if you have done well, be glad and joyful therefore, and thank God for it. And if you have erred and done amiss, repent of it and ask for forgiveness and pardon of God, and in doing so, you may obtain His grace. When you shall begin any work, pray God to help bring it to a good end.\" And said, \"if you have haunted any fellow and his company is not suitable for you, spare him and his deeds, not by his words. For you will find many of evil works and good words. And said, \"a man cannot prevent himself from doing harm, but when he has transgressed, let him beware not to fall further into that error. And said, \"wine is an enemy to the soul when taken outrageously and is like setting fire to fire. And said, \"a sergeant ought to be obedient to his lord, but not so absolutely that he loses all his freedom and forfeits choice. And said, \"it is more becoming for a man to suffer and endure, rather than not do good deeds, though they may not please the world. And said, \"delight always as much as you can in keeping your soul in a good and noble state, whatever may befall your body. And said, \"a clean and pure soul has no delight in worldly things, And said, \"do not go the paths that may gain you hatred, And said, \"you ought to win friends, \" For maintaining your estate, and do not do things that you covet, but what you ought to do. Be mindful of when you speak, and when you should hold your peace.\n\nHe restrains himself from covetousness, which does not allow him to spend his good on friends.\n\nHe said, he is not very patient who suffers only as much as he can. But he is presently patient, who suffers beyond his power.\n\nPythagoras said, \"Just as a doctor is not considered nor taken for good or skilled if he cannot heal himself, so he is no good governor who commands others to shun vices and yet cannot or will not leave them himself. And he said, the world changes now with you and now against you. If it is with you, think to do well, and if it is against you, take it patiently.\n\nMany harms come to beasts because of their dominion, and to men through their own speech.\n\nIt is hard to grieve him.\" A man can be kept from four things: hastiness, wilful forwardness, pride, and sloth. Hastiness causes repentance. Wilful forwardness causes losses. Pride causes hatred. Sloth causes disdain. He saw a man, nobly and richly dressed, who spoke with vulgar and foul words. The king of Celda desired him to dwell with him. To whom he said, \"Your behavior is contrary to your profit, and your office is not well executed. For you destroy the foundation of your faith. Therefore, I will not dwell with you, for the physician is not infallible. Among his patients, he may fall ill himself.\" He said, \"The soul that is in the company of good people is in delight and joy. And when it is among evil, it is in sorrow and pain.\" The wise man considers the well-being of his soul as carefully as others attend to the well-being of their bodies. Their bodies and said, take friendship of him that you see follows truth, and think or you work. And said, as a physician cannot heal his patient without telling him the truth of his disease. So may not a man be well counseled by his friend without telling him the plainness of his cause. And said, many enmities grow for lack of trust between parties, and trust causes often many harms. And when Pythagoras sat in his chair he used in showing his doctrines to say, \"Measure your paths and go the right way. And so shall you go surely. Temper yourself from covetousness, and your good estate shall endure. Use justice, and you shall be beloved and feared. Keep not your body in great delights, for if you do so, you shall not be able to withstand the adversities that may fall upon you.\n\nAn old man, shamefast, said, \"If you will despise him.\" And said, \"A good king or a prince ought to think diligently about the state and guidance of his land and ought to oversee it.\" A good king should tend to his realm as a gardener does his garden. He should ensure that there is good watch kept, and if there is a failure in that regard, he should punish them well. He should also be wary of taking the food offered by a jealous woman or any suspicious person.\n\nHe said, \"A well-disposed man remembers his good deeds, but an ill-disposed one only remembers his virtues. It happened that his wife had died in a distant country. Someone asked him if there was any difference in dying in their own land or far from there. He answered, 'Wherever one dies, the way to the other world is all the same.'\n\nHe said to a young man who refused to learn in his youth, 'If you will not take the pain to learn, you shall have the pain of being rude and uncaring.'\n\nHe said, 'God loves those who are disobedient to evil temptations.'\n\nHe said, 'Good prayer is one of the best things a man can present to God, and if you ask him for any boon, let your works be agreeable to it.' Dionysius, also known as Dionysius the Dog, was the wisest man of his day. He despised the world greatly and lived in a barrel, turning it as he pleased for protection from the sun and wind. He ate whenever he was hungry, whether it was day or night, in the street or elsewhere, without any shame. And he was content with two woolen gowns a year. He lived and went about himself until his death. Some asked him why he was called \"doglike,\" and he replied, \"Because I bark at fools and fawn upon the wise.\" Alexander the Great came to him and took little notice of him, asking why he set so little value on him, being such a powerful monarch with no need. Dionysius answered, \"Alexander, am I not a god, as you say? For I am lord and master over all covetousness, and hold it under my feet as my slave.\" Master, and you are bound to her. And so are you bound to my slave. Said Alexander. If you will ask me anything of this world, I will give it. The Diogenes answered, why should I ask for anything, since I am richer than you are. For that little that I have contents me better than all the great quantity that you have satisfies me. I pray you step out of my light. And do not take from me that which you cannot give me. Well said Alexander. Who will bear the burden when you are dead? He answered, he who will not endure the Frenchman's care above the earth. And the said Diogenes said, he is not perfectly good, who only abstains from evil deeds. He saw a long man of good and virtuous disposition, who was ill-visaged. To whom he said, the goodness and virtues that are in the juice of beauty in your face. And some asked him when it was time for a man to eat. He said, when he had appetite and food. And if he had none, when he might get it. And he said, it is good for a man to keep himself. From the grip of his enemy, and the envy of his friend, he spoke as a man appears greater in a mist than in clear weather, so does his vice appear more in his anger than in his patience. He said to Alexander, do not think yourself more worthy for your beauty, treasure, and rich array, but only for your liberality and goodness. He said when you despise a vice in another man, look that you use it yourself. He saw a man who prayed God to give him wisdom, to whom he said, your petition avails not without first paying yourself to learn it. And he said, of all the virtues of humanity, the greater quantity of it is the better savior of words. He said it is not honest to give praising to a man for a thing he has not earned. He saw a painter who had become a physician. To whom he said, you know that men might see at the eye the faults that you did. Craftsmen, but now they cannot be perceived, as they are hidden beneath the earth. He saw a fair person, who was a fool. And he said, \"There is a false house. And right there, an evil host dwells within.\" He saw also a fool sitting in a window. And he said, \"There sits Thyrsus, staring at a stone.\" One asked him, \"What is love?\" He said, \"It is a sickness that grows from idleness and the lack of virtuous exercise.\" One asked him, \"What is riches?\" He said, \"Abstaining from covetousness.\"\n\nDionysius was once ill. And his friends came to visit him. Seeing that you are not well, they said, for your sicknesses come only from God's will. He answered, \"Therefore, I am even more afraid.\"\n\nHe saw an old man who was dying his hair. To him he said, \"You might as well hide your white hair. But not your age.\" And he said, \"It is more becoming. You go to the doctor. And similarly, I say it of the doctor of the soul.\"\n\nAnd he said, \"Dionysius, if you wish to correct any man, do not show it by violence. But as\" The surgeon attends to the sick. That is to say, softly and patiently, but if you will correct yourself, dispose yourself as the hurt man does to the physician. It was asked him how a man might keep himself from anger. He answered that a man ought always to keep in mind that he cannot be served at all times but sometimes must serve. And he shall not be allowed his will at all times but sometimes must suffer having this in mind. It should appease his anger.\n\nAnd there came before Alexander sitting at his dinner. Who praised him outrageously. And diverse ones asked why he did not listen to the fair sayings of the guest. He answered, \"I do more profitably than to listen to empty praises, for they are never the better for that, therefore. If you speak with a stranger, speak not too much until you have first compared the knowledge of his science with yours. And if you find yours to be inferior, speak humbly and respectfully.\" A better speaker you are not, be boldier and Ellis, keep silent and learn from him. Various delightful persons criticized him for his manner of living, and he replied, \"It lies well within my power if I wish to live according to your ways, but it is not in your power to live according to mine. And it was reported to him that certain persons had spoken ill of him in his absence. He answered, \"It will not harm me, though a man may strike at me without touching me. And he said, \"It is a base condition to answer dishonestly, and a noble condition to answer patiently. And he said, \"There is no greater treasure than Discretion and wit, nor greater power than Ignorance. Nor better friendship than good conditions, nor better guide than Good Fortune. And he said, \"Seekiness is the prime cause of the body. And sorrow is the prison of the soul. There was a man of great birth who reproached him. To whom he said, \"My blood and lineage are enhanced by me, and yours is hurt and lowered by the.\"\n\nDyogenes was of little speech. One asked him why he spoke no more. He answered that there was great virtue in a man's eyes. A man spoke great vileness to him to whom he said nothing. One asked him why he did not answer. He said I could do him no greater dishonor than he does himself, for he has brought blame upon him who does not deserve it. One asked him how he should trouble his enemies. He answered, enforce yourself to be virtuous and good. And if you want your goodness to appear great to strangers, represent yourself as little. He said, if you give power to your wife to tread on your foot on the morrow, she would tread on your head. He said, a company of women is a harm that cannot be avoided. He who does good for the goodness' sake only, ought not to fear before whom he does it nor for their praising nor blame. One asked him when he should know his friend. He said in necessity; for every man is friendly in prosperity. Another man spoke vileness to him where. He took no anger. It was asked why he was so patient. He answered, \"If I have spoken the truth, I ought not to be angry. And yet, if I had lied, he saw a man clatter so much that no one could make him hold his peace to whom he said: 'Friend, you have two ears and but one tongue; therefore you ought to listen twice as much as you speak. He saw a fair young man who made great diligence to learn, to whom he said: \"You do well to make your deeds assemble your beauty.\"'\n\nIn Greek, Socrates is called the keeper of Justice. He was married against the custom of that country, which was that good and virtuous people should be wedded to the wealthy/noble, to better their lineage. But he wedded the worst woman in all the land and had three children by her. He loved and worshipped wisdom so much that it was a great hindrance to all his successors. For he would not suffer his science to be written. He said that science was pure. And she should only be set in mind and courage, not in the skins of dead animals or corrupt things. Therefore, he made no books or gave no doctrine to his disciples. He held this opinion, as Tumo, his master, asked his master at a tender age why he would not allow him to write down the doctrines he taught. Tumo answered, \"Do you desire the hides of beasts to be worshipped with wisdom more than those of men? I set before you a case: if you meet someone in the wild field and ask for advice on a question, would it be good for you to say, 'Let me go home and see my books first'? It would be more honest to have a recourse to your memory and thereupon briefly to determine, Socrates replied. Well then, retain it well in your mind. You shall learn.\" And put it not in your book; in this opinion Socrates rested, he defended that no man should. Worship false idols but desired that all honor and worship should be referred to the creator of all things. For this opinion, he was condemned to death by 12 judges of Athens. They ordered that he should drink certain poisons, of which the king of that country was sorry. But he could not revoke the sentence. The said king had a ship loaded with things that in certain times should be offered in the temple to the idols. He had a custom that he would give no judgment and especially not on a man's death until the said ship was returned to Athens, which had not yet come home. Upon its coming home, one of Socrates' companions called Inclites told him in the prison that the said ship would arrive at the port the next morning or the day after. Therefore, he said, \"It would be good to give 300 pieces of gold to your keepers. They would let him escape secretly, and then you might go to Rome and need little to fear them.\" Socrates answered, \"All that I have is not worth four hundred pieces of gold. No, said Ctesiles. I and my friends have so much which we will gladly give to save your life if it pleases you. To this place, where I must suffer death, is the natural place of my birth, where I must die without deserving it, only because I reprove them for doing unjust deeds and for worshipping false and vain idols, and because I would have them honor the true god. Therefore I say, If these men of my nation persecute me for speaking and acting truthfully, strangers will do the same wherever I become, for I will never spare the truth nor use flattery. It happened that on that day his disciples came to him and found him in prison by the command of the twelve judges. They asked him many trivial questions, concerning the soul, and he answered them as freely and gladly as he ever had. One of his disciples, named Demas, said, \"Master, I know well that it is a hard thing for you to show and teach us, as you now stand firm in good doctrine. Socrates answered Spare not to inquire of me, for it is a great pleasure to me. They asked him questions about the soul, which he answered, and after they asked him about the state of the world and the composition of the elements, he answered them knowledgeably. He said to them, \"I believe the hour of my death approaches. I will bathe and make myself clean in this world, and say my prayers to those who will be present at my death. Therefore, I pray you, spare me for a while.\" He entered a house and bathed himself, then called his wife and children and gave them many fair doctrines and urged them to do good. Then one of the judges came to him with poison to drink. And said I, Socrates, I am not the one making you die; I come from the judges to execute you. Here is the poison you must drink to keep calm, since you cannot escape it.\n\nSocrates replied, I drink it willingly, and I know you are not to blame for this. His friends saw great weeping and lamentation, which he reprimanded, saying, I have sent the women away so that you should not act in this way. He then went aside and said, O God, have mercy on me. His muscles then contracted, and he said, No. Then they pricked him in his thighs and asked if he felt it. He replied, no. Suddenly, the cold crept up to his sides, and Socrates said, I have done this before in my life. The man named Crito said, \"What do you want, sir?\" He answered, \"Nothing.\" And lifting up his eyes to the sky, he said, \"I commend my soul to the maker of all the world, and so died.\"\n\nSocrates said... Had 12M disciples and disciples of his disciples. In his life, he devised that men should be guided according to three orders: in clergy, in knighthood, and in commons. He ordained the clergy above knighthood. Knighthood above the people, and the clergy should pray for the knighthood and the people, the knighthood should defend the clergy and the people, and the people should labor for the clergy and the knighthood.\n\nThe said Socrates was of ruddy complexion, and of a stature neither tall nor short. He had a hoary head, was well-faced, demure in speech, a great student, and looked intently at the earth. And when he spoke, he wagged his little finger. He lived for 82 years, and was written on his scale: \"Patience and good belief in God make a man victorious.\" It was written on his girdle: \"Having respect and consideration for the needs of every thing causes the salvation of the soul and body.\" He established laws which were sent into the East, West, South, and North, and all was governed by them.\n\nAnd the said... first thing you should fix in yourself is to keep divine justice and apply your will to it, and not perform sacrifices nor do unjust things nor swear false oaths. A man is held from his sickness by virtue of a medicine in the same way that an evil man is held from his malice by the law. And I said to my disciples, \"I am a farmer, and virtues are the seeds, and study is the water that nourishes them.\" Therefore, if the seeds are not clean or the water insufficient, whatever one does is of little profit. One ought to marvel at him who forgets the perpetual goodness of the other world, for the goods of this world, which is not enduring. And I said, \"The well-disposed soul loves to do good, and the evil-disposed soul loves to do evil.\" The good soul receives truth gladly and the evil soul receives falsehood. The good soul grafts goodness and its fruit is salvation. The evil-disposed soul grafts vices, and the fruit of them is damnation. The soul receives gladly lessons and said that a person who doubts in doubtful things and is steadfast in those that are open and have evident understanding, the souls of the good sorrow for the works of the wicked. The man who follows covetise loses himself endlessly, and he who hates it is enough, and at the end is rightfully worshipped. The good soul saves itself, and others are saved by it. The soul knows all things, and he who knows his soul knows every thing. He who does not know his soul knows nothing. He who is keen on himself is more keen on another, and he who is liberal to himself is commonly liberal to another. Little teaching suffices the good soul, and much teaching may not help the evil soul. There are six types of men who never leave anger: the first is he who cannot. Forget his troubles theij an emperor has no thing learned of him. He asked, \"Who pays himself to teach doctrine to a man of ill courage? He resembles one who tries to master a strong horse, which if he does not give it a strong bit with a curb, he will never conquer it. And he said, too much familiarity engenders no great love between them, and avoiding them causes enmity, and it is best to deal with them moderately. He said, he who does good is better than the good, and he who does evil is worse than the evil. He said, knowledge is acquired by the diligence of men, but discretion comes from God. He said, wisdom is the physician of the law, and money is the sickness. And when the physician cannot heal himself, how should he heal another? He said, you cannot be perfectly good if you hate your enemy, what will you be if you hate your friend. He said, this world may be likened to a field full of thistles in a manner hidden, where a man is pricked that dwells in it, and if he espies. him he will beware of it, and said he who loves the world has labor, and he who hates it has rest. And he said he is simple who is certain to depart from this world and beseeches him to make in it his building. And he said this world is like a light burning fire, whereof a little is good to kindle its light to show him the way, and he who takes too much of it may lightly burn himself with all. And he said he who sets all his mind in this world loses his soul, and he who thinks on his soul hates this world. And he said he who loves this world may not fail to fall into one or both, that is to say, into displeasing our Lord God or into being envied by mightier men than he is. And he said a man who seeks to have enemies seeks his destruction, and he who has many envy. And he said this world is but a passage into the other world, and therefore he who pursues it will find no rest. And he said, do not trouble yourself greatly with worldly questions, but resemble the birds of the air. The sky, which in the morning seeks their reflection and appear, as if by the wild beasts that come out of the mountains to seek their food, and return home again at night, and said the error is known in the end to be evil, and that which is good is more clearly seen afterwards. There, Plato took it upon himself to go on a journey and asked Socrates how he should govern himself there. He doubted about those whom you know, and beware of those whom you do not know. Do not go by night, eat no unknown herbs, and keep to the high way. He also said that two things are laudable to say: law and wisdom. Law keeps righteousness, and wisdom causes good conditions. Socrates accompanied himself with a rich man. And they met thieves on a high way. The rich man said, \"It would be dangerous for me if they knew me.\" And Socrates said, \"It would be better for me, if you were known.\" A wise man ought to use his days in one of two ways: in that which brings him joy in this world and the other, or in that which brings him a good name in this world. This world is the delight of an hour and sorrow for many days, and the other world is great rest and long joy. Whoever teaches the one word of wisdom does more good than if he gives it from his gold. Swear not by the Lord, for no manner of riches, however true, will make some think you are forsaking yourself. Be careful how you give your gifts, for simple folk give to the undeserving and refuse it to those in need. If you want to win a friend, speak well of him for good reasons. A king should banish all evil-disposed persons. He who errs and knows it should seek pardon. To a man who had reproached his lineage, I replied, \"If I am worse because of my lineage as you say.\" your lineage is the worse, for he who seeks the delightsof this world is like one who seeks to drink from Zarath, which at times, by the reflection of the sun, seems like water but is none in reality. A man has never perfect rest and joy in this world, for he cannot continually pursue delight and possess it, and often experiences trouble and anxiety, both losing friends and otherwise. The love of this world hinders men from hearing wisdom and blinds their eyes from seeing truth. It also causes a man to be envied and keeps him from doing good deeds. He who loves and clings to truth has more and greater servants than a king, and he is not free who binds himself to another. Speak after me: nothing, until you know the truth. Do nothing, unless it is seemly. A rich man said to him, \"Why are you so poor, Socrates?\" He replied, \"If you know what poverty is, you would grief more for it than for my poverty. It is a great marvel to see a wise man angry. Death is a thing that cannot be avoided, and there is no reason for anyone to fear it, except for those who have committed great iniquity and done little justice. Good death is not to be despised, but to be magnified and praised. It makes transformation from the world of uncleanness and shame to the world of worship. From the world of the fleeting to the world of the perpetual, from the world of folly and vanity to the world of reason and truth, and from the world of toil and pain to the world of consolation and rest. It is marvelous to doubt death and act contrary to one's salvation. Death.\" is life pleasant to him who knows how to have joy after it? And he who lives well shall die woesely. It is better to have a worshipful death than a shameful life. Death is the rest of covetous people, for the longer they live, the more their covetises multiply. Therefore, death is more desirable for them than life, for the death of evil people is the well-being and security of the good, because they will do no more sin nor harm to the people. And life is lived indirectly among the dead. And one ought not to weep for him who is slain without cause. But for him who has slain him, for he who unjustly takes a life, damns himself. And he who fears anything ought, to the extent of his power, to beware of it. And when you want to do anything, look for what occasion it is. If you see the end of it good, hasten the conclusion. Otherwise, resist your will. It is better to a [sic] [unclear] A man finds it harder to live than to borrow from one who considers his little loans and gifts to be great and without cause, thinking a man to be in his danger. He disliked accepting praise from such a person, for the dishonor and shame is greater than the gain. He had always loved to learn, and some reproached him for it. To them he said, the greatest shame for an old man is to be ignorant. He saw a young man who had foolishly spent and wasted his substance and was brought to such poverty. He feigned to eat olives, to whom he said, if the olives had been as good to you at the beginning as they are now, you would still have had plenty of your goods. There is no difference between an agreeable teller of tidings and a liar. The noblest thing that children may learn is science, for thereby they avoid doing evil works. He heard a man say that one was surer in keeping his tongue. In much speaking, for in much language one may lightly err. To whom he spoke, one ought not to understand those who speak well. And he said the profit of silence is less than the profit of speech, and the harm of speech is more than the harm of silence. And he said one may know a wise man by hearing and holding his tongue, and a fool by his much clattering. And he said he who will not hold his peace until he is constrained is to blame, and he who will hold his peace until he is bid to speak is to be praised. And he said it is an ignorant thing to dispute in things that cannot be understood. And he said the mean is best in all things. And he said much reasoning makes much wearisomeness. And he said if a man's wit does not master his frailty, he shall soon be overcome and brought to naught. And he said he is the best friend who does good, and the mighty friend who defends from harm. He wrote to a king, comforting him when his [reign?] was in distress. Someone was deded in this manner; God made this world an house of delight and reward, and the troubles in this world cause remuneration in the other. He said no man ought to reputation himself wise, and said this world yields example to those that abide by them. And said the loss of some is learning to others. He that trusteth in this world is deceived, and he that is suspicious is in great sorrow. One of his disciples gave him a gift, and he was troubled with all. It was asked him why he rejoiced not, he said the reception of this gift had procured his worship and put me in danger. And said be to thy father and to thy mother, as thou wilt that thy children be to thee. And said be not to angry nor to wrathful, for that is the work of a fool. And said one ought to have shame to speak that he hath shame to do. And said refrain thee from vices in thy youth, and it shall be the fairest garment, that thou mayest wear. And said govern thee the so to thy power, that no man say harm of thee, although it were. A man ought to have the most pity for three kinds of men, as Plato desired him to answer. The first is a good man in the guise of a scoundrel. He answered that a man must fall into one of these three categories: the first, lacking something that he covets; the second, having won something with great pain. He told one of his disciples, \"Suffice it to you to eat what will take away your hunger and drink what will quench your thirst. Remember well your soul and follow the good works, the wise counsel of the wisest men in your days. Eschew the allures that women set to ensnare men, for they are seducers of wisdom. He who loves this world is like one who enters into it.\" see if he escapes the pearls of the same mew. If he does, they will say he is fortunate. And if he perishes, they will say he is willfully deceived. The man has power over his words until they are spoken. Once he has spoken them, he has no power over them. And he who has no power to restrain his tongue has no might to resist all his other desires. Silence and speech are good in various ways and places. If a man is much heard to speak, one may know if he is discreet or not, and if he holds his peace or speaks little. One will rather deem him wise. When a man speaks, he ought to consider what he will say, for it is better that he considers than another. To one of his disciples, he said, \"Speak carefully or hold your peace.\" He who holds his peace or speaks little learns at the speech of others, and if he speaks, others learn from his words. One asked him what was a good purchase. He answered, \"That which grows in the spending thereof.\" He mentioned drunkenness. A man said one should not ask causes of him who has his heart set on the world, his advice shall only be given at his pleasure. He said good advice reveals the end of the work. There was a woman who called him old and said his face was right foul. To this he answered, \"You are so dark and troubled, Amor, that my beauty cannot be perceived in you. He is discreet who keeps his secrets well, and he is not wise who discovers them. A man should keep secret what he is desired to keep, and he is more to be prized who keeps secret what he is not desiring to keep. If you cannot keep your own secrets, much less will he keep it, to whom you have told it. One asked him why a wise man would desire counsel. He said lest his will be in any way mixed with his wit. He said he who is in good condition is good and secure in life, and is beloved by good people. He who is in ill conditions is exactly the contrary. To One of his disciples, trust not this world, for it pays never what it promises, and said, accustom yourself to be content with little. For you shall find it for the best, and that which comes to you, regard it not as little, for it may increase and multiply. But seek to win friends in true love, showing them no sign of hate. And one asked him what the difference was between truth and falsehood, he said as much as between the eye and the ear. And he who desires to have more than sufficiency has that profit him nothing. And to one of his disciples, trust not in time. For it fails to him who trusts in it. And beware you are not deceived by your beauty, and by your youth. Nor by the health of your body for the sake of your health shall be sickness, and the end of your sickness shall be death, and you may not escape the diseases of this world. There was never joy without sorrow, nor light without darkness, nor rest without labor, nor assembly without departing. And said, as the fortune of this world makes you rejoice upon your enemy, so may it make your enemy rejoice in you. And he who stabilizes and sets himself in a secure place is the more secure for the perils of this world. And he who is filled with the love of this world disposes himself to three things: first, poverty, for he will never attain to the riches he desires; second, suffering; third, busyness, without expedience. And he said, never tell your counsel to him who is angry when you pray him to keep it secret. One asked him what he had gained by his science. He said, \"I am like a man sitting by the sea side and beholding the simple folk wrapped in the waves of the sea.\" And he said, great freedom grows through service. For the more one serves, the freer he becomes. And he who wants to win friends should first see if he can restrain them from covetousness, and if he can, let him then live with them or else soon depart. \"depart and say if you are not covetous, you may rest in every place. Socrates had many sayings against those who are not translated. It was asked of him to what science it is best to set his child. He answered, \"to learn that.\" One asked him when he began to be wise and virtuous, and he answered, \"when I first restrained myself from will and said, a man is so diligent to learn and loves it so well that he takes no heed of praising or disdaining for the reward or loss. It was told him that there was no credence to be given to all his words. He answered, \"so that my words have been good and reasonable, I give no great importance who has believed them or not. He is in the second degree that compels him to make others good, and he who disregards these two is to be despised. To his disciples, be not good. Be not inquisitive about other people lest they be.\"\" \"inquire carefully and said, put wisdom and discretion before all your works. And you will be better prepared when you come to the execution of the same. And said, do not do good deeds just because they are unknown. There was one who pressed his face, to whom I said it was not in my power to make my face, and therefore I should not be blamed if it is ugly. And that which I have power over, I have made fair, and that which you had power over, you have soiled. And said, be true to him who accompanies you and bears truth to him. And you will be the more secure in avoiding danger. And said, do to others as you would have them do to you. And do to no one but as you would be done to. And said, a man ought to be corrected by experience and taught by the changes of this world. And said, he is generous who has greater delight in having good reputation than money. And said, patience is a strong fortress. And hastiness engenders repentance. And said, honor is the greatest of all things.\" Fruit of truth, and for your truth, friends shall worship you, and your goodness shall not be spared. To do that which is profitable, it is sufficient for a man to know and understand that which he sees daily fall in this world, for by it he may learn new sciences. He who wills well to every man is worthy of worship, and he who wishes harm to others puts himself in great danger, but the just man rests in safety. He who keeps himself well is a great conqueror, and he who sets little by himself, who does not think of his soul, loses himself. He who is patient does well and will not repent, and he who holds his peace saves danger. Let your seeds be good works, and you shall gather flowers of joy and gladness. You shall have rest in the company of a wise man: labor in the company of a fool. To be satisfied with little is worship, and not to be satisfied with much is shame. Inquire. When you have committed any fault, and if you have erred, correct yourself and repent. After repentance, do not return to it. Do not boast of any of your good deeds. He who praises him who works is a partner in his good deeds. Do not accompany one who does not know himself. He is at great rest who restrains himself from anger. He is well disposed who can moderate his delight and his speech. Take no shame to hear truth from whomsoever you hear it, for truth is so noble that it honors those who produce it. The thing that keeps a man from shame is better than the riches purchased by it. Many men perceive faults in themselves that find faults in all others. To a man who fled from battle, you do evil to flee from the honorable death to the shameful life. He who errs or knows the truth ought to do so sooner. Forgiveness and wisdom may not agree, for they are contrary. Sufficiency is a castle that keeps wise men from evil works. If he cannot avoid anger, keep it secret. A fool loses what he should not, but a wise man can lose nothing. There was a fool who blamed him. One of his companions asked him to avenge him, to whom he said, \"A wise man never grants permission to do harm.\" All things are steered and sustained by justice, and all things are impoverished and weakened by injustice. All that you do may not be concealed, although it may not be understood now. Good reputation is better than riches; riches will be lost, but reputation will endure. Wisdom is a richness that will never fail or diminish. Be wary of drunkenness, for the wit that is overcome by wine is like a horse that casts its master. Take heed of the guidance of (?) He who asks you for advice, if he governs himself evil by likelihood, he will guide you in the same way, for the reason that he should love himself better than you. And he said, \"Do not break the laws that are for the common profit.\" And he said, \"Poverty is better than ill-gotten riches.\" And he said, \"A man without wisdom is like a kingdom without a king.\" And he said, \"A king ought to take none to his service but those he has proven good and true before.\" And he said, \"He who takes all men in equal condition cannot make them all his friends.\" And he said, \"Commit all your causes to God without exception.\" And he said, \"Do not regard your sins as little nor magnify your good deeds, for you will need them if they were more.\" And he said to his disciples, \"Beware of this world and consider it a thorny bush that you must tread upon.\" And he said, \"Those who are worldly wise keep themselves from anger in the presence of their king by so much more reason ought they to beware, how they agree with one another before God who is to come.\" Understood in every place is God over all. And he who is long-suffering or angry, is harder to appease than he who is easily angered. The greater wood is hotter when it is well kindled. There were brought before him certain people who had done injuries to him. He answered, \"If you had any envy thereat, I would have envied him or else not. And wisdom and good repute are not found but in good people, therefore they are better than the great riches that are found in fools and evil people. And your soul should think well, and your body help it. And you, one of you who saw me in poor clothing, this is not Socrates thus poorly arrayed. You have the laws given to you by the people of Athens, to whom he answered, \"The true laws are not made by good appearance but by virtue, reason, and science. And to his disciples, he said, \"Dispraise death.\" And similarly, a wise man should know what his soul is, Plato is interpreted to mean completed or fulfilled, and he was Greek, by his father's side, he was of the noble Esculapius lineage, and by his mother's side, of the lineage of Zalon, who established various laws, as previously stated. He lived with Socrates for five years, and after Socrates' death, he went to Egypt where he learned much from certain disciples of Pythagoras. He then returned to Athens and established two schools and lived a virtuous life, doing good works and helping and nourishing the needy people. The Athenians wanted to make him their lord. He refused utterly, for he knew them to be bad and wicked, and he knew that he could not easily change their dispositions. He also knew that they would serve him as they had served Socrates. Plato lived. A man of good discretion and disposition, with great patience and generosity towards people and strangers, had many disciples after his death, among whom were Zenocrates and Aristotle, who continued his teachings. Plato taught his wisdom through allegory, intending it to be understood only by wise men. He learned it from Socrates and Timaeus, and wrote seven books, teaching the people to give grace and thanks to God for His goodness and mercy, making all men equal in this regard. A man, no matter how powerful, cannot resist death, and he thanked God for the wisdom He had given to man. Plato believed that nothing should be in him except what is necessary and good. He also advised against coveting worldly goods, as God has ordained that we should have sufficiency in this world. Such sufficiency is: Called \"Sapience,\" this you should possess with God's fear. Which is the key to goodness. Whereby you may enter and attain the good and true riches of this world, by doing all things that cause hatred and evil will. For if you knew how some things you love and praise are evil and vile, you would hate them more than love. He said, \"Direct and amend yourself, and after labor, correct others. If you do not, you shall be drowned. And I tell you, the thing that has made me most glad is that I have not set by gold nor silver. For if I had amassed great treasure, I would have had many heavy thoughts, where I now have joy and gladness. Which increases daily in me through learning wisdom. And I inform you, gold and silver are not good to be overly valued. There is some country where a little urine or vinegar bone is bought for a great sum of gold. And in other places, men take glass beads and other such things for as much gold.\" if it were perfectly good, I should be equally chosen and loved above all, just as wisdom is chosen and loved in every country. And he said, \"Ask and seek to have virtues, and you shall be saved. Praise no foul things and blame nothing that is laudable. Travel not to win things that will be easily lost. Follow after your good predecessors. Clothe yourself with justice and chastity, and you shall be happy, and your works lauded. Custom is a great thing. And the wicked works destroy the good, just as the bitterness of the aloe tree destroys the sweetness of the honey. And he said, \"A wise man ought not to think on his losses, but ought to keep well the remainder of his good. He who does not help his friends while he may, they will leave him when he has the greatest need of them. And he said that wisdom is good, for it cannot be lost like other possessions and worldly goods can. It was asked him how a man might be known to be wise, and he replied: Answered when he would not be angry about the injuries done to him and rejoiced not when men praised him. And it was asked of him how men might best be avenged of their enemies, he answered to be virtuous and to do good and noble deeds. And he said to his disciples, \"Enforce yourselves to get knowledge. By which you shall direct your souls and do your part to keep the law in such a way that your maker may be content with you.\" And he saw a young man who had sold the inheritance that came to him by succession. And he dispersed it in great feasts and other wasteful ways. To whom he said, \"The earth consumes other men. But you yourself consume the earth.\" And it was asked of him, \"Why is it that treasure and science cannot go together?\" And he answered and said, \"One thing, however complete a person may be, cannot be both.\" And he said that he who trusts in his fortune and is not something good and diligent in laboring in good works, the good departs from him, as the arrow departs from the stone that it has light. He who teaches good to others but not to himself is like one who lights a candle for another and walks in darkness. A king should not be greatly praised for ruling only over his subjects, but he should be honored who rules and has lordship over his enemies. He who gathers and assembles much silver ought not to be called rich, but he who dispenses it wisely and honorably. Someone asked him how one might avoid need, and he answered: if men are rich, let them live temperately and soberly. And someone asked him how much good a man ought to be content with. He answered: to have as much as he does not need to flatter or borrow from others. He said to his disciples, when you are studying, engage in reading good stories. He said, the wise man ought not to covet the riches of his friends, lest he be hated and despised therefore. A little is good. It is better and more becoming for a ruler to attend to the good governance of his people for the space of a day, than to dance and sport for a whole year. Works done by wisdom cause knowledge and discernment, while works done by ignorance are an unknown thing. Until truth is stable and sets things in their right way, and works done by deceit are for disordering good things and putting them askew.\n\nHe said that one should never be patient while covetous, and it was asked him how he had learned so much wisdom. He answered, \"Because I have put more oil in my lamp to study by than wine in my cup.\"\n\nIt was also asked of him what man is most capable of governing a town, and he answered, \"He who takes most heed of good counsel and casts most doubts.\"\n\nHe also said that the vessels of gold are proven and known by their\n\n(Note: The last line appears incomplete and may require further context or correction.) \"sows are proven and known by their speech if they are wise or fools. And it was asked him which are the most ignorant men in their deeds, and he said such as act most according to their own counsel, and those who obey themselves, and for lack of good advice dispose themselves hardly to do wicked deeds. And they asked him who does the most harm to himself. And he said he who makes him do what he ought not. Iugeth, the ignorant man, takes lightly the fairness or filth that he sees outside. And the wise man understands by that, the conditions of men. He finds wisdom seeking her by the right way. And many err because they seek her unfairly and blame her without cause. He who is ignorant of good wisdom does not know himself, and he who does not know himself is all ignorance. He who knows it not is ignorant.\"\n\n\"Wrath leads shame in its wake. The king resembles a great river growing.\" And yet a little running water, and therefore if he is sweet, the little should be sweet. And if he is salt, the little should be salt. And we should well beware that in battle we trust not only in our strength, discounting our natural wit, for often engine causes victory without might. But men may have victory by strength without the use of words. And he said a suspicion is of evil conditions and lives in sorrow. And he said not willing to use any worldly delights until you see whether wit and reason grant it. And if these two agree, you may well and lightly know the fairness and the filth, and in what way they write, and what difference is between them. The Reames are sometimes lost through negligence and sometimes through using too much idleness. Also when war lasts long there and when indignation ends is to be. And he answered, \"When you encounter a wise man troubled, [and] you are asked how a man should behave, [when] he is compelled to tell the truth of an unknown thing to him. [He said,] When you see a man of good disposition and full of perfection, you ought to follow him. For covetousness is both weak and sick in him.\n\n[He said,] Do not disparage a good thing too much; it may increase. [He said,] Do not blame or rebuke a man when he is angry; for then you may not be able to direct him.\n\n[He said,] Do not be glad at the evil fortune of another, for you do not know how the world may turn against you.\n\n[He said,] Keep your wit steady both at your right hand and your left, and you shall be free.\n\n[He said,] There are three things that harm me to see: a rich man fallen into poverty, a worthy man disparaged, and a wise man mocked and scorned by ignorant people.\n\n[He said,] Do not keep company with wicked men, for no good can they do you.\n\n[He said,] When a wayfarer is in prosperity, covetousness arises.\" A man is bound to the king, and when it is in adversity, the king is bound to covet it. He said, \"Do not covet that your thing be hastily done, but desire only that it be well done.\" He also said, \"A man ought to be more content and more bound to his prince for one fair word from him than if others had given him great gifts.\" He said, \"The gifts given to good people ask for retribution, and the gifts given to wicked people cause them only to ask for more.\" He said, \"Wickedness follows wicked men and disparages all goodness. Like the fly that settles upon corrupt things and leaves the sweet flowers.\" He said, \"Do not hasten to praise anything until you know if it is worthy of praise or not.\" He said, \"A wise man ought not to exalt himself before the unwise but should be humble and thank God for exalting him in grace. He should also put effort into bringing himself out of ignorance in the way of righteousness and courtesy.\" if he should rebuke him shamefully, it should be cruelty, and to instruct him easily is courtesy. And two disputers disputing and arguing to know the truth of a thing, have no cause to be angry towards each other, for their questioning falls to one conclusion. But if one thinks to conquer the other, they may lightly hated each other. For as much as I of them wish to bring his fellow to his own intent and so to subdue his opinion. And when thou wilt borrow or ask anything of any man, if it be refused thee, thou ought to be more ashamed of thine asking than he of his refusal. And he who cannot nor will govern himself is not able to govern others. And a wise man ought to ask courteously and meekly, and with few words, like the leech who heals. And a woman of feeble courage annoys him slightly in that which he loves. And enforce thyself to know God and fear him, and pain thyself for knowing thyself and teaching others, and rather do so than to be idle in thine own affairs. And said he desires nothing of God but what is profitable, not simply the good life here, but primarily the good end. He is unhappy that he continues in his malice and does not think of his end. And said, do not reckon your getting in things that are from you, nor carry it for those who have done for you. Until they ask you, the reward is theirs. And said, he is not very wise who rejoices or is glad in worldly prosperities, and is troubled in adversities. And said, the filth of worldly wit is known in much speech. And said, first think and afterward speak, and then execute, for things change lightly. And said, do not anger suddenly, for if you accustom it, it will turn to your harms. And said, if you are willing to give anything to any needy body, do not delay till the morrow. For you do not know what may befall to them. And said, be not wise only in seeing, but in doing. \"For the deeds that are done in the world and the wisdom of deeds are profitable in the everlasting world. And he said, \"The Lord accepts him as noble who does good works, though he may be simple and few-spoken. And He esteems evil the prayers and sacrifices that are done by wicked people.\n\n\"And he said, 'If you labor to do good, you shall therefore suffer no pain. For if you have a defect to sin, your delight shall vanish and be nothing, and your sin shall remain forever.\n\n\"'Have in mind the day that you shall be called to judgment, and you shall hear nothing then, and your clattering tongue shall fail you, your consumption consumed into the earth, and your wit so corrupted that you shall have no power to feel the stench of your body nor how the worms suck your rotten flesh.\"\n\n\"Also have in mind the place where you shall go, for the lords and the servants shall be all alike in that place. And there neither friend nor foe can help or hurt you.\" And therefore seek good sciences and discipline. For thou shalt not know when thy departing out of this world shall be, and yet be certain that among all the gifts of God, wisdom is the most excellent. Think and have in thy mind continually that thou hast a debt, and trust not in any things of this transient world. Be wary that thou do no foul deeds. For no delight nor winning, and be wary that for the variable pleasures of this wicked world thou lose not the joyful and everlasting bliss. And said love wisdom, understand and hearken to the wise, and be obedient to thy Lord. Work not but in due time. And yet be disposed to all people and despise no man for his meekness. And said that thou repentest no vice in thyself, blame not another though he do it. And thou oughtest not to desire to be praised of virtues that are not in thee, nor do such things that thou wouldest blame or despise another if he did it. Thou. must do such things as are good and commendable though they be forbidden. And A wise man ought to acknowledge his error greatly and his good deeds little. And said folly is to cut off the vines, and take away the evil branches thereof, and to leave within ourselves the covetises and other wickednesses. And like as we keep ourselves from the multitude of foods for the health of our body, we ought by so much the more reason to abstain from vices, for the salvation of our souls. And he who adds to his gentleness nobleness with good manners and conditions is worthy to be praised. And he who takes and suffices himself only with the gentleness that comes to him by his kin, without purchasing any other virtues, ought not to be called good, nor to be held noble. And said, if you feel yourself more true to the king than others, and that your wages are like theirs or less, yet you ought not to complain thereof, for yours are lasting, and so are not theirs. And if anyone envies you and by envy harms you, you ought not to retaliate, but to leave it to God's judgment. And he said, set not evil among you, and you shall have peace with him, for he seeks only to make noise with the people. And he said, a man should keep his holidays primarily from evil doing. And he said, the more exalted a man is in high estate, the more he ought to be meek and courteous to the people, so that their love may remain with him if anything should befall him. And he said, a man can keep the love of his friend if he corrects him gently of his faults. And he said, a wise man ought to choose good men to be his servants, just as men choose good ground to labor it. Aristotle, by interpretation in Greek, is fulfilled or complete in goodness. He was the son of Nicomachus, who was well versed in physics and a good physician, and was born in the town of Stagirus. He was of the kindred both by his father's side, and by his mother's side, of Esculapius, whom he revered beforehand, for he was. In his time, the most excellent and best of all the Greeks. When the aforementioned Aristotle was eight years old, his father sent him to Athens, then called the City of Wisdom. There he learned grammar and other books of poetry. He studied there for nine years, profiting greatly. In those days, men placed great value on the aforementioned sciences, believing that they were the foundation for all other sciences. However, there were also certain other men at the same time as Pythagoras and Pythagoras and various other reputed individuals who held the aforementioned sciences in contempt and mocked them. They argued that such sciences as grammar, rhetoric, and poetry were not worthy of wisdom and that grammar was only for teaching children. Poetry was for telling tales and making lies, and rhetoric was for speaking eloquently and in terms. When Aristotle heard these words, he was greatly astonished and agreed with those who held a different view. And he held the same opinion. He strengthened him, after his power, to sustain all manner of Grammarians and Rhetoricians. He spoke plainly that Science cannot excuse her from the said Sciences, for Reason is an instrument of wit. As it openly appears that knowing of any thing is to use of Reason, and this prerogative which God gave to men is right noble and worthy. Among men, he should be held for the most noble and wisest, one who most uses reason. He tells them in place and time convenient. And since Science is most noble of all things,\nshe ought to be declared by the best reason and most acceptable manner, and by the most pleasant and shortest words that can be done without error or letting the sentence slip. For if the reason is spoken imperfectly, the name of wisdom is lost, and so is the speaker in fault. And so the hearers restrain in doubt of the sentence. And after that. Aristotle studied under Plato at a place called Epidenus, where he learned the four sciences theologically. At the age of 17, Aristotle remained in Epidenus after Plato's second visit to Cecile. He continued teaching there until after Plato's death. King Philip of Macedonia then summoned Aristotle, who went to Macedonia and resided there, teaching continuously. After Philip's death, his son Alexander the Great ruled, and when Alexander departed from Macedonia to go to Egypt, Aristotle returned to Athens and lived there for ten years, studying until he became a sovereign clerk. Envious citizens accused him of not worshipping their idols like others, and he quickly left Athens and went to Chalcis. He feared that the people of Athens would have done to him what they did to Socrates if he had stayed among them. He established a residence in Syros, where he taught and provided many beneficial instructions to the people. He occupied his time with good deeds and performed great acts of charity for the poor. He married many fatherless and motherless children and taught kindly all who wished to learn, regardless of their origin. He rebuilt and improved the city of Syros and there instituted laws. He gave instructions to kings and princes whom he respected. After his death at the age of 61, the people of Syros honored his bones by placing them in a shrine where they held their council, not only because of his great wisdom but also because of the great and fervent love they had for him. They often gathered near the shrine to address important matters. And Aristotle, in his time, had many king's sons as his disciples. He wrote well over twenty-eight books in logic during his days. Aristotle defended himself to those who criticized him for writing his sciences in books, saying, \"Anyone who loves science ought to do nothing that would cause its loss. It is good to compose and make books, for when our memory fails, they will be recovered by men through books. He who hates science will not profit from it, even if he sees and holds the books, but will depart worse and less wise than before. I have arranged and ordered my books in such a way that the wise will easily understand them, but the ignorant will have little advantage from them.\" And Aristotle held in his hand an instrument of stellar science. He told King Alexander that he, who has a good and laudable name and the grace of God, should ask or desire nothing more. He said to him, \"Direct yourself first, for if you are not just, how can you lead your people? If you are in error, you cannot govern them well. A poor man cannot make another rich, he who is disrespected cannot respect another, and he who is right weak cannot help another. Therefore, if you wish to remove filth from others, first cleanse yourself, or else you will be like the sick leper who travels to heal others with the same affliction.\n\nIt is a great advancement for the people to have a wise king.\nIt is a great corruption for them to have a corrupt and misruled king.\nHe kept saying, \"Keep the fro -\" You ought to remember and think that it is not laudable to have riches in this world and shame in the other, for this world is nothing but a transitory place for going to the other world. And he said, \"Be content with such riches as you have, for he who has not sufficiency can never be rich, no matter what goods you have. And he said, \"If it were so that by evil doing it should fortune you to have some good, and by well doing to have some harm, yet avoid evil eyes. You will be deceived in the end, and ever do good and at the end you will be rewarded. And he said, \"Speak such things as you pray upon yourself, do not blame it on another, and do nothing to others but what you would have done to yourself. Restrain your own will, and do not hate other men, do not envy, and do not harbor indignation against him who has offended you. For no man can escape sorrow, do not covet, for covetousness lets the mind reason and takes away the knowledge of truth.\" do not disable works, take company with wise men and study in their books, for the liars lie only for unwitting reason and of their souls, the least harm that can fall to another, is that no man believes him of anything that he says, nevertheless, a man may better be wary of a thief than of another. And the hearts of good people agree together, like running water with the water of the sea. And the hearts of evil people cannot easily agree, although they be together, as the unreasonable beasts that play and leap together and suddenly fall to fighting. And said, grant that your offices and authorities be given to those who love and follow truth and right wisdom and cause them to have rigorous penalties for harm-doers and lovers of falsehood and deceit. And said, if you have done wrong in any thing, counsel you to wisdom, and if they disparage you thereof be you not overly angry. Therefore, and if a man has some vice but also has many virtues, you ought not therefore to let him ask you. The wise man spoke and said, \"Many people will let and trouble those who cannot help themselves. Justice is a measure that God has ordained on earth, by which the weak are defended from the mighty, and the true from the untrue. The wise man knows what ignorance is, for he has been ignorant himself at times, but the ignorant have never been wise, and therefore he does not know what wisdom is. To Alexander, I say that there are little concerns in your kingdom, and many great and general ones. If you use power over anyone because of the great, and neglect the little, you will well understand and perceive that great damage will fall upon you in the future, if it does not come sooner. Generosity is to give to needy people or to him who has deserved it, so that the gift is within the ability of the giver. He who gives beyond reason ought to be called a waster, not generous. Wisdom is the defense of the soul and the mirror of reason, therefore blessed is he who travels in it.\" She is the foundation and root of all noble deeds and praiseworthy things. By her, we can obtain the good end and avoid everlasting pain. And Alex andre, if you use your power and lordship otherwise than you should, you will be envied. Envy will bring destruction, destruction will bring injustice and enmity, and from injustice and enmity will come battle. The law will be destroyed, the people will be harmed, and your possessions will be lost.\n\nBut if you use your lordship as you should, truth will increase in your kingdom. From truth will come justice, from justice will come love, and from love will come great gifts and peace by which the law, the people, and your good will be maintained and increased.\n\nHe who makes his kingdom a servant to the law will reign, and he who takes and removes the law from the kingdom will not reign. A king ought to be of good and strong courage, to remember the end of works, and to be courteous and free. And to restrain his wrath wherever it may arise. appartains and shows where it is necessary, to keep him from covetousness, to be true to govern him as near as he may after his good predecessors, to give to his men as they have deserved. To defend and keep the law and the faith. And ever to do well after his might, and if the strength of his body fails him, then to keep the might of his courage, by which he shall be the more assured in all his needs. And the king who governs him and his realm well by his wisdom is worthy of great praise and laud.\n\nAnd said to Alexander, seek to win the riches that are not transitory. The life that is not movable, the kingdom that cannot be taken away from thee and the everlasting joy, be pitiful but not too much so that thou standest in danger thereby, do punishment and justice to them that have deserved it without delay, travel to fortify the law, for in that is the love and fear of God. And when thou shalt be compelled to take vengeance on thine enemy, put it not over until another day for the fortune, and. And you should not hate him who speaks the truth nor rebuke him who keeps the faith, but he who acts contrary to the faith be your enemy with all the power of your realm, and he said:\n\nIt is better that you correct yourself and amend according to the example of your predecessors, than your successors should amend him according to the example of the past. And he said: worship good men and thereby you will have the love of the people, and set not all your will in this world, in which you may not long abide. After that, you shall see that great profit and worship will come to you therefore. And he said: he is of great and strong courage, of good discretion and laudable faith, who bears patiently all his adversities as a man can. And said one should not be known to be weak in prosperity. And said thou ought to think that the weakest of all thine enemies is stronger than thyself, and should cherish thy knights and thy yeomen, having them in as great love in time of peace as in time of war, for if thou set little by them in time of peace, they shall forsake thee when thou shalt have need of them. And said the greatest profit that thou canst do in thy realm is to remove the wicked people, and reward the good. And said a man is of evil disposition who takes no heed but to the vices and faults of others, in disdaining them. And said worshipful death is better than shameful life and the wisdom of a man of low degree is honor, and the folly of him that is of high degree is a shame, and avarice is the thing that takes away the name of gentleness. And said the good price ought to go to the people as his good predecessors have done, and to love and cherish the good and true people more than his treasure or other worldly goods. And he should be delighted in that which he has rightfully and not unrightfully. He said no man should be ashamed to do justice, for if the king is not just, he is not a king but violent and rapacious. And he said wicked men obey for fear, and the good for their goodness. And he said men ought to do well to the good people and chastise the wicked by rigor. And he wrote an epistle to Alexander that kings should be worshipped for three things: instruction of good laws, conquest of lands and regions, and peopling and destroying deserts, willing to correct all men's faults. He is happy he who can chastise himself, taking example from others. Fortify your souls with good deeds and depart from covetousness which destroys feeble hearts. There is nothing that makes a man less esteemed than praising and boasting of his good deeds. It was asked of him what is the cause. that wise men will not be angry and any man will teach them. And he answered because wise men know that science is a right profitable thing. And he said that one who cannot or will not do well should keep him from evil doing. And he said to his disciples, look that you have four. Two for hearing and learning sciences and profitable things, and the other two for your worldly businesses. The most profitable thing to the world is the death of the wicked people. And he said a man may not be so well known as in great authority. And in all things the least quantity is the lighter to bear, save only in sciences, for he who has most of it can bear it more lightly. It was asked of him what was the most commendable thing for a discreet man to have, And he answered that, which should abide with him if he escaped out of a drowned ship in the sea. Men ought to love to learn the best of the sciences as bees love the sweetest of the flowers. He had a noble and worshipful heritage. He who often goes to see his inheritances has the most pleasures. And he answered that he who is most inclined and disposed to vices cannot increase in good or profit from learning. And he said to one who was slow and unwilling to learn, since you will not take the trouble to learn, you shall have the trouble of being lewd and uncivil. Keep yourself from the company of him who does not know himself. Those who are daily inclined and utterly disposed to vices cannot increase in good or profit from knowledge. And he said if you want to have done with your body all that he desires, you will be worse in health and in all other things, and finally your soul will be damned. He who is entirely inclined to fornication cannot be praised or come to a good end. A merry man will not easily be angry. A liberal man cannot well be envious, nor a covetous man content with his riches. And he said a man is proved and tried by his works as gold by the fire. One of his disciples reported an evil thing about one of his works to him. fellows. To whom I would not believe your evil words against your fellow, nor I against him, and it was said that the rain may not benefit the corn that is sown. And he said, \"wisdom makes riches seem fair and conceals poverty.\" It was asked of him what was fair speaking. And he answered, \"to speak little and laudably, and to give reasonable answers.\" He wrote this to Alered: \"You are a noble and mighty king, and more mighty than you were. You will increase if you rule and govern righteously and justly your people. And in doing so, the people will obey you. But if you are an extortioner and take all their good from them, then you will be lord of the powerless people, and then you will be like him who governs the domestic animals better than man, for there is nothing more commendable to kingship than to covet unduly the goods of his people. He who has a little truth desires to have more. Reason makes a man more sovereign than beasts, and he who has no reason is but a beast in many things.\" The newest is best, but love is contrary, for the elder is more worth. A lord of sciences asked him what a man should learn first who seeks wisdom, to whom he replied, \"the government of the soul, as it is everlasting and more noble than anything we have. They asked him how the soul acquires wisdom, and he answered, \"as a sick man seeks a physician and as a blind man inquires about colors to those who see them.\" It was asked of him, how a soul might see itself, and he answered, \"the soul that lacks wisdom can see nothing, just as the eyes cannot see without light, neither themselves nor others.\" He said, \"all things have properties, and the property of discrimination is to choose well the good from the evil. The lordships won by study are dangerous and painful, but they should be continued and prospered. Those that are lightly won and kept in joy and pleasure come to little profit in the end.\" We see commonwealth in the towns where inhabitants take great pains to maintain and increase wealth, and the towns full of pleasures and delights fall into ruin and destruction. And haste in speech makes men err. I marvel how he who is lord without cause accepts it and is pleased with all, and he of whom men speak evil without cause is angry with all. And look that you not be like the butler who casts the flour and keeps the bran. Men ought not to take the governance of the people into their hands who cannot know the needs of the poor people, who will work without liberation, or who are vexatious. There is no difference between a child of age and a child of manners, as for condition, whatever age he may be, for the conditions of men are shown and known by deeds, not by age. It is necessary for a man if he will be good that he be able of himself to know truth and do it in deed. A man cannot learn that which he cannot understand himself, and goodness is divided into three forms. The first is in the soul, the second in the body, and the third in operations. The goodness of the soul is the noblest, as using its virtue reveals and forms it in good deeds. A man finds wisdom and good conditions through long learning of true science. There are many people who know the good works and do not perform them, seeking help and counsel from the physician instead, and thus their bodies remain without health and their souls without blessings. One may know the inward dispositions of a maiden, but it is somewhat difficult; yet one can easily do evil as an apple. Not knowing what action to take or leave, Old folk love together and do not have children, for old folk have their pleasures like young folk in various ways. Agreeably. The completion of a man's months is to be well-friended more than a man without friends cannot have whole felicity. And every man has need of friends, whether he stands in good case or in bad, if he stands in evil condition, they are to help him, and if he stands in good case, he is to make merry and cherish them, so that they may help him to resist inconveniences that might fall. And no one has delight in justice, but the just man, none has favor for mercy but the wise man, and no one loves friendship but the true friend. And the wicked men sustain their perils by their bodily strength, and the good men suffer their perils patiently by the true virtue of their souls, and this patience comes not by the might of arm or hand or any other member, but only by the grace of the soul, and thereby to resist against covetousness and other griefs of this world, trusting therefore afterwards to come to bliss. He wrote to King Alexander in this form: Thou oughtest to obey well the commandments of God, for he has granted you your desires and all that you have asked of him. And wisdom is life, and ignorance is death, therefore he who is wise is alive, for he understands what he does, and he who is ignorant is dead, for he does not understand his actions. The elegance of the time makes the works old, and it only preserves reputation, which remains in the hearts of successors. It is necessary to acquire good reputation and thereby endure nobility. Lessening is the sickness of the soul which cannot be healed but by reason, which never leaves. A wise man is he who does not announce things into the time that is present so that they may be understood. The best speaker is he who speaks not until he is well prepared with what he shall say. The best workman is he who begins not his work until he has well considered and pondered it in his heart. There is none who ought to have more thought than the wise man. It is necessary to him. And men are more inclined to covetise than to reason, for covetise has accompanied them from childhood, and reason does not come to them until they reach maturity. And he said, \"The children hate their masters when they teach them, for they do not know what good may come from it, but only think of the labor and pain of their learning. And Alexander asked him questions about the governance of lords and people. To whom Alexander gave good answers. But Aristotle never stopped scolding him with a rod. And it was asked of him why he beat him without cause. He answered, \"This child is like and capable of being a great lord and a mighty king. I have beaten him only to keep him humble and meek.\" And a young man asked him why he was so poor. To whom he replied, \"My poverty has not offended me, nor does it harm me. But you have wronged me.\" And shall do harm none. The realms are maintained by the laws ordained by the king and princes. The kings and princes are sustained and upheld by knights, and knights are maintained by money, and money comes from the people, and the people are governed by Justice, without which no realm may prosper.\n\nAlexander the Great was the son of Philip, king of Macedonia, who reigned for seven years. And the said Alexander began to reign in his 33rd year, and he said to his people in this way: \"Fair lords, I will in no way be contrary to your wills or your deeds. But I show to you that I hate frauds and malices, and as I have loved you during my father's life, so I will do in the time coming. I both counsel and pray you that you fear God and choose him as sovereign, and be most obedient to him who will best provide for the good state of his people, and who will be most devoted and merciful to the poor people, and the one who will best keep Justice.\" The feeble should be defended against the mighty by one who will act in the public's best interest, and not be swayed by worldly pleasures. Such a person should be chosen as king, and those who understand this were greatly astonished when they heard the reasons. \"We have heard and understood your great reasons,\" they answered him. \"And we receive and will receive your good counsel. Therefore, we choose you to be our king and to have lordship over us during your life. We believe there is none more deserving.\" They chose him as their king and gave him their blessings, praying that God would bless and sustain him. \"I have heard,\" he replied. the prayer you have made for me asks God to steady the love of me in your hearts and corps, and not to allow me to do anything against your profits or my displeasure. Shortly after, he sent letters to all the princes and good towns of his realm. One king of Perce and Mede sent to Alexander in response, as his father had done. He informed Alexander that the hen that laid the egg was dead. After this, Alexander made great conquests. When he had conquered India, he went to God and asked for her, for by battle you shall never have her. Upon hearing this, Alexander made his entire eastern army wait and went into the said country with only a few knights to investigate further the truth. When he entered the same land, he found many poor people, women and children, gathering herbs in the fields. He asked them many questions to which they answered wisely. And then he offered them something that might do them good and benefit all their people, and he was willing to give it to them gladly. And they replied, \"Sir, we ask for nothing else but that you will give us everlasting life.\" Alexander answered and said, \"How can a man make another's life everlasting, when he cannot prolong his own? That which you ask of me is in no one's power who lives.\" Then they said to him, \"Since you have good fortune and can gather all worldly treasures and do not know when you must leave them, then...\"\n\nAlexander said to them, \"I do not possess all the things you speak of myself, but God has sent me through all lands to magnify His law and to destroy those who...\"\n\nAnd sometimes, Alexander went visiting his lords and inquiring of them. On one occasion, he entered a town of his own.\n\nAnd there, in the town, two men of the same town were before a judge. One said to the judge, \"Sir, I have bought a house from this man.\" And later, I have offered to convey it to him.\n\nBut he had not done so. Sir, I ask that he be compelled to take the treasure, as I have no right to it. Then the judge commanded his adversary, \"Sir, the treasure was never mine, but he has proven in that place that it was previously available to all who would have claimed it. Therefore, I have no right to take it.\" And they both requested that the judge take it for himself. He answered, \"Since you say that it is yours and it has long belonged to you, how could I have any right to it who am but a stranger in this case, and have never heard of it until now? You would excuse yourself and give me charge of the treasure, which is unjust.\" Then he had found a son, and he asked if he had a daughter. The judge said, \"Marriage should be arranged between them, and they should have the treasure through this means.\" And when Alexander heard this judgment, he had great marvel at it, and said to the judge: \"I truly believe that there is not in all the world a more righteous and truthful judge than you. The judge who did not know him asked him whether any judge would have done otherwise. Alexander replied: \"You certainly said, Alexander, in many lands.\" Then the judge, having great marvel at this, asked him whether it rained and the sun shone in those lands, as though he would have said that it was marvelous that God should send any light or rain or other good things to those who do not rightfully administer justice. And Alexander was more marveled by this than before and said that there were few such people on earth as they were in that city, in which there was no judge. He asked the inhabitants why such things should be. They answered him: \"First, for the excessive height of buildings. Love and justice cannot long endure in a town among the people, and they say that\" The pittes or graves were their own houses to which they should go and dwell until the day of judgment. And as for having no judge, they claimed they made good justice among themselves, therefore they needed none. Then Alexander departed from them, pleased. And before his death, he wrote a letter to his mother, requesting her not to mourn for him. Soon after Alexander died and was buried in a golden coffin in Alexandria. He was born there with great reverence by kings, princes, and other great lords, who kept and fulfilled his testament as he had ordered. Then one of the greatest lords among them rose up and said, \"Those who never wept for other kings should weep now for this one. And those who never marveled at adversity should marvel at the death of this king.\" He urged the other lords to say something comforting to the people, who were greatly dismayed and troubled by the death of King Alexander. The worthy King Alexander was known for keeping gold and silver. One person said, \"King Alexander was once kept by gold and silver, and now gold and silver keep him.\" Another person stated, \"Alexander is freed from sins and filths, and his soul is now with the purified souls.\" Another person remarked, \"Alexander was accustomed to chastise all men, and now he is chastised.\" And another person said, \"The earth could not contain Alexander yesterday, and now the length of his body suffices him.\" Another person declared, \"Alexander, who was once feared by his enemies and could not be commanded, now has friends who disdain and will not see him.\" When Alexander began to reign, he reigned for 17 years, during which he employed the whites. He spent 9 years in battle and conquest. He rested for 6 years, visiting the lands. Landas that he had conquered and he had victory upon 24 jurisdictions. In two years, he sought all the Thorient and Occident. The number of his knights that were commonly of his retinue and at his wages were 300,000. This number does not include mercenaries and other necessary men for his wars. He died in the age of 55. He was of swan-colored complexion, his face full of pockmarks like a lion. He was of great strength and loved wars from his childhood until his life's end. He commanded that the people should worship God and abstain from sin. He said, \"The world is not sustained but commonly by science. And the realms are not directed but by the same, and all things are governed by reason. Sagacity is the messenger of reason.\" It happened that Alexander passed through a town where seven kings had ruled before. He asked if any of their kin were present. The townspeople replied, \"Yes, a son of one of the said kings is here.\" Alexander desired to see him. The churchwarden and Alexander went to see him. A child asked why he acted strangely in the churchyard and refused to assume the same state as his father and ancestors, as other men do. The people thought it was the will of all, and the child answered, \"I have a thing to do here, which I will do when I have finished it, and then I will carry out your command.\" Alexander asked the child what thing he had to do, and he replied, \"I am seeking the bones of my father and ancestors, kings, to separate them from the others, but I cannot tell one from another.\" Alexander told him that he should have spoken respectfully in the world. And if he had had good and strong courage, he could have had all his father's goods and possessions. Alexander asked him where. The child replied, \"Because I have found life without death, peace without trouble, and health without sickness. Certainly, I have none of these things, then said the child if you will have them.\" Alexander said he had never seen a man of such great discretion. Alexander listened daily to the complaints of every person, and on one day, no one came to complain to him. He did not want that day recorded in the annals of his reign. When he was ready to fight against King Dare, he was told that Dare had more than 300,000 good fighting men. Alexander replied, \"A good cook should never be ashamed to see many in his kitchen.\" The patriarchs and priests said to him, \"God has given you dominion over many realms, regions, and territories. It would bring great shame to you, having overcome all the mightiest men in the world, to be defeated by women.\" A poor, wise-speaking man came to him. Alexander marveled that\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English. No major OCR errors were detected.) Your Majesty, I can learn to speak and reason with myself if you clothe me, as you have spoken. Alexander had one of his finest gowns placed on him. A thief passed before Alexander, who was to be hanged, and begged for his life, expressing remorse for his misdeeds. Alexander ordered that he be hanged while he still showed good remorse. On one occasion, someone asked Alexander for ten pieces of gold. Alexander replied that the man was not worthy of having so much. The man retorted, \"Sir, if I am not worthy to have so much, yet are you able to give it to me?\" Alexander asked Aristotle what a good and manly king should continually do. Aristotle answered that he should think every night about the good governance of his people, and put it into practice the following day. It was asked of him what was most delightful in conquering lands and territories. Aristotle replied that the greatest delight was in giving. And he asked Aristotle how he should be advised. Aristotle replied, \"Hire the one to manage your household who can rule and govern many servants well, and make him your procurement and receiver of your great wealth, who spends it discretely and notably. A patriarch asked him what he would do with so many men as he had. He answered, \"I, who am lord over those who are great and mighty lords, can well forbear from being lord over my servants. And two men came before him with differing opinions, to whom he said, 'The sentence that pleases one will displease the other, so decide for the truth, and it will please both of you. It was asked of him why he worshiped his master more than his father. He answered, 'For as long as I have eternal life from my master, but I have life from my father for only a certain time.'\" They were fair and therefore he would not allow them to do dishonest things, saying that great dishonor would be brought upon him if he were outdone by women in his prisons. And it happened that one gave a long sermon before him, which displeased Alexander greatly. He was asked how men could gain the love of others, and he answered by doing them good or at least not harming them. He also said that some men were better off through their enemies than their friends. And he was asked how he could be so powerful, considering his young age. He replied, \"Because I have dealt with friends and given to my enemies. And by this means I have power over them all.\" He also said, \"It is a great loss to a man to lose his friends and more than to lose his son or his treasure.\" And he added, \"The friends acquired by good deeds are better than those acquired by force.\" as alexander wente to spor\u2223te him priuely. certayn men beyng at a wyndow keste wa ter vpon him, wenyng that he had ben one of their felaws & whan they sawe \u00fet it was alexa\u0304der they were gretely aferd & alexa\u0304der badde hem be not aferd sayng \u00fet they had weted no ne but him \u00fet they thought to wete. & as aristotle taught\nmany kynges sones with Alexander, he axed ones of one of hem, what shal thou gyue me whan thou shalt be a kyng The whiche said I shal make the my grete gouernour, & in like wyse he axid of another, whiche saide I shal yeue to the half my royame, And thenne he axid of alexander, whiche ansuerd him thus Maistre enquere of me not this day vp on that, that I haue to do to morowe, for whan I shal see that I neuer sawe, I shal thinke that I neuer thoughte, but if I regne as thou sayst I shal thenne do as thou shalt see and thinke to be couenable. And the\u0304ne Aristotle saide to him Certaynly I wote wel that thou shalt be a grete & a mighti kyng. for thy face & thy nature sheweth it so \u00b6 Alexander sayde To one who had long been my lieutenant and had never reprimanded me for any vice, I am displeased with your service, why, sire replied his lieutenant. Because, said Alexander, I am a man as any other and err and have erred many times since you came into my service. Therefore, you are not such as I ought to have as my lieutenant, for you are not wise, and if you have seen and known my faults and not corrected me, you are not true to me. He said, Reason hinders the acquisition of knowledge, but sloth discourages it. Some asked a wise man named Nicomachus, what was the reason that men obeyed Alexander so lightly. He replied because he was virtuous, that he had well kept justice, and had been of good counsel and of right excellent government. There were two men who asked each of them to have the daughter of a rich man as their wife. One was rich and the other poor. The father gave the daughter to the poor man. Therefore, Alexander asked why he acted in such a way, and he replied, \"Because the rich are ignorant and desire to become poor, while the poor are wise and able to become rich.\" Alexander asked a wise philosopher how the realms were well governed and kept in good state. He answered, \"Through obedience of the people and the justice of the king.\"\n\nAlexander, while fighting in battle, saw many women coming against him. He withdrew hastily and told his men, \"If we should gain victory in this battle where these women are, it would not be honorable for us, and if they had victory, it would be a disgrace for us. Therefore, we shall not fight against them as long as the women are present.\" He said, \"It is a dangerous thing for a man to remain so long at sea that storms and tempests come upon him, which may well destroy him.\" He also said, \"It is a foul thing for a man to have great words without effect, and it is a false thing for him who puts his works before his words.\" He praised the greatest and most laudable freedom. A man should keep himself from covetise, and when his father commanded him to obey his master's commands willingly, he replied that he would not only listen to them but fulfill them with a glad heart. It is worse for a man to lack discretion than riches. Thales was a wise man, particularly skilled in the sciences of geometry, music, arithmetic, and astrology. He wrote many good books, one of which is called Almagest, concerning astrology. He was born in Alexandria, the greatest city in the land of Egypt. There he made his observations during the reign of King Adrian. He made his decisions based on his observations at Rhodes, although he was not a king, despite many people calling him one. He lived 78 years. \"He who directs his tongue to speak of God is wise, and he who does not know Him is the greatest fool.\" \"He who is inclined to his will is near to it.\" The anger of God, and the nearer a man approaches death, the more he should labor and travel to do well. And wisdom abides no longer in the heart of a fool. Than a flying thing that may not tarry. And good wit and good discretion are companions. And a man of good wisdom cannot die, nor a man of good understanding can ever be poor. And wisdom is an atre that grows green in the heart and bears fruit on the tongue. And beware that you do not dispute with him who has no knowledge, nor give your counsel to him who asks it, nor reveal your secret to him who cannot keep it. And he who wants to live well ought not to keep all his adversities in his heart. And the master's treasure of a great house has many melancholies. Speak wisely as well for yourself as for all others. If you cannot avoid it, let your wrath not last long, and afterward consider whether it turns him to good or to evil, and he ought not to be. And said, \"It is better for a king to direct his people, than to have great bondage of knights. And he said, \"Security puts a way sorrow and fear prevents gladness. And he said, \"The words of God avail not to those who have put all their heart to the world. And he said, \"It is great folly for a man to think too much on things that pass his understanding. And he said, men are of two natures, some who will never be content however much they find, and some other seek and find nothing. And he said, men cause each other and get money. And money is the cause men cause each other, And he said, \"He who's science exceeds his wit may be likened to a feeble shepherd who has a great heap of sheep in his keeping. And he said, he who has put all his intent to his fleshly delights is more bound than a serf. And he said, the higher that a man is exalted in his lordship, the more grievous it will be to him to fall from the same. And he said, thought is the key of certainty.\" And he said, the refusals of a. Nygard is greater than the possessions of the largest prodigal waster, and said, \"You can do nothing more acceptable to God than to do well to him who has offended against Him. And said, 'Be not in fellowship with fools, but be ever in fellowship with those who are wiser than yourself.' And said, 'The soul cannot be deceived into the time that the body takes its end.' And said, 'Folly is the greatest enemy that any body may have. And said, 'Good will is the foundation of all good works. Good works are the messenger in the other world.' And said he who keeps the good opinion and leaves the evil desires great rest to his heart. And said, Sickness is the prison of the body and salvation of the soul. Asaron said that a king in his kingdom may be damaged and hurt, and especially by five things. The first is by too great drought, lasting for three years. The second is by spending more than his livelihood comes to him. The third is by using too much women, wine, and hunting. The fourth is to be overly proud and despise the advice of others. A man is described as having evil manners and wicked conditions, and is also prone to being cruel and vengeful. The fifth most notable manner and condition is to have many enemies. The most profitable manner and condition is to be liberal and true to one's word. A liberal man cannot live amicably, a true speaker cannot be shamed by his speaking, a meek and lowly man cannot be hated, a sober man cannot be sick, and a man who well and diligently understands his business may never repent of it and bring himself to good perfection. A king or prince should not trust those who disparage him in a man who is covetous, in one who comes from great power to great riches and has taken goods and lordships from which he has come, in one who has suffered many damages and hurts for the wall's majesty and ordinance, or in one who has made any alliance or promise with his enemies. A king or prince should be well aware that he gives no power to such men. It is an impossible thing for a man to keep. A wise prince should investigate if any of his men have offended him, determining the truth and extent of the transgression. Whether it was committed willfully or in ignorance, and if the person is prone to repeating such behavior. A king's servants should exhibit their virtues, faith, and noble lineage to him, enabling the king to better know and reward each one accordingly. If a king favors the unfaithful and wicked over the good and true, he should not be called a king, for he is unlikely to reign for long. If a king's advisors, physician, and confessor neglect their duties, the king will continually suffer harm, both physically and otherwise. And the soul shall come to a foul end\nAnd he said: He who does not tell the truth to his physician,\nAnd he who counsels with his friend,\nAssaron said: A king should not commit to another the necessities that are required of him.\nAnd Assaron said: The most secret counsel of a king is his conscience, and his good deeds are his best treasure.\nAnd of all men, the truest and best riches are they who are truly and duly obtained.\nAnd he says a king should commit his necessities to him who has proven himself in faith, in wisdom, and in good governance, and if he cannot find such a one, take him who has always been conversant with wise men.\nAnd he said: A wise and good understanding king amends and improves his counselors.\nAnd he says: When a king of good discretion has to do two right things hastily, he should begin with the noblest and most profitable one.\nAnd if they are both of one estate, begin with that which can best be recovered in time coming. If a king is merciful, his reign will prosper. His wisdom will sustain him in times to come, if he is true to his people. They will rejoice with him, and if he is just. His reign will endure. And he says that a king's kin should gain good reputation and other honors through good measure, for outrageousness is not enduring. And he says that it belongs to a conquering king to establish and keep good justice in his realms and other lordships. This is true even if it is a grievous thing to conquer them, yet it is a more grievous and more burdensome thing to keep them well. And he says that the one who is most complete in wit is he who knows himself. He does not depart from the service of God for any occasion that comes to him, and he continually thanks Him for the goods that He has sent him. And Assaron says that an evil law and the love of a scoundrel last no longer than the shadow of a cloud. And Assaron says that a wise man enforces him to flee and withdraws from harm. And the fool endures great pain to. A wise man, acting as a counselor or officer to a king, should remind him when he intends to do or say anything harmful to himself, his kingdom, or his people, by referencing good examples from chronicles and histories of his noble and wise predecessors, ensuring the king understands the advice is given for his benefit and worship.\n\nLeo was born in Ethiopia and learned his science in the land of Aestha in the time of King David the prophet. He was bought as a slave or bondman for thirty marks by a Jew. His master and another man often played dice. Near his master's gate ran a river. During one game of dice, they placed a vow that the loser would fulfill the winner's wish or drink all the water that flowed past his gate. The loser was the master, and the other commanded He should do his commandment fully. The loser answered that he was ready for judgment. Then he said to him, \"You shall give me all the good that you have of any value, or you shall drink all the water of this river.\" The one who had lost asked for only a day's respite to prepare himself, and the other granted it to him. He remained in his house, deep in thought, considering how he might escape from this danger. And as he was in this thought, his bondman and servant came home and brought upon his neck a burden of wood and sold him.\n\nHe gave him no answer, for he was lost in thought about how he had been accustomed to treat him kindly because of the good words he found in him. Then his servant said to him, \"Master, who has angered or grieved you, and why, for I will quickly remedy it if I may.\" And his master recounted to him all the events as recounted before. Then Legmon told him not to be ashamed, for he would give him good counsel. \"You should ask him,\" he said, \"if you will drink what the ruler offers now, or all that will continually come, and I know he will say that you should drink all that it contains now. Once he has said this, you should tell him to stop and keep the ruler from running any further, and you are ready to drink what it holds now. In this way, you will win your case.\n\nWhen the master heard the counsel of his servant, he was greatly comforted. And the next morning, he said to the one who had won the race, and in this way he escaped from the parley, and from then on he freed Legmon and made him free who had been bond and thrall. He died and gave him much good and was reputed as a wise man.\n\nOne of his companions of the past met him once and asked him, \"Are you not he who was?\" And he answered, \"I will not keep sheep with me. And he replied, 'I shall tell the truth the leman spoke to be true, and not intending upon unprofitable things.' It was said that a voice appeared to him, which said, 'Wilt thou be a great lord thereon?' He answered, 'If God wills, I will obey him. But if he wills to grant me the choice and my pleasure, I will choose to be a peasant.' One asked him why he would not be a king, he answered, 'If I rule righteously, I may not escape the hatred of many men. And if I dissemble, I shall withdraw myself from the way of paradise. I had rather have sufficiency with poverty and win the bliss of that other world than to love to be highly exalted in this world.' And the Jew was in a place where many people spoke, and he asked him why he did not speak, as others do. He answered, 'There is no good word but of God, nor good silence but to think on God.'\" The master of Leman gave him much good, which he distributed in alms and lent to poor, needy people without guarantee. And therefore God multiplied all his goods greatly. It is said he left all his riches and made himself a recluse in a temple solitary. And he said, \"Soon take away from yourself indulgence and restrain your will, for if you praise the world and the diverse adventures that daily come in doing of things defended by God, you desire but death therefore enforce the test and to follow the good for the good mortifies and destroys the evil. And say, 'Soon speak ever of God,' and God shall ever put good words in your mouth. \"Soon set all your own works before your eyes, [and] other men behind the part. \"Soon when you see any sinner, reprove him not of his faults, but think on your own whereof you shall give account. \"Soon employ not your heart in the love of this world. which is a thing that passes and deceives all those who cling to it. And hold the content. With little, and covet not the goods of others. Set temperance in your living and be replenished with wisdom, conversing with wise men. You may thereby gain wisdom. Be simple, well doing, thinking much, and of few words, but if they are true, and be not haughty or mocking. And be not overly talkative, for I have often repented more for speaking too much than for being still. Be wary that the cock is not awakened earlier than you. Fear God and keep yourself from vain glory. Be wary that you are not deceived into believing that you have something which you do not, even if men hold it out to you on a platter by flattery. Whoever loves God most fears Him most. Learn goodness and teach it to others. Doctors and teachers, with their teachings, are likened to springing wells, from which the people are continually served, yet they remain full. And know that if a fool speaks, he will be answered. If he remains silent, he will think evil. If he does anything, it is evil and wastes his time. If he sets himself to study, he will lose face and will not profit. If by chance he is rich, he will be proud and presumptuous. If he is poor, he will fall into despair. If he has any good garment, he will be proud of it. If he demands anything, he will ask for it uncourteously, and if anyone asks him to lend something, he will deny it. If he gives anything, he will reproach him. If someone gives to him, he will show no gratitude. When he is merry or joyous, it is certainly not of his own doing. And when he is angry, he is the same way. If men tell him anything in secret, he will discover it. If he has the means or power, he will secretly seek occasion to do evil and will treat his subjects with violence. If men fellowship with him, he will make them angry. If men follow him, he flees from the people who would correct him. He will not do for them but will hate his corrector, and his fellows will do the same. He hates him if he speaks, and if other men speak, he will not listen. If men pray him to pardon another, he shall not do it. He loves deceit more than truth. A man cannot turn him from his opinion. He will always have his way, and whoever does wrong, he considers it well done. If he studies or speaks with wise men, he will not keep himself nor heed them. If he is with a more foolish man than himself, he will defame and mock him. He will do the worst he can. He will command them to speak truth and he will lie. His deeds will be much discordant to his words, for if his tongue says one thing, his heart thinks another. If you are rich, he says you are an usurer. If you are poor, he will seem debonair. He will say you are the best. Whoever draws him from his company, he says he does it for pride. But the wise man is of entirely contrary conditions. He has courtesy, justice, forgiveness, and meekness. He speaks well and is always in style and time. He knows and understands. He is well-disposed. He has servants in his possession and pours out words wisely, understanding those of others. If he learns, he asks good questions. If men do him good, he thanks them. He keeps secret the counsel given to him and trusts well in others. If he gives, he does so gladly without reproach. He will do to no man other than he would have done to him. If he is rich, he will not be proud of it. If he is poor or rich, he will not forget God. He will always profit in knowledge. He gives credence to him who teaches him, neither grumbling against a greater nor disdaining a lesser. He asks for nothing unless he has right to it. He is agreeable in his answers and says nothing unless he knows it well. He hides not his knowledge. The more he associates with men, the more he loves them. He constrains his will to truth, whether it will or not. He corrects himself, giving example to others. He is easily turned to do good. He bears witness, it shall be truthful, if he be a judge he shall judge and do all things truly, if men do him harm, he shall do good therefore, he covets not the goods of others. He considers himself as a stranger in this world, and thinks not, but on his departing, he does well and commands the same of others, he defends evil and keeps himself from doing it. And that lies in his heart, the tongue pronounces it, and his deeds are in accordance with his words. Soon understand wisdom and exercise it without thinking of other things, for when you have obtained it, you shall be ever in joy. And know that it is not obtained but by humility and good keeping of your tongue. For your own things are your goods, which your soul shall bear with it, and the riches that shall remain after your death shall come to others. Soon honor wisdom. And deny it not to those who desire it, and show it. It is not becoming to despise it [that which you despise]. Someone who has mercy on others will have mercy on himself. Be content with what you have without coveting the goods of others, or what you know you cannot have. Receive patiently the words of correction and preaching, though they may be hard and grievous. He is truly unhappy who hears and understands not, but he is more unhappy who hears and understands and derives no profit from it. Accompany the company of those who love God. Yield to the Lord God of the goods that He has given you to receive in humility and depart them to those who are needy. If you have done any good that seems good to you, give no praise or self-glory for it, for you do not know if God is pleased with all or not. In every work there is commonly something contrary and adversary to the work, and the proud thought is covetousness of the delights of this world. Do not covet the delights of this world but only those that draw you near to God. Trust in God and love Him. A person should obey him and hold him in hate, there is nothing more acceptable to God than one who understands this in ten conditions: not praising himself, doing well, being content with necessary things for life, giving of his goods for God's sake, willing worship to himself, keeping himself from doing shameful things in seeking knowledge and mastering all the days of his life, keeping himself from anger. In giving his love to all those who desire it, and in regarding himself as worst and the other as better. For men are of two kinds. Some are good, and some are evil. Therefore, a man should humble and meek himself towards both, to the good in praying to God to make him similar and like to them, to the evil for as much as it is not known whether his goodness is hidden within him and he will not reveal it by wining glory. And in doing these things, a man is reputed as wise and sage. Some worship God and pray that He will keep them from having an evil wife, and He will teach and inform. Her for there is no other remedy. Show to others what you have learned, and do not hide it with Shropshire's rain and dews. And some men say that Leman is buried in a town called Caraville between the mesquite and the march, And there are buried 70 prophets who died after Leman. The children of Israel kept them as hostages for so long that they died of hunger. And when Leman was near his death, he wept sore. His son asked him why he wept, for fear of death or for sorrow that he had to leave the world. He answered, \"I weep for neither of the two things, but I weep because I have a way to go from which no man has ever returned, and I bear little sustenance with me. And I am charged with many great charges. I know not whether I shall be accused and discharged or none when I reach the end of my way.\" And he said to his son, \"Son, you ought to fear God and not only to be worshipped by men. Son, when you come into a place where God is spoken of, remain there.\" there, for if you be a fool, you may be amused. And become wise, if you are wise, you shall increase your wisdom, and if God sends them, you shall have your share, but if you haunt places where God is not spoken of, all the contrary shall happen to you. Be afraid of the vengeance of our Lord as much as you may, and fear Him and consider His great power and might. And as in giving largely a man makes his enemy his friend, so by pride a man makes his friend his enemy. And she showed the wisdom of the man, and therefore a man ought to be well advised what he says. And he said an honest man rests in his truth, and the reward of a liar is, that he is not believed of that which he rehearses. And he said receive nothing and tell nothing to him who will not believe you, nor demand that thing which you know shall not be granted to him nor promise anything but what you may and will hold and keep. And you ought to love all things, flee the company of a liar. If you cannot avoid his company, at least do not believe anything he says. Soon set not yourself in the highest place, for it is better to be taken from the lowest place and sit in the highest, than to be taken from the highest and be put among the lowest. And he said, \"Soon I command thee to fear God above all things, for that is thy rightful and profitable duty. And do so that all thy thoughts be ever in him and thy words correspondingly. For speaking and thinking in God surpasses all other words and thoughts as God himself surpasses all other creatures. Therefore, men ought to obey him. Notwithstanding any other thing that they are bound to, Soon make thy prayers and supplications to him. For prayer is like a ship in the sea. For if it is good, it will be saved and all that are in it. And if it is evil, it will perish, and all that are in it. And he said, \"A man may easily find his living and his necessities in this world.\" A man should provide for his creatures, which is of little duration for us. But a man should consider necessary things for himself when he departs. He asked, \"How can a man make another change his will, who cannot change his own?\" He said, \"Goodwill is one of the goods whereof God is served, and it is pleasing to him to hear pleasant things.\" A courteous answer ought to be highly valued. If it is necessary to send a message or legation, send a wise man; if you cannot find one, go yourself. He said, \"Do not believe him who lies to you about another man, for he will lie in the same way to another about you.\" It is easier to change mountains from one place to another than to make one who has no understanding comprehend. He said, \"Do not do that of which you would be ashamed to see another do it.\" There are three estates of men: one is he who endures patiently the hatred of another, and the other is he who refrains his will. A man is known in three ways: patience is known only in adversity and in anger. A valiant man is known only in war. A friend is known only in need. Of all other conditions, the worst is a man who is suspicious of his friend. To discover secrets, to trust and have affection for every man, to speak too much of unprofitable things, and to be in danger from evil people for the sake of goods, are tempertations. The thought is the mirror of the man, in which he may behold his beauty and his filth. Be wary and keep from being suspicious, for suspicion takes away love from people. Wit without doctrine is a tree without fruit. And he said, be joyous and make every man happy, be liberal in giving and receiving, and forgive freely your evil, will make a man beloved by each person.\n\nAn ancient philosopher says, When men grow old, Their virtues are despised, And the rich are more feared than poor men. \u00b6 And he The noble death is preferable to a vile dominion, and the greatest happiness for a man is to have a good friend. One of the greatest vices and iniquities in the world is to commit vice against an impotent person. If you have committed any trespass or sin, repent immediately without delaying. You ought to thank him who is in a condition to do good, and do so generously and with good intent. He may not be able to perceive or know many things, nor may he know himself. If you want enduring love from another, put yourself in pain to teach him good manners. If a king is just and rightful, he will exercise sovereignty and be lord over the hearts of his people, but if he is otherwise, though he may be named their king, yet they will have their hearts.\n\nSaidarge states that the works of this world are guided by two things: one is... The soul is addressed by which science, and the other by senses, through which the soul and body are entangled and knighted men are said to leave much harm and evil when they doubt and fear our lord. The intention of the master should be to refrain his courage from filth and foul things, for a good life makes a good reputation and causes a good end. He is excessive who is honorable in all his needs, and especially when issued from noble and good lineage. A wise man will have nothing from his prince but what he has gained by speaking truth and by his good works. He is a good lord who takes upon himself pain to keep his subjects in such a way as he keeps his own body. He should not be so rigorous and oppressive that they are compelled to leave his lordship. Not to them so debonair that they disdain his mannerisms. He said the most courteous guy is he who gives without asking. He said, \"In whatever place you be with your enemy, be it in sport or other way, make all ways good waces on yourself, though you be stronger and mightier yet, let loyalty all ways make peace.\" He said, \"It is as great pain to the body of a man to sustain that which is impossible to him, so it is an aggravating thing to a wise man to teach a fool.\" He said, \"A suspicious man can never have good life. He is indeed ignorant and unkind who cannot give thanks for the goodness done to him. But yet he is more unkind who denies it to others.\" He said, \"He who demands only reason is able to win and overcome his enemy.\"\n\nThusille said, \"You ought to endure better the rude words that are profitable and true than the sweet words that are of deceit and flattering. Some men put venom in sweet drinks and the medicines.\" That which is good for people is not bitter, and of evil savor. He said, \"It is a foul thing to be so curious about the feeding of the body that it harms both it: the soul. And he compared it to a seaman who does not take to the sea without seeing that he has a favorable wind. A man should not dispose himself to any manner of works without it being convenient for the soul. You ought to do what is most profitable for the body and rather that which is most convenient for your soul, and not the contrary. He who can advise others ought to advise himself well and remember the salvation of his soul, for it is a great vice for a man to worship and help another and then disworship and hurt himself. He said that it is as evil for a man, who has an foul and unclean body, to be clothed with cloth of gold or with cloth of silk. Just as it is a foul thing for one to have great beauty of body and face and be full of evil works. And he said that we ought, by reason, to keep our bodies clean. We are especially bound to keep honesty and wisdom that yields us knowledge of our Lord God. That is the wisdom of the soul and not to harm or overcome it with meals or drinks. It was asked of him how a man might keep himself from anger, and he answered, remembering that it is impossible for him to be entirely obeyed, but that he must sometimes obey and that he shall not always command but be commanded. And also that God sees all things. If he has this in consideration, he should not long be angry, and he saw a greatly obese man to whom he said, \"You inflict pain on yourself to break the walls of your prison.\" And when you correct another, show it not like one who would torment him from his enemy but do as the physician who courteously speaks to his patient. And when you correct yourself, show it as the hurt man does to his leech.\n\nSaint Gregory said, Recommend to God the beginning and the end of all your works. He said, study and labor to know all things, and retain. And hold with those who are most profitable, and said, \"Poverty is evil. But evil riches much worse. Be thou patient and have reason in thy wrath, and light thyself with Wisdom in stead of anger and presume not to be better than thou art. But think thou art mortal. Repute the foolish and thou shalt worship the foolish ones. And said when thy ship shall be laden with great tranquility, fear thou not to be drowned. And said men ought to receive merily all that God sends them. And said the hatred of good men is better than the love of evil people. And said frequent and haunt the companies of wise men and not of the rich. And said dispraise not a little of good things. For they may greatly increase and amend. And said Endure patiently without taking vengeance.\n\nGalen was one of the eight. He was extremely excellent in medicine. Of the eight who were superlatively above all other physicians. Among whom the first was Esculapius. The second was Hippocrates. The third was Myrion. The four prominent figures were Promenides, Plato, Esculapius the second, Ipocras, and Galen. Esculapius, who was born after the Incarnation of our lord, was two centuries old. He composed and authored a four-volume set of books, including eight that are studied in the field of medicine. His father was diligent in sending him to school and spent much on him, and he traveled to Asia to find the best masters in Pargame, Athens, Rome, and Alexandria. There, he learned physics, geometry, grammar, and other sciences from a woman named Cleopatra, who taught him many beneficial herbs for various ailments. He spent a long time in Egypt to learn all these herbs and died near the city of Escam, along the green sea in Egypt's marches. In his youth, he had a great desire to know the demonstrative science. He was so inclined. He always kept in mind the lessons his master taught him, even when he left the school with other children. His companions mocked him and asked why he didn't play and sport with them. He replied, \"I take great pleasure in recording my lessons, just as you do in your games.\" His companions were astonished and said that his father was fortunate to have such a child and to send him to school, as he loved wisdom so much. His father was a laborer. His grandfather was a master carpenter. And his great-grandfather was a harper and owner of lands, which is the science of geometry. Galen was in Rome during the reign of Emperor Octavian, who succeeded Adrian. There, he wrote a book on anatomy and many other treatises. Some claim that a large part of his books, including some of Aristotle's works written in his own hand, and those of Danagoras, Andromache, and a book he made on triangles, were burned. In those days, they paved ways in the countries and fortified cities with big walls, and allowed rivers to run through towns, and in other places where it was necessary. They did all other things that were for the common profit. In those days, they took more delight and pleasure in the good rule and governance of their lordship than in the ease and pleasure of their own bodies. And their hearts were much set on having good universities and schools of great scholars. And especially in physics. They also appointed certain people in every country and region to gather herbs and bring them to the masters of physics for testing by experience. And the herbs thus approved were sent to the kings' closed and sealed chambers. To prevent them from being changed, the kings ordered them for sick people. Galen said, \"Wisdom cannot profit a fool, and Heediness comes from the things past.\" Galen thought of things to come. Galen. Fourscore and seventeen years ago, he said that many great lords were ignorant. When they were more inclined to have fine horses and rich gowns and other jewels than to win good fame by good conduct. He said, \"The physicians were accustomed to have lordship and to govern sick people and to make them do such things as were most expedient and profitable for their health. And no sick person dared disobey his physician but was compelled to obey him, therefore they were the sooner recovered and whole.\n\n\"Now, the physicians are subjects to the sick and are compelled to handle them easily and softly. And to give them sweet drinks though it avails them little, and therefore there is more sickness and longer unhappiness. He said, 'Those who were most sober in their metis and least drank wine were best beloved and most praised, and now the most gluttons, and those who oftenest were drunk, are the most set by, and the rather set at the great lords' tables.'\" A man can instruct all but those without shame. A man who knows himself well has the power to correct himself. A man can love himself so much that he is deceived by it, as we see many who appear and seem to be good but are contrary. A just man can do right or wrong and yet keep justice. He does virtuously to every creature. A man ought to desire the company of a confessor for the health of his soul. He saw a man greatly favored and cherished by kings for the strength of his body. Perchance it will cause him to repent in the end.\n\nIt was asked of one called Protege, why his neighbor had dyed his hair black. He answered, because no man should ask to learn. And it was asked of Aristarchus when it was good for him to lie with a woman, he answered, \"At all times when a man intends to harm and weaken his body.\" It was asked of Dymas, how he knew and perceived his wit best. He answered, \"I understand and know little in that which I think.\" The wise man who replies is better than the fool who agrees to every purpose. There was a wise man named Aes, who was a prisoner. His masters asked him, \"Of what kindred are you?\" He answered, \"Ask not about my lineage, but ask about my prudence and knowledge.\" He was asked by another, called Sygonia, who was a prisoner of one who wished to buy him, \"Why are you good?\" He answered, \"I should be delivered.\" Another man asked him, \"Would it be good if I buy him?\" To whom he answered, \"I am worth nothing but you or someone else like me, and another said he disparages himself, who disparages all others, and gives himself to you.\" And there was one who prayed to God to keep him from the danger of his friends. It was asked why he prayed not rather that God should keep him from his enemies, to which he answered, \"For as much as I may be able to keep myself from my enemies in whom I have no trust, but I may not keep myself from my friend whom I trust.\" It was asked of a wise man which were the most noble worldly things. He answered, \"To love wisdom and to hate folly, not to be ashamed to learn.\" It was asked of Archas which sciences children should learn. He answered, \"Those that cause them to hate ignorance in their age.\" It was asked of another why he would have no silence, and he answered, \"For as much as it comes to men by fortune and is kept by niggardness and covetousness and is often lost.\" Another said, \"The love of a fool will be more noisome to him than his hatred.\" And there was a man who said to another, \"I shall put my pain and diligence to destroy him.\" He answered and said, \"I shall enforce myself to.\" Three wise men came before a king. One was Greek, another Jewish, and the third Saracen. The king asked each of them to speak a good and notable sentence. The Greek said, \"I can correct and amend my thoughts, but not my words.\" The Jew said, \"I am amazed by those who speak harmful words when silence would be more profitable.\" The Saracen said, \"I am master over my words, or they are not spoken, but once spoken, I am their servant.\" It was asked one of them, \"Who can be called a king?\" He answered, \"He who is not subject to his own will.\" Assaron said to an evil payer who asked to borrow money from him, \"I will lend him none. For I know that he cannot displease me more in refusing the loan than in asking for payment again. The wise men speak with good deliberation, and fools speak without advice.\" Teofrates said, \"I am of good condition.\" A man who praises others and conceals their faults was asked what was most necessary for a person to keep himself safe from harm. He replied, \"If he is rich, he should live moderately. And if he is poor, he should work diligently.\" Nicomachus said, \"There is no better doctor than discretion, and he who corrects him is diligent and well-occupied. It is better to take examples from others than for them to take from you.\" Thymetus said, \"Do not meddle or interfere with a fool's governance. For he cannot pay or understand what good you do him, any more than a horse or other beasts understand if they are charged with gold or grain. It was asked of Aethelyn, why men are punished for their misdeeds and not for their thoughts. He said, \"Their thoughts are reserved only for God. And there are three things a prince should avoid. The first is excessive drinking. The second is...\" And thirdly, a man is distracted by women for these three reasons: he puts away all other good thoughts, and thinks of losses and evils that cannot be amended. Truth is good to be spoken, especially when it benefits everyone. And he said, if you cannot attain to the wisdom of ancient men, at least study and learn something from their books. Quintilian said, I have more value for those who blame others so much and think fair of themselves. Dimas said, patience is an impregnable castle, and worship is the fruit of truth, and repetition is the fruit of haste. It was asked of Dionysodorus, why are the rich more proud than the wise, and he said, because the wise know and fear our lord and understand what offense pride is to him. But the rich man pays no heed to this. And some asked him, which is better to have, wisdom or riches, and he said, there is. \"Aristotle was told that a man had praised him. He replied, \"I will repay him in kind.\" They asked him how. He replied, \"I will speak well of him as he has spoken of me.\" Octyphon said, \"A man's wit cannot accomplish things beyond its understanding.\" But under its grasp, he can execute them, just as you cannot pour more wine into a pipe than it can hold, but you can pour less. Oricas said, \"A man of good understanding can well avoid great quantities of the misfortunes of this world. A good sailor knows by experience that the weather is likely to be stormy at sea.\" Samaron said, \"I have lost all that I had, and therefore I fear nothing. In all your enterprises, have more trust in your knowledge than in your strength.\" Gregory said, \"The painters may well make pictures resemble things, but the real things can only be made by God and nature.\" The king Armsys called to him his brothers and said to them,\" If you regard and accept me as your brother, I will show you that I am your king, but if you take me as your king, I will show you that you are my brothers. Milostius spoke, \"I have great mercy on those who daily put themselves in peril for worldly goods, whether by land or by water, for the sake of merchandise as well as in other ways, not knowing who will succeed or depart their goods after their death, and might learn wisdom. By which good name and fame should be more lauded and praised, as it is said in a proverb, he is not dead whose reputation and fame endure. Pythagoras said, \"Science has no enemies, but ignorant men. And it was asked of another how men could keep themselves from much drinking. He answered in observing the great inconvenience of it. That falls to drunk men. And Eugenand, understanding candles and light for eating their food, but few persons there are that kindle and sharpen their wits in getting sciences for the profit of their souls. And Escon saying that most hinders the fear of death, and Adrien said, \"If I should not love wisdom, but be caused to despise death, yet should I love her.\" And Hermes said the great profit I have found in wisdom is that I have composed and knitted all my thoughts in one. Quiramis said, \"Ama[n] may not be without thoughts, than he ought to remember the things that pertain to him.\" And he said, \"It seems good, that every body were of like condition, but thinks the contrary, for then every man would command and none obey.\" And Demepates said, when you find yourself in a strange country, listen attentively. After the language and reason of the people. And if you find yourself as wise or wiser than they, instruct them. Otherwise, pay yourself to learn of their lore and doctrine rather than to. A philosopher, disciple of Pythagoras, said, \"He should not be called manly who wishes to strike him who cannot defend himself.\" Silenus said, \"In all things, moderation is best.\" \"To live wastefully causes poverty,\" and \"It is impossible to please all men in this,\" he added. \"Be not angry with him who speaks the truth. Have patience, and good will come to him.\" The wicked lords resemble drunken men who, in their drunkenness, hate all fair and good virtues and love all vices and filth. But when their drunkenness passes, they are ashamed of their deeds. A king of good wit and discretion ought to be content and pleased when men offer him their service. In his peace and prosperity, he ought to worship and cherish his knights and men of war and pay them well their wages. All this, even if he believes he has no enemies, for he cannot be sure how soon he will need them. servants, and Melious said, \"Wealth is not true riches to one whom it burdens little and can be easily taken. But praiseworthy riches last perpetually. Brakalyke said, \"The covetous man has no rest. The niggard can never be rich, and Philip king of Macedonia said to those who advised him to burn the city of Athens when he had conquered it, 'We would seem unwise where we have overcome our enemies.' Archydes said, \"The tongue can make falsehoods without the heart's consent. Therefore, it is convenient that the tongue and heart be of one opinion. And he said, 'Do not desire from God what you may have merely for your own sake, but pray and ask that what you have may be sufficient.' Pitagoras said, 'He who does not believe in the resurrection of man is like a helpless beast that falls for weakness.' And he said, 'A man ought to do his work with deliberation and great preparation, not suddenly.'\" Exceed your enemy, call him no fool nor tale-teller, object not to his vices, for your blame would be agreeable laude to him. And he who desires to be praised for his work, keep your friend above all things. Consider what a man is in great anger and wrath, he may be likened to a house on fire, in which, for the quantity of smoke and the noise of the fire, there may be no man seen nor heard, and may also be likened to a ship in an outrageous tempest on the sea, which will not be well conditioned nor steadied for the furiousness of the tempest. So when a man's blood and courage are stirred with wrath and anger, there may be no persuasions nor holy counsel avail nor steady him to his profit, and is so cursedly set that a little spark of it makes lightly a great fire. Yet wrath is often pacified by silence, as the fire is quenched when the brands are taken away. Also, a drunk man cannot perceive his drunkenness until he is sober, and after, when he sees another drunk, he knows. In what he was, he returned, finding another angry man. We can well perceive his own defects. He said, \"We commonly see women become angry sooner than men, the sick prefer men to the whole. The old man is lighter than the young. Therefore, it is to be thought that wrath comes from a weakness of courage. A master rebuked his clerk, saying, \"Hold thy peace, bondman,\" and he answered, \"I am not the less worthy for my kin, but thou art the worse for thy conditions.\" A wise man ought to say that which is convenient and sometimes to hear that which is not to be said. There is nothing that grieves a friend as much as to show him that you have him suspected. Company and deal so with the people that they wish after your sense. When you are absent, and they lament and weep your death, a man wept when his son was born. It was asked of him why he wept, and he answered, \"I weep for my son who goes now to war.\" His death was asked about the people most hated, and he answered that neither help nor harm could be provided by such people, for the wicked hate the good, and the good hate the wicked. He also said, \"Custom is harder to break than nature.\" There are two kinds of abstinence, one with good will and the other by force. The latter is not good. Another said, \"Speak only profitable things and eat no more than for your sustenance, and seek to have nothing but what is possible to be had. Do not complain about the lack of your friends, take no unwarranted hope of that which you cannot have. Do not ask for amends from the covetous man, teach what you can, give what you have. Be patient in adversities. Have this written in your seal or your signet. Both good and bad will end, and be mindful of that sentence often. And he said, \"Short memory and haste in speech often cause a man to fail and err in judgment.\" A wise man was once rebuked, to whom the wise man replied, \"You rebuke me.\" A man of all my vices. And it was asked of him why he would have no son. He answered I would rather be without. For when I behold the great love that a man has for his child and the great pains and troubles he has to bring him up, and at last must lose him, that sorrow would be more to me than joy. It was advised one who was going on a far journey not to delay his journey, lest he die there. And he answered Death is all one to me, whether in other countries or at home. It was asked of another what thing is not to be done though it be just and true. He answered a man ought not to praise himself of any of his good deeds. It is sometimes good to spare the truth to give hope to enemies, and to save friends from death for truth does not always need to be spoken. It was asked of him what thing was most delectable. He answered health, which is not sure to be kept long in one degree and is most difficult. A man who desires to come to any great wealth ought not Though he may abandon it at first, but should continue his endeavor as it comes at one time. A wise man is not deceived by flattering words or sweet speeches, like the snake, which is taken and eaten by the peacock in beholding the fair feathers of its tail. An artful prince can help him in his wars as well with bad people as with good in various ways. And he said, \"Though a man may have bought a book, it compels him not to study and read it. Men ought to serve God in ten ways: to yield him grace for the benefits he has bestowed; to bear patiently his adversities; to speak truly; to pay all that he promises; to judge righteously; to be temperate; to do good deeds according to his power or when required; to worship his friends; to forgive the faults of his enemies; to desire or do nothing to any man but as he would be done to.\" One was blamed because he had given his silver to an unworthy person. A person in need. He said I have not given him silver for his wickedness, but because he was in need. \u00b6 He was asked, when he had grown wise. He answered, when the time came that I began to despise and mystify myself, he heard a man reciting singing and untrue words. To whom he said, \"If you hear another foolish man speaking such things, you would not believe him. Therefore, no man believes the foolish.\" \u00b6 And Aristophanes said, \"Victory in word is not victory in deed. But the true victory is in the work.\" And Anaxagoras said, \"A wise man does not fear death, for wisdom governs his mind, his tongue and voice, truth guides his heart and will, pity and mercy are his friends, seeking wisdom is his feast, his lordship is Justice, his reign is measure, his sword is grace, his weapon is peace, his arrow is salvation, his knighthood is the counsel of wise men. His ornaments are\" Ben strength lies in discipline. His love is the company of good people, and his love and all his desire is to flee from sin and serve and love God. A great treasure is to have friends and it is a noble affection, therefore it is convenient to cherish and keep them well, and to win one by another as one bird draws many more into its company. A king asked a worse man whom he reputed able to be a good judge. He answered, \"He that is not deceived by flatteries, nor corrupt by bribes, and is not deceived for want of discretion.\" And another said, \"Slanderers are worse than thieves, for thieves steal only goods, but slanderers take and destroy love.\" And another said, \"It is better to be in the company and conversation of a serpent than with an evil woman.\" And one ought to doubt the subtleties and crafts of his enemy if he is wise, and if he refuses his asking, and another said, \"Envy destroys the world and frets and wearies it.\" The filth of a gong eliminates every sweetness. One person said, just as nothing may be written in a pair of tables ready written in, without first removing the initial writing. In the same way, virtues and noblenesses cannot be had in anyone without first getting rid of vices and wretchednesses. One person said, just as a man cannot hold one eye on the sky and the other on the earth at the same time, In the same way, a man cannot prepare and dispose his wit for virtues and vices together. And another said, true steady love is when friends are of like minds, and if they are diverse or contrary, such love may not last long. And people ought to doubt their king and obey him with fear and love. And some asked him when the human wit is perfect. He said when he speaks the truth. And another said, envy hates the generous, and the niggard is angry with the one who speaks too quickly. And another said, all getting cannot be justified, and health cannot be obtained through gluttony. to have to your neighbor's house take with fire, and another said he is your great enemy whose works are harsh, bitter, and annoying to you, and his words are sweet and courteous, and another said the wise endure all their lives, and after their death their good works shall last in my mind. And another said, consideration of the end of the works helps much to the good conclusion. And another said, you ought to love though you are not loved, and another said, a fool thinks that God has done nothing well or employed anything, but that he has given him and seems that he could have made and ordered this world better than God has done, howbeit he cannot go his own person only. And another said, willing to give to the needy people, and in doing so you shall do service and please our lord God. And another said, it is better to hold your peace than to contradict and argue with a fool, and it is as good to have the enmity of bad people as their friendship, and the hard and sharp life in well-doing is better. \"than the sweetest in doing evil deeds, and it is better to be without fame than to have it be bad, and poverty is better than the riches of a fool. And the poor man without vices is better than the rich man who is worshipped for his sins. And another said it is better not to know an unjust king than to be his counselor or next in his grace. And another said if you give to have fame only for that which is not real life for you do it at your own expense. And another said he is not praiseworthy who is not as good or better today as he was yesterday. And another said you shall not have that which you desire without bearing patiently the griefs that you would not have. And another said a man shall be in your hands as long as he trusts you. It was asked of a wise man why he did not desire to have a son. He answered because I have had enough to chastise my body and to address my soul without having anyone else to rule or teach me.\" The man who regrets most in this world is he who, at his death, was a wise man because he did not always act in accordance with wisdom and he who did good to an unkind man. It was asked of him, \"What exceeds the law?\" He answered truthfully. And what sustains truth? Reason and wit, and how is wit governed, by keeping the tongue, and how is the tongue kept, with patience, what causes patience, a deed of God. And what causes fear of God? Often to speak and remember death, and to consider and know one's frailty. And other things make the body sick, trouble the wit, wrath is contrary to wisdom, but temperance comforts the heart, and puts away all heaviness and causes health. And how is it that a wise man is of lowly kin yet is noble, and though he is a stranger, he should be worshipped, and though he is poor, yet the people have need of him? And another said, \"He who endures and takes no pain in his youth does not rest in his old age. And another.\" The error of a fool gives little cover to his thoughts, and the tongue of a wise man is in his heart, and the heart of a fool is in his tongue. And another said, use more good and laudable customs. And another said, a man ought continually to inquire what men say of him and where they praise him and where they blame him, if they praise him, he should give that cause continually without pride, and if they blame him, he should beware of falling into that case again and not hate them for their correction. And he is, a wise man is humble and meek in his might and power. And when he is in great estate, he should despise the world, and is temperate in great authority. And one asked a wise man to tell him the difference between this world and the other world. And he answered, this world is Adreme, and the other world is a thing unknown. And another said, it is better to speak well than to keep silent, and better to keep silent than to speak. One said I have accompanied the rich and have seen their fine clothing and other things better than mine. This filled me with envy and I paid back the poor like myself, but then I was satisfied and at peace. Another spoke like a man in a dark cave who cannot see his own figure. In the same way, the soul that is not clean or pure cannot clearly perceive or know the true and perfect goodness of almighty God. Another spoke like children who rejoice when they grow up and feel the delights and ease of the world. In the same way, men are sorrowful when they are about to die. Yet if they have lived well, they go into a world where they will be rejoiced perpetually. Another said, as the wisdom of the wise grows, so does the malice of fools daily. And another said, if you correct a wise man, he will thank you for it, and if a fool, he will be angry. thou teach a fool. He shall disprese thee, and said, He is thy very friend that in thy necessity offers himself and all his goods to thee. And another said, The governor of a wise man is patience, and the governor of a fool is pride. And another said, A man that is slow in his works is commonly envious of the welfare of others. And another said, It is good to inquire twice about unknown things, for the first question is of will, and the second is of discretion. And another said, Truth is God's messenger; therefore she must be worshipped for the love of her master. And another said, He that multiplies his temporal goods diminishes his expenses. And another said, Those that believe and fear God steadfastly have not delight but only in him and in his works. And another said, The most laudable works that one may do is to obey the commandments and please our lord God. The work of the body joined to the work of the heart is more laudable than the work of the heart only. And another said the evil creatures are worse than serpents, lions, or carriages. And just as there is nothing better than good creatures on earth, there is nothing worse than those who are wicked.\n\nAnd another said he who assumes a higher station than what belongs to him brings great pain from being spoken evil of.\n\nAnd another said he who desires peace in his life ought to avoid four things: first, not being angry though a creature lives whom he would have dead; second, if someone dies whom he would have alive; third, if he sees fortune raise and bring up someone of lower degree than him; and fourth, entering and meddling with worldly works is a thing that can best keep a man from all inconveniences.\n\nAnd another said the wiser a man is alone, the greater is his joy, be it day or night.\n\nAnd another said the ill-disposed king is like a carriage that makes the earth stink around it, and the good. A king is like the fair reigning ruler, beneficial to creatures. Another said, the wise are not content to profit only themselves, but seemingly contribute to others, while fools harm not only themselves but take great pains to harm and trouble others. Another said, a fool exposes himself for a little thing. Said another, one may not be as well dressed nor seen as truth permits. Another said, abstaining from wrath and covetousness is laudable in this world as in the other. And another said, he who gives counsel and prays it for himself would be called doing. He who does not eat will die of hunger, and if he eats more than enough, he will be sick. It is a difficult thing for a man to be long in health. Another said, trust not him who denies his faith. Another said, you will find clothing, food, and a place to dwell if you are anything, but that. \"suffices not that which is necessary, you shall be subject to covetousness, and yet you shall lack your desire. And another said, \"In log sleeping is no profit, but harm is to use it, and a man ought to beware that he does not spend half his life in idleness.\" And another said, \"The good soul, will have no rest in this world than he that has a good soul, ought to beware of too much rest.\" And another said, \"Beware of the company of a liar in all your works, be they in great authority or in small. And another said, 'He that loves with feigned love and for worldly things shall hate in like wise, but he that loves for the perpetual weal shall grow more in his love.' And another said, 'Go where you will, keep yourself from evil doing, and suffice yourself with the good deeds that you shall do besides. And another said, 'He that will know whether his soul is noble and clean or foul and corrupt, he ought to consider his discretion and conscience, and if he delights himself in doing good virtues and noble things.'\" Without harm, his soul is clean and noble, and if he delights in doing foul and traitorous things, then his soul is foul, for every thing resides with its like, the good with the good, and the evil with the evil. Another said, he is happy he goes the right way, for he finds sooner thereby the place where he would go, and he who goes out of his way / the more he goes, the farther behind he is. It was asked of a wise man what was the translation of the sayings of these philosophers.\n\nHere ends the book named The Sayings of the Philosophers, printed by me, William Caxton, at Westminster, in the year of our Lord MCCCCLXXVII. This book is lately translated from French into English. By the noble and powerful lord, Lord Antonie Earl of Ryuiers, lord of Scales and of the Isle of Wight, Defender and director of the apostolic siege, for our holy Father the Pope in this realm of England, and Governor of my lord Prince of Wales. And it is so that at such a time. as he had completed this said work, he wanted to send it to me in certain quarters to review, which I immediately saw and found to contain many great, notable, and wise sayings of the philosophers, according to the books I had frequently read before in fresh copies. But certainly, I had seen none in English at that time. And so, I went to my said lord and told him that I had read and seen his book. He had done a meritorious deed in the labor of its translation into our English tongue, deserving singular praise and thanks. Then my said lord asked me to oversee it, and I replied to his lordship that I could not amend it unless I presumed to do so. For it was well and skillfully made and translated into good and fair English, notwithstanding, he wanted me to oversee it and showed me various things which, as he thought, might be omitted, such as certain letters misplaced from Alexander to Darius. Aristotle and Echus requested that I include letters irrelevant to the aforementioned dictates and sayings, as they touched upon other matters. They also asked me to print their book. I have obliged their request and command, and have overseen this book to ensure its accuracy with the original French version. I find nothing discordant therein, except in the dictates and sayings of Socrates. In these, I find that my lord has omitted certain and various conclusions regarding women. I am surprised that my lord has not included them. I cannot determine why or what caused him to do so at that time. However, I suppose that a fair lady may have requested him to leave them out of his book, or else he was infatuated with some noble lady. For whose love he would not set it in his book, or else for the very affection, love, and goodwill he holds for all ladies and gentlewomen, he thought that Socrates spared them. The sovereign wrote of women more truthfully. Which I cannot think that so true a man and noble philosopher as Socrates was would write otherwise. For if he had erred in writing of women, he ought not to be believed in his other dictums and sayings. But I perceive that my said lord knows very well that such defects have not been found in the women born and dwelling in these parts and regions of the world. Socrates was a Greek born in a far-off country. Whych country is altogether of other conditions than this is. And men and women of other natures than they are here in this country. I well know whatsoever condition women are in Greece. The women of this country are right good, wise, playful, humble, discreet, sober, chaste, obedient to their husbands, true, secret, steadfast, ever busy, and never idle, Attempting in speaking, and virtuous in all their works or at least should be so, For which reasons so evidently my said lord, as I suppose, thought it. I was not required to include in my book the sayings of my author Socrates concerning women, but since I was instructed by my lord to correct and amend where necessary, and I found none saved except these dictates and sayings of the women of Greece, I purpose to write the same sayings of that Greek Socrates, who wrote only of the women of Greece and nothing of those of this realm, which I suppose he never knew. If he had known them, I would plainly say that he would have reserved them specifically in his said dictates, not presuming to put and set them in my lord's book, but intending to refer to them apart in the rehearsal of the works. Humbly requesting all those who read this little rehearsal to treat any fault they find as Socrates' and not mine. Socrates said that women are deceptive and only catch men who are powerless or do not know them. He also stated that ignorance is the greatest impediment for a man. Socrates saw a woman carrying a fire and commented that the hotter she was, the colder she became. He saw a sick woman and remarked that evil rests and dwells with the evil. He saw a woman being brought to justice and many other women weeping behind her. Socrates said that evil is sorry and angry because it will perish. He saw a young maiden learning to write and remarked that ignorance multiplies evil upon evil. Socrates said that a man's ignorance is known in three things: when he has no thought to use reason, when he cannot restrain his desires, and when he is governed by the counsel of women, knowing that they know not. Socrates told his disciples:\n\nWill you that I signify and teach you how to escape from all evil. They answered, \"And what does that mean, sir?\" He said to them, \"For whatever thing that it be, keep yourselves and be well warned not to obey women. They answered to him again, \"And what do you mean by our good mothers and aunts?\" He said to them, \"Sufficient with that I have said to you, for all are similar in malice. And he said, \"Whoever will acquire and get knowledge, let him never put himself under the governance of a woman. He saw a woman making herself fresh and gay, to whom he said, \"You resemble the fire, for the more wood is added to the fire, the more it will burn. And the greater is the heat. On one occasion, someone asked him, \"What do you think of women?\" He answered, \"Women resemble a tree called Edelweiss, which is the fairest tree to behold and see that may be, but within it is full of venom. And they said to him and demanded why he blamed women, and that he himself had not come into this world.\" None other men were with them, he answered. The woman is like a thorn tree named Chassoygnet. On this tree there are many things sharp and pricking which hurt and pierce those who approach it. And yet, nevertheless, this tree brings forth good fruit and sweet. And they asked him why he fled from women.\n\nAnd he answered, \"For as much as I see them flee and shun the good and commonly do evil.\"\n\nA woman said to him, \"Will you have any other woman than me?\"\n\nAnd he answered to her, \"Art not thou ashamed to offer yourself to him who neither asks nor desires you?\"\n\nThese are the dictates and sayings of the philosopher Socrates, which he wrote in his book. And certainly he wrote no worse than this is recounted. And since it is agreed that his dictates and sayings should be held in the same regard as others, therefore I have placed it in the midst of this book. And also some persons, perhaps, who have read this book in French, would have found a great fault in me had I not. I cannot output the entire text as it is, as there are several issues that need to be addressed before it can be considered clean and perfectly readable. Here is the cleaned version:\n\nI have not fulfilled my duty in visiting and overseeing my lord's book according to his desire. And some may have supposed that Socrates spoke more ill of women than is specified here, therefore, in satisfying all parties and also for the excuse of the said Socrates, I have set these said dictates and sayings apart in this book. If my said lord or any other person whatsoever, who shall read or hear it, is not well pleased with all that they find with a pen, let them erase it or else tear the leaf out of the book. Humbly requesting and beseeching my said lord to take no displeasure with me for this, but to pardon where he finds fault, and that it please him to take the labor of printing in good grace and thank you, which I have gladly done in accomplishing his desire and commandment, In which I am bound so to do for the good reward that I have received from his lordship. Whom I beseech Almighty God to protect. And to continue in his virtuous disposition in this world. And after this life to live eternally in heaven. Amen.\n\nThus ends this book of the dictates and notable wise sayings of the philosophers, late translated and drawn out of French into our English tongue by my lord River and lord Scales. And by their command set in form and printed in this manner as you may see here in this book. Finished the 18th day of the month of November. And the 7th year of the reign of King Edward the Fourth.", "creation_year": 1480, "creation_year_earliest": 1480, "creation_year_latest": 1480, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "IN the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1480. And in the 20th year of the reign of King Edward the Fourth, at the request of various gentlemen, I have endeavored to print the chronicles of England as this book shall follow. I have also arranged a table of contents for it, as shown below, which book begins with Albion and her sisters discovering this land and naming it Albion, and ends with the beginning of the reign of our said sovereign lord, King Edward the Fourth.\n\nFirst, in the prologue, is contained how Albion, with her sister, named it Albion.\n\nThe beginning of the book contains how Brutus was driven out of Troy and how he slew his father and mother, Caesar.\n\nHow Corineus became Brutus' man.\n\nHow Brutus and\n\nHow the battle took place between Corineus and Gogmagog, Caesar II. How Brute founded London and named it Britaine / Scotland, Albania, Wales, Cambria, and divided the land among his three sons: Cavus, Caesar, and Arun.\n\nHow King Madan reignced in peace.\n\nHow King Ebrac conquered Gaul and begat twenty sons and fourteen daughters: Cavus, Septimus, Octavius, Decimus, Quintus, and Nonus.\n\nOf King Greneshel, firstborn son of King Ebrac, Cavus.\n\nOf King Leyl, Greneshel's son, Caix.\n\nOf King Lud Ludibras, Leyl's son, Caixj.\n\nOf King Bladud, Lud Ludibras' son, Caixj.\n\nOf King Leyr and his three daughters, and how the youngest was married to the king of Gaul, Caixij.\n\nHow Leyr was driven out of his land due to his madness / and how Cordeil, his youngest,\n\nHow Morgan and Conedagus, who were not mentioned in full,\n\nHow Reynold, Conedagus' son, reigned after his father, and in his time, it rained blood for three days, Caixv.\n\nHow Gorbodian reigned after Reynold his father, Caixvj.\n\nHow the two sons of Gorbodian fought for the inheritance / and how they both were slain, Caixvij.\n\nHow four kings ruled Britaine / And their names were:\n\n1. Constans\n2. Constantinus\n3. Constans\n4. Constantinus. Of King Cleteus, the son of Doneband, and how he won the land: 18.\n\nHow Doneband was the first king ever crowned with gold in Britain: 19.\n\nHow Belin was driven out of this land by Guthlagh of Denmark and Samye: 21.\n\nHow a treaty was made between Brenne and Belin through the mediation of Cornwen, her mother: 22.\n\nHow King Cormbatrus subdued the king of Denmark because he refused to pay him tribute: 23.\n\nHow King Guenthelon reigned and: 25.\n\nHow King Seysell reigned after Guenthelon: 26.\n\nHow Kimor reigned after Seysell, and Howan reigned after him: 27.\n\nHow King Morwith died through being devoured by a beast: 28.\n\nOf Grandebodian, the son of Mor, with whom the town of Cambridge was founded: 29.\n\nOf Ar: 30.\n\nHow Hesidur was made king after the death of Artogaille, his brother: 32.\n\nHow the Britons rescued Hesidur from prison and made him king for the third time: 33.\n\nHow 32 kings reigned in peace, each after the other, after the death of Hesidur: 33.5. How Lud became king after his father's death around the year 324.\nHow Briton granted Cassivalasus, Lud's brother, the realm in whose time Julius Caesar came twice to conquer the land around the year 35.\nOf the debate between Cassivalasus and the Earl of London and of the tribute paid to Rome around the year 356.\nHow the lords of the land, after the death of Cassivalasus, who had no heir, made Andragus king around the year 357.\nOf Kimbal, Andragus' son, in whose time Ihu was born of the blessed virgin Saint Marie around the year 368.\nOf King Gunder, Kimbal's son, who refused to pay tribute to Rome and was slain around the year 389.\nOf King Armager, in whose time the apostles preached around the year 40.\nHow King Westmer gave an island to Beringar and made a stone in the boundary of Westmerland, where he slew Roderyk around the year 412.\nOf King Coyl, Westmer's son, around the year 414.\nHow Queen Luce reigned after Coyl and was the first Christian king in this land around the year 423. How this land was long without a king and at last the Britons chose Aristobulus, who was later slain by Constantine around AD 450.\n\nHow Constantine, a Roman, was chosen as king because he had married Eleanor, King Coel's daughter, around AD 452.\n\nHow Constantine's son Constans and Saint Eleanor ruled the land, and later Constans was made Emperor of Rome around AD 453.\n\nHow Maximian, who was Maximian's cousin in Rome, wedded Octavian's daughter and was made king around AD 458.\n\nHow Maximian conquered the land of Amorica and gave it to Conan Meridoc around AD 459.\n\nHow Saint Ursula and her company of 10,000 virgins came here.\n\nHow King Gogan came to destroy this land and how Gracian defended it around AD 461.\n\nHow Gracian made himself king when Maximian was slain around AD 461, and later the Britons slew him around AD 463.\n\nHow Constantine, who was Constantine's son and a monk at Winchester, was taken out by Vortigern and made king after his father's death. whom Vortigern let bring him to make himself king of Caledonia\nHow the wardens who had two children to keep, Constantine's sons, led them to little Britain on account of Vortigern's treason and falseness.\nHow Engist came with 1,000 men into this land, to whom Vortigern gave the place called Thongcastle, Caledonia.\nOf Rowena, Engist's daughter, whom King Vortigern married for her beauty, Caledonia.\nHow Vortimer, Vortigern's son, was made king, and how Engist was driven out, and how Vortimer was slain by Rowena, Caledonia.\nHow the Britons chose Vortigern again to be king, & how Engiste returned & how they fought each other, Caledonia.\nHow Vortigern began a castle that would not stand, wherefore counsel was given him to temper the mortar with blood, Caledonia.\nHow\nOf Merlin's answer to the king why the castle might not stand, Caledonia.\nOf the significance of two dragons that fought each other, Caledonia.\nOf King Aurilambros how he pursued Vortigern and Engiste. And how they decided Ca.lxiiij.\nHow Aurilambros restored the land of Britain, which was destroyed by the Saxons, Ca.lxv.\nHow the Britons went to seek the great stones in Ireland, ca.\nHow Passent Vortigers and King Guillomer came into this land, and how Coppa, a traitor, sent the king Aurilambros a message, Capitulo lxvij.\nWhen Aurilambros was dead, a star was seen in the morning with a clear light, and at the end of the day, the head of a horrible dragon was seen, Ca.lxv.ij.\nOf Utter Pendragon, who was king after his brother, and of the love he had for Igerne, daughter of Cornwall, Ca.lxx.\nHow Utter begat Arthur, king, on Igerne, countess of Cornwall, Ca.lxxj.\nHow King Utter appointed Aloth to rule the land while he was sick, Ca.lxxij.\nHow Arthur, Utter's son, was king after his father, and how he drove Colegrime, the Saxons, and Childric of Almain out of this land, Ca.lxx.\nHow Arthur fought with the Saxons when they came again and besieged the town of Bath, and he overcame them. How Arthur conquered Merlin, the last kings, Guillomer of Ireland and the Scots, Gunnore of Cornwall, all of Ireland (approximately 251), France (approximately 268), and Dinas (approximately 844).\n\nArthur's encounter with Guillomer of Ireland and the Scots,\nArthur's wedding to Gunnore of Cornwall and his conquest of Ireland (approximately 521),\nArthur's conquest of France and the death of Frodo (approximately 568),\nArthur's treatment of his men who had traveled with him,\nThe letter sent from Rome to King Arthur (approximately 800),\nKing Arthur's response to the Emperor and the Romans (approximately 801),\nKing Arthur's respect for the messengers of the Emperor (approximately 802),\nThe kings and lords who came to serve and aid King Arthur,\nKing Arthur's fight and death of the giant Dinas, who had killed Heliine, cousin of Little Britain (approximately 844),\nKing Arthur's battle given to the Emperor (approximately 850), in which the Emperor was slain,\nKing Arthur's burial of his knights who were slain in the battle, and his sending of the Emperor's body to Rome for tribute (approximately 851). How Mordred, to whom he had given the governance of his realm in his absence, rebelled against him around 485.\nHow King Arthur encountered Mordred the traitor and was slain, and how Arthur was wounded to the point of death around 486.\nHow Constantine was troubled by Mordred's two sons around 480.\nOf King Adelbright and Edell around 480.\nHow King Edell married the daughter of Adelbright to a knight in his kitchen around 482.\nOf King Conan around 489.\nOf King Cortif and Gurmond, who came with help from the east.\nHow King Gurmond drove King Cortif to Chester and slew the Britons, taking the town around 485.\nHow this land was named England after the name of Engist, and how many kings were made in various parts of the land around 486.\nHow Saint Austyn first came to England and baptized Adelbright, and of the two bishops who were his followers around 486.\nHow Saint Austyn went into Wales, and how the Britons there would not obey their archbishop of Canterbury around 487. How King Adelbright and King Olfride slew Brechenal, king of the Britons, who held the territory of Leicester, around 799.\n\nHow Cadwan, king of Leicester, and Elfrid, king of Northumberland, were friends, and afterwards, the deba (debate or dispute).\n\nHow King Oswald was slain by King Cadwallon and Peanda.\nAnd how Oswy, Saint Oswald's brother, reigned after him and slew Peanda.\nAnd how King Cadwallon, Cadwaldr's son, reigned after his father and was the last king of the Britons.\n\nChapter C.j.\n\nHow Cadwallon abandoned this land and went to little Britain around 512.\n\nHow King Offa was sovereign above all the kings in England and their war, and how Oswright enforced Bernicia's wife, which caused much sorrow around 533.\n\nHow the Danes took York and slew King Oswright, and Ella around 544.\n\nHow Saint Edmond the king was martyred around 560.\n\nHow Huna and Hunger took the town of Reading around 565.\n\nOf King Aethelred and how the Danes in his time required him to suffer them to depart from this land around 569. How Hubba and Hungar were slain at Chippenham & how the Danes brought her king to King Alfred ca.c.viij\nHow the Danes who went into France with Gurmond came again into England & the death of King Alfred ca.c.ix\nOf King Edward, who was Alfred's son ca.c.x\nOf King Athelstan and Edmond, Eldred and Edwyne his brothers ca.c.xj\nOf King Edgar who ruled over the kings of Scotland and Wales & how he was deceived in taking of his wife ca.c.xii\nHow King Edgar wedded Estrilde after the death of Edel|wold ca.c.xij\nHow St. Edward the Martyr was slain by his stepmother Estrilde to make Eldred her son king ca.c.xiv\nOf King Eldred & how King Sweyn of Denmark held England & how Eldred's brother Edward was not beloved & therefore fled to Normandy ca.c.xv\nHow King Eldred came again from Normandy & how Knut ruled & the war between him and Edmund Ironside ca.c.xvj\nOf King Knut ca.c.xvii. \u00b6How kyng Edmond Irenside was slayne by a tcaitour named\nEdrith of Stratton ca.c.xviij\n\u00b6How kyng knoght sente kyng Edmondes sones in to denmarke\nfor to slee / & how they were sauyd ca.c.xix.\n\u00b6How kyng knoght conquered norewey / & how after his pride be\u00a6come\nmeke & mylde ca.c.xx\n\u00b6Of kyng harolde that leuer had to go on fote than ride ca.c.xxj\n\u00b6Of kyng hardeknoght haroldes brother ca.c.xxij.\n\u00b6Of the vylanye that the danes diden to englisshme\u0304 wherfor after\u00a6ward\nwas no dane made kyng of englond ca.c.xxiiij\n\u00b6How godewyn toke Alured on gildesdoune whan he cam out of\nnorma\u0304die to be kyug / & how he was martred in y\u2022 Ile of ely ca.124\n\u00b6How seint Edward Alureds brother was made kyng of En\u2223glond ca.c.xxv.\n\u00b6Of the first miracle that god shewed for seint edward ca.c.xxvj\n\u00b6How erle Godewyne retorned in to englond / and how seint Ed\u00a6ward\nwedded his doughter ca.c.xxvij.\n\u00b6How seint Edward saw sweyne drowned in the see / as he stode\nand berde his masse ca.c.xxviij.\n\u00b6How the ringe that seint Edward had gyuen to seint Iohan the The Evangelist was born.\n\nHow Saint Edward decided and was buried at Westminster around 1003.\nHow Harold Godwinson's son was made king and escaped from the Duke of Normandy around 1031.\nHow William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy conquered England and killed King Harold around 1066.\nHow King William ruled well and the war between him and the King of France around 1037.\nOf King William Rufus, William the Bastard's son, who destroyed towns and houses of Religion to make a forest around 1039.\nHow King Henry Beauclerk, William Rufus' brother, was king and of the death of Robert Curthose his brother.\n\nChapter 35.\n\nOf the dispute between King Louis of France and King Henry of England, and how his two sons were drowned in the sea around 1057.\nHow Matilda, the Empress, returned to England, and how she was married afterwards to Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou around 1058.\nHow Stephen, King Henry's sister's son, was made king of England around 1069.\nHow Matilda, the Empress, had much trouble and disease, and how she escaped from Oxford to Wallingford around 1239\nHow Geoffrey earle of Angoul\u00eame gave it to Henry Percy, son of Henry, all of Normandy around 1400.\nOf King Henry the Second's son, in whose time Saint Thomas of Canterbury was made chancellor around 1401.\nOf King Henry, who was the son of King Henry Percy, and of the dispute between him and his father around 1311.\nHow Christian men lost the holy land in this time through a false Christian man who renounced his faith and became a Saracen around 1344.\nOf King Richard the Lionheart and his conquest in the holy land around 1344.\nHow King Richard returned from the holy land and how he avenged himself on his enemies around 1349.\nHow John his brother was made king. In the first year of his reign, he lost all Normandy around 1351.\nHow King John would not obey the pope's commandment. Therefore, all England was entered around 1357.\nHow Stephen of Langton came to England by the pope's commandment and how he returned again around 1359. How King John destroyed the order of Cisteaus, around 1459\nHow Pandolf delivered a clerk who had forged and counterfeited the king's money in the king's presence, around 1401.\nOf the obligatory letter that King John made to the Roman court for which Peter Pence was to be paid, around 1410.\nHow the clerks who were out and how King John was acquitted, around 1411.\nHow the indulgence ceased and of the debate between King John and the English barons, around 1433.\nHow Louis, the king's son of France came into England with a strong power to be king, around 1422.\nHow the pope sent Swalo a land of the death of King John, around 1435.\nHow Henry the Third was crowned at Gloucester, around 1437.\nHow Louis returned into France and of the confirmation of King John's charter, around 1438.\nOf the quindecime of goods granted for the new charter and of the pursuit of Oxford, around 1438.\nOf the siege of Kenilworth and how gentlemen were dispossessed by counsel of the lords and how they regained their lands, around 1435. The prophecy of Merlyn concerning King Henry, who was King John's son, around the year 1410.\nThe prophecy of Merlyn concerning King Henry, son of King Edward, around the year 1421.\nThe daughter of Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, and Aymer, brother of the Earl of Mountfort, were taken at sea around the year 1431.\nLlewelyn, encouraged by his brother David, made war against King Edward around the year 1434.\nDavid, Llewelyn's brother and Prince of Wales, was put to death.\nChapter 1249.\nKing Edward redressed his justices and clerks, and the Jews were expelled from England around the year 1265.\nKing Edward was seized of all the land of Scotland by the consent of all its lords around the year 1265.\nSir John Balliol rendered homage for Scotland, and Sir Thomas Turbeville around the year 1266.\nThe conquest of Berwick in Scotland around the year 1267.\nKing Edward released the Scots from prison and they drew up a treaty.\nWilliam Waleys allowed Sir Hugh Cressingham and the Battle of Fotheringay around the year 1270.\nThe last marriage of King Edward, and how he went into retirement. In the year around 1271, in Scotland:\n\nThe Castle of Sterling was besieged (around 1271)\nThe ordaining of Troylebaston (around 1264)\nDeath of William Waley (exact year unknown)\nThe Scots came to King Edward to make amends (around 1275)\nFor their offenses against him.\nRobert Bruce challenged Scotland (around 1275)\nSir John Comyn gained the crowning of Robert the Bruce\nSir John Comyn was pitifully slain (around 1269)\nHow Robert Bruce was\nHow King Edward was dubbed at Westminster\nHow Robert Bruce was discomfited in battle\nHow Earl of Atholl was taken and put to death (around 1280)\nHow John William Waleis, brother of John, was put to death (around 1282)\nHow Robert Bruce fled from Scotland to Norway (around 1280)\nHow the noble King Edward died (around 1285)\nMerlin's prophecy declared on King Edward (around 1285)\nKing Edward of Carnarvon, who was Edward's son (around 1286)\nHow Robert Bruce returned to Scotland. How the town of Berwick was taken by treason & how two Cardinalis were robbed in England, around 1489\nHow the Scots robbed Northumberland, around 1470\nHow Scotland would not amend their transgressions, wherefore the land was entered, around 1471.\nHow Sir Hugh Spencer's son was made the king's chamberlain & of the battle of Myton, around 1471.\nHow King Edward was entirely ruled by the Speakers, around 1439.\nHow Sir Hugh Spencer and his father were expelled from England, around 1444.\nHow the king expelled Thomas Earl of Lancaster & all those who held with him. How Mortimer came and yielded himself to the king, around 1445.\nOf the siege of Tickhill & of Earl of Lancaster, around 1445.\nOf the discomfiture of Burghbridge, around 1447.\nHow Thomas of Lancaster was beheaded at Pontefract & five Barons hanged and drawn, around 1446.\nHow King Edward went into Scotland with a hundred M. men of war & could not succeed, around 1449.\nHow Sir Andrew Herkley was taken & put to death. Of the miracles that God worked for St. Thomas of Lancaster, because the doors of the priory were closed, and no one should come and offer at his sepulcher.\n\nHow Queen Isabella,\nHow King Edward sent his son, Prince Edward, into France,\nHow King Edward exiled Queen Isabella and Edward his eldest son,\nHow, by the counsel of the Spencers, King Edward sent to the twelve peers of France to help exile Queen Isabella and Sir Edward out of France,\nHow King Edward allowed the costs of the sea to be kept and tried out the best men of war in England,\nHow Queen Isabella and Edward, her son, the Duke of Guienne, landed at her wich and how they did,\nHow Master Walter Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter,\nHow King Edward, Sir Hugh Spencer, and the Earl of Arundell were taken,\nHow King Edward was deposed and his dignity taken from him,\nThe prophecy of Merlin declared upon King Edward of Carnarvon, his son. Of King Edward the Third after the Conquest, A.D. 1327\n\nHow King Edward went to Stanhope to meet the Scots, A.D. 1328.\nHow the Englishmen stopped the Scots in the park of Stanhope\nand turned again into Scotland, A.D. 1329\n\nOf the marriage of King Edward to Philippa, daughter of Henry,\nat York, A.D. 1328\n\nOf the peace made between Englishmen and Scots and of the truce\nof Troyesbaston, A.D. 1329\n\nOf the debate between Queen Isabella and Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster,\nand the riding at Bedford, A.D. 1329\n\nHow King Edward went over sea to do his homage to the\nKing of France for Guienne, A.D. 1330\n\nHow Sir Roger Mortimer bore him proudly and he,\n\nHow Edmund Earl of Woodstock, Earl of Kent and brother to King Edward of Carnarvon,\n\nOf the death of Sir Roger Mortimer Earl of March,\n\nChapter XXII.\n\nHow King Edward again received the homages and fealties of Scotland\nwhich he had lost\n\nThis was the array of the Scots that came in battle against him. The two kings of England and Scotland were these lords:\n\nHow King Edward created the duchy of the earldom of Cornwall and of other 7 new earls he made, and of the first challenge and title of the Realm of France, Ca.cc.xxiv.\n\nHow King Edward fought in the haven of Sluys against the power of France, where he had the victory, Ca.cc.xxv.\n\nHow King Edward sailed into Normandy and arrived at Harcourt with a great host, Ca.cc.xxvii.\n\nHow King Edward besieged Calais and how he took it, Ca.cc.xxviii.\n\nHow King Edward had a great battle on the sea by Winchelsea with Spaniards, Ca.cc.xxix.\n\nHow King Edward was crowned king of Scotland, and how Edward, prince of Wales, took the king of France and Sir Philip his son at the battle of Pevensey, Ca.cc.xxx.\n\nHow the great company was in France, and the White Company in Lombardy, and other marvels, Ca.cc.xxxii.\n\nOf the great wind and how Prince Edward took the lordship of Guines from his father and went there, Ca.cc.xxxiii. Of the battle of Spain by Nazareth between Prince Edward and Sir Henry Bastard of Spain, 1475\nHow Sir Robert Knolles and other lords went over sea to\nOf the siege of Rochel and the Earl of Penbroke and his company were taken by Spaniards, 1475.\nHow the Duke of La Salle with a great host sailed into Flanders and passed by Paris through France till he came to Burgundy, 1475.\nOf the death of Prince Edward and the Lord Latimer and Daine, by maintenance of whom the realm was governed, 1475.\nOf the death of King Edward and how Sir John Monsterworth knight was drawn and hanged, 1476.\nHow King Richard, Prince Edward's son, was made king and of Jack Straw and how he married Queen Anne, and of many other things\nHow five lords rose at Ravensbridge, 1410.\nHow King Richard married Isabella, the king's daughter of France, in Calais, and of her coronation at Westminster, 1404.\nHow King Henry the Fourth ruled after the conquest. How King Henry the Fifth's son was king & his reigning in the beginning and at the siege of Harlech, Battle of Agincourt, court and war in Normandy, around 1444.\n\nHow King Henry was made heir and regent of France & how he married Queen Anne Boleyn.\n\nOf King Henry the Fifth's law, what he ordained for King Richard and himself after his death, around 1456.\n\nHow King Henry the Sixth reigned after his father, being not a year old.\n\nHow there was a great conflict between the Cardinal and the Duke.\n\nOf heresy.\n\nHow Calais and Guines were besieged by the Duke of Burgundy & how the Duke of Gloucester rescued them, around 1500.\n\nHow Owain, a squire from Wales, had married Queen Katherine.\n\nHow the Duchess of Gloucester was arrested for treason & committed to perpetual prison on the Isle of Man & of Master Roger Bolingbroke's death, around 1456.\n\nHow King Henry married Queen Margaret and her coronation, around 1503.\n\nHow the Duke of Gloucester, King's uncle, was arrested. At the beginning of Burgh's placement and his death, Angelo was delivered around 1514.\n\nHow Sir Francis Aragon took Fogiers in Normandy, and of the loss of Constantinople by the Turk around 1522.\n\nOf Thynsurr.\n\nHow the Duke of York took a field in Kent at Brentheth. And of Prince Edward's birth, and the first field of St. Albans where the Duke of Somerset was slain and other lords.\n\nHow\n\nHow those in the king's household made affray and of Blooreleth's journey\n\nChapter cc.lviij\n\nHow the Duke of York, Earl of Warwick, and Earl of Salisbury took a field in the western country, and how Andrew Trollope and the soldiers of Calais forsook them around 1535.\n\nHow the Earl of Warwick entered into\n\nHow they entered England, and of the field of Northampton where diverse lords were slain around 1536.\n\nHow the noble Duke of York was slain at Wakefield, and of the second journey at St. Albans by the Queen and the Prince around 1536. Of the deposition of King Henry VI and how King Edward IV took possession of the realm and his coronation, in the noble land of Scotland, there was a noble and mighty king and man of great renown, whom I call Diocletian. He conquered all the lands around him, so that almost all the kings of the world were entreating him. It happened thus: this Diocletian married a gentle damsel, who was wonderfully fair, his daughter Emesa, and she loved him as reason would dictate. He took twenty-four daughters from her, of whom the eldest was named Albina. When they came of age, they became so fair that it was wonderful. Wherefore, this Diocletian at once commanded his lords to make a sumptuous feast, and he invited all the kings who held allegiance to him to come on a certain day, as was contained in his lords' summons. At that day they came together. Comen and brought with them aristocrats, princes, and dukes. The feast was really arranged and there they lived in joy and mirth enough that it was wonderful to witness. It happened that this Diocleasian intended to marry his daughters among all the kings who were present, and they spoke and agreed that Albion, his eldest daughter, and all her sisters were married to thirty-four kings who were lords of great honor and power at this ceremony. And when the ceremony was done, every king took his wife and led her to her own country and there made her queen. It happened afterward that this dame Albion became so strong and so stern that she showed little respect for her lord and for him had scorn and contempt. She would not do his will but her own in various matters, and all her other sisters and friends were displeased with her and had power over her. Therefore, these thirty-four kings at a time and often beat her husbands. for they thought they would amend her taches and wilked thews, but of such conditions they were that for fair speech and warning they did all the verses and for the most part many verses afterwards. The king who had wedded Albine wrote the taches and conditions of his wife Albyn and sent the letter to Dioclesian her father. And when the other kings heard that Albine's lord had sent a letter to Dioclesian, they immediately sent heralds with their seals the conditions and the taches of their wives. When King Dioclesian saw and heard so many complaints from his daughters, he was greatly ashamed and became very angry and wrathful towards them. They had so misbehaved. And immediately he sent his herald to the 34 kings that they should come to him and bring with them their wives each one at a certain day, for he would chastise them for their wickedness if he could in any manner whatsoever. The kings came all at that day and time that was set between them and King Dioclesian. The king Diocleasian received them with much honor and held a solemn feast for all under his lordship. The third day after this solemnity, the king Diocleasian sent for his twenty-four daughters, commanding them to come and speak with him in his chamber. When they arrived, he spoke to them harshly about their wickedness and cruelty, reproaching them disdainfully. Hearing this, the ladies were greatly ashamed and, to their father, they said they would make amends. The eldest sister, Dame Albyne, led them all to her chamber and locked the door, allowing only herself and her sisters to remain. Dame Albyne said, \"My fair sisters, we well know that our father the king has reproached, shamed, and despised us for our disobedience to our husbands. But truly, \" I shall never while I live be of a more noble lineage than my husband. When she had said this, all her sisters agreed. Albion also spoke, \"Fair sisters, we know well that our husbands have wronged us before our father for this reason, and he has reproached and despised us. Therefore, my counsel is that tonight, when our husbands are in bed, we all consent and cut their throats. We will be at peace with them and it is better for us to do this thing under our father's power than otherwise. And at once, all the ladies agreed and granted this counsel. When night came, the lords and ladies went to bed. And at once, as their husbands were asleep, they cut their throats. But Diocletian, their father, the king, heard of this deed and became extremely angry against his daughters. He wished to burn them all alive. However, all the barons and lords of the realm counseled against it. Not so he spared such sternness towards his own daughters, but only voided the land of them forever, so that they should never return. And so he did. Dioclesian, their father, commanded them to go into ships and delivered to them provisions for half a year. And when this was done, all the sisters went into the ship and sailed forth into the sea, bidding farewell to Appolyn, their god. They sailed long in the sea until at last they arrived on an island that was all wilderness. When Dame Albine came to that land and all her sisters, Albine went forth from the ship and said to her other sisters: \"For as much as I am the eldest sister of all this company and first took possession of this land, and for as much as my name is Albion, I will that this land be called Albion after my own name.\" And all her sisters granted this to her with good will. Then all the sisters of the ship went ashore and took possession of the land Albion, as their sister called it. They went up and down and found neither man, woman nor child, but wild beasts of various kinds. When their provisions were exhausted and they failed, they fed themselves with herbs and fruits in season, and lived as best they could. Afterwards, they took flesh of various beasts and became very fat. They desired human companionship and kindness that was lacking. For heat, they grew very corpulent and of kind nature so that they desired more human companionship than any other solace or pleasure.\n\nWhen the devil, who perceived and went through various countries and the shapes of men and liking natures of men, came to the land of Albion and lay with those women and impregnated them. They conceived and brought forth Giants, of whom one was named Gogmagog and another Ridiculous. And they were named by various names. In this manner, they came forth and were born horrible Giants in Albion. They dwelt in caves and in hills. at hir wyll and had the londe of Albion as hem liked vn to the\ntyme that Brute arrined and come to Totnesse that was in the\nyle of Albion and ther this brut conquered and scomfited thes\ngeantz aboue said\n\u00b6Here endeth the prolog of Albion that tho was an Ile and her\u00a6keneth now how Brute was goten and how he slowe first his mo\u00a6der\nand after ward his fadre and how he conquered Albion that af\u00a6ter\nhe nempned Britaigne after his owne name that nowe is cal\u2223led\nEnglond after the name of Engist of Saxonie \u00b6Ca.j.\nIn the noble Cite of grete Troye ther was a noble\nknyght & a man of grete poer that was called Ene\u2223as\nand when the Cite of Troye was lost and destroi\u00a6ed\nthurgh hem of Grece this Eneas with all his me\u00a6yne\nfledde thens and come in to lumbardie that tho\nwas lorde and gouernour of that londe a kyng that was called\nLatyne And an othir kyng ther was that was called Turocelyne\nthat strongly werred vpon this kyng latyne that often tymes did\nhym moche harme And when this kyng latyne herde that Eneas Eneas was received with much honor, and he was held in high esteem because he was known to be a noble knight and worthy of his body and actions. This Eneas helped King Latinus in his war and, in short, he did so admirably that he subdued Turocelinus and defeated him and his people. After this was accomplished, King Latinus gave all the land that belonged to Turocelinus to Eneas in marriage, with Lavinia his daughter. They lived together in joy and merriment all their lives. After he married, and on his wife he begot a son named Silvius. Of all the great scholars, they answered and said that the damsel would bring forth a son who would be both father and mother, and so it came to pass. His mother died in giving birth to him. When this child was born, his father named him Brutus. The masters said that he would do great harm. Forwe in many diverse places, and after he should come to great honor and worship, King Ascamus died, when God willed it. Silvius his son received the land and ruled him wonderfully. He was greatly beloved among his people. When Brutus, Silvius' son, was fifteen years old, he went one day with his father to play and amuse himself. And as this misfortune befell, the people of the land and the bondage of King Pandras of Greece were due to the death of Achilles, who was borne and slain at Troy. Brutus was a wonderfully fair man, strong and huge for his age, of glad cheer and seemly appearance, and worthy of respect. This king Pandras heard speak of his goodness and conditions, and at once made him duel with him. Brutus became more favored and beloved by the king, so that for a long time Brutus dueled with the king. At last, they of Troy and Brutus spoke together. Kynred and of linage and acquaintance swore to Brute of their sorrow and of their bondage, and of many other shameful things that King Pandras had inflicted upon them. To Brute they said, \"You are a lord of our lineage and a strong man; be our captain and lord. We will become your men and obey your commands in all things. Bring us out of this wretchedness and bondage. Through the grace of the great god, we shall overcome him. You shall be king of the land, and we shall do homage to you and hold evermore to Brut.\n\nKynred had great pity for their bondage and left the king's court. All of Troy went with him and put them into woods and mountains. They held them and sent word to King Pandras that he should grant them leave to depart from the land, for they would endure no longer. King Pandras grew sorely annoyed. and though he swore that he would slay each one and ordered a great power and went to ward them all to fight, but Brut and his men fought fiercely and quelled all the king's men, none of whom escaped. They took the king and held him in prison, and ordered a council among themselves about what they might do. Some said that he should be put to death, some said that he should be exiled from the land, and some said that he should be burned. And though spoke a wise knight named Menpris and said to Brut and to all of Troy, \"If King Pandras would yield himself and give up his life, I counsel that he give it to Brut, who is our duke and our sovereign, his daughter Genegen as a wife, and a hundred ships well prepared and all his treasure of gold and silver, corn and wine, and as much as we need of other things, and then go we out of his land and order ourselves a new land, for we have no kin left who come after us.\" vs shall never have peace in this land among them of Greece, for we have killed so many of her knights and other friends that war and contention should always be between us, Brutus and all his people consented well to this counsel, and this thing they told King Pandras, and therefore granted his life as much as they asked, and immediately gave to Brutus Genoen his daughter to wife and the hundred ships with as much victuals as was before ordered. Brutus took his wife and all his men who had forsaken the land of Greece and went to the sea, and had wind and weather at will, and came to an island called Lorgers on the third day. Brutus immediately sent forth\n\na detachment\nthat was not there neither man nor woman nor anything belonging,\nand in the midst of this city they found an old temple of a fair lady\ncalled Diana the goddess, and they came again to Brutus and told him what they had seen. And counsel him to go and do sacrifice to Diane, for she was wont to answer what thing ever men prayed her, and particularly to those who honored her with sacrifice. Brute went to that image and said, \"Diane, noble goddess, lady who has all things in your power and in your control: winds, waters, woods, and all things of the world, tell where and in what place I shall have a worthy dwelling for me and for my people, and there I shall make in your honor a fair temple and a noble one, where you shall forever be honored.\" When he had finished his prayer, Diane answered in this manner: \"Brute, go even forth your way over the sea to France, to guard the boundary there, and no man may come there except by ships. And in that land were wont to dwell giants, but now it is not so, but all wilderness, and that land is destined and ordained for you and for your people.\"\n\nWhen Brute heard this answer from Diane the goddess, anon: He let the anchor wind up and sailed, and his men had sailed for twenty days when they found themselves fast beside a coast of the sea, a thousand men of the lineage and kin of Troy, and their sovereign and master was called Corin. When Brute knew where they were, he went out to meet them with a large force. This Corin then became Brute's man, and he and his men did fealty and homage to him, and they sailed forth in the sea until they came to Gascony. They arrived in the haven of Liege and stayed there for seven days to rest and repair their sails. Tydings soon came to King Goffar, who was lord of the land, that much people from foreign lands had arrived in his land in the haven of Liege. He was greatly angered and annoyed that they had come and arrived in his land without leave, and he immediately ordered a great power to drive out Brute and his people. However, King Goffar. was discomfited and all his people and himself fled into fear to seek help and succor. At that time, there were twelve kings reigning in Flanders, and the eleven assembled a great power to help Goffar to fight against Brutus. Goffar engaged in combat with the French for half a year and more. In the meantime, Brutus and his company destroyed all the land of Gascony and took all the treasure that King Goffar had and brought it onto his ships. Brutus found in that land a fair place and a suitable one, and there Brutus made a fair castle and a strong one. When that was done, King Goffar came from France and eleven kings with him, bringing twenty thousand men to fight with Brutus and his company. Brutus had but six thousand men left and those who were alive had fled. In this battle, Turin, Brutus' cousin, was killed, and Brutus entered worthily when he had the opportunity and space in the castle he had made. He then called the castle Tours for the name of Turin. That there existed and still is a noble city called Tours, when King Geoffrey knew that Turin was dead, he came again with his men and gave a strong battle to Brute. But Brute and his men were so weary of fighting that they could no longer endure. Instead, they went into his castle and fortified the gates to save themselves and consult among themselves what was best to do. Brutus and Corin named him and ordered that Corin should go out privately and ambush himself in a wood until the morning. So that in the morning, when Brute was to fight with his enemies, Corin should come with his people on that one side and cause as much harm as he could. In the meantime, Brutus went out of the castle and fought with his enemies, who fiercely defended themselves. But within a little time, Brutus and his people slew eighty of Geoffrey's men, and then Corin came out of the woods and attacked with his company. all that stood or remained, King Goffar and his people were discomfited; they fled in haste. Brute and Coryn with their company pursued and killed more of them in the flight than in battle. In this manner, Brute obtained the victory, yet he made much sorrow for his cousin Toryn, who was slain, and for others as well, numbering some 2,000 and 15. Brute allowed these nobly to be entombed in the castle of Tours, where he had entered to avenge his cousin.\n\nWhen all this was done, Brute no longer wished to remain there to fight or lose any more of his people. He set sail and had wind and weather at his will. Five days later, they arrived in a haven at Totnes and came to the Isle of Albion, where, according to the story, they found neither man nor woman. Instead, they found giants dwelling in hills and caves. Brute was pleased with the land, finding it fair and suitable for himself and his people. As Diane the goddess had decreed, Brute and all his people assembled on a day to make a solemn sacrifice and great feast in honor and reverence of Diane. Through her counsel, Brute had come to this land. When they had completed the ceremony, as they sat at table, suddenly Xxx. Geants and some of Brute's men entered. Brute and his men rose and fought with the Geants, quelling each one except for one, who was called Gogmagog. Gogmagog and Corin agreed to wrestle, but Corin held Gogmagog so tightly that he broke two ribs. Angered, Corin took Gogmagog between his arms and threw him down upon a rock, causing him to break into pieces and die a cruel death. For this reason, the place is still called the \"Saute of Gogmagog.\" Brute was given control of the entire countryside. Corin, named after him, was called Cornewalles, and men of that country were named after him forever. Corin and his men dueled there, made towns and houses, and inhabited the land at will. Brute and his men wandered around, seeking a place where they might build a city for him and his people. At last, they came upon a fair river called the Thames, and Brute began to build a city and named it New Troy, in memory and reminder of the great Troy from which all his lineage had come. Brute cut down woods, cleared land, and did more deeds for the sustenance of himself and his people, then departed the land to them. Brute named all this land Britannia after his own name, and his people he named Bretons. Brute had three sons: Lotring, Albanact, and the third. Kamer and Brut were crowned in the city of New Troy twenty years after the city was founded, and there he established the laws that the Bretons still follow. Brut was extremely well-loved by all men, and his sons were also well-loved. When Brut had explored the land from end to end, he discovered a land called Wales. Twenty years later, as previously stated, Brut died in the city of New Troy, and his son Lotryn was entered with great honor. Lotryn, Brut's son, was crowned king with great solemnity of all the land of Britain. After his coronation, Albanact and Cambers, his two brothers, returned to their own country and lived with great honor. Lotryn, his brother, reigned and was a good and wise king, well-loved by all his people. It came to pass that Albanact fought in his own land with great honor and respect. Then King Humbar of Hunland arrived with great power and challenged him. in Albania, he intended to conquer the land and began to wage war on Albanac, whom he quelled in battle. When Albanac was slain, the people of the land fled in terror and told him that his brother was killed in Brittany. They begged him for help to avenge his brother's death.\n\nLotharingy immediately summoned all the Bretons of Kent, Northfolk, Southfolke of Chettenham, and Lindesey. When they had all assembled, they set out quickly to confront their enemies. Lotharingy had sent word to his brother Camber to come to him with all the power he could muster to help. And so they came, with good will, and they all gathered and set out, taking a precautious route to seek out Humbar, wherever they might find him.\n\nIt happened that this Humbar was by a great river with his men, enjoying himself. Lotharingy and Camber, with all their men, suddenly arrived before he could even know it. That other man was afraid when Humbar saw him and his men approach, for his men did not know, and they were unarmed. Humbar, in fear, leapt into the water and drowned himself and all his men. None of them escaped, and therefore that water is called Humbar's. And forevermore shall be called thus, in memory of King Humbar who was drenched there.\n\nAfter that, Lotryne went to his ships and took their gold and silver and whatever else he found for himself and gave the rest to other people in the host. They found in one of the ships a fair damsel, who was King Humbar's daughter, named Estrilde. When Lotryne saw her, he took her with him because of her beauty, and he intended to make a marriage agreement with Corine's daughter, Guentolen. In haste, Corine went to Lotryne at New Troy and said to him, \"Now truly, you reward me ill for all the pains I suffered.\" and had frequently sought revenge against Brute, your father, and so I will now avenge myself upon you. I would have killed Lotryne, but the damsel intervened and they came to an agreement in this way: Lotryne was to marry Guentolen, Corynes daughter. And yet, even after Guentolen had married Lotryne, he came to Estre and brought her with child and gave her a daughter named Abren. It happened that after Corin died and was dead, Lotryne sought Guentolen, his wife, and made Estre queen. Guentolen then went in anger to Cornewaille and seized all the land into her hands, for as much as she was her father's heir and under false claims and fealty of all the men of the land. Afterward, she assembled a great host and a great power to avenge herself against Lotryne, her lord, and to him came and gave him a strong battle. Lotryne was slain and his men were discomfited. During his reign, Guentelon had Estrild and her daughter Abram taken. He bound their hands, fed them, and threw them into the water. This is why the water was later named after Abram, after the name of Estrild's daughter. The English call it Severn, while the Welsh call it Abram, to this day. After this was done, Guentelon crowned her queen of that land and ruled it wisely until Madhon, his son by Lothryne, was twenty years old, at which point he could be king. So, she crowned her son and he ruled and governed the land well and honorably. She then went to live in Cornwall and remained there for the rest of her life.\n\nWhen Madan had ruled for thirty years, he died and lies buried in New Troy. He had two sons, one named Menpris because he was the eldest, and the other Maulyn. These two brothers succeeded their father. Menpris, as the eldest son, inherited the title. \"Would have had all that land, but Maulyn would not allow him. So they agreed on a day of love and accord. On this day, Me\u0304pr\u00e9s betrayed his brother through treason, and he himself afterward held the land and was crowned king and reigned. He became so cruel and wicked that he destroyed all the men of his land in a short time. In the end, he became so wicked and lecherous that he forsake his own wife and committed the sin of sodomy. For on a day, as he went into a wood for hunting, he lost his men and went alone, calling after them. Then wolves and all came to tear him apart when he had reigned for 24 years. When his people knew he was dead, they made this Ebrac king for 60 years. He was a strong and mighty man, and with the help of his Bretons, he conquered all of France and won so much gold and silver that when he returned to this land, he built a noble city.\" and after his name let it be called Ebrauc, which is called every wick and this king built the castle of Maidens, now called Edinburgh\nThis king had twenty sons and twenty-four daughters by diverse women, and the sons were called as follows: Brute, Grimeshild, And the daughters were named Elegyne, Ymogen, Ogdas, Guenbran, Garnard, Augerel, Guenthold, Tangustel, Gorghon, Michiel, Medhan, Mailour, Ondur, Cambredan, Ragan, Renthely, Nees.\nAfter the death of King Ebrauc, Brute, his son, reigned for thirty years. He was Ebrauc's firstborn son who ruled well and nobly, and when his time came, he died and lies at York.\nAnd when Brute, the son of Grimeshild, was dead, Leyl, his son, reigned for twenty-two years. He built a fair town and called it Carlisle after his name, and was a worthy man and much beloved by his people. And when he had reigned for twenty-two years, he died and lies at Carlisle.\nIn his time, King Solomon reigned in Ireland and built the noble temple. To him came Sabella, queen of Sheba, to hear. and saw if it were true that men spoke of the great and noble wit and wisdom of King Solomon, and she found it to be true that they had told her\n\nAfter this, King Leir reignced his son Lud Ludibras, who built the cities of Canterbury and Winchester, and he reigned for 13 years and died, lying at Winchester.\n\nAnd after this, Lud Ludibras reignced Bladud his son, a great necromancer, and through his skill in necromancy, he made the marvelous hot bath, as the story tells, and he reigned for 40 years. He lies at the new Troy.\n\nAfter this, King Bladud reignced Leir his son, and this Leir built the town of Leicester and named it after himself. He governed the town well and nobly. This king Leir had two daughters: the first was called Gonorill, the second Regan, and the third Cordelia. The youngest daughter was fairest and best in condition.\n\nThe king, her father, grew old and wanted his daughters to be married. I may no more ask. And he asked of the third daughter. She loved him greatly; indeed, her sister had told you glib words, but I shall tell the truth. I love you as much as I ought to love my father, and to make it clearer how much I love you, I shall tell you: as much as you are worth, so much shall you be loved. The king, her father, went mad and, having been scorned by her and become extremely angry, swore by heaven and earth that she should never have anything from him but his daughters who loved him so much. He married the first daughter to Malcolm, king of Scotland, and the second to Haninoe, Earl of Cornwall. They arranged and spoke between them that they should divide the realm between them two after the death of King Lear, her father, so that Cordelia, his youngest daughter, should have nothing of his land. However, Cordelia was very beautiful and of excellent conditions. King Agamemnon of France heard of this and sent to King Lear, her father, to ask for her hand in marriage. wife prayed for him and King Leir sent word that he had left the land, giving her no more land with which to marry. When Apelles heard this answer, he sent word back to Leir and asked for nothing from her but her hand and her body. King Leir then sent her over the sea to the king of France. He received her with much worship and solemnity, marrying and making her queen of France. However, the two eldest daughters refused to wait for Leir to die before marrying and instead waged war against him while he still lived, causing him much sorrow and shame. They had agreed that one of them should have Leir to serve all his life time with forty thousand crowns to console him. So, Manacles, king of Scotland, had Leir with him in the manner described above, and Corneill, his eldest son, had spent half a year with him. People who spoke to her and her lord asked why his knights and squires were gone, half of them, leaving only a few. And when this was done, he began to make much sorrow for Echenais, whose estate was impaired. Men showed him more scorn and contempt than ever before, and he had nothing but scars from twelve months. His daughter was not yet full grown, and she and her lord and she showed him scorn and contempt. From a few knights they brought one to ten, and later five, and so left him with only a few. He made a vow, saying sorrowfully, \"Alas, that I ever came into this land. It would have been better for me to have fought with my first daughter. But as soon as she saw him, his first daughter swore by God and his holy names and by all that she could that he should have no more with him but one knight if he would remain.\" He began his campaign again and made much progress. I have removed unnecessary line breaks and other meaningless characters. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"I have lived long enough to endure this sorrow and hardship. I am now poorer than I once was rich, and have no friends or kin who care for me. But when I was rich, all men honored and worshipped me. Now every man scorns and despises me. My youngest daughter Cordelia spoke the truth when she said that if I had loved less, I would have been beloved and had goodwill from all. But my two daughters scorned me, and now they set little value on me. Cordelia said this to me, but I would not believe it or understand, and therefore I let her go from me as if I set little value on her. Now I realize I never know what to do since my two daughters have deceived me so much that I deeply loved. I must now seek her who is in another land, whom I easily let go from me without reward or gifts, and she said she loved me as much as...\" She ought to love her father by all manner of reason, and I should have asked the squire when he came to the queen. The squire told her every detail of her sisters from the beginning to the end. The queen immediately took gold and silver in abundance and gave it to the squire, instructing him to take it to her father, the king, and tell him that he had come to speak with his daughter and see him. And so he did. When the king and queen had heard this, and the king of France had sent word throughout his realm, commanding all men to be obedient to King Leir, the queen's father, as if it were to him, King Leir had dwelt there a month and more. He then told the king and the queen his two eldest daughters had served him. Immediately, Agamemnon ordered a great host of France and sent it to Britain with Leir, the queen's father, to conquer his land and kingdom again. Cordelia When King Leir was dead, Cordell his youngest daughter held the land for five years and afterward died. Her lord Agamemnon, who was king of France, died next, and she was left a widow. Then Morgan and Conedage, Cordell's sons, came to her and demanded the land because their aunt should have had it. They arranged great power against her and waged war greatly against her, never resting until they had taken her captive and put her to death. Morgan and Conedage seized all the land and held it for twelve years. After twelve years, conflicts arose between them. There was a great debate among them, with each side strongly arguing for their position. Morgan desired to have all the land beyond Humbridge that Conedage held, but Conedage came against him with a strong force, resulting in Conedage's death and his burial at New Troy. After Conedage's reign, his son Reignold, a wise, hardy, and courteous knight, ruled for twenty-one years and died, also buried at York. After Reignold's reign, Gorbodian, his son, ruled for fifteen years and died, also buried at York.\n\nWhen Gorbodian was dead, his two sons, who had come to power, were both strong and proud and continually quarreled over the land. One was named Ferres, and the other Porres. Ferres desired to have all the land, but Porres would not allow it.\n\nFerres had a treasonous heart and planned to kill his brother, but he went instead to France and remained with King Syward until one day when he returned and fought with his brother Ferres. However, the outcome was unfortunate, as Ferres was killed first. When ydoyne hir moder wist that Porres was dede she made grete\nsorwe for encheson yt she loued hym more than that othir & thought\nhym for to quelle preuely & preuely she come to hir sone vpon a\nnyght with ij. knyues & therwith cutte his throte & the body also\nin to smale peces who herd euer suche a cursed modre that quelled\nwith hir owne hondes hir owne sone and longe tyme after laste\nthe reproue & shame to the moder that for encheson of that one sone\nmurdred that othir & so lost hem both\nWHen the ij. bretheren were so dede they nad left behynd hem\nnethir sone ne doughter ne none othir of the kynred that\nmyght haue the heritage & for as moch as the strengest me\u0304 driuen\nand scomfited the feblest and token all hir landes so that in\neuery contrey they had grete werre & strife vnder hem but among all\nothir thynges ther were amonges hem in the contre that ouercome\nall tho othir and thurgh hir strenght and myght they token all the\nlandes and euery of hym toke a certayn contre and in his contre let Called here is King, and one of them was named Scater, King of Scotland. Another was named Dawalliere, King of Lotharingia, Brute's son. The third was called Rudac, King of Wales. The fourth was named Cloten, King of Cornwall. But Cloten should have ruled over all the land because no one knew of a more rightful heir than him. Yet those who were stronger held less by those of lower estate. This Cloten had a son named Doneband. After his father's death, Doneband became a hardy man and fair and courteous, surpassing all the kings of Britain in fairness and worthiness. As soon as he was knighted, he knew that while his father lived, he was the most rightful heir to all the land, but other kings of greater strength contested his claim. And afterward, this Doneband. ordeyned hym poer and fyrst conquered all the lande of logiers &\nafter he wolde haue couquered all Scotland and walys and sca\u2223ter\ncame with his men and yaf hym bataill and Rudac come ayen\nwith his walshmen for to helpe hym But so it befell that Rudac\nwas queld and Scater also in pleyn bataill & so Donebant had\nthe victorie and conquerd all the lande and wel maintened it in\npees and in quiete that neuer before it was so wel mayntened\nTHis Doneband let make hym a croune of golde and wered\nthe cron\u0304e vpon his hede as neu kyng did before & he ordeyned\na statut that had a man done neu so moche harme & he my\u0292t come\nin to the temple shold no man hym mysdoo but gone theryn sauf\nand in pees and after gone in to what co\u0304tre that he wolde without\neny harme and yf any man set any honde vpon hym he than sholde\nlese his life And this Doneband made the toune of Malmesbury\nand the toune of the vise And when he had regned wel & worthe\u00a6ly\nxl. yere he died and lieth at newe Troye.\nAnd after that thi King Olfingen seized all the land of Northumberland and took control of all the castles. He ordered his host to be assembled and delivered his daughter to Brennan, along with all the people he had designated. A damsel named Samye had long loved a king named Gutlagh, and she revealed her plans to him: that she would have him take her and lead her away, so that she might abandon Brennan. When Gutlagh learned of this, he set out to intercept Brennan with as many ships as he could muster. The two fleets met and engaged in battle for a long time, during which Brennan and his ships turned back and were defeated. Gutlagh took Samye and put her on his ship. Discomfited, Brennan fled. Gutlagh intended to return to his own country, but an obstacle arose. on his account a great tempest raged for several days, which drove him into Britain with three ships and no more. Those who kept the cost of the sea were Guthlac and Samh and all his people, and they presented themselves to Belin. And it was not long after that Brunne came, he should yield and would not agree to anything after he had said why. Brunne came with his people and fought with Belin. Brunne was discomfited and his people were slain, and he himself fled with fifteen men to France. And this Belin, who was Brunne's brother, went to York and took counsel on what he might do with King Guthlac. For King Guthlac had already sworn in the book that these conventions should never be broken or falsified. \u00b6Belin, however, by the counsel of his people, granted him his request. And so Guthlac became his man, and Belin received his homage from him both by oath and in writing. These conventions were made between King Guthlac and Belin. Name Samye and his people and went then to Denmark, turning again to the month when Honelos was king of Denmark and also of this land through his wife Gildeburgh, whom he had married. She was called Wallyng Street and another from the north to the south, called Ikelmere Street. He made two other ways through the land, one called Fosse and the other Fosse Dyke. He maintained well the good laws that Doneband his father had made and ordained in his time, as previously stated.\n\nGrenne, Belyn's brother, had long dwelt in France and there had conquered a great lordship through marriage. For he was duke of Burgundy through the daughter of Duke Fewin that he had married, who was the right heir of the land. This Grenne ordered a great power of his people and also of France and came into this land to fight with Belyn his brother. Belyn came against him with a great power of Bretons and would have given him battle but his mother Cornewen. that tho liued had herd that that one brother wolde haue destroied\nthat othir and went bitwene hir sones and hem made accorded\nwith moche peyne So that at the last tho ij. bretheren with mi\u2223chel\nblis went to gedre in to grete Troye that nowe is called lon\u2223don\nand ther they duelled ayere and after they no\u0304me hir conseill\nfor to gone conquere all fraunce & so they diden and brent tounes\nand destroied the lande both in length & brede & the kyng of frau\u0304ce\nyaf hem bataill with his poer but he was ouercome & yaf truage\nvn to Belyn and to his brother. And after that they wenten\nforth to Rome & co\u0304quered Rome & all lu\u0304bardie & Germanie and\ntoke homage & feaulte of Erles Barons & of all othir & aft they\ncome in to this lande of Britaigue & duelled with hir britons in\nIoye aud rest & tho made Brenne the toune of Bristowe and sith\nhe went ouer to his owne lordshipp & ther duelled he all his lyfand ther he made a fair gate\nthat is called Belyngesgate aft his owne name & whe\u0304 this belin Had reigned nobly for fifteen years when he died, and lies at New Troy. After him, Belinus, his son Cormedorus, a good and worthy man, reigned. He was exiled from Spain, and they had traveled half a year and more at sea to find any king in any land who would have pity or mercy to give them land where they might dwell and have rest, and do homage and fealty to him and his heirs after him. And when the king heard this, he had pity on them and gave them an island all wilderness, where no man dwelt safely except wild beasts. The earl thanked the king much and became his man, did him homage and fealty, and took all his people and went to the same island. The earl was called Irlam and, therefore, he let the land be called Ireland after his own name. King Cormedorus came again into this land and reigned for twenty-five years, and after he died, lies at New Troy. And when Cormbatrus was dead, his son Gentholen ruled, a man of good conditions and well-loved. He governed the land well and lived for a while. After Gentholen, his son Seisell ruled well and worthily, governing the land as his father had done before him for fifteen years and died, lying at new Troie. After Seisell, his son Howan ruled for nineteen years in peace. His son, X, ruled for ten years and died, lying at Ikaldoune. After Howan, Morwith ruled and became wicked and so stern that great vengeance came to him in the end. After Morwith was dead, the Britons crowned Gradobodia and his son. Gradobodian ruled for a long time in kindness and made temples and towns. This Gradobodian made the town of Cambridge and the town of Grantham and was well-loved by the rich and poor because he honored the rich and helped the poor. Gradobodian had four sons: Arthogaill, Hesidur, Higamus, and Petitur. When he had ruled for ten years, he died and lies at new Troie. After Grandobodian ruled his son Artogaille for a year and he became so wicked and stern that the Britons would not endure him as king, they put him down and made Hesi their brother king instead. He became so good and merciful that they called him King of Pity. And when he had ruled for five years, he was filled with pity for his brother Artogaille, who was king before, and he renounced his dignity and took his brother's crown back, defying all the Britons' will. Later, Artogaille became so amiable that he was loved by all the land because he became so debonair, free, and did right and justice to all manner of men. He ruled for six years and died, and lies at Grantham.\n\nAfter the death of Artogaille, the Britons took him and put him in prison in the second year of his reign. They named another king immediately after him.\n\nAfter the death of Hesidur, there ruled forty-three kings, each for a certain time. And after him, Coyll ruled for twelve years. And after him, Sulgenis ruled for fourteen years. And After the death of Ely, his son Lud regned for 11 years and governed well, honoring good people and terrifying wicked ones. This Lud preferred to dwell at Troy more than any other place in the land, and the name of New Troy was left and the city was called Ludstone. However, the name has been changed through the variations of the Lords and is now called London. King Lud built a fair gate in the city and named it Ludgate after his name, but the people of the city called it London Gate. He reigned for 10 years. He decided and lies at London. He had two young sons, Andro and Toramus, but they could neither speak nor go for youth. Therefore, the Britons crowned a strong knight named Lud, Casibalamus' brother, and made him king of Britain.\n\nAfter the death of King Lud, his brother Cassibalam reigns and becomes a good man and much beloved of his Britons. So, for his goodness and courtesy, they granted him the realm forever, and his heirs. The king of his kindness bore witness to this, and afterward made the eldest son earl of Cornwall and the other earl of London.\n\nDuring King Cassibalam's reign, Julius Caesar, Emperor of Rome, came into this land with a power of Romans and wanted this land through strength. But Cassibalam and his men went again to London and made a feast for all his people who had helped him. When the feast was done, each man went to his own country. And after it happened on a day that the gentlemen of the king's household and gentlemen of the Earl of London's household met for dinner. A dispute arose among them between Enelyn, who was the Earl of London's cousin, and Irenglas, who was the king's cousin. Enelyn had quarreled with Irenglas, and the king swore that Enelyn should be hanged. But the Earl of London, who was Enelyn's lord, would not allow it. The king was angry with the Earl and planned to destroy him. The Earl sent Ires to Julius Caesar, asking him to come to this land to help him and take revenge on the king. Caesar was pleased and organized a strong power and came again into this land for the third time. The Earl of London helped him with 20,000 men. At the third time, Cassius was defeated and made peace with Caesar for a payment of three million pounds of silver each year as tribute for this land forever. Half a year passed after the Emperor went to Rome, and the Earl of Lancaster accompanied him, for he dared not remain in this land. After the death of Cassibalaas, who died in the seventeenth year of his reign and lies at York, the lords of the land, by common consent, crowned and made Earl of Cornwall Andrew king. He ruled well and worthily and was a good man, and when he had reigned for eight years, he died and lies at London. After the death of Andrew, Kimbalyn, his son, ruled and governed the land well and worthily for twenty-two years, and when King Kimbalyn had died, Gydre, his worthy son, ruled. He was of such high heart that he would not pay tribute to Rome, and Julius Caesar granted it to him instead. This emperor, who was then called Claudius Caesar, was greatly annoyed and summoned a great power of Romans to this land. To conquer the truege through strength and have it from the king, but King Gydre and Hermann his brother gathered a great host elsewhere of Britons and gave battle to Emperor Claudius. And Claudius had afterwards one named Hamon, who saw that his people were on the verge of slavery. Precariously, he cast aside his own arms and took the arms of a dead Briton and armed himself with his armor and came into the battle to the king. And he said in this manner: \"Sir, be good of heart for God's love, for the Romans, your enemies, will be slain and discomfited, each one. And the king gave no keep nor reward for his speech because of the arms that were upon him, but the traitor held him close and treacherously struck the king where he was dead and fell to the earth. When Armager saw his brother dead, he cast aside his arms and took his brother's arms and came to him.\" The Britons fiercely fought against the Romans, with King Geraint, who had previously been slain, urging them on. However, the Romans were quelled only after the emperor abandoned the field and fled to Winchester as quickly as possible. The traitor Hamon, who had seized the kingdom, immediately followed, and Armager pursued him fiercely. He caught Hamon near a water source and beheaded him on the spot. The water source was named Hamon's Haven in his memory. Later, a beautiful town was built there, now known as Southampton. Afterward, Armager went to Winchester to seek out Claudius Caesar, the emperor, and captured him there. Claudius Caesar, Emperor Claudius, through the counsel of his Romans who were still alive, made peace with Armer in this manner: how Claudius the Emperor should give his fair daughter Genevieve to Armer for wife, so that this land would be under the power of Rome according to this treaty. None other emperor of Rome should take any other tribute from this land, but only fealty. And upon this treaty, Claudius Caesar sent to Rome for his daughter Genevieve. When she arrived, Claudius Caesar gave her to Armer as his wife, and Armer married her at London with great solemnity and joy. And thus was Armer crowned and made king of Britain.\n\nThis king Armer ruled well and worthily, and the land prospered. Claudius Caesar, in remembrance of this treaty and for the reverence and honor of his daughter, made in this land a fair town and a fair castle and called the town after his name, Clausenet. When this was all done, the emperor named it Gloucester. The emperor then left and went to Rome, where he was made pope until the new emperor let him be martyred. And when Armager had ruled for 24 years, he died and lies at London. After this, Armager's son Westmer ruled, a good man and worthy of body and well-going. He came to King Rodrik and gave him battle. When Rodrik's men told him that their lord was dead, they all went to King Westmer and became his men. They dwelt there and lived out their lives, and there were 15,000 men among them. They returned and rebuilt the town of Beverwyke and dwelt there, becoming rich. However, they had no women among them, and the Britons would not give their daughters to the strangers. They went over sea to Ireland and brought women with them, but the men could not understand their language nor the speech of the women. Therefore, they spoke as Scots and afterward, through change.\n\nAfter this battle, mentioned above, when Roderic was dead, King Westmoreland, in remembrance of his victory, let a monument be built for him. And after he had reigned for 25 years, he died and lies at Carlisle.\n\nAfter King Westmoreland, his son Cole reigned, a good man and worthy, who well governed his land. Of all men, he had love and peace, and in his time there was never any dispute or war in Britain. He reigned and was king in peace throughout his entire life, and when he had been king for 11 years, he died and lies at York.\n\nAfter King Cole, his son Lucius reigned, who was a good man to God and to all people. He sent to Rome to the apostle Ulfilas, who was pope at the time, and said that he would become a Christian man and receive baptism in the name of God. He then baptized the people until all the land was converted. This king Lucius was baptized in the CLVJ year after the incarnation of our Lord Ihu Crist. He made two archbishops, and other bishops in this land. And when these two legates had baptized the entire land, they ordained priests to baptize children and administer the sacrament. Afterward, they returned to Rome, and the king ruled in his land for ten and a half years with great honor and died, lying at Gloucester.\n\nKing Lucius had no heir of his body who caused harm and sorrow to the land later. After his death, no one of the great ones of the land allowed another to be king but lived in war and dispute among themselves for one year without a king. However, it happened afterward that a great prince came from Rome into this land, who was called Severus, not for war but to save the right of Rome. But he had not ruled in this land for half a year when the Bretons quelled him. Though Rome knew that Severity had been slain, they sent another great lord into this land, whom they called Alaric. He was a strong and mighty man who dueled in this land for a long time and caused much sorrow to the Bretons. For pure malice, they chose among themselves a king whom they called Astlapades, and assembled a great host of Bretons and went to London to seek Alaric. They found him there and defeated him and all his companions. One called Walon defended him fiercely and fought a long time with the Bretons, but at last he was discomfited. The Bretons named him and bound his hands and feet and cast him into a watery place. From that water onward, it was called evermore Walbrook. Astlapades reigned in peace until one of his earls, whom they called Coil, built a fair town against the king's will and made himself king of this land. Coil ruled and governed the realm well and nobly, for he was a noble man and well-loved among the Bretons. He came to King Coil to challenge the truce. that was wondeful to be paid to Rome. And the king answered well and wisely and said that he would pay to Rome. And so they agreed, with good will and without any contention. The king Colyll gave his daughter Eleyn to Constance for her to have as her spouse, who was both fair, wise, and well-educated. And this Constance married her with much honor.\n\nSoon after, King Colyll died in the year of his reign, the eighteenth. He lies entombed at Colchester.\n\nAfter King Colyll's death, Constance was made queen and ruled the land worthily. She gave birth to a son named Constantine, and this king bore three sons to them from Rome. And when he had reigned fifteen years, he died and lies at York.\n\nAfter King Constantine's death, Constantine his son and the one called Saint Eleyn, who found the holy cross in the holy land, and how Constantine became Emperor of Rome. It came to pass that... At that time, there was an Emperor at Rome named Maxentius, a Saracen tyrant who killed all those who believed in God and destroyed the holy church with his power. He slaughtered all Christians he could find. Among others, he martyred Saint Catherine and many other Christian people who had feared death and had fled to King Constantine. Constantine was moved by their suffering and assembled a great army and a powerful fleet, and went to Rome. He named the city and quelled all those there who held false beliefs. Maxentius, the devilish tyrant, heard this news and became enraged. He ended his life when Constantine was leaving this land to go to Rome. Constantine took his mother with him. Eleanor, for the wisdom she could, and three other great lords whom he most loved, one was called Hoel, another Dalerne, and the third Morhin. He gave them all his land to keep, except for that which he held for the Earl of Cornwall, who was called Octavian.\n\nAs soon as Octavian learned that his lord was dwelling at Rome, he seized all the land into his hand and there did as he pleased among high and low, and they held him as king.\n\nWhen this news reached Constantine the emperor, he was greatly angered against Earl Octavian and sent an army. Octavian, learning that he was being assembled, gathered a great power of Britons and defeated and ordered a great power in Scotland, and came again into this land for battle against Octavian.\n\nWhen Octavian heard that he was being assembled and was coming towards him with a strong force, he was defeated and fled thence into Norway and seized as many towns and castles as he could. Octavian returned from Norway with a great power and seized all the land, driving out the Romans. He was then made king and ruled nobly, but he had no heir except a daughter, whom he loved as much as his life. Sick and near death, he could no longer reign. He wished to make one of his nephews king, a noble knight named Conan Meriedoke, who would have kept the king's daughter and married her when the time was right. However, the lords of the land would not allow it and gave her counsel to marry a high man of great honor. The emperor Constantine's counsel also agreed, and they chose the count of Cornwall to go to the emperor to carry out this message. and he named the way and went to Rome, where he found his uncle's son, a noble knight and a strong man called Maximian. Maximian had married Octavian's daughter and was crowned king of this land. This king Maximian became so powerful that he intended to conquer the land of Amorica for its great riches, which he had heard were in that land. He left no man of worth, knight, squire, or other man behind, taking only thirty thousand knights with him from this land. He crossed over into the land of Amorica and there killed the king, who was called Imball, and conquered the entire land. When he had accomplished this, he called Conan and said, \"Since King Octavian made you king of Britain and through me you were prevented from being king, I give you this land of Amorica, and you shall make yourself king here.\" for as much as you have been a Briton and your men also, and have come from Britain, I will that this land have the same name and no longer be called Americas but little Britain. And so that men may know that one Britain from another, Conan Meriedok married her and was made king of little Britain. And when all this was done, Maximian went then to Rome and was there made emperor after Constantine. Conan Meriedok dwelled in little Britain with much honor and ordered II.M. ploughmen of the land to harrow it and saw and enriched them richly after they were. And for as much as King Conan and none of his knights or other people would take wives from the nation of France, he sent to great Britain to the Earl of Cornwall, who is called Dionothe, to choose through the whole land 12,000 maidens, that is, 8,000 for the common people and 4,000 for the greatest lords. that should marry them. And when Dionothe had almost taken him prisoner and kept him to do all that he pleased, he should let all the maidens come before him in London and order ships hastily as much as they needed for the voyage, and take his own daughter named Ursula. She was the fairest creature that any man knew, and he would have sent her to King Conan to be his queen of the land. But she had made a vow of chastity that her father knew nothing about, nor any man living on earth.\n\nUrsula chose eleven thousand maidens to be in her company, and she was their lady and mistress. They all entered the ship at one time into the water called the Thames and commanded their kin and all their friends to Almighty God and sailed towards little Britain. But when they had come into the open sea, a strong tempest arose, as it was God's will. And Ursula with her ships and company were driven towards Colyne's city through tempest and arrived in its harbor. The king of the land, called Geovan, was there. When he heard the news that so many fair maidens had arrived, he took Elga his brother and others from his household and went to the ships to see the fair company. Upon seeing them, he and his companions wished to overpower them and take their virginity. But Ursula, the good maid, counseled and warned her handmaidens to defend themselves with all their might and rather suffer death than allow their bodies to be defiled. Thus, all the maidens became steadfast in God and defended themselves through His grace, so that none of them could be shamed.\n\nTherefore, King Geovan grew so enraged that he ordered each one to be killed on the spot. And so, all the maidens were martyred for the love of God and lie at Colyne. When all this was done, King Gowan, who was a Saracen, called his brother Elga and told him to go and confront the lord who had fathered all the fair maidens. He appointed a great power of Pagans from Denmark, Orkney, and Norway, and they came into this land and burned towns, slew people, and destroyed churches and houses, and overthrew religion. They plundered the land from length and breadth and put to death all those who would not forsake the true belief and Christianity. For as much as there was no sovereign who could help, Maximian had taken with him all the worthy men to conquer little Britain. And in the same time that you now tell, Saint Albans was martyred by the wood tyrant Diocletian, and was converted to God through the preaching of a cleric and a wise man named Anselm, who was lodged a night in his house. This was after the Incarnation of Ihu Crist. And men should understand that Saint Albans suffered his martyrdom before that. Saint Edmond was martyred and is called the first martyr of England. This Gowannes brother and his people, who were Saracens, went through the land and destroyed all they found, sparing nothing. When this news reached Rome, King Gowan had begun to devastate this land. The emperor and those of Rome sent a strong man of great power, called Gracian, with 240,000 men well-fighting, to cast out the Saracens from this land. They arrived at Portsmouth. Maximian could not come himself because he had been chosen emperor after the death of Constantine, who was Saint Constantine's son. When Gracian was joined with his host, he privately learned where King Gowan might be found and came upon them suddenly as they lay in their beds and discomfited him, killing every one of them except Gowan, who fled with great sorrow to his country. Soon after, it happened that Maximian was elected emperor. Slain at Rome through treason, and when Gracious wisely allowed the crowning of him as king of this land,\nHis Gracious, when he began to reign, became so wicked and so stern and caused so much sorrow to the Britons that they understood if he had acted harmfully then, he would have done much more. For he destroyed all this land and the Christian people in much of Britain, so that no man was bold enough to name [and the Romans].\nThe Romans said that they had been annoyed so often for sending help to the Britons and they would no longer do so.\nAnd so Bishop Goscelin went without any succor or help.\nHe went to King Aldroie of little Britain, who was the third king after Gwynedd,\nKing Aldroie granted him help and succor.\nThe king had great pity in his heart when he heard how the bishop had fled and how the Christian men were slain in great Britain through Paynims and Saracens. He granted him Constantine, his brother, the power of people and helped them raise horses, armor, and ships, and all the things they needed for the voyage. When all was ready, he called the bishop and said, \"I take you here to help and support Constantine, my brother, under this covenant: if God grants him victory over the pagans and Saracens, then you make him king.\" The bishop agreed with good will. Constantine and the bishop took leave of King Aldroie and took with them 12,000 men and went to their ships and sailed towards Great Britain. When the Britons heard the news, they were strongly reinforced and prepared a large number of people to come to their aid and received them with great honor. Gowan, as soon as he learned of this, gathered all the Saracens and came against them to give them battle. Constantine fought them with his own hands. Other Saracens were defeated and slain, none escaped except those who converted to God. After the battle, they went to London and counted the cost of their expenses. Constantine was made king of this land, and Bishop Goselin placed the crown on his head and anointed him as a king should be. Constantine, when he was crowned, immediately married his wife through the advice of the Britons and had three sons by her. The first was named Constantine, the second Aurilambros, and the third Utter Constantine. When Utter Constantine came of age, he became a monk at Wychster. Constantine, his father, was killed through treason. It happened at one time that a Picote came to him on a day in the guise of a messenger and said that he wished to speak with the king privately in council. The king allowed all others to leave his chamber except for himself and the Picote, and they began a confrontation as if they were about to negotiate. spoke with the king in his ear and there he quelled him with a long knife. Afterward, he went quietly out of the chamber into another chamber. No one knew where he was concealed.\n\nWhen the king's men knew that their lord was dead, they made great sorrow and did not know what to do. For as much as his two sons, Aurilambros and Utter, were too young to be king, and the third brother was unfit for the throne as it was said before. But Vortiger, earl of Wessex, in his heart through cunningly thought to be king and went to Winchester where Constance was a nun. He said to Constance, \"Your father is dead and your two brothers who are with Goscelin the bishop of London to nurse are too young to be king.\"\n\nWherefore, I advise you to forsake your habit and come with me, and I shall make you king to the Britons.\n\nVortiger convinced Forsoke, his Abbot, to leave with him. And immediately after, he was made king. When King Constantine was crowned and made king, he knew little about the world and could do nothing. He appointed Vortiger as his chief master and counselor and gave him all his power to order and do as much as possible for the realm, allowing himself to be enthroned only with the name of king.\n\nWhen Vortiger saw that he had control over all the land and governance at his will, he plotted a private treason to kill Constantine and become king himself. He sent for a hundred knights of the Pethes, the worthiest in the land, and kept them with him to serve as his bodyguards as he traveled through the land to arrange matters befitting a king.\n\nVortiger honored the hundred knights greatly and gave them abundant gold, silver, jewels, robes, horses, and other things. They held him in higher regard than the king, and Vortiger told them if he were to be king, through treason, he would make them richest in the land. At last, through great gifts he had bestowed upon them, they cried through the court that Vortiger was more worthy to be king than Constantine. Vortiger feigned anger and departed from the court, saying he must leave, for things he had to do. The traitor, Eudes, instructed them to kill Constantine \u2013 that is, to slay him.\n\nAfter Vortiger's departure, it soon came to pass that one hundred knights of Pehites broke down the doors of the king's chamber and found him there. They showed him to Vortiger, who beheaded him. When Vortiger saw the head, he wept tenderly with his eyes, and showed no joy in his death.\n\nImmediately, take the one hundred knights of Pehites and bind their hands behind them, and lead them to London. There they were condemned. This king Vortiger, after all the Britons of the land had agreed, crowned him and made him king. When Vortiger was crowned, he had two children in custody: Audre and Utter, through the intercession of Goscelin. The keepers of these two children feared that Vortiger would put them to death through his treason and falsehood, as he had done with their brother before. Therefore, they took the children to little Britain, and the king received them with much honor and allowed them to nurse. There, they grew up to be fair knights and strong, and they avenged the death of their brother Constance when they saw their opportunity and did as you shall hear afterward.\n\nIt was not long before news reached the relatives of the hundred knights of Pehites, who had been condemned and put to death through Vortiger in this matter. land therefore they were wonderfully angry and swore that they would avenge their kinswoman's death. They came into this land with a great power and robbed in many places, plundered and did all the harm they could. When Vortiger learned of this, he was greatly distressed and another place was also affected by the news. News came to him that Aurelambros and Utter his brother were organizing and assembling a great host to come into great Britain, that is, into this land, to avenge their brother's death. So he was brought into so much sorrow in one half and in the other that he didn't know which way to turn. And soon after this sorrowful news reached Vortiger, a great navy of strangers had arrived in the king's domain. The king sent a messenger at once and spoke with him to ask what they asked and into what land they would go. There were two brethren, masters and princes of that strong company. One was called Engist, and Engist went to the king and reported to him in detail. And they were arranged in his land, a people from the country called Saxony, where our numbers are so great that the land cannot sustain us. The masters and princes who govern and rule summon before them the men and women who are boldest among us to fight and those who can endure hardships in distant lands. They will give them horses, harnesses, armor, and all that they need. Afterward, they will tell them that they have gone to another country where they can live as their ancestors did before them. Therefore, Sir, if you have any business with our company, we have come into your land and with good will we will serve and help defend your land and keep it from your enemies if you need it. When Vortiger heard this, he said he would gladly hold us to such a covenant if we could deliver his land from his enemies. He would give us reasonable lands where we should settle. Duell thanked Evermore Engist generously, and in this way he and his company of 61 knights dined with King Vortiger. Through her boldness, they managed to deliver the land from his enemies. Engist prayed to the king for a city of his own and for his men. The king answered that it could not be done without consent. The king granted him freely. Engist named himself Engist, and he cut a bull's hide into small pieces all around and enclosed as much land as he had acquired on a fair castle. When this castle was made and fully arranged, Engist sent letters into the country that he came from, calling for a hundred ships filled with strange men who were bold and skilled in all battles. And he commanded them to bring with them Rowena, his daughter, who was the fairest creature that a man could see. When the people had arrived. He had sent him after he took them into the castle with much joy. And he himself went on a day to the king and prayed him worthy that he would come and see his new manor that he had made in the place he had encircled with a thong of the skin.\n\nThe king granted it him freely and went with him, and was well paid with the castle and with the fair work. There they ate and drank with great joy.\n\nWhen night came that Vortiger the king should go\nto his chamber for his night's rest, Ronewen, Engest's daughter, came with a cup of gold in her hand and knelt before the king. She said to him, \"Wassaille.\" The king did not know what it meant or what he should answer, for as much as he himself and none of his Britons yet could speak or understand English. But they spoke the same language that the Britons did.\n\nNevertheless, a Latimer told the king the full understanding of wassaille, and that others should answer. The first time sail and drink-hall came into this land, and from that time until now, it has been used in this land. King Vortiger saw the beauty of Rowena and laid his arms around her neck, killing her gently three times. Immediately, he was enamored with her and asked for her hand from Engist, her father. Engist granted him the land of Kent on this condition that the king would give him all the land he might dwell in and his people. The king granted him this willingly. After he married the damsel, there was great confusion for him, as all the Britons were so angry that he had married a woman of false belief. Therefore, they all left him, taking nothing to help or support him in anything he had to do. This Engist went into Kent and seized all the land into his hands for himself and his men, becoming a little king. Why did such great power and many people not know in little time which were the kings men and which were Vortimer's? For this reason, all Britain feared him, and among them it was said that if they did not take other counsel between them, the land would be betrayed through Vortimer and his people. The third passage: The Britons, by one consent, chose Vortimer to be their lord and sovereign and their counselor in every battle. They crowned him king and would no longer suffer Vortigern to reign because of the alliance between him and Vortigern.\n\nVortimer gave him three battles. The first was in Kent, where he was lord. The second was at Tettenhall Ford. And the third was in a shire half way between Chester and a more [placed name].\n\nIn this battle, they met Catagren and Horse, Vortigern's brother. Each of them slew the other.\n\nHowever, since the land had long been given to Hengist through Vortigern, though he had married his cousin, Vortimer was so annoyed by his brother's death that he killed Catagren. He was dead in such a manner. Therefore, he caused the castle to collapse. After that, he didn't leave night or day until he had driven out Engist and all his people from the land. When Engist was driven away, Roewen his daughter made her way forward. Quentyn spoke to those nearest the king, Vortimer and the most private with him, and she gave him so many gifts that he was poisoned and died in London in the fourth year of his reign. After Vortimer's death, the Britons, by their common consent, made Vortigern their king on the condition that he would never again allow Engist or any of his descendants to enter this land. And when all this was done, Roewen the Queen quietly sent a letter to Engist, informing him that she had poisoned Vortimer, that Vortigern, her lord, once again wore the crown and ruled, and that he should come to this land well prepared with a large army to avenge him upon the Britons and to conquer this land anew. And when Engist heard this news, he quickly assembled an army of 15,000 men, all battle-ready, and came to this land.\n\nAnd when Vortiger learned that Engist had returned, he went out to meet him for battle and his people.\n\nBut Engist was fearful of the Britons, for they had previously defeated him and driven him out with great strength. Therefore Engist declared that he had not come to this land\nto fight, but to regain his land if he could, and to seek their grace from them.\n\nKing Vortiger, through the counsel of his Britons, granted a truce day and thus it was agreed through the Britons that the same truce day should be observed firmly by both sides near Salisbury on a hill.\n\nAnd Engist was to come there with four hundred knights and no more, and the king with an equal number of his wisest men.\n\nAnd on that day, the king came with his council as agreed. But Engist did not appear. Had warned his knights preciously and commanded each of them to put a long knife in his hose. And when he said, \"Fair lords, now is the time to speak of love and peace,\" each man should draw his knife and slay a Briton, and so they killed 20,000 knights. With much sorrow, many of them were terrified. And King Vortiger himself was taken and led to Thongcastle and imprisoned. Some of Engist's men wished that the king had been burned alive. To save his life, Vortiger granted them as much as they asked and gave up all the towns, castles, cities, and burghes to Engist and his people. And all the Britons fled thence to Wales and remained there. Engist went through the land and seized all the land with its fiefs. In every place, he cast down churches and houses of religion and destroyed Christianity throughout the land. He changed the name of the land, so that no man of it remained. After that time, this land was no longer called Britain but was called Englestane. He bestowed all that land to his men and made seven kings to strengthen it, so that the Britons would never come after them again. The first kingdom was ruled by Engist himself, who was lord and master over all the others. Another was Southsex, Hertford, and Huntingdon. The seventh had Oxford, Gloucester, Winchester, Warwick, and Derby.\n\nWhen Engist had bestowed all the land in this way among his men, he released Vortiger from prison and allowed him to go wherever he wished and named his way. He went to Wales, where his Britons were fighting because that land was strong and wicked towards them. They advised him to build a strong castle there to keep and defend himself if necessary.\n\nMasons were summoned in haste and began the work on the hill of Breigh. However, it came to pass that all the work the masons did on the castle. The king, after making a day's journey, found the foundation had given way and didn't know what the cause could be. The king was greatly annoyed by this and didn't know what to do. Therefore, he sent for the wisest cleric and also ordered men throughout Wales to be summoned. They should tell him why the foundation had failed under the work and what was best to be done. The wisest men had long studied this and told the king that he should seek a child born of a woman who had never known a man. This child he should kill and temper the mortar of the work with his blood, and so the work would last forever.\n\nWhen the king heard this, he commanded his messengers to go throughout Wales to find this child and bring him to him. And in record and witness of this thing, he gave them his ring, that they should not be disturbed by anyone or let anyone hinder them.\n\nAnd the messengers went on their journey. They spoke so fast that they came to a town called this, and as they passed by, they found two children of twenty-four years arguing with each other, with hasty words. One of them said to the other, \"You have done all wrong to me for strife. For you have no wit nor reason as I have.\" Merlin replied, \"You have neither wit nor reason. I make no force for men commonly say that you have nothing of God's mercy since you had no father. But no one may know who might be your father. The messengers of King Vortiger, when they heard this quarrel between the two boys, asked those standing by when Merlin was born and also who nursed him. The people told them that a great noblewoman bore him in Carmarthen, who was called Adan. But it may never be known who the children's father might be. When the king's messengers heard this news, they went directly to him who was in charge of the town and told him the king's will and his command. The lady replied tenderly, weeping, and said she had never had company of man. But Sir, she said, I was a young maiden in my father's chamber, and other than that I remained alone in my chamber and would not go out for the bringing of the sun. And on a certain time, a fair boy entered into my chamber, I was alone. But how he came in to me, and where I do not yet know. For the doors were fast barred, and with me he played games of love. For I had neither might nor power to defend myself from him, and often he came to me in the same manner. \"When Merlin had heard all that his mother had said, Merlin the wise spoke and said to the king, \"The counselors have told me that I must understand that the foundation of this work I have begun should be tempered with your blood, or the foundation will fail forever. Sir, will you ask me to shed my blood to temper it? The castle shall never stand as my counselors have made me understand.\n\n\"Sir, Merlin will you kill me for my blood to temper with your foundation? The castle's foundations shall never hold, as my counselors have made me understand.\n\n\"And when the wise ones had come, Merlin asked them if his blood was the enchantment to make the work stand and endure. All the wise ones were abashed and could not answer.\n\n\"Merlin then said to the king, 'I will tell you why your work thus fails and cannot stand. There is something under the mountain where you have begun your tower, a great...\" In the bottom of the pond, under the water, your men take away all the water out and then you shall see the dragons, as we have told you. This is the enchantment, for the foundation fails. The king immediately orders men to dig underneath until they reach that pond and remove all the water. There they found two dragons, as Merlin had told us, fiercely fighting each other. The white dragon fiercely assaulted the red and laid upon him so strongly that he could not endure and withdrew. After a while, the white dragon came before him and fiercely fought with the red dragon and overcame him, causing him to flee and never return.\n\nKing Vortiger and his men, who fought in this battle, were greatly amazed and prayed to Merlin to tell them what it might mean.\n\n\"Sir, I will tell you,\" Merlin replied. The red dragon signifies yourself, and the white dragon signifies the Saxons who first took and held this land, now fighting against you. But the Britons of your lineage overcame them and drove them away. Upon the Saxons' return, they retook this land and held it forever, driving out the Britons and destroying Christianity. After they have killed a great part of the Saxons, they will drive out all the remaining inhabitants. Therefore, stay here no longer to build castles or any other works, but go elsewhere to save your life. I warn you truly of things that will come to pass. Understand well that Aurilambros will be king, but he will be poisoned and will reign for a short time. Qerlyn and his mother departed from the king and turned back to Carmarthen. And so, after news reached the Britons, Aurilambros and Utter his brother were arrested. At Cottenesse, a great host gathered, and the Britons assembled and went to find Aurilambros and Utter with great nobles. They brought them to London and crowned Aurilambros as king. He asked where Vortiger, who was also a king, could be found, for he wished to avenge himself and wage war on the Paynims. They told him that Vortiger was in Wales, so they led him there. Vortiger knew that his brothers and their people were coming to conquer him and fled to a castle called Gerneth, which stood on a hill where he held it. Aurilambros and Utter, along with their people, had besieged the castle for a long time because it was strong and well fortified. At last, they threw wildfire and burned the houses and men and all their equipment within the castle. So Vortiger was burned among others and died with great sorrow. Engist was in Kent and ruled there, and when he heard this news, he immediately fled and intended to go to Scotland. Had support / but Anrilambros and his men met him in the north and gave him battle. Engist and his men defended themselves until they could, but he and his people were defeated and slain. Otta, his son, fled to York, and Aurilambros pursued him eagerly for a little way. But afterward, he showed mercy to Otta. Aurilambros imprisoned him and granted him the countryside of Galloway in Scotland, where they engaged in combat. The king Aurilambros, who was also known as Engist, allowed it to be called \"Great Britain\" again and ordered the building of churches, houses of religion, castles, cities, and towns that the Saxons had destroyed. He came to London and ordered the rebuilding of the city walls, which Engist and his people had torn down. The Britons led him to the mountain of Ambrian, where once stood a house of religion that had been destroyed by pagans. There was a knight. \"Anbry, who was once the founder of Amesbury and called the month Brian, was also known as Ambrosia. King Arthur allowed Amesbury to be repaired and rebuilt, and during this time, over 300 knights were killed through treason by the English king. The king spoke, saying, \"There are great stones in Ireland and long upon its hull that men call Giants' carols. If they were here, they would endure forever in memory of the knights who have entered here. Perceval spoke, \"As hard as stones are in my land as in Ireland.\" Merlin replied, \"But in all your land, there are none such. For whenever they were willing or in any way hurt, they wet the stones with hot water and then wiped them with it, and they were healed immediately. When the Britons heard of this, they were amazed and swore.\"\" Among them who wished to seek the stones and go with them to the king's brother to be their champion, there were 15,000 men, and Merlin advised them to go to Ireland. And they did so. When the king of Ireland, who was called Guillomer, heard that strangers had arrived at his court, he was alarmed. But when they saw the stones and the manner in which they stood, they were filled with great wonder and said among themselves that no man should be moved by any strength or energy, for they were so huge and so long. But Merlin, through his craft and skill, removed them and brought them back to their ships and returned to this land. Merlin placed the stones there where the king wanted them and set them up in the same manner that they had been in Ireland. And when the king saw that it had been done, he thanked Merlin and rewarded him and his men richly at his own will. And that place was called Stonehenge forevermore. It is worth noting that Passant, who were the foremost among the earlier inhabitants, lived at the same time and came to this land. A powerful land fell before him and arrived in the northcountry, intending to be a vassal of Vortiger. And he strongly trusted in the company he had brought with him from Germany and had conquered all the northcountry up to York. And when King Aureliambros heard this, he assembled a great force. He and his people were defeated but managed to escape with some of his men and fled to King Guillomer and begged for help and support. The king granted him this with good will and said he would help him, on the condition that I myself must go with you to Britain with all my power, and I would rather avenge myself on the Britons than let them come into my land and touch the stones called Giant's Carroll. King Guillomer allowed his ships to be prepared and went to the sea with 15,000 men and arrived in Wales. He began to plunder and cause great sorrow there. He went on. The king of Ireland and Passant heard called Coppa. The king said, \"Sir, dwell here all in peace with your host. I command you through my quintessence that I shall see the king Aurilambros, who is sick. If you do so, I shall enrich you.\" This traitor Coppa put on an abbot's habit and came to the king's court, saying that he would heal the king of his illness.\n\nThe traitor Coppa spoke to the king, \"Sir, be of good comfort. I shall give you such a medicine that you shall be sweet at once and desire to sleep and have good rest. The traitor gave him such poison that he slept at once and died in his sleep.\n\nThe traitor said that he would go out into the field until he was awake. And so he escaped away. For no man had suspicion of him because of his abbot's habit that he wore and also because of his broad crown. But when the king's men knew that he was escaping. When King Aurilambros was thus dead and poisoned at Winchester, in the prime of the night, there appeared a clear star, and the beam of that star was brighter than the sun, and at the head of the beam appeared a dragon's head, and from its mouth came two huge lights that were as bright as any fire burning. This star moved towards France and crossed the sea, and from it came seven clear and long beams, like the light of fire. This star amazed him greatly, and he wondered what it could mean, so he called Merlin and prayed him to tell what it could mean:\n\nMerlin saw that star and watched it for a long time, and then he said:\n\nAlas, alas, that such a noble and worthy king is dead.\n\nAnd I tell you this, that Aurilambros, your brother, has been poisoned. see well in this sterre & your self betokened by the hede of the dra\u2223gon\u0304\nthat is seyn\u0304 at the bought of the beem that is your self that\nshall be kyng & regne And by the beem that sto\u0304t towardes the Est\nis vnderstonde that ye shall gete a sone that shall conquere all frau\u0304\u00a6ce\n& all the landes that ben lougyng to the crounAnd by the beem that streyght toward Irland\nis betokened that ye shall geten a doughter that shall be quene of\nIrland \u00b6And the vij. bemes betokened that she shall haue vij.\nsones & euery of hem shall be kyng & regne with mochell honour &\nabyde ye no lenger here but goth & yeue bataille to your enemies\n& fyghted with hem boldely for ye shull ouercome hem & haue the\nvictorie \u00b6Vter thanked hertely Merlyn and no\u0304me his men and\nwent toward his enymie & they foughten to gedre mortaly & so he\ndiscomfited his enymies all & destroied & hym self quelled passent\nthat was Vortigers sone \u00b6And his britons queld Guillomer\nthat was kyng of Irland & all his men \u00b6And Vter anon\u0304 after that battalion took its way toward Winchester to do homage to Aurelian of Ambrosia, king, whose brother it was. But the body was borne to Stonehenge with much honor, which he had made in remembrance of the Britons who were slain through the treason of Egist. On the same day that they should have been reconciled and in the same place, they entered Aurelian of Ambrosia in the second year of his reign with all the worship that might belong to such a king. May God have mercy on his soul.\n\nAfter the death of Aurelian, Utus his brother was crowned and reigned well and worthily. In remembrance of the dragon that he was said to resemble, he had two dragons made through the counsel of his Britons. One to be borne before him when he went into battle, and the other to remain at Winchester in the bishop's church. For this reason, he was called ever after Utus the Dragon. And Otta, Egist's son, was commended but little Utus. He was made new king and, against him, began to make war. He ordered a great company of his. Friends and of his kin and of Ossa his brother had taken all the land from the Humber to York, but those of York held strongly against them and would not allow them to enter the town nor surrender the city. Otta besieged the town at once and gave it a strong assault, but those in the city kept it well and strongly. And when Utter heard of this, he came there with a great power to help and rescue the town and put an end to the siege. He gave a strong battle and Otta and his company defended as well as they could, but in the end they were defeated and most of them were killed. Otta and Ossa were taken and imprisoned in London. Utter himself dwelled a while at York and afterwards went to London. And at Easter, after singing, he intended to be crowned and hold a solemn feast. He commanded all his earls and barons to come to this feast, and all those who had wives should bring them as well. All were to come at the king's commandment. as they were commanded: The feast was richly held\nand all worthily set to meet after they were of estate so that Earl Gorlois of Cornwall and Igerne his wife sat next the king / and the king saw the fairness of that lady that she had. And he was enamored of her beauty / and often made charming glances in looking and laughing at her. So, at last, Earl Perceval perceived the king.\n\nThe king immediately sent for him to come again and not in defiance of him. And Earl Perceval would not come again in any manner. Therefore, the king was full of wrath and defied him as his deadly enemy. And Earl Perceval waited.\n\nThe king then ordered a great host and came to Cornwall to destroy the earl if he could. But he had put him in such a castle that was strong and well fortified at Tintagel and would not yield to the king. The king immediately besieged the castle and there dueled for fifteen days that never could prevail and ever thought upon. ygerne and upon her laid so much love that he didn't know what to do. So at last he called to him a knight named Ulfyn, who was with him, and told him all his counsel and asked him what was best to do.\n\nSir said he should send messengers immediately to Merlin. Merlin, through his craft, changed the king's appearance. And when Merlin had done so, he said to the king, \"Sir, now you must go suddenly to the castle of Tintagel and ask for entry and have your will with that lady.\" The king took the host privately to go, and when they arrived there, the porter went who it had been his lord's, and when it was time for them to lead,\n\nThe king went to bed with Igerne, the earl's wife, and did with her all his will and begot upon her a son named Arthur.\n\nOn the morrow. The noble, mighty king named his leave of the lady and went again to his host. And the same night that the king lay by Igerne in bed, his men gave a strong assault to the castle. The Earl and his men defended it manfully, but in the end, it happened that during this assault, the Earl himself was slain, and the castle was taken.\n\nThe king immediately turned back to Tintagel and married Igerne with great honor, making her queen. Shortly after, she gave birth to a son named Arthur. And when she grew up, she was married to a noble Baron named Aloth, who was lord of Leons.\n\nLong after he had reigned, he fell gravely ill, as if with sorrow. At that time, they who were to keep Otta, Engestes' son, and Ossa, his brother, in prison, released them for great gifts they gave and went. With him, and when the two brothers had escaped and returned to their own country, they ordered a great host and power and began to march against the king again. And since King Uther was sick and unable to help himself, he immediately appointed Aloth, the son of Elaine, as his ward and chamberlain for all his people. He and his Britons assembled a great host and gave battle to Otta and his people. But Otta was ultimately defeated. It came to pass that these Britons had a grudge against Aloth and would not be his attendants. The king was greatly annoyed and put them in a smaller encampment among the people. They took him to Verulamium, a fair city where St. Albans was martyred, and after the city was destroyed by the Paynims and through war, they encountered Otta and Ossa and their people there. They falsely opened the gates for them, and they entered the town and held them. The king came and besieged them, making a strong assault. but though those within were manfully defending the walls, The king ordered his guns and engines to break the walls, and the walls were so strong that nothing could harm them. Otta and his people held great contempt that a king building in a litter had them besieged, and they took counsel among themselves to stand up in the morning and give battle to the king. They did so, and in that battle both Otta and Ossa were slain, and all the others who escaped alive fled to Scotland and made Colegryne their chief. The Saxons who were still alive and had escaped the battle brought another great strength, among whom they said that if King Uther were dead, they would well conquer the land. They also planned to poison the king and ordered men to carry out this deed. They gave them great rewards for this task and led them to where the king was lying in wait and clothed them in poorer attire to better further their wicked purpose. But nevertheless, for all her falseness and quaintness they could,\nand these false traitors, on a day, proved roughly,\nwent to the well and put poison in it so that all the water was\nenpoisoned. And immediately after the king had drunk from that water,\nhe began to swell and soon after he died, and those who drank from that water also died.\n\nAs soon as this falseness was discovered, they made him king of the land with much reverence after his father's death in the seventeenth year of his reign.\n\nWhen Arthur was made king of the land, he was young,\nonly fifteen years old. However, he was fair, bold, and doubtful in appearance, and to the common people, he was good and courteous.\n\nWhen he began to reign, he swore that Saxons\nwould never have peace or rest until he had driven them out of his land,\nand he assembled a great host and fought with Colgrime.\nColgrime, who, after Otta's death, maintained the Saxons,\nwas discomfited and fled to York and held the town.\n\nThe king besieged the town. King Arthur could not act quickly, for the town was strong, and they within kept it well and orderly. And when King Arthur learned that a great power had assembled and come to Scotland with 5,000 ships, and when he knew he had no power or strength to fight against Childric, he remained in place. He immediately sent letters to the King of Little Britain, who was called Holofernes, his nephew, requesting that he come to him with all the power he could muster. Holofernes assembled a great host and arrived at Southampton.\n\nWhen King Arthur learned of this, he was glad and marched against them, receiving them with great honor. The two hosts met and engaged in battle. King Childric and his men defended themselves manfully with their power. But King Arthur and his men quelled so many Saxons that it was never said or done before, and such slaughter. Childric and his men, who were left, fled. King Arthur pursued them and drove them. Cheldrik and his men reached a wood where they could go no further. They told Arthur that they were severely ill and begged him to take their horses and armor, allowing them to go on foot into their own ships. They vowed never to return to this land and, on this condition, gave him good hostages. Arthur, by the counsel of his men, granted this request and received the hostages. On the other side, when they were in the high sea, their will changed as the devil's and they nearly returned and came again into this land. They arrived at Tintagel and went ashore, named the land, and plundered it, killing many people and taking all the armor they could find. They continued until they came to Bath. However, the men of the town shut their gates and would not allow them entry. They defended themselves vigorously against them. When Arthur heard this news, he immediately released the hostages and left Britain, making his nephew in charge of Scotland with half his people, while he himself went to help retake Bath. When they arrived there, he gave a strong battle to Childeric and subdued almost all the people who were there, and both Colegryne and Bladud his brother were slain. Childeric fled and attempted to go to his ships, but when Arthur learned of this, he took 10,000 knights from Scotland.\n\nMessages informed him that the Scots had besieged Holygrim in Britain where he lay sick, so he hurried there. Cador pursued Childeric and captured him before he could reach his ships, and defeated Childeric and his people. After this voyage, Cador hastened back to Arthur, finding him in Scotland where he had rescued Holygrim. However, the Scots were all far away. in Monmouth, and there they stayed for a while, but Arthur pursued them and they fled thence into Limoges, which was in that country with sixty Iles and great numbers of birds and great numbers of Egles, who were accustomed to cry and fight and make great noise when people came to rob that land. They were as much as they could, and so they did for the Scots were such great ravagers.\n\nSir, Merlin, in the year of the incarnation of Christ M.C.xv., a lamb will come out of Winchester. It will have a white tongue and true lips. And in its heart, it will have holiness. This lamb will make many God's houses, and it will have peace the most part of its life. And it will make one of the fairest places of the world that in its time shall not be fully made an end.\n\nAnd in the end of his life, a wolf from a strange land will do him much harm and sorrow through war, but at the end, the lamb will be master through the help of a red fox. The wolf shall come from the northwest and overcome. The wolf shall die in water. After that time, the lamb shall not live a while, and his seat will be in a foreign land. The land will be without a governor for a little while. After his time, a dragon with mercy mixed will come and keep the land from cold and heat. His one foot shall be set in Wyke, and the other in London. He will embrace in babble and open his mouth toward Wales. The trembling of his hideous mouth, his eyes shall stretch toward many habitations and countries. In his time, the rivers shall run with blood and brains, and he shall make walls in his land that shall last forever. In that time, the sun shall be as red as blood, and I shall see it through all the world, signifying great pestilence and death of people through the bite of the sword. People shall be fatherless. The time that the dragon shall die by a hare moving against him, the war will not end until the end of his life. This dragon will be the best body of the world in his time, and he will die beyond the marches of a foreign land. The land will dwell fatherless without a good governor, and I shall be the cause of his death from the Isle of Shepey to the haven of Marall.\n\nAnd after this dragon comes a good one from the east, who will have horns and a beard of silver. From his nostrils shall come a serpent that will signify hunger and great death of the people and much of his land in the beginning of his reign.\n\nThis good one will go over the sea and will open the flower of his life and of death. In his time, an eagle from Cornwall will arise, which will have golden feathers, and pride will be with it. In his time, the bear shall burn and a battle shall be fought on the arms of the sea in a field ordered as a shield. At that battle, many white heads shall die. Therefore, his battle shall be called the white battle.\n\nThe aforementioned bear shall cause great harm and, if it comes out of the southwest and from its blood, then the good will lose much of his land until the time that friendship returns to him, and then he will clothe himself in a lion skin and win back what he had lost and more. For a people shall come out of the northwest who will make the good sore afraid, and he shall avenge himself on his enemies through the counsel of two owls that first appeared. These two owls shall cause great harm to many, and they will counsel the good one to wage war against the aforementioned bear. At last, the good one and the owls will meet at Burton upon Trent and cross over, and for fear, the bear will flee and join him towards Burton, to the north. There they will be with an army and then the swan will be slain with a spear and the bear taken, and his head next to his nest that will stand upon a broken bridge. Many will seek him for virtue, and from him will come a people of his land, bolder after this, and though the two owls will cause much harm to the aforementioned flour of Lisle, she will pass through distress and the flour delise will follow. and there she shall dwell till a time that her seed comes and seeks her, and they shall be still till a time that they seek her and show her grace. After this good one will come from Windsor, a boy with a head of white, a lion's heart, and a pitiful thirst. To those who are thirsty, his word shall be gospel. His coming will be meek as a lamb.\n\nIn the first year of his reign, he will have great pain in justifying those who are unfaithful. And in his time, his land will be filled with aliens.\n\nThis boy, because of the fierceness of his heart, will make wolves become lambs. He will be called throughout the world the borr of holiness, fierceness of nobility, and meekness. He will do moderately all that he has to do. A man will go to the town of Ihrlm\u0304 and sharpen his teeth on Paris's walls. Spain will tremble with fear at the mention of four lands. Gaston will be sweet in France, placing his great tail in England. Almain will quake with fear of him. This man will give mantles to two towns in England and make the river run red with blood and brains. He will make many meadows read and acquire as much as his ancestors did. Before he dies, he will bear three crowns and put a land into great subjection. Afterward, it will be released, but not during his time. After this man dies, for his kindness, he will be entered at Coloigne, and his land will then be filled with all good things.\n\nAfter this man comes a lamb that will have feet of lead, a head of brass, a heart of a loop, and a swine's skin. In his time, his load will be in peace. In the first year of his reign, he will build a city that all the world will see. This lamb will leave in his time a great part of his land through an hidon's wolf, but he will recover it and give a lordship to an Eagle. This Eagle will well govern it until the time that pride overcomes him. Alas, the sorrow. For he will die by his brother's sword, and afterwards the land will fall to the aforementioned lamb. He will govern the land in peace all his lifetimes, and after he will die and the land will be filled with all manner of good.\n\nAfter this lamb comes a mold warp, cursed by God's mouth, a thief, a coward, and a hare. He will have an elderly skin as a goat, and vengeance will fall upon him for sin. In the first year of his reign, he will have great pleasure in his land and from him, and in his land he will have great praise until the time that he allows his people to live in too much pride, without chastisement. Wherefore God will be angry.\n\nThen shall arise up a dragon from the north. shall be full ferocious and shall meet and yield battle on a stone.\nThis dragon shall gather again into its company a wolf\nthat shall come out of the west to begin war against the aforementioned\nMoldwarp and it shall wound its tails\nThen shall come a lion out of Ireland that shall\nfall in company with them / and then the land shall tremble that\nshall be called England / as an aspen leaf / And in that time\ncastles shall fall down upon them and it shall seem that\nheaven and earth are dry for the bodies that shall fall dead therein.\nThe four chief floods in England shall run in blood / and great fear and anguish shall arise.\nAfter Moldwarp wounds him, the dragon and the wolf shall drive them away / and the land shall be without them / And Moldwarp shall have no power except for a ship where he may hide /\nAnd after that he shall go to land when the sea is withdrawn / And after that he shall yeue the thridde part of his lande / for\nto haue the fourth part in pees and rest / and after he shall leue in\nsorwe all his lyfes tyme / And in his tyme the hote bathes shullen\nbecomen colde / and after that shall the Molde warpe die auentours\u2223ly\nand sodenly / Allas the sorwe / for he shall be draynt in a flode of\nthe see / His seed shall become fadrelees in strange land for euermo\u2223re / \nAnd than shall the land be departed in iij. parties / that is to\nsey to the wolfe / to the dragon / and to the lyon / and so shall it be for\neuermore / and than shall this land be called the land of conqueste\nAnd so shull the rightfull heires of Englond ende\nWHen Guillomer that was kyng of Irland had tydynge\nthat kyng Arthur was entred at Glastenbury / he ordey\u2223ned\na grete power of Irisshmen & come to the see with his\nIrissh peple & so come in to Scotland ouer the see / and arriued fastand Guillomer fledde with his men ayene in\nto Irland \u00b6And when this discomfiture was done / Arthur tur\u2223ned He returned to the place where he had left the Scots, intending to kill them all. But the bishops, abbots, and other people of the country, along with ladies, came before King Arthur and begged for mercy. \"Sir gentle king and mighty one,\" they pleaded, \"have mercy and pity on us. You, being of the right law to uphold and maintain Christian domain, it would bring great dishonor to quell us who believe in almighty God as you do. For God's love, have mercy and pity on us. We have suffered much sorrow and pain at the hands of the Saxons. They have passed through our land many times, killing our livestock and causing us much harm. If you were now to quell us, it would be no honor for a king to quell us and overcome us. For the love of God, spare us and have mercy on the Christian people who believe in Christ as you do.\"\n\nWhen King Arthur heard their pleas, he had pity on them and granted them life and pardon. and they fell down to his feet and became his liege men, and he took homages from them. After that, King Arthur turned again with his host and returned to York and stayed there during the journey. And he gave all rewards to Aloth, who had married his sister, and other generous gifts. Gawain was his cousin but still young, and he gave rich rewards to all his other men who had served him in war. He thanked them much for their good service.\n\nWhen Arthur had brought his land into peace and rest and it was in good order throughout every country, he wedded a wife named Guinevere. She was a fair and noble lady. Cador, Earl of Cornwall, had long nurtured her in his chamber, his own cousin, to conquer Ireland for him. He did not delay and passed over into Ireland.\n\nKing Guillimer assembled a great host and gave battle to King Arthur. But Guillimer was defeated and surrendered to King Arthur. and became his man and to him did fealty and homage, and held all that land from that time forward\n\nAnd after, King Arthur conquered Gutla\u0434\u0435 and Island and took homages of the people and of the land, and dwelt there for fifteen years in peace and reigned with joy and merriment and waged war on no man or any man upon him.\n\nAnd he became so courteous and generous and so honorable that the emperors' court of Rome and none throughout the world was not accounted to King Arthur as a king, for no man knew or none so well prized.\n\nAnd therefore the best knights from all manner lands came to him to dwell and they received him with good will and reverence.\n\nAnd all the knights were so good that no man knew the worst. And therefore King Arthur made a round table, that when they should sit to the meal all should be alike high and evenly served at the table, so that none might make a boast that none. And King Arthur had at that table Britons, Frenchmen, Normans, Flemings, Burgundians, and of his own land. In Britain and the great cornwall of Wales and Ireland, and Scotland, and briefly to tell of all the lands that were subject to William and Charlrie, it came about that King Arthur, through the counsel of his barons and lords, intended to conquer all of France, which was then called Gaul by the Romans. The Romans held that land in their power and lordship, and the Romans had taken that land from a noble knight named Froll. When he learned that Arthur was coming, he prepared an army and great power and fought with the king. Arthur and his men were defeated, and they fled to Paris and entered the town and closed the gates, holding them there. Arthur knew that Froll had gone to pursue him and was coming there, and he besieged him. But the City was so strong and well fortified that those within defended themselves well and bravely. King Arthur remained there for more than a month, and there was so much people in the City and they consumed all the provisions within, and such great hunger became among them that they decided. Within the city, Wonder the thick-headed came to Froll and prayed him to be granted an audience with King Arthur, promising to yield the town to him in return. Froll saw that he could no longer hold the town against their will and greatly trusted in his own strength. He sent word to King Arthur, asking him to come and fight him body to body, so France would be divided between them. King Arthur granted his request and vowed that none of his people would engage in battle on his behalf.\n\nOn the morrow, both came well-armed, without Paris, to the designated fighting ground. They clashed fiercely and skillfully, neither side able to claim superiority. It happened that Froll struck Arthur so forcefully that he fell to the ground, unwilling. As Froll drew back his sword, he wounded King Arthur in the forehead, causing blood to gush down his face.\n\nArthur rose heartily. when he felt him hurt, a man seemingly mad, he took Taborne his good sword and struck it high, and dealt Frolle such a blow that with it he clave his head down to the shoulders, so that his helmet could not protect him; and so he fell dead in the place. The city mourned greatly for Frolle; immediately each one yielded themselves to King Arthur, and the town also, becoming his men and doing him homage and fealty. And King Arthur, after that, went forth with his host and conquered Agincourt, Angiers, Gascoyne, Pehito, Nanterre, Burgoyne, Berry, Lothier, Turin, and Pithers, and all the other lands of France he conquered holy. And when he had conquered and taken them by homages and fealty, he turned again to Paris and there he dwelt long, and ordered peace long over the whole country and throughout all France. And when peace was made, and also for his own sake, And no man dared oppose him or rise against him to make a claim on France in peace and quiet. He resided there for nine years and performed many great wonders, reproving proud men and tyrants, chastising them according to their deserts.\n\nAt Easter, there, he held a festival at Paris. Richly, he rewarded his knights for their service in his conquest. He gave his steward, who was called Kay the Elder, Angiers, and Bedeler his butler, Normandy, which was called Neustria, Holdyn his chamberlain, Flanders and Mance, his cousin Dorrell, and his nephew Richard, Ponthieu. To all others, he gave large lands and granted them at Averill. After coming again into Britain, his own land, he wished to be crowned king of Gloucester and held a solemn festival. Some kings, earls, and barons were summoned there: Scott, King of Scotland; Cadwaller, King of South Wales; Guillomer, King of North Wales; Maded, King of Ireland; Malgam{us}, King of Guthland; Achilles, King of Iceland; Aloth, King of Denmark; Gonguais, King of Norway; Hel, his cousin, King of Dorset; Cador, King of Little Britain; Morcant, Earl of Cornwall; Mauran, Earl of Gloucester; Gerdon, Earl of Winchester; Boel, Earl of Hertford; Urtegy, Earl of Oxford; Cur{sall}, Earl of Bath; Ionas, Earl of Chester; Enerall, Earl of Dorset; Kimare, Earl of Salisbury; Waloth, Earl of Canturbury; Iugerne, Earl of Chichester; Arall, Earl of Leicester; and the Earl of Warwick, and many other rich lords. Britons also came, among them Dippo_donaudus and many others who are not named here. At that feast, King Arthur had held many a fair one before, but none such or so solemn and lasting for fifteen days with great honor and mirth.\n\nOn this day, as King Arthur sat at his table among his knights, Among them, eighteen elderly men, richly attired and courteously, approached the king and greeted him. They declared themselves messengers sent from the Emperor and presented him with a letter that contained the following:\n\nGreatly astonished is King Arthur that you are so bold, with a war in your head, to make open hostilities against us, for you have yet not proven nor tested the strength of the Romans. For Julius Caesar conquered all the land of Britain and took from us our land long ago. Now, through your pride, you withhold it from us. Therefore, we command you to yield it back. And yet you have acted even more foolishly, for you have slain Frollo, our baron of France, unjustly. And afterward, we will deal with you. The messengers should suffer no harm. \"Mowe by reason none deserve, but commanded them to be worshipfully served. And after meal, he took counsel of kings and they counseled him at one time that he should assemble a great power, lordship. And manfully avenge himself upon the Emperor for the insult he had sent him, and they swore by God and by his names that they would pursue and burn as much as they might. And they let write a letter to send to the Emperor through the same messengers in this manner:\n\nUnderstand among you of Rome that I am King Arthur of Britain, and freely I will hold and shall hold, and at Rome I will be, not to give you trouble, but for to ask for aid. For Constantine, who was Elenus' son, was Emperor of Rome and of all the honor that belonged to it, and Maximian, king, conquered all of France and Germany, and Montjoie passed and conquered all of Lombardy. These two were my ancestors.\" And when this letter was made and sealed, King Arthur gave great gifts to the messengers and after that, the messengers took their leave and went thence and came to the court of Rome again and told the Emperor how worthy they had been received and which real company he had to serve, and how he was more truly served than the Emperor or any king. And when the Emperor had read the letter and heard what was therein and saw that Arthur would not be ruled by him, he let assemble and order a huge host to destroy King Arthur if he could. King Arthur and his party ordered his power and knights of the round table. The king of Scotland, Ireland, and Gaul, of Denmark and Almain, each of them had 10,000 men. The Duke of Normandy had 12,000 and of Arbalaster's and of archers and of other foot soldiers that no man could number. When all were ready to depart, King Arthur's lead. King Arthur's wife gave one of his nephews, named Mordred and a wise and hardy knight, her keeping. Arthur took his realm and gave it to Mordred, retaining only the crown. Afterward, Arthur named his host and went to Southampton, where ships were brought and the people assembled. They put out to sea with favorable wind and weather, and as soon as they could, they armed at Harlech. King Arthur had not been in the country long before he was told that a great giant had come into Spain and had abducted Fair Eleanor, who was a cousin to Hobart, and there was no man in the country brave or hardy enough to fight with him or approach the place where the giant fought. He was called Dinabus, and his deeds caused great sorrow in the country. When King Arthur heard this news, he called Excalibur and Bedivere and commanded them to go privately. They found the giant at the Ring, and came to a mountain enclosed about with water, which still is and ever shall be. And they saw a burning fire on the hill, and there was another hill nearby with another fire burning. Key and Bedeware came to the next hill and found a wide open space, where a woman was sitting beside a tomb, weeping greatly and saying, \"Eleyne, Eleyne.\" Key and Bedeware asked what she was and why she wept so much, and who lay in that tomb. She said, \"Lords, seek here for the damsel I nursed with my breast, who was named Eleyne, and lies in this tomb.\" that to me was taken the maiden named Norissh. So there came a devil in the form of a giant and ravished her and me also, and led us both away. He wanted to spare that maiden, so young and tender in age, but she could not endure it, for the giant was so great and so huge. And if he comes now as he is accustomed to do, he will surely quell both of you. Therefore, flee, hens, and why do you not flee, henns? \"Sir,\" said she, \"when Eleyne was dead, the giant made me stay to do his will, and I must needs submit. God knows I do it not with my good will; I would rather be dead than with him.\" So much pain I have when he leaves me.\n\nWhen Key and Bedewere had heard all that this woman had told them, they turned again and came to King Arthur and told him all that they had seen and heard. Arthur immediately took them both with him and went quietly by night, so that none of his host knew, and came early in the morning to the giant. Arthur and fought with him strongly, and at last he slowed him down. Arthur ordered Bedivere to strike off his head and bring it to the host to show them as a wonder, for it was so great and so huge. When they came again to the host, they told them why they had been out and showed them the head. Every man was glad and joyful at the worthy deed that King Arthur had done, their lord. Hoel was full sorrowful for his nephew who was lost, and after he had the opportunity, he let a fair burial be made.\n\nArthur and his people had news that the Emperor had assembled a great power, both Saracens and pagans, and there were 80,000 horses and foot soldiers. Arthur and his people prepared quickly in their way towards the Emperor and passed through Normandy and France up to Burgundy. They intended to even join the host. For men told him that the Emperor's host would come to Lucie. The Emperor and his host, at the beginning of August, removed from Rome and came forth. right the way toward the host, King Arthur espies the Emperor, and said, \"If that Arthur should find him there, fast by the Emperor, but they said that the Emperor had such great power with him of kings of the land and of pagans afar and also Christian people, that it nearly was folly for King Arthur to meet with him. For the spies told that the Emperor had five or six men against one of his. King Arthur was bold and hardy, and for nothing him dismayed, and said, 'Go we boldly in God's name against the Romans. Those who lead Saracens and pagans have no trust in God but only in their strength. Go now and seek them out sharply in the name of the Almighty God, and slay the pagans and Christian men who are enemies with them. For to destroy Christian men and God shall help us, for we have the right, and therefore have we trust in God, and do we so that the enemies of Christendom and of God may be dead and destroyed, and that men may record the worthiness of knighthood.\" kyng Arthur had thus said they cried all wyth a high vois.\n\u00b6God fadre almyghty wurshipped be thy name withouten end\namen and graunte vs grace well to done and to destroie our ene\u2223myes\nthat bene ayens cristendome In the name of the fadre of the\nsone and of the holy gost amen and god yeue hym neuer grace ne\nworshipp in the world ne mercy of hym to haue that this day shall\nfeyuten well for to smyte and egrely and so they riden softely and\nordeyned his wynges well and wysely\nThe Em{per}our herd telle that kyng Arthur and his folk were\nredy araied for to fight with hym and thidder they come And\nhe ordeyned his wynges in the best maner that he my\u0292t and more\ntrust vpon his strength than in god almyghty and that was seyn\nafterward \u00b6For when tho ij. hostes mette the Em{per}our lost\nsuche iiij. of his folk as did Arthur and so many were slayne\nwhat in that one side and in that othir that it was grete pite to\nwyt and to seen \u00b6In this bataill were slayne thurgh kyng Arthur, king of the pagans and other wondrous people, and King Arthur's men fought so well that the Romans and pagans had no more strength to withstand than twenty sheep against five wolves. In this battle, it rained heavily and lasted a long time on one side and the other. Among them, the Emperor was slain, but no one knew for certain which one it was.\n\nWhen the Romans knew that the Emperor was dead, they fled the field, and the pagans also. King Arthur pursued them until it was night, and he captured so many of them that it was wonderful to tell. And though it was night, he turned back and thanked God for his victory. In the morning, he looked over the field and saw all his knights who had been lost there: Borrell, Earl of Mount Badon; Kay and Lionself, Earl of Bolingbroke.\n\nThe Emperor's body he let them take and put on a bier, sending it to Rome. He sent word to the Romans that for Brittany and France, which were theirs, he would make peace. he helde / othir truage wold he nonand ther he was entered / & Li\u2223gier\nwas borne to Boloigne ther he was lord / And Holden was\nborne to flaundres / and ther he was entered \u00b6And all the othir he\nlet entier with mochell honour in Abbeis & in houses of religion in\nthe contre ther that they were dede \u00b6And Arthur him selfe soiour\u00a6ned\nthat same yere in Burgoyne with his host / and thought the sa\u00a6me\nyere folewyng to passe the mounte of Ioye / & haue gone to rome\nall for to take the Cite / and haue put the romains in subiection but\nthe wykked tiraunt Mordred hym lette as after ye shall here\nWHen kyng Arthur had taken to mordred his Reame to ke\u00a6pe\nand was gone ayens the Em{per}our of Rome & was pas\u00a6sed\nthe see / Mordred anone toke homages & feautes of alle\nhem that were in this lande / and wolde haue had the lande to his\nowne vse / and toke castelles aboute and let hem araie / And aft this\nfalsenesse he did an othir grete wronge / for ayens the lawe of criste\u0304\u00a6te / \nhe toke his owne comyng to holde And also Mordred sent to Chel all the land that Vortigern had given to him when he married his daughter. And Childeric came with great strength and power of people. Mordred had also assembled in his half, over forty thousand strong knights, when they had need.\n\nWhen this news reached King Arthur, who was in Burgundy, he was extremely annoyed and took all of France into his possession, praying him to keep it until he returned, for he intended to go to Britain and back again. And he went his way and came to White's Sands, bringing with him a great host of French, as well as his own land and army. They gave a strong battle, and King Arthur lost many men and the life of Agnisell, allowing Scotland to enter into their own centre and there they were admitted.\n\nAnd after that, King Arthur named his way to destroy Mordred and fled from there to Cornwall. Queen Guinevere, who was King Arthur's wife, that though they heard that Mordred had fled,\nArthur and his lord would never show mercy to her\nbecause of the great shame she had brought him. She came privately with four men and without more, to Carlion,\nand there she spent the rest of her life, fighting all her life against him. Arthur knew that Mordred had fled to Cornwall,\nand he sent after his men into Scotland and Northumberland,\nunitedly to Cornwall to search and pursue after Mordred.\nMordred had assembled to him all the people of Cornwall,\nand had gathered countless numbers, knowing that Arthur was coming,\nand preferred to die and take his chance rather than longer flee.\nHe remained and gave a hard battle to King Arthur and his people,\nso that so much people were killed on one side and the other,\nthat no one knew who had the better part. But it fell out in the end that Mordred was killed, and all his people. good chivalry that King Arthur had gathered and nurtured from diverse lands, and the noble knights of the round table, who were so praised throughout the world, were slain. Arthur himself was wounded to the point of death, but he was borne in a litter to a healer to be healed of his wounds. Yet the Britons supposed that he lived in another land and that he would come again and conquer all Britain. But certainly, this is what Merlin had foretold: his death would be doubtful, and he spoke truly, for there is still doubt among men, as there will be forever.\n\nArthur was born to Avalon in the 21st year of his reign after the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ. When King Arthur knew that he could not have a light reign, he summoned Constantine, Cadwallon's son, his cousin, before him. He bequeathed to him all his realm and told him to be king until he returned, for he had no heir born of his body. This Constantine was a noble knight and the two sons that Mordred had begotten had greatly arranged for him to take the Citadel in London, while the other was to winchester. But Constantine came to London and learned that both his enemies were dead. And when Constantine had ruled worthily for three years, he died and lies at London.\n\nAfter King Constantine's death, there were two kings in Britain. One was called Adelbright, also known as Orewenne. He gave her, through great friendship, to King Adelbright as his wife. And she bore him a daughter named Argentill. In the third year after him, a strong sickness came upon him, and he needed to die. He sent to King Edelf his brother in law that he should also, in the name of God, take Argentill his daughter and the land, and that he should keep her well and nurse her in his chamber. when she reached marriageable age, she was to be married to the strongest and most worthy man he could find, and then he was to yield up her land to her. Edell granted it and confirmed his prayer. And when Adelbright was dead, Edell took the damsel Argentill and raised her in his chamber, and she became the fairest creature that any man could find. He took her land from her niece for eternity and falsely, against his oath, intended to marry her to a kitchen knight named Curan. Curan became the worthiest and strongest man in the land, and to him she thought she had been unfairly married, for she had expected to have her land afterward. But he was completely deceived.\n\nCuran, who was Havelock's son and king of Kirkelane in Denmark, conquered his land. He showed King Edelf, who was his wife's uncle and had taken all her land, as it also tells more openly. He reigned for only three years. The Saxons and Danes submitted to him. After Curan, Conan ruled, who could not have any manner of love other than meddling with his people. He took his uncle to war and quarreled with his two children. The Saxons waged war against him frequently but he overcame them in the end. After Conan, his cousin Cortif ruled, who was beloved by all his people and had no thug beneath him. However, Cortif lost all of Britain through war, and during his time, a great misfortune befell Britain: Christianity was destroyed, and all the Britons were driven out and the land was lost without any recovery, except that later it was left to the Saxons. In that time, there was a pagan named Gurmod, who was the son of Duke Daufrikes of the pagan people and was king only if he could acquire and conquer a realm in a foreign land. He was bold and courageous. Eke, who was strong of body, and Merlyn predicted that he would be a wolf of the sea. He assembled penniless pilgrims without number and allowed them to prepare ships. He went through many lands and took homages and fees from many. So he went by the sea and conquered many diverse lands, coming eventually to Ireland to confirm councils made by others and by hostage-taking. He cast down towns, castles, and churches, putting the entire land in great destruction. As soon as they could, the poor and rich, bishops, abbots, monks, and all other great and small, fled to little Britain and some to Cornwall. All ships that could, carried the king away to Chichester, which was a good city and strong. There he held out for twenty days. This Gurmond besieged it, but the city was so strong that he could not take it by any means that he might have used. They thought of a great quest to burn the town,\ncreating engines with nets and pieces of tar and fire,\nattaching it to the sparrows' feet, and then letting them fly.\nThe birds immediately took off and flew into the town,\nwhere their nests were, and the stacks and houses caught fire.\nThe town began to burn and destroy all of it,\nand when the Britons saw that their people were being killed and discomfited,\nand the battle was ongoing, the king hid himself privately and escaped to Wales.\nI never knew where he went. The town of Chichester was taken and destroyed.\nAfterward, Gurmond destroyed cities and towns that were never rebuilt as it is said in many places.\n\nWhen Gurmond had destroyed the entire land,\nhe gave the land to the Saxons right away.\nThey gladly took it, for a long time the Saxons had desired it,\nas they were of English kin who had once possessed all the land. of Britain, and the people were called Englishmen because of the name of Engus. And the land they called England in their language, and the people were called Englishmen because, in his time, it was called Engus' land, when he had conquered it from Vortigern, who had married his daughter. But from the time that Brute first came into England, this land was called Britain, and the people were called Britons. However, after the time that Gormund conquered it and gave it to the Saxons, they immediately changed the name, as before is said. And when this was done, Gormund passed over into France and conquered many lands and destroyed all Christian people there that he came across. The Saxons dwelt in this land and began to inhabit it at their own will. They wanted to make new kings and lords but they could not, and therefore they made many kings in various shires, as in Engus' time. The first kingdom was Kent and that other South Saxony, and the third West Saxony, and the fourth East Saxony. The north of Northumberland and the east Angles, that is, the Northfolk and Southfolk, and the Mercian north, which is the earldom of Nicholas, Huntingdon, Hereford, Gloucester, Warrewyke, and Derby, and they departed, leaving England in seven parties. And after that, it happened that the kings frequently quarreled, and he who was strongest became ruler over the one who was weakest. So it was for a long time that they had no king crowned among them nor any Christian man, nor Christianity among them. But they were pagans.\n\nAllas said Saint Gregory, Pope of Rome, that they might better be called English. for they had the faces of angels and therefore they were worthy of being Christian. And for this reason, St. Gregory sent St. Austin to England, along with 40 good and holy men, to preach and teach and to convert the English people, turning them to God, in the 6th year that Gregory had been pope, that is, after the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ 596 AD, as the chronicles tell us.\n\nWhen St. Austin first came to England, he arrived at the Isle of Thanet and then passed on and came to Canterbury, where he stayed. King Aethelbert of Kent, who was of the lineage of Ecgberht, received St. Austin and his companions with much honor, and provided them with all that they needed. Furthermore, he gave them a fair place, which is now called the Abbey of St. Austin, in which place he lies buried.\n\nThis King Aethelbert was a good man, and with good will he listened to St. Austin's preachings and gave him leave to preach. all his land in Kent was turned and converted to him, along with all the people he could. It came about in little time that the king himself was converted to God, and all his people in his land were baptized. Meanwhile, as the people turned to God, Saint Austyn came to Rouchester, and there he preached God's word. The pagans scorned him for this and hung reigh tails on his mantle, and in addition, they cast on him the guts of pigs and fish. The good man, Saint Austyn, was greatly annoyed and grieved by this, and he prayed to God that all the children born in the city of Rouchester in the future would have tails. When the king learned of this vengeance wrought through Saint Austyn's prayer, he had a house built in honor of the Almighty God, where women could give birth at the bridge's end. To this day, women in the city still give birth in that house. When Saint Gregory heard that the English were converting to God, he sent his pallium to Saint Austin, a bishop named Paulinus, and instructed him to ordain and consecrate bishops in the land. Upon receiving the pallium of the archbishopric, Austin ordained two bishops, Mellit and Justin, who had come with him from Rome. Mellit went to preach in Essex and baptized the king of the country, Sichelm, who was King Aethelberht's cousin, his sister's son. Justin went to preach in South Saxony and converted many people. Saint Austin remained preaching throughout England.\n\nWhen all of England was baptized and converted, Saint Austin went to the land where the Britons were, intending to keep them from English rule, that is, to Wales. And there he found monks and abbots and seven bishops. For the Britons destroyed all the way the Christian people that St. Augustine had converted, and he spoke to the bishops, saying he was a legate of Rome and England, and they should be obedient to him. They replied that they would only be obedient to the Archbishop of Canterbury and had never been obedient to the English. For the English, they said, are our adopted people. St. Augustine could have no authority over them, otherwise they openly declared that they would never submit to him or to the pope of Rome. And St. Augustin turned to King Aethelbert who was king of Kent and told him that his people would not be obedient to any man but to the Archbishop of Canterbury. When the king heard this, he was greatly displeased and said he would destroy them. He sent to Oswald, king of Northumbria, his friend, asking him to come with all the power he could muster and to meet him at Leicester. and from then they went into Wales and destroyed the Archbishop of Carlion and all those who had refused St. Austyn. It happened that there was a British king who held the country of Leicester and the surrounding areas named Brecknock. This British king heard tell that two English kings were coming. And these two kings, Adelbright and Elfride, fought a while at Leicester and divided the land between them. After they had been there, the Welsh had heard tell of Brecknock's defeat at Leicester and were greatly afraid of them. They chose among themselves good men, monks, priests, and other people of great piety who went barefoot and wore sackcloth, intending to have mercy on the two kings. But the kings were so stern and so wicked that they would not even speak with them, but quelled each one. Alas for sorrow, they spared them no more than a wolf spares a sheep, but smote off their heads. of every one and so all were there martyred who came to understand that Vortigern and forty, and afterward the two kings waited from these to Baugore to quell all those they might find of the Britons. And when the Britons who heard this assembled and ordered all their power for battle, there was a baron in Wales called Bledric of Cornwall, who at one time was lord of Deneshire, but King Adelbright had driven him into Wales and given him battle. At that battle, King Adelbright was slain, and Elfrid was wounded severely and left the field, and the most part of his people were slain. Elfrid fled to Northumberland, which was his own land. And afterward, the people of Leicestershire made Cadewan king, who was Brechenal's son, and he ruled nobly and with great honor. After this battle was done, the Britons assembled and went to Leicester and made Cadewan, who was Brechenal's son, their king. all the people of the countryside came and took oaths and fealty to him. After that, he gathered a great host and declared that he would go into Northumberland to destroy King Elfride and kill him if he could. When he arrived there, friends went between them and made them come to terms in this way: Elfride was to hold all the land from the Humber to Scotland, and Cadwan was to have all the land on this side of the Humber to the south. And after that, they were to be good friends for the rest of their lives and love each other as if they were brothers. Elfride had a son named Edwyne, who held all the land of Northumberland after his father's death, just as his father had held it during his entire lifetime. Cadwan had another son named Cadhad. The love between the brothers lasted only two years. And after that, a dispute arose between them through the instigation of Cadwal, who was called Cadwallon at the end. It ended up that Cadwallon killed Cadwan. was discomfited and Edwyn pursued him, driving him from place to place. Eventually, he fled into Ireland. This other one destroyed his land, cast down castles, burned his manors, and deprived all of Cadwalyn's land among his friends. And long after, Cadwalyn returned from Ireland with a strong power. In a plain battle, he quelled Edwyn and all his friends, specifically those who had withheld his lands through Edwyn's gift.\n\nWhen Edwyn was slain, Offa's son undertook the land. After Offa's death, he ruled as a gentle Christian man who loved Almighty God. He had all the land of Northumberland by heritage, called Oswald, and he was king of all that land. But since he was friendly with Edwyn and held a great part of Cadwalyn's land, Cadwalyn waged war on him and drove him toward Scotland. And when Cadwalyn saw that he would not submit to him any longer, he prayed to Pandia to pursue Oswald until he was taken and slain. And Cadwalyn returned home again when Oswald heard that Cadwalyn had returned. He no longer wished to flee but remained with Peanda and gave him battle. Peanda was discomfited and fled and came again to Cadwalyn, saying that he would never hold any foot of land of him unless he avenged Oswald. Oswald, his brother, seized all the land that had been Oswald's. The people of Northumberland loved him well and held him as their lord. But he had men of his kin who now wished to depart from the land, and they came to Peanda and begged him for help and support, offering him the land in return on the condition that he would help and counsel them. Peanda granted their prayer and spoke with the king. Cadwallyn ordered a great host and summoned Northumberland to fight against Oswy. Oswy was a meek man, much given to love and charity, and prayed for peace and love. He offered him gold and silver. Oswy trusted in God, while Peanda trusted too much in his pride and the large host he had. They clashed fiercely, but Peanda was quickly defeated and slain. This occurred after the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, in the year 616. Oswy reigned for twenty-six years and was succeeded by a king named Oswyne, who was Peanda's cousin. They went to war against each other, but Oswy gained the victory over Oswyne, who was then defeated and slain. After Cadwaleyne's death, his son Cadwaldre ruled well and nobly. His mother was the sister of King Peanda. When he had ruled for twelve years, he fell gravely ill. At that time, there was such great discord among the lords of the land that each one fought against the other. In this land, a great famine and scarcity of corn and other provisions existed, causing a man to travel three or four days between towns without finding bread, wine, or other provisions for sale. Herbs were the only sustenance available, and even that was scarce. The situation was further exacerbated by the rampant deaths and pestilence among the people, caused by the corruption of the air. The living could not keep up with burying the dead, as they died suddenly, both in great and small numbers, regardless of social status. Those who could fled their lands and houses, leaving none to sow.\n\nCadwaladre observed the great famine, mortality, and pestilence. and the land was flooded and failing crops and other vitalities,\nand his people perished, and saw also the most part of his land all wasted and void of people. He equipped himself and his people who were left to live and passed over into little Britain with a little navy to King Aeline, who he much loved, who was his cousin, and who his father had much loved in his time. And as they sailed in the sea, he made great lamentation, and so did all who were with him, and said:\n\n\"Thou hast forsaken us, God.\"\n\nThen began Cadwallader to complain to his people pitifully and said: \"Alas, said he to us wretches and captives, why for our great sins of which we would not amend ourselves while we had the opportunity, has this misfortune come upon us which chases us out of our own realm and proper soil from which Romans, Scots, Saxons, or Danes could not expel us? But what avails it now to us that before time we had often gained many victories?\" other lands, for it is not God's will that we abide and dwell in our own, God who truly judges all things before they are done or made, He desires that we cease from our sins and that our enemies not expel us from and out of our realm. He desires that we amend ourselves and that we see our own faults. Therefore, He has shown us His wrath and will chastise us for our misdeeds. Since He does us without battle or strength of our enemies, we wretchedly leave our own realm and native land. Turn again, ye Romans, turn again, ye Scots, turn again, ye Saxons, turn again, ye Franks. Now France shows to you Britain all deserted, which your power could never make deserted nor yet has your power now put us in exile but only the power of the Almighty King, whom we have often offended by our folly, which we would not abandon until He chastised us by His divine power. Among the... The words and lamentations that King Cadwaladr spoke to his people in little Britain and came to King Aline. And the king received him with joy and made him serve nobly, and there he stayed for a long time. The English people who were left alive and had escaped the great hunger and mortality lived as best they could. And they sent word into Saxony where they were born, to their friends, for men, women, and children to restore the cities with people and other towns that were all void of people and labor. When the Saxons heard this news, they came into this land in great companies and lodged and housed themselves in the countryside where they found no one to let them in or hinder them. And so they grew and multiplied greatly and used the customs of the lands from which they came and the laws. And they changed the names of cities, towns, castles, and burghes, and gave them names and called them as they are now called. And they held the counties, baronages, lordships, and territories in manner as the Britons before them had compacted them. And among other great companies that came from Germany into this land came the noble queen who was called Sexburga, with men and women numbering none. She arrived in the territory of Northumberland and took the land from Albyand for her people. For there was none who could hinder them, for all was desolate and void of people, but a few poor Batons who were left in mountains and woods until that time. From that time forth, the Britons lost this realm for all days, and the English people began to reign and divided the land between them. They made many kings about the realm by diverse parties of the land: the first of Wessex, the second Mercian, the third. Estangle, the fourth king of Kent, and the fifth king of Southsex, ruled this land after Cadwaladr's departure and engaged in a lengthy struggle with his cousin and friend, King Aetheling, in little Britain. When he had fought there for a long time and learned that the mortality and pestilence had passed, and that Aliene's people had repopulated the land, he wished to return to his own realm and prayed King Aetheling for support and assistance. King Aetheling granted his request. Then Estangle journeyed to this land and prayed to God Almighty devoutly that He would show him a sign if his prayer to enter this land was pleasing to Him or not, for against the will of God Almighty, he would not do anything. After making his prayer so devoutly, a voice from heaven spoke to him and instructed him to journey on to England and to go to the pope of Rome. For it was not the will of Almighty God that Britons rule no more in Britain nor recover the land until the prophecy that Merlin spoke before was fulfilled. And this would never be until the relics of his body were brought from Rome and translated in Britain. And when the relics of other saints who had been hidden were openly shown, then they would recover their land again, which they had long lost through their desertions.\n\nWhen Cadwaladre had heard this answer, he marveled greatly and told it to King Alan. Then King Alan sent for the clergy of his land and made them bring the stories and prophecies that Merlin and Sibyl had spoken in their prophecies. When he knew that the prophecy that Festo had prophesied about the eagle and other prophecies agreed with the divine answer that Cadwaladre had heard, he counseled him to leave his people and his navy and submit himself to the disposition of God. And he did all that the angel had commanded him. Then Cadwaladr called Ynyvas his son and Ivory his cousin, who was his sister's son, and said to them, \"Take my people and my navy, which is ready and pass into Wales, and be you lords of the Britons. Let no dishonor come to me through the interference of pagan people due to the lack of lords. And he himself left his realm of Britain and his people forever and took his way to Rome to Pope Sergius, who showed him great reverence. Therefore, he was confessed, and he took penance for his sins. He had not long remained there when he died on the twelfth day of May in the year of grace 529.\n\nIt came to pass that in that time all the kings in the land, such as Mercia's Mercury, Aethelberht of Kent, and others, were at war with one another. The one who was mightiest was to rule the land of the one who was weakest. But there was a king among them named Offa, who was called Oswald's brother. This Offa conquered. All the kings of the land ruled above them, and the war was so great in every country between kings that no one could determine how the land was faring. Abbes, priors, and men of religion wrote the lives and deeds of kings and recorded how long each reign had been and in which country and what year each king died. Bishops also wrote such books, and King Alfred had that book in his possession. He brought it to Winchester and ordered it to be chained up so that no one could remove or take it away, as everyone should be able to see and read it because it contained the lives of all the kings who had ever ruled in England.\n\nAt the same time, there was a king in Northumberland named Oswald and he resided in York. One day, he went into the woods to amuse himself. Upon returning, he went to a good man's house, which was called Bern. The good man, A man of that place was gone to the sea at that time, for he often resided there to spy and wait for thieves and robbers who frequently came to the land to rob and sleep.\n\n\u00b6The lady who was Bernes' wife was a wonderfully fair woman and welcomed the king with much honor. She served him worthy in all things. When the king had eaten, he took the lady by the hand and led her into a chamber, saying that he wanted to speak with her in private. He made everyone else in the chamber leave, except for the lady. But the lady did not know why until he had finished his desire. And when he had done this deed, he turned again to York. The lady was left there, weeping wonderfully for the deed he had done.\n\n\u00b6When her lord returned home and saw her weeping and making such sorrow and mourning, he asked her quietly and falsely, \"The king Oswald has shamed me and committed villainy against my will.\" He told him the truth about how the king had taken her against her will. had she preferred to die rather than yield to his strength, for feebleness is of little worth, and therefore, you shall never again be loved by me, especially because you have told me the truth. And if Almighty God grants me life, I will avenge myself.\n\nThis man was great and mighty, and had many friends and allies. He sent for the greatest lords of the land and made his complaint to them about the disrespect the king had shown him. He vowed to be avenged, however it might be, and all his friends counseled and urged him to go towards York, where the king was.\n\nBuerne took his men and went to the king. When the king saw him, he called him courteously by name. Buerne answered him and said, \"Sir, I defy you. Yield up fees, honors, and lands. And as much as I have held of you, I will never again hold anything from you. And so, I depart from you.\" And he departed. From the king without further speech or delay, and took his wife's maidenhood and prayed him for support and help to go avenge his wife. When King Godryn of Denmark and the Danes heard this boy's plea and prayer, they were greatly pleased in their hearts. For as much as they could find cause to go to England to wage war on the English, and also to avenge the boy Bernen for the king's disrespect to his wife, since Bernen was related to the king of Denmark.\n\nImmediately, they ordered a great host of men and ships, and all that was necessary for the journey was prepared. When all was ready, the king made his two brothers earls, who were noble and bold knights. One was called Hungar, and the other Hubba.\n\nWhen all was ready, the two brothers came out of the city and fought with them. But Bernen had no advantage against them, and much people were killed on both sides. \"It happened that King Elle was out in the woods to hunt and had taken some venison. He was sitting in the woods, saying, \"We have done well and taken much venison,\" when a man appeared and said to him, \"If you have won so much venison, a hundred times more you have lost against you. The Danes have obtained and taken the city of York, and against you it will hold that you shall never enter there. And truly, they have killed King Osbright. When King Elle heard these words, he summoned all the people of the country and ordered them\" the power that he might have and would have gained control of York with strength, but the Danes came out suddenly and gave him a harsh welcome and kept the king and the most part of his men that he had brought with him, and the same place where they were slain shall forever be called Ellicroft, and that place is a landmark. Though the Danes never stayed there until they had conquered all of Northumberland, and in that country they made wardens and went farther into the land and took Nottingham and there they remained all winter and did great harm. After summer time came, they removed from Nottingham and came to Nicosia and Holland, for no man could withstand their power and strength. And so far had the Danes passed from country to country and burning and robbing and destroyed all that they could until they came to Thetford. And in that country they found a Christian king who greatly loved God and his works, and he was called Edmond, king of the Northfolk. and King Edmond ordered as many people as he could and fought against the Danes. But he and his people were defeated, and the king himself was driven to the castle of Fand. When King Edmond saw that the castle could not withstand them, he came against them with his men. The Danes first spoke to him, and they asked him where King Edmond was. Forsooth, he replied, when I was in the castle, there was the king, and when I went out of the castle, he went out as well. Whether he would escape or die was up to God's will.\n\nSaint Edmond named God, and they knew it was he himself. Hubba and Humbor named him, and he said that he would forsake God and all Christian law, as many others had done to him before.\n\nSaint Edmond said that he would rather suffer death for God's love and keep his laws. They named him King Edmond and bound him to a tree, making their archers shoot at him until his body stuck. Saint Edmond was filled with resolve as an archon was filled with pricks, yet despite all the pain he had endured, he would never abandon his faith. In the same pain and torment, he died and committed his soul to God. Upon his death, they beheaded him. This was the manner in which Saint Edmond was martyred.\n\nWhen Saint Edmond was martyred, Hygge and Huba went with all their Danes to Reading. As they journeyed towards Reading, they burned towns and cities, and subjugated all Christian people who refused to abandon their faith. They destroyed churches and marched towards Reading, where they held the town until King Edelf of Wessex arrived with all his power to take the town.\n\nThe Danes came out to engage in battle with King Edelf. At this battle, an earl of Denmark named Cidrake Elred and his brother Alured arrived with a strong power and great host. King Edelf, who had fought the previous day, returned to this battle. The Danes came out to fight against him, and the battle ensued. The Danish victories were strong, for many a man was slain that day. The Danes had the victory, and King Eldred and his brother Alured were discomfited. However, four days later, the Danes and English fought again, and a king of Denmark named Ragnar, along with four powerful earls, were slain. The Danes experienced shame that day, as they were driven back to England. Fifteen days after this, the Danes and English, along with the Danes, destroyed all they could take. King Eldred fought against him but was wounded and died, having reigned for only five years and lying at Wenburne. After Eldred's death, his brother Alured, who was called Dolfin, ruled. The Danes assembled and went to seek out Alured, gathering so many people from their own realm and others that they had a strong host, and the Danes had no power to withstand them. And he came to London with his host, and the Danes were quartered there. He wished to fight them, but the Danes would not engage with him. Instead, they begged for peace and promised to leave their own country and never return to England to cause harm again. According to the agreement, they would give him good hostages, as the English would require.\n\nOn the same day that the Danes departed from London, they rode both night and day without rest until they reached Exeter and took the town. When King Alfred heard the news, he immediately took the hostages and went to Exeter with all his power. When the Danes learned of his coming, they went to Wessex and came to Chippenham, where they did much harm and fiercely assaulted them. In this battle, both Hubba and Hungar his brother, and Bernier Bocard were killed, along with much other folk. The other part of the field was left with the Danes. When they again found Hubba's body lying dead, they entered it and named it Hubbeslowe, and it is still called by that name in this day. This place is in Devonshire. The barons of Somerset, Wiltshire, and Dorset heard tell how their king was discomfited and had gathered all the power they could and come to him. They thanked God they had found him alive, for they had feared the Danes had slain him. They advised the king and his barons to go and seek out the Danes with them all to fight. The king and his men rode all that night to come upon the Danes the next morning. God willed that King Alfred had the victory with great honor, for the Danes were so driven that they did not know where to turn. For fifteen days, the king pursued them at his will. that they were glad and willing to speak of Peeking Alured, and proposed going to bring his own king to him. And on this condition, King Alured granted them life and liberty. He said they should go and fetch their king, and they went forth. They returned on the assigned day, and all the Danes brought their king with them. King Alured was baptized immediately, and their names were changed; the king of Denmark was henceforth called A. The others were baptized to the right belief. And Thurstonberland, who were pagans, came with a great strength and an immense host from France. They had come with Gurmond of Austria when he had conquered England. The Saxons, who came from France, assembled immediately. They went to destroy the Christian people of England from place to place and caused much sorrow. It happened thus as Almighty God willed. King Alfred ruled in England for thirty years, a good and capable king who could subdue his enemies, for he was wise and allowed many books to be made. He wrote a book in English, which would have been beneficial in wisdom and learning, had it been completed. King Alfred lies at Winchester. After him, Edward, his son, reigned. Edward was a good and wise man, known as Edward the Courteous. The Danes caused much distress in the land, and their power grew, increasing from day to day. The Danes frequently came into this land with their companies, and granted them peace. However, the truces did not last long, and the Danes began to strongly wage war against the English. King Edward assembled a great host to fight against them. Unfortunately, King Edward died when it was God's will. King Edward Edward reigned for 24 years and lies at Windsor beside his father. After Edward, Athelstan his son reigned for four years and waged battle against King Geoffrey of Denmark and drove him and his entire host into the sea and rested near Scotland. He named the country strongly against them all during that time. After that, the men of Jutland and the Scots of Westmoreland began to wage war on King Athelstan. He gave them such a strong battle that no man could tell the number of those slain. After that, he reigned for only three years. He reigned in all for 25 years and lies at Malmesbury. After Athelstan, Edmond his brother reigned for as long as King Athelstan had no son. This Edmond was a worthy knight and a doughty man of body and a noble knight. Three years after he became king, he went over the Humber where he fought and killed two kings of Denmark. One was called Canute (Enelaf) and the other Ragnar (Renant). King Edmond drove them both from the land and afterwards took great prey. In Cumberland, Edmond reigned for only 7 years and lies at Glastonbury. After Edmond, Eldred his brother ruled, avenging his father Edward against his enemies and seizing Northumberland. In the second year of his reign, Arnalaf Guthrian, king of Dummonia, seized Northumberland and held it for two years. Afterward, King Eldred with great power drove him out of the land. Eldred was a noble and good king, whom Saint Dunstan preached to. Eldred reigned for 11 years and lies at Winchester. After Eldred, Edwyne, Edmond's son, ruled. He was a lighter man towards God and the people, as he hated people of his own land and loved and honored foreigners. He set little value on the church and took all its treasure, which was a great shame. After Edwyne, Edgar his brother ruled. That king Edward much loved God, peace, and the holy church and was a bold and mighty lord who maintained this land in peace. Edward was lord and king above all the kings of Scotland and Wales from the time that Arthur was gone and never since held such power. Edward was Saint Edward's father. When Edward's wife was dead, who was Saint Edward's mother, he heard speak of the fairness of Estrilde, who was Orgar's daughter, a baron of Dereshire. She was so fair a woman that all men spoke of her. He called her to him, and Orgar, an old man with no other children but her, saw that Edelwold was a fair young knight and worthy and rich, and was well with the king. He thought his daughter should well be married to him and granted him her hand if the good lord, the king, would consent.\n\nThis knight who was called Edelwold went on his way and came where the lady was. When he saw her so fair, he thought of speaking to Orgar, her father. Orgar was an old man with no other children but her, and seeing that Edelwold was a fair young knight and worthy and rich, and was in the king's favor, he thought his daughter should well be married to him and granted him her hand if the king would consent. This Edelwold came again to the king and told him that she had heard\nthat the king wanted to marry her and said that I was not\nand if you would consent and grant that I must have her, then I would be rich, in God's name, said the king. I consent, said Edelwold, thanked the king much and went again into Denenshire to marry the damsel. And it happened at one time that he told his council and all this thing\nunto his wife how he had deceived his lord the king who would have had her to wife. And as soon as she knew this, she loved him no more than she had before.\n\nThis lady conceived by him a son, and when the time was that the child should be born, Edelwold came to the king and prayed him to have a son of his at Fontston. The king granted it and let him be called Edgar of his own name.\n\nAnd when this was done, he thought that he was safe from the king's wrath. taken his wife for as much as his lord was a and an amorous. Thus, it happened that all men in King Edward's court spoke and said that Edelwold was richly advanced through the marriage of his wife, and yet they said he was advanced a hundredfold more. For he had spoused the fairest woman that had ever been seen. And the king heard them speak so much of her beauty, he thought that Edelwold had displeased and deceived him and privately in his heart believed that he would go to Denenshire, as it were, to hunt for the heart and the hind and other wild beasts, and then he should see the lady or depart. And this lady was diligently willing to hunt and at that manner was she his burden all night. And when the time came, the king should sup and the sun shone, the king asked after his Goose and after his godson, and Edelwold brought her before the king. And notwithstanding, if it could have been otherwise, she should not have come in his sight by his will. The lady welcomed the king and sweetly kissed him. name him the huntsman and place him next to him, and so they approached. This was a custom and usage in this land, that when a man drank to another, the drinker should say \"drink-hail,\" and the other should answer \"drink-hail\" in return. The king and the lady did this many times and also kissed. Afterward, considering her beauty and being overcome by love for her, he thought he would die from her will. On the morning after, the king arose and went to the forest to amuse himself with hounds and other wild beasts. There, in the forest, he spoke with that lady while he hunted. And after that, the king departed and thought how he might best deliver Edelwold from his wife, as he had first intended. Seven days after, the king summoned a parliament at Salesbury of all his barons to advise and order how the north country might be best governed. The Danes did not come to the land to destroy it. Edelwold also came to the king's council and the king sent him to York to be its keeper. It happened that men slowed him down on the way. As soon as the king heard that he was dead, he sent for Lady Estrid to come to the City of London and be with him in great solemnity and worship. She held a solemn feast and he wore a golden crown, and the queen wore another. Saint Dunstan came to the king in his chamber and found him and the queen together. Saint Dunstan asked her if she was the queen, Estrid replied, and the archbishop Saint Dunstan said that he had done great wrong and acted against God's will by taking a woman as wife whose child he had taken at the altar. Saint Dwynwen warned Folkeled of this folly, and this child was seven years old. The king's father had died around that time and he had reigned for eighteen years, lying at Glastonbury. After Edgar's reign, Edward his son succeeded, who governed the land well and nobly due to his great goodness and holy life. Above all things, he loved God and the church. Queen Estrid, his stepmother, plotted with him to make her own son Eldred king. Edward was slain as you will hear, and on a certain day he lost his men.\n\nSuddenly, she summoned one of her knights to whom she had revealed her plans between them. They both came to the king and courteously received him. The king told her that he had come to visit and also to speak with Eldred, his brother.\n\nThe Queen thanked and prayed him often, but he could not oblige; instead, he intended to return to his people if he could find them. When the Queen saw that he would not stay, she begged him to drink first. He granted her request. hir and anone as the drinke come the quene dranke vn to the kyng\nand the kyng toke the cuppe and set it to his mouth and in the mene\ntyme whiles that he dranke / the knyght that was with the Quene\nwith a knyfe smote euen the kyng vn to the hert / and there he fyll a\ndoune dede of his palfray vn to the erand of othir ricchesse y\nnowe / And the knyght anone as this was done he went him ouer\nthe see / and so escaped he oute of this land \u00b6When this kyng Ed\u2223ward\nthus was matred / Hit was in the yere of incarnacion after\nour lord and\nan halfe and lieth at Glast\nAFter this kyng Edward regned Eldred his brother &\nseint dunston crouned hym & his seint dunston died sone\nafter that he had foryeue the quene hir trespace Estrild\nfor encheson that she was cause of kyng Edwards deth & seint du\u0304\u00a6ston\nhad hir assoyled & penaunce hir emoyued & she lyved aft chast\nlyfe & clenEldred wedded an Englissh woman\nand on hir begate Edmond Irenside & an othir sone that was cal\u00a6led After Queen Edwyne's mother died, Swyne, who was King of Denmark, came to England to challenge and conquer all that his ancestors had previously. He succeeded in conquering it all and held the land at his disposal. For the Earl of Lindsey and all the people of Northumberland, as well as most of the great men of England, sided with Swyne because they did not support King Eldred, who they believed had falsely killed his good brother Edward. Therefore, Swyne had free rein and took the land. Eldred, the king, fled to Normandy and spoke to Duke Richard, who gave him his sister Emma to marry. On this union, they had two sons: one named Alured and the other Edward. After Swyne had conquered all the land, he reigned for only fifteen years and died, lying at York.\n\nAfter Swyne's death, his Danish knight son contended for the English throne and wanted to be king. and with a strong following, no knight dared to remain but fled into Denmark. King Eldred once again had control of his realm and held great lordship, beginning to destroy all who opposed Swyn, the Dane, who was at war with him. Later, this knight returned from Denmark with a great power, causing King Eldred to refuse engagement and instead fled to London. The knight besieged him there until King Eldred died in the city of London and lies at St. Paul's. He reigned for nine years.\n\nAfter the death of this Danish knight, who was greatly feared by his two sons Alured and Edward due to the war, they departed the realm from each other. And afterward, they became good friends and so well loved that they became sworn brethren.\n\nKing Edmond Ironside succeeded him, ruling both the kingdom and the Danish knight. However, this is what transpired later: in the same period. There, they were accorded and greatly loved where, for a false theif and traitor, named Edrik of Stad, harbored envy against the love that existed between them. Despite this, he intended to betray his lord, Edmond Irenside, and make himself king of the land, intending to be richly benefited and well-loved. Therefore, he prayed to his lord Edmond for a day to dine and grant him audience. And at the meal, the king was served with various dishes and drinks. When night came for him to go to bed, the king took his own men and went into his chamber. A fine bow and arrow were nearby, and King Edmond went closer to examine it better. However, the traitorous arrow struck and killed him instead. At the time of his death, he had reigned for only one year. His people mourned greatly for him, and they carried his body to Glastenbury and interred him there. Immediately, this false traitor Edrik went to the Queen. that was Queen Emma, King Edmond's wife, who knew of her lord's death immediately. He had two sons by her, both fair and young, whom he had taken with him to London and made a knight. One was named Edward, and the other Edwin. He told him that he should do with them as he pleased and recounted how he had conquered King Edmond for the position of earl, out of love for him. Thus, King Knight could have ruled all of England.\n\nO thou false traitor, thou hast killed my true brother out of love in this world. I shall avenge myself for thy treachery as thou hast deserved, and now let him be taken and bound hands and feet in the manner of a traitor. Cast him into the Thames in this way, and the false traitor ended his life.\n\nThe king named the two children and took them to the Abbot of Westminster to be guarded and cared for until he knew what to do with them.\n\nSoon afterward, King Knight held all the land in his possession and married Queen Emma through a proxy. The queen, Eldredis, was a fair woman, daughter of the Duke of Normandy. She and the Duke lived together with great love, as reason would have it. One day, the king asked the queen for counsel regarding the sons of Erned Irenside. She replied that they were the rightful heirs of the land, and if they were allowed to reign, they would cause much sorrow through war. Therefore, the king ordered that they be sent to a foreign land, to be fostered by some man who could corrupt and destroy them. The king immediately summoned two of these children and took them to Denmark. He saw that they were wonderfully fair and meek, and he felt great pity and compassion for them. He would not have them harmed but instead sent them to the king of Hungary to be raised. Walgar, who was well-known to the king and well-loved by him, was the one who informed the king of their true identity and their danger. The children were the rightful heirs of England, and therefore, they were in danger. Help forseek and if they could live with your men, they would become yours, and all their land would belong to you. The king of Hungary welcomed them with much honor. And it came to pass afterward that Edwyne, the younger brother, died, and Edward the elder brother lived a fair and strong and large man, gentle and courteous in condition. So that all men loved him. And this Edward is called among Englishmen Edward the Old. When he was made knight, the king's daughter of Hungary so much loved him for his goodness and fairness that she made and called him her dear one. The king, who was her father, perceived the love between them two and had no heir but that daughter. The king pledged his daughter to no man as he did to him, and she loved him and he her. And he, giving, when he was dead, they made great Scotland, and by the king of Scotland, who was called Mancolin, she had a daughter. That was called Maude, who became Queen of England through King Henry, the first son of the conqueror, and she bore a daughter named Maude, who later became Empress of Austria. From this Maude descended the current King of England, Henry the Eight. Edward also had another daughter by his wife, named Christian, who was a nun.\n\nNow you have heard about Edmund's sons with Irenside. King Knight believed they had been killed as he had commanded Walgar before. This knight held all of England and Denmark in his hand. After that, he went to Norway to conquer that land. But the king of the land, called Elaf, came with his people and believed he had kept and defended his land well. He was eventually slain in that battle. This knight then named all that land in his possession. After conquering Norway and taking fees and homages there, he returned again to England. He held himself so great a lord that he thought in all the world his peer no greater, and became so proud and haughty that it was great wonder. And so it happened on a day that he had heard mass at Westminster and wished to go to his palace, but the waves of the Thames commanded the water not to advance further. But the water would not cease, but grew higher and higher, so that the king was all wet and stood deep in the water. And when he saw that he had tarried too long and the water would not obey his commandment, he soon withdrew himself and stood upon a stone and held his hands high and said these words in hearing of all people:\n\n\"This God that makes the sea rise so high, He is king of all kings and of mightiest might, and I am a captive and a man mortal. He may never die, and all things are obedient to His commandment. To this God I pray that He be my warrant. For I know myself feeble and of no power.\" I will go to Rome to amend my land, which I claim for God and of no other. Immediately, I prepared my heir and myself to go to Rome without any hindrance. Along the way, I performed many acts of charity. When I arrived in Rome, I did penance for my sins and returned to England to live a good and holy life, leaving behind all pride and stubbornness. I established two abbeys of St. Benet, one in England and the other in Norway, as I held him in special regard above all other saints. I also greatly loved St. Edmund the king and often gave generous gifts to his house. Therefore, it became wealthy, and after ruling for twenty years, I died and lie at Wyndham Street.\n\nThis knight, whom we have spoken of before, had two sons by his wife Emma. One was called Hardknight, and the other Harold. Harold was so light-footed that men called him Harold Harefoot. Harold had no impediment. His mother Emma went out of the land into Flanders, and there dueled with Earl Werferth after there was never good love between him and his brother. For his brother hated him deadly. And when he had reigned for two years and a little more, he died and lies at Westminster. After this, Harold Harefoot reigned his brother Hardknight, a noble knight and a worthy and much loved champion and all manner of goodness. And when this Hardknight had reigned a little while, he let his brother Harold go uncovered and struck off his head, which was his brother at Westminster, and let cast the head into a ditch and the body into the Thames. And after came fishermen and took the body with their nets by night and bore him to St. Clement's church and there him buried. In this manner Hardknight avenged him of his brother, for in no other manner could he be avenged.\n\nThis king Hardknight was so large in years of meat and drink that his tables were set every day three times, full with real meats and drinks. for his own men and for all who came to his court to be richly served with real meals. King Hardknight sent after Emme, his mother, and brought her back into England, as she had been driven out of England while Harold Harmfoot ruled through the counsel of Earl Godwin, who was the greatest lord of England next the king and could do what he wanted throughout England through his command. Since he had spoken of the daughter of the good knight king who was Danish, this daughter he had by his first wife. When this queen was driven out, Baldwin, his cousin, found her there. The king had sent for her, and she came back with much honor. King Hardknight reigned for five years and lies at Westerminster.\n\nAfter the death of King Hardknight, since he had no legitimate heir, the earls and barons assembled. and made a council, and never after that any Danish man, however great among them, was king of England, for the hatred the Danes had shown to England. And furthermore, if the English had not submitted their heads to do homage to the Danes, they would have been better off and less defiled. Such despises and vileness the Danes showed to our Englishmen, for which they were driven out of the land after the death of King Hardknight. For they had no lord who could maintain them. In this way, the Danes ravaged England, and they never returned. The earls and barons, by their common assent and council, sent an embassy to Normandy to seek out the two brothers Alured and Edward, who were dueling with Duke Richard, their enemy, with the intention of crowning Alured, the elder brother, and making him king of England. And from this matter, the earls and barons made an agreement. But Earl Godwin of Wessex falsely and traitorously. thought to sleep the two brothers / as soon as they should come to England, intending to make his son Harold king, whom he had begotten upon his wife, who was King Knights' daughter, a Dane. And this Godewyne went to Southampton / to meet them there when they should come to the land.\n\nIt happened that the messengers who went to Normandy reported that the elder brother, Alured,\n\nhad been summoned by the earls and barons of England. They boldly urged him to come to England and assume the realm, for King Hardknight was dead and all the Danes driven out of the land.\n\nWhen Alured heard this news, he thanked God and went into a ship with all possible haste, passing the sea and arriving there.\n\nThus, this traitor saw that he had come and welcomed him. And when they approached London, the traitor Godewyne told Alured, \"Take care on your left side and right side. You shall be king, and of such a hundred more. Now, I swear to you, if I am king, I will ordain and make such laws whereby God and all people shall be well paid. Now the traitor had commanded all his men who were with him that when they came upon Gildesdon, they should kill all in Alured's company who came with him from Normandy. After taking Alured, they led him to the Isle of Ely and put out both his eyes from his head, and afterward brought him to death. They did so, quelling all the company, which numbered eighteen, of noblemen who had come with Alured from Normandy. And after them, Alured led him to the Isle of Ely and put out his eyes from his head and rent his womb and named the chief of his bolts. put a stake in the ground and attach the bolts thereto to fasten\nAnd with needles prick the good child and so make him\ngo about the stake until all his bowels were drawn out\nAnd thus died there Alured through the treason of Earl Godwin\n\nWhen the lords of England had heard and knew how Alured, who was to be their king, was put unto death through the false traitor Godwin, they were all greatly angered and swore between them and God and by His holy names that he should die in a worse death than did Edith of Stratton who had betrayed her lord Edmund. Irenside / and they would have put him to death / but the thief traitor\n\nAnd when this was done, all the barons of England sent other times into Normandy, for that Edward should come into England with much honor. And this Edward in his childhood loved almighty God and him deeply, and led his life in honesty and cleanliness, hated sin as death. Whenever he was crowned and anointed with royal power, he did not forget. This good man behaved and fostered not only all good customs for no manner of honor, riches, or highness, but also towards beggars and the poor. It happened one day as he went from Westminster church and had heard mass of St. Andrew, and there came to him a pilgrim and prayed him for the love of God and St. John the Evangelist to grant him some good thing. The king graciously took his ring from his finger, which no one perceived, and gave it to the pilgrim, who received it and went away. King Edward made all the good laws of England that still exist, and was so merciful and full of pity that no one could be more so.\n\nWhen Earl Godwin, who was dwelling in Denmark, had heard much of King Edward's goodness and that he was full of mercy and pity, he thought he would go again to England to seek and have his land granted to him and arrange matters as much as he could. He put himself towards the sea and came in. To England, London, where the king was at that time, and all the lords of England held a parliament. Godewyne sent to those who were his friends and the greatest lords of the land, praying them to intercede with the king for him and to grant him a peace and his land back, as his enemies had led him before the king to seek grace. And as soon as the king saw him, he accused him of treason and the death of Alured, his brother. These words were spoken to him: \"Traitor, Godewyne, you have betrayed and killed my brother Alured.\" \"Sir,\" replied Godewyne, \"I never betrayed nor killed him. I have placed myself in the king's reward at court.\" \"Lords, you who are my lieges, earls and barons, assembled here,\" the king said, \"you have heard my appeal and Godwyne's answer. Therefore, I will that you award and do justice. The earls and barons, they all drowned him.\" The earls spoke differently among themselves. Some said there was no alliance by homage, serment, service, or lordship between Godwin and Alfred for this reason, and they might draw him into the king's mercy. The earls then decided that he should put himself in the king's mercy altogether. The earl spoke, \"Do not put him to death, for I award as concerning my part that he himself and his son, and each of us, the twelve earls who are his friends before the king, should give him our evil will to the earl Godwin and receive his homage and his land again. And all agreed to this award and committed themselves in this manner as above said, each of them with gold and silver. They spoke the form and manner of their agreement and award.\" The king would not grant them this, but only as much as they had ordered. He granted and confirmed the agreement. Therefore, Earl Godwin was accorded with the king and had his land again. Later, he behaved well and wisely. The king held him in high regard and was deeply fond of him. Within a short time, the king grew to love him so much that he married his daughter and made her queen. Afterward, the king lived out the rest of his life without any other wife. They did as they pleased, disregarding right. It was the behest of King Swynne the Younger, who was king of Dumfries, that came to the sea with all his power. I saw him and all his men drenched in the high sea. I saw this miracle raised from the sea. And the Earl Leverich was beside him, publicly witnessing the sight. He saw the hand of the sea god take up the king's right hand first and bless him. Then the earl turned him toward the king to show him this holy sight. The king said, \"Sir Earl, I see well that you see. Thanked be God, he honored me with his visible presence.\" Amen.\n\nThis noble man, St. Edward, reigned for eighteen years. Once upon a time before he died, two men from England went to the holy land, completed their pilgrimage, and were returning to their own country. As they went on their way, they met a pilgrimage who courteously greeted them and asked where they were born. They replied, \"In England.\" The pilgrimage asked who the king of England was, and they answered and named him. The pilgrimage then said, \"When you return to your country, pray go to King Edward and often greet him in my name. Also, thank him for his great courtesy that he has shown me, and especially for the ring he gave me when he heard mass at Westminster. I name St. John the Evangelist as a witness, and I give you this ring to take to King Edward. Tell him I sent it and that I will give him a richer gift.\" On the twelfth day, he will come to me and dwell in bliss without end. Sir, what are you and in what place is your dwelling, fair friends asked the pilgrims. I am John the Evangelist, and I dwell with Almighty God, and your king Edward is my friend, and I love him specifically for his cleanliness and purity. And I ask you to deliver my message as I have given it to you.\n\nWhen St. John the Evangelist had thus charged them suddenly, he disappeared from their sight.\n\nThe pilgrims, however, thanked Almighty God and went on their way. And when they had gone two or three miles, they began to weary and sat down to rest. And so they fell asleep.\n\nAnd when they had slept well, one of them awoke and lifted up his head and looked around and said to his companion, \"Arise and let us go on our way.\"\n\nWhat said that one companion to the other, \"Where are we now?\"\n\n\"Certainly,\" replied the other, \"it seems to me that this is not the same country where we lay down to rest.\" They named it [him] and blessed him, and they went on their way. As they went, they saw shepherds going with their sheep, who spoke no other language but English. One of the pilgrims asked the shepherd, \"What country is this, and who is the lord here?\" A shepherd answered, \"This is the country of Kent in England, of which the good King Edward is lord.\" The pilgrims thanked Almighty God and St. John Evangelist and continued on their way. They came to Canterbury and from there to London, and there they found the king and told him all from the beginning to the end, as much as St. [Julian] allowed. And after it happened at Christmas Eve, as the holy man Edward was at God's service in the matins to hear the high mass with much crowd in his chamber, among his barons and knights, he could not come to comfort and console them. as he was supposed to do at that worthy feast, for which all her mirth and comfort among those in the hall was turned into care and sorrow, because they feared to lose her good lord, the king. And before him came the saint and the Abbot of Westminster, and he took him [the ring] in honor of God and St. Mary. The Abbot took it and put it among other relics; it is still at Westminster and will be. The king was sick until the 12th hour, and he died at Westminster. For whose love, God had shown many fair miracles. When St. Edward had departed from this world and gone to God and worthily entered as became such a lord, the barons wanted to make Edmund Ironsides' son, Edward the Outlaw, king, because he was the kindest of the king's blood in the realm. But Harold's son, through the earl, went against this. Dewyne, with the support of his father Godwin, seized all of England and, through other great lords of the realm who were loyal to him, was brought before Duke William. Harold went to Duke William, who wished to avenge himself on him for the reason that Godwin, Earl of Wessex, Harold's father, had allowed Alured, Edward's brother and primarily because of Alured, who was Richard's daughter and Ailred to Duke William, to be allured away. Nevertheless, when Harold was in Duke William's prison and under his power, Harold, who was a noble, wise knight and worthy of body, and whose father and he had been reconciled with good King Edward, therefore would not harm him. Instead, all things that had been spoken and arranged between them were carried out by Harold's good will. Harold swore upon a book and upon holy saints that he would marry and wed Duke William's daughter after the death of Saint Edward. And he should swiftly carry out his duty to keep and save the realm of England for the profit and advantage of Duke William. And when Harold had made his oath to Duke William, he let him go and gave him many rich gifts. He then went to England and died in this manner: when Saint Edward was dead, and as a man falsely swore, he let him crown himself king of England and falsely broke the covenants he had made before with Duke William. Wherefore he was greatly angry with him and swore to avenge himself on him whatever might befall him. And at once Duke William assembled a great host and came into England to avenge himself on Harold and to conquer the land if he might. In the same year that Harold was crowned, Harold Harethorn, king of Denmark, arrived in Scotland and thought to have been king of England. He came to England, seized and plundered all that he could until he commanded the church.\n\nWhen this news reached the king, he assembled a strong power. went forto fight with Harold of Denmark and with his own hand he defeated the Danes. Those who remained alive fled with much sorrow to their ships. Thus, King Harold of England defeated King Harold of Denmark.\n\nAfter this battle was over, Harold became so proud and would not part with anything he had acquired. The most part of his people were angry with him and departed from him, leaving only his soldiers in England with a great host. They had taken all the land around Hastings and also fortified the castle.\n\nWhen the king heard this news, he went there with a little people as quickly as he could, for a little people were with him. And when he arrived there, he intended to engage in battle with Duke William. But the duke asked and swore an oath and insisted that he would hold the land in fealty or that he would determine this matter through battle and a decisive one. and trusted him greatly, wrestling with the duke and his people. But Harold and his men were defeated in this battle, and he himself was slain. This battle ended at Tonbridge in the second year of his reign, on St. Calixtus' day. He lies at Waltham.\n\nWilliam the Bastard, Duke of Normandy, had conquered all the land by Christmas Day, and the next year he granted lands generously to the English and to his knights.\n\nAnd afterward, he crossed the sea and came to Normandy, where he stayed a while. In the second year of his reign, he returned to England and brought with him Matilda of Flanders on a Wednesday. And immediately after the king of Scotland, who was called Malcolm, began to struggle and wage war with Duke William. William ordered him to guard Scotland with his men, both by land and by sea, to destroy King Malcolm. But they were reconciled, and King Malcolm became his man and held all his land from him. King William then returned again. in England / And when King William had been king for 17 years,\nand Maude also was,\nthe wife of Blois and other four daughters. After his wife's death, a great debate began between him and the king of France. No one dared interfere, and he showed no signs of marrying again. The king of France, in scorn of King William, said one day that King William had spent long in the bed of childbirth and long in rest.\n\nThis word reached King William where he lay in Normandy at Rouen. For this insult, he paid Ill and Ekwold to light a thousand candles for the king of France. And immediately, he summoned a great host of Normans and Englishmen. At the beginning of harvest, he came into France, burned all the towns he passed through, and plundered them. In the end, he captured as much as could be burned and helped himself to all who were willing.\n\nThere was great heat, both from the fire and the sun, which caused King William to fall gravely ill. and when he saw that he was so strong, he ordered and appointed all Normandy to Robert Curthose, all England to William the Rous. And though he had done this, he received all the sacraments of the holy church and died in the 22nd year of his reign, lying at Caen in Normandy.\n\nAfter this, William the Bastard ruled for his son William Rous. This William was a great contradiction to God and to the holy church, allowing amends to be made and rebuilding the town of Caen that the pagans had destroyed.\n\nKing William destroyed the holy church and all its possessions in whatever place he could find. For this reason, there was much debate between him and the Archbishop of Canterbury Anselm, concerning his wickedness that he had inflicted upon the holy church. And for this reason, the king bore great wrath towards him. The archbishop, however, went to the court of Rome and pleaded with the pope.\n\nAnd this king made the New Forest and cast out the inhabitants. and destroyed the xxvj town and lxxx houses of Religion, all for the purpose of making his forest longer and broader. He became extremely glad and proud of his wood and of his forest and of the wild beasts that were there, to the point that I called him the keeper of woods and of pastures. The longer he lived, the more wicked he became, both to God and to the holy Church and to all his men.\n\nAnd this king had the great hall at Westminster built on a day of Whitsunday. He held his first feast there, and he looked around and said that the hall was too small by the altar.\n\nAnd at last he became so contrary that all things that pleased God displeased him, and all things that God loved he hated fiercely.\n\nAnd so it happened that he dreamed on one night that he died and bled a great quantity and a stream of blood leapt up high towards heaven more than an cubit. And the clarity of the day was turned into darkness. And the firmament also.\n\nAnd when he awoke. The man was greatly fearful and couldn't decide what to do. He shared his dream with many of his counselors, explaining his fear and believing that some mischance was imminent. The second night, a monk dreamed that the king entered a church with a large crowd. The monk was proud that he despised all the people present and named the crucifix and disrespectfully let it touch his teeth. The crucifix endured all this but the king, acting like a madman, tore the arms from the crucifix and threw it under his feet, defiling it. A great flame of fire came from the crucifix's mouth in the dream, astonishing many people.\n\nThe man who had this dream told it to a knight, who was most trusted by the king, and he was called Hamund's son. The monk shared the dream with the king and said that. It should signify other things than good, yet the king landed little heed to it. And thought that he would go hunt and play in the forest. His men advised him not to that day, for nothing came in the wood, so he remained at home before dinner. But soon after he had eaten, he would not go to the wood.\n\nAnd so it happened that one of his knights, named Walter Tirel,\nwanted to shoot at a deer and his arrow struck a branch.\nBy misfortune, it hit the king in the heart instead, and he\nfell down dead to the ground without uttering a word.\nAnd it was no great wonder for the day that he died,\nhe had let the archbishopric of Canterbury and 12 abbeys also go to auction, and he brought great destruction to the church through wrongful takings. No one dared oppose him, and of his levity he would never withdraw nor repent. Therefore, God would not grant him leniency. Reigning in his wickedness, Henry Beauclerk had been king for 13 years and 6 weeks, lying at Westminster. Upon William Rous's death, Henry Beauclerk, his brother, was made king in his place, as Henry had fathered a son named William Ruchill. Henry Beauclerk was crowned king at London four days after his brother's demise, on the 5th of August.\n\nThe entire realm of England welcomed him with much honor. In the first year of his reign, King Henry married Maude, who was Margaret's daughter, from Scotland. This king begat upon his wife two sons and a daughter: William and Richard, and Maude. Maude later became the Empress of the Holy Roman Empire.\n\nIn the second year of his reign, Henry's brother Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, arrived in England with a massive army to challenge the land. However, through the connivance of the cunning men of the land, they were reconciled in this manner: the king. sholde yeue the duke his brother a thousand pounde euery yere and\nwhiche of hem lengest leued sholde bene others heir and so bitwene\nhem shold be no debate ne strife \u00b6And when they were thus accor\u00a6ded\nthe duke went home ayene in to Normandie And when the\nkyng had regned iiij. yere ther Aroos a grete debate bitwene hym\nand the Erchebisshopp of Canterbury Auncelme For cause that\nthe Erchebisshopp wolde nat graunte hym for to take talliage of\nchyrches at his wylle And therfor eftsone the Erchebisshopp we\u0304t\nouer the see to the court of rome and ther duelled with the Pope\n\u00b6And in the same yere duke of Normandie come in to Englond\nfor to speke with his brother And amonge othir thynges the du\u2223ke\nof Normandie for yaf to the kyng his brother the forsaid thou\u00a6sand\npounde by yere that he sholde pay hym And with good loue\nthe duke went tho ayene in to Normandie\n\u00b6And when the ij. yere were a gone thurgh enticement of the de\u2223uell\nand of lither men a grete debate arose bitwene the kyng and The duke, with the king's consent, crossed the sea into Normandy. When the king of England began his entry into Normandy, he turned against the duke, his lord, and abandoned him, surrendering and all the good towns of Normandy to the king. The duke was soon taken and brought to England, where the king had him imprisoned. This was God's vengeance. When the duke was in the Holy Land, God granted him such power and honor there, making him king of Jerusalem. He refused, however, and was therefore shamed and disgraced, ending up in his brother's prison.\n\nKing Henry seized all of Normandy into his hands and held it for the rest of his life. In the same year, Bishop Anselm returned from the Roman court to England, and the king and he were reconciled.\n\nThe following year, a great debate began between King Philip of France and King Henry of England. King Henry went to Normandy, and the war was strong between him and the king of France. The king of France, and his son Louis, died. Louis was made king immediately after his father's death. King Henry went again to England and married his daughter Maude to Henry, the Emperor of the Germans. After King Henry had been king for 17 years, a great dispute arose between King Louis of France and King Henry of England, because Henry had sent Encheson to Normandy to his men, who were as ready to him as to their own lord. For this reason, the king of France was much grieved at Normandy. Therefore, the king of England was very angry and in a hurry, sailed over the sea with a great power and came to Normandy to defend that land. The war between them lasted two years until they finally fought each other to a standstill. The king of France was defeated. and Uncle escaped with much and the majority of his men were taken, and the king did with them what he pleased. Some he released freely and some he put to death. But afterward, the two kings were reconciled. And when King Henry had subdued all the land of Normandy and avenged his enemies of France, he returned again to England with great honor. His sons William and Richard wished to come after him and went to the sea with a great company of people. This was on St. Catherine's day. And these were the names of those drowned: William, the king's son, Richard his brother, Earl of Chester Quttonell, Geoffrey Ridell, Walter Emurcy, Godfrey. Two years had passed since the Earl had fought with the king when the Earl left the king and began to wage war on him in the land of Normandy, taking a strong castle there. duelled all who were there. She learned that Henry, Emperor of the Germans, who had married her daughter Maude, was dead. Maude would no longer dwell in Germany and would return to Normandy to her father. When she arrived, he named her to him and returned to England, making the English do homage and fealty to the Empress. The first man to do so was William, Archbishop of Canterbury. King David of Scotland and after him all the earls and barons of England also did so. Additionally, after the nobleman the Earl of Angouleme, a worthy knight, sent to King of England, asking for his daughter Maude's hand in marriage. Since her father knew him to be a nobleman, the king granted him this and named his daughter and sent her to Normandy. Earl Gaufride then married Maude with great honor. The Earl of Burgundy. After the birth of Henry, Emperor's son, named Henry,\nand when all this was completed, King Henry spent the year in Normandy. Afterward, he was afflicted with a severe illness that led to his death. King Henry ruled for 35 years and 4 months, and after his death, as previously stated, his heart was interred in the great church of our Lady in Rouen. His body was brought with great honor into England and entered at Reading in the Abbey where he began and founded.\n\nAfter King Henry I's death, his nephew, Stephen, Earl of Boulogne, was the first to be made king. William, Bishop of Caen, supported the king's party as much as he could.\n\nIn the first year of King Stephen's reign, he gathered a great army and marched towards Scotland to wage war against the king of Scotland. However, the king of Scotland came against him in peace and in good faith.\n\nIn the third year of his reign, Empress Maude arrived. In England, a debate ensued between King Stephen and Empress Maude. Maude retreated to the City of Nicoles, which King Stephen besieged for a long time without success. The citizens within the City quietly escaped without harm, and King Stephen took the City and engaged in combat until a truce was called. The Barons who supported Empress Maude, including Earl Randolph of Chester, Earl Robert of Ebucestre, Hugh, and Robert of Morley, arrived with a strong force and fought against the king. In this battle, King Stephen was captured and imprisoned in Bristol Castle.\n\nWhen King Stephen was taken and brought before the castle, Empress Maude was immediately made Lady of England, and all regarded her as the Lady of the Land. However, those who supported Stephen's wife and William of Pree and his retinue continued to wage war against her. Maude, the Empress, and the king of Scotland came to him with a large number of people. They went to Winchester where the Empress was, intending to take her. But the Earl of Gloucester came with his power and fought against them. The Empress escaped from them during the battle and went to Oxford. There she stayed. In this battle, the Earl of Gloucester was defeated and taken, along with many other lords. His release led to King Stephen being freed from prison. When he was freed, he went to Oxford and besieged the Empress, who was there. The siege lasted from Michaelmas to St. Andrew's tide. The Empress dressed herself in white linen cloth so that she would not be recognized, as her enemies escaped from her at the same time. After that, she went to Wallingford and stayed there. The king. The earl of Gloucester prevented him from besieging her, as he had much to deal with Earl Radulf of Chester and Hugh, who strongly opposed him in every place, leaving him unable to turn back. The earl of Gloucester helped them with his power. After this, the king went to Wilton and intended to build a castle there, but Earl Gloucester arrived with a strong force and almost took the king, but the king escaped with great difficulty. William Martell was taken captive, and for his release, the king gave the good castle of Shrewsbury to Earl Gloucester, which he had taken. And when this was done, Earl Robert and all the kings' enemies went to Faringdon and began to build a strong castle there, but the king came there with a strong power and drove them out in the same year. Earl Radulf of Chester was reconciled with the king and came to his court. The earl was safely disposed to come, and the king. In the 15th year of King Stephen's reign, Anon took him and put him in the pillory. He was never to come out until he had surrendered to the king the castle of Nicholl, which Anon had taken with force. And Gaefride, Earl of Anjou, gave Henry his son all of Normandy. In the year following, Henry his son turned against Anjou, and he was made Earl with great honor among the men of the land. The most powerful among his subjects paid him fealty and homage. This Henry was Emperor Henry's son, Earl of Anjou and Duke of Normandy.\n\nIn the same year, a divorce was made between the King of France and his queen, who was rightfully heir of Gascony. This was because it was known and proven that they were closely related. Henry, Emperor Henry's son, Earl of Anjou and Duke of Normandy and Duke of Gascony, married the queen.\n\nIn the 18th year of King Stephen's reign, Henry came to England. With a strong power, King Stephen attacked Malmesbury Castle and caused much harm. King Stephen had so much war that he didn't know which way to turn, but in the end, they were reconciled through Archbishop Theobald and other worthy lords of England, on the condition that they would leave the realm of England between them. Henry Emperor's son should have the entire land of England, and thus they were reconciled. Peace was proclaimed throughout England. When the accord was made between the two lords, King Stephen became so sorry for having lost half of England and fell into such illness, dying in the nineteenth year, the eighth week, and fifth day of his reign, all in war and in contact. And after this, King Stephen was succeeded by Henry Emperor's son, who was crowned by Archbishop Theobald on the seventeenth day before Christmas. In the same year, Thomas Becket was crowned. King Stephen had given lands to diverse people. men and he had made earls and barons\nIn the third year of his reign, he put under his own lordship the king of Wales. In the same year, when the king of Scotland held in his own hand the city of Carlisle, the castle of Berwick, the new castle upon Tyne, and the earldom of Lancaster.\nIn the same year, the king, with great power, went into Wales. He cast down walls and made ways and strengthened the castle of Rutland, among the castles he made a house of the temple.\nAnd in the same year, Richard, his son, was born, who later became earl of Oxford and the fourth in his reign. In the fourth year of his reign, he made Geoffrey earl of Brittany. In that year, he changed his money. And in the sixth year of his reign, he led a huge host to Toulouse and conquered it. And in the seventh year of his reign, Theobald, the archbishop of Canterbury, died. And all of Canterbury city, almost through misfortune, was broken.\nIn the ninth year of his reign, Thomas Becket, his chancellor, was chosen. To be the Archbishop of Canterbury, and in that year was born Alienor, the daughter of the earl. In the tenth year of his reign, Saint Edward the king was translated with great honor. In the eleventh year of his reign, he held his parliament at Northampton. From then, Saint Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, fled, due to the great dispute between the king and him. If he had been found in the morning, he would have been slain. Therefore, he fled with three companions on foot, and went over the sea to the pope in Rome. This was the principal reason why, as the king wished to put clerks to death who were accused of felony without the privilege of the holy church. In the twelfth year of his reign, his son John was born, and in the same year, his daughter was born. In the twenty-fourth year of his reign, Duke Henry of Saxony married Maude, his daughter, and begat on her three sons: Henry, Othus. In the 15th year of King Henry's reign, Earl Robert of Gloucester died, who founded the Abbey of Eton's nuns. In the same year, Marie, King of Jerusalem, conquered Babylon. In the 15th year of his reign, Henry crowned his son Henry at Westminster and Roger, Bishop of York, in honor of Thomas, Bishop of Canterbury. For this reason, Roger was cursed by the Pope.\n\nAfter Henry the Young King's coronation, the Emperor's son, Henry the Young Emperor, went to Normandy and there marked Almain. In the sixth year that Saint Thomas, Bishop, had been outlawed, the King of France made peace with the King and Saint Thomas. Thomas, the Bishop, returned to his own church in Canterbury. This peace was made at the beginning of Advent, and later he was quelled and martyred.\n\nHenry thought of Saint Thomas, Bishop, on Christmas. day as he sat at table and these words were said: \"If he had any good knight with him, he could have avenged himself upon Bishop Thomas for many days. And anon, Sir William Berton, Sir Hugh Morville, Sir William Tracy, and Sir Reignold Fitzvese's son in English privately went to the sea and came into England to the church of Canterbury. There they martyred him at St. Bennet's Other in the mother church. This was in the year of the Incarnation of Jesus Christ, 1571.\n\nAnd anon, after Henry the new king began to make war on Henry his father and also on his brothers. And on a day, the king of France and the earl of Scotland and the greatest lords of England were risen against King Henry the father. And at last, as God would have it, he conquered all his enemies. The king of France and he were reconciled. And so, King Henry the father was sent specifically to the king of France and prayed him earnestly for his love to send to him by letter the names of those who had gone against him.\" the king of France sent to him again, through a letter, the names of those who had waged war on him. The first was John, his son, Richard, his brother, and Henry, his new son and king. Thomas was Henry the king, who was greatly angered and cursed the time that he had begotten them. And while the war lasted, Henry his new son, the king, died, deeply repentant for his sins and greatly sorrowful for the death of St. Thomas of Canterbury. He prayed his father with much sorrow of heart for his transgressions and his father granted it to him, showing great pity. After he died, he lies at Reading in the 35th year of his reign.\n\nDuring the reign and life of King Henry the Emperor's son, the great battle took place in the holy land between the Christians and the Saracens. But the Christians were defeated there through great treason of the earl of Tirpe, who desired to have a wife from among the Saracens.\n\nWhen they came to the battle, this false Christian man turned away to the Saracens. Forsoke his own nations, and the Christian men there were mingled with the Saracens. And thus were the Christian men slain and put to horrible death. Among them went Richard, king Henry's son, first after the king of France, who took the cross to the Archbishop of Tours. But he did not embark on the journey at that time, for other ways and necessities prevented him.\n\nAnd when King Henry his father had reigned for 35 years, 5 months, and 4 days, he died and lies at Fondreneaud. After this, King Richard his son reigned, a strong man and worthy, also bold. He was crowned at Westminster by Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury. The third day of September was the beginning of his second year of reign.\n\nKing Richard himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury, Bishop Hubert of Salisbury, and Ralph Earl of Gloucester, and other many lords of England, went on the holy land journey. And in that journey, the Archbishop of Canterbury died. King Richard marched on to the Holy Land and did not rest until he reached Cyprus, where he took it with great force. Afterward, King Richard continued towards the Holy Land, recovering as much land as Christian men had lost before, through great might, except for the holy cross.\n\nWhen King Richard arrived at the town of Acre to secure the city, a dispute arose between him and the King of France. The King of France left for France, angry with King Richard. However, before King Richard could leave, he secured the city of Acre.\n\nUpon taking the city, King Richard remained there for a while. But he learned that his brother Earl Oxford intended to seize England and Normandy for himself, intending to be crowned king of the land.\n\nWhen King Richard heard this news, he went to confront him and brought him before the Emperor. The Emperor imprisoned him, but later released him for a large ransom. That is to say, a hundred thousand pounds; and for which reason, each other chalice of England was melted and made into money. While King Richard was in prison, the king of France waged war on him strongly in Normandy, and John, his brother, saw that he had no might or power against the barons of England. Immediately, John went over sea to the king of France. After King Richard came out of prison and was delivered and came into England, he went in great haste to Nottingham, and the castle of Nottingham was yielded to him. There, he discomfited John and those with him. Afterward, he went to the city of Winchester and there was crowned king of England. Then he went into Normandy to wage war on the king of France. The king of France came with 20,000 knights toward Gisors, and King Richard met him. tho he would have given him battle, but the king of France fled, and a hundred knights of his were taken, and two hundred steeds were trapped in iron. And anon after, King Richard went to besiege the Castle of Gaillard. And as he rode one day by the castle to take reconnaissance, an arbalestier shot him with a quarrel that was poisoned. And the king pulled out the shaft of the quarrel, but the quarrel's head remained in his head. And it began to rankle, and though he knew that he had a mortal wound that he could not be healed by any means, he commanded sharply all his men to assault the castle. So that the castle was taken.\n\nThe king asked what his name was, and he said, \"My name is Bartram Burgundy.\"\n\nWhy have I had you slain, since you did me no harm?\n\n\"Sir,\" he said, \"you yourself with your hand quelled my father and my brother. And therefore I have avenged their trouble now.\"\n\nThus said the king. When King Richard was dead, it was no marvel that he assembled before him at London archbishops, bishops, and abbots, for which he was extremely angry. And in the same time died Bishop Hubert, who dwelt at the court of Rome, and sent his election to the pope. The pope confirmed it and consecrated him at Viterbo. When King Richard heard this news, he was extremely angry and drove the prior and the court from Canterbury and exiled them from England, and commanded that no letter coming from Rome nor any message should be received or obeyed. Completed in England when this news reached the pope, he sent unwittingly to King John by his legate and prayed him with good will and good heart that he would receive Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, and suffer the prior and his monks to return to their own dwelling, but the king would not grant it for anything. And at last, the pope sent by his authority and enjoined the bishops of England that if the king would not receive the prior of Canterbury and his monks, they should do as he commanded and show him the bulls of the excommunication, but for no prayer that they might pray he would not consent to this. And when the bishops saw this, they departed from the king. And in the morning after the Annunciation, they pronounced the general excommunication throughout all England, so that the church doors were shut with keys and other fastenings and with walls. And when the excommunication was pronounced, the king began to behave in an uncontrollable manner. The bishops named in brought to their hands all the possessions of the four bishops and of all the clergy throughout the land. They appointed and ordered men to keep it, so that the clergy could not live where they wished. For this reason, the bishops cursed all those who interfered with the Church's goods against their will. When the king would not desist from his malice for any reason, the four bishops named above went overseas and went to the bishop of Canterbury, telling him all that had happened. The Archbishop told them they should return to Canterbury, and he would come to them or else send trusted persons in his place to do as much as he would have done there. When the bishops heard this, they turned back to England and came to Canterbury. The news reached the king that the bishops had returned to Canterbury, and he could not come there at that time. Instead, he sent bishops, earls, and abbots. for treating with them, that the king should receive the archbishop Stephen and the prior and all the monks of Canterbury, and that he should never after that time take anything from the holy church against their will. The king should make full amends to them from whom he had taken goods. Holy church should have all franchises as it had in St. Edward's time, the confessor.\n\nWhen this form of accord was ordained, it was in a pair of indentures. They put their seals to one part, and those coming in the king's name put their seal under it. He understood that he was fully paid for all manner of things as they had ordained, except for the restoration of the goods. For this, he would not accord and so he sent word again to the four bishops that they should do out and put an end to it. They answered that they would not do it. The king then sent to the archbishop by the four bishops that he should come to Canterbury to speak. with it, he sent unwillingfully to him the conditions that his Justices Gilbert Peyte, William de la Brener, and John Fitz Hugh should come and go safely. And when the Archbishop came, the king came to Chilham, for he would not come near Canterbury at that time. But he sent by his treasurer, the bishop of Winchester, to carry out the restitution clause for making restitution of the goods. The Archbishop took an oath that he would never carry it out, nor relinquish their rents for eternity. He commanded every sheriff throughout England to inquire if any bishop, abbot, priory, or other prelate of the holy church had received any mandate from the pope from that day onwards. They should take the body and bring it before him, and at the same time, the Irish began to wage war on the king and England against the monks of the Cistercian order, that they should help him. vj.M. Marc of Silver and they answered, saying they dared not do anything without their chief Abbot of Cisterciosa. Therefore, the king called Pandolf and another durd to warn him, in the pope's name, to cease his persecution of the holy church and amend the wrong and transgression he had committed against the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Prior, and the monks of Canterbury, and all the clergy of England. They should restore the goods or else they would curse the king by name and take his lands in bulls patent. These two legates came into England and came to the king at Northampton, where he held his parliament. They courteously saluted him and said, \"Sir, we have come from the pope of Rome, the peace of the holy church and the land, to amend. Firstly, we admonish you regarding the peace of the holy church and the land, and that you receive Stephen.\" Archbishop of Canterbury, you and the prior of Canterbury and your monks are to restore all his lands and rents to the Archbishop without delay. And moreover, you are to make such restitution as the Church deems necessary. The king replied to the Archbishop and the prior of Canterbury concerning the prior and his monks of Canterbury: I will gladly do all that you have said and whatever you order. But as for the Archbishop, I will tell you in my heart that the Archbishop should relinquish his riches. And on this condition, I would receive and receive him under my protection. However, in England, as Archbishop, if he remains, he shall never have such safe-conduct but he shall be taken.\n\nPandulf spoke to the king: Holy Church has never discharged an Archbishop without cause. \"Chide were disobedient. What have you now said, Quoth the king to Pandolf? Nay, said Pandolf, but you have now openly declared as it stands in your heart. And to you we will tell what is the Pope's will, and this is how it stands: he has holy entered and cursed you for the wrongs you have done to holy church and to the clergy. And since you dwell and are unwilling to come to the sentence at a later time, the sentence is upon you and holds steadfast, and upon all those who have communed with you before this time, whether they be earls, barons, knights, or any other, we curse them that come with you, and we sentence them openly and specifically. And we absolve quietly earls, barons, knights, and all other men of their homages, services, and fealty, that they should not be bound to you, and this decree we give to the bishop of Winchester, the bishop of Norwich, and the warden of the St. Augustine's priory.\" And we send through all Christendom that all bishops beyond the sea reprove you for coming into my land, causing me such tidings. I would have made you ride all year long. When Pandolf first came to us, we thought you would be obedient to God and the church, and fulfill the pope's commandment. Now we have shown and pronounced the pope's will as we were charged. And you, though you have said that if you had known the cause of our coming, you would have made us welcome, the king commanded the sheriffs and drew out her eyes from her head, and among others, a clerk had falsified the king's money. The king commanded that he should be hanged and drawn. When Pandolf heard this commandment of the king, he started violently and at once asked for a book and candle, and would have cursed all. Pandolf himself went to seek a cross, and the king followed. The clerk was delivered to him by the hand that he should do with him whatever he wanted. And thus the clerk was released and went then to Pandolf and Durant, his fellow, who went from King John to the Pope of Rome and told him that King John would not amend his ways but would always persist in his actions. And yet, the pope granted throughout England that men might sing masses in suitable churches and make the body of God and give it to the sick, and also that men might baptize children everywhere.\n\nWhen the pope knew and saw that the king would not be under the rule of the holy church for any reason, the pope then sent to King John in remission of his sins that he should take with him all the power he could and go to England to destroy King John.\n\nWhen this news reached King John, he was greatly disturbed and feared that he would lose his realm and himself be put to death. He then sent messengers to the pope and said that he would be. I have made amends and wish to make satisfaction to all men according to the pope's ordinance. The pope was sent back to England along with other messengers. The king stayed at Canterbury, and on the 13th of May, he took an oath to adhere to the pope's ordinance before Pandolf the legate in all matters in which he had been accused and to make full restitution to the Church and religion and to those from whom he had taken goods against their will. All the great lords of England swore on the book and by the holy church that if the king would not keep his oath, they would make him do so by force.\n\nThey sent the king to the court of Rome and to the pope. They granted him the kingdoms of England and Ireland for himself and his heirs forever. Therefore, King John and his heirs should take the two kingdoms from the pope's hand and hold them as the pope's vassals. \"We pay one thousand marcs annually to the Court of Rome. To all Christian people throughout the world, we John, by the grace of God, king of and for, as we have need to the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, and we may not offer anything so worthy as competent satisfaction to God and to the Holy Church, unless it be our own body, which we freely grant to God and to the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul, and to our mother church of Rome, and to our holy father the pope Innocent the Third, and to all the popes who come after him, all the realms and patronages of churches in Ireland with their appurtenances, for remission of our sins and help and health of our souls and of all Christian souls. We shall do all manner of things above said, and there to we bind ourselves and all who come after us. Our seeing to the Pope, and also the ward of church vacancies. In token of this, we will confirm and ordain that our special...\" rents of the said kingdom, paying to the Church of Rome annually a Marca of silver at two terms of the year, for all manner of customs that we should do for the said kingdoms: that is to say, at Michaelmas and at Easter, a total of 7,000 Marca for England and 3,000 Marca for Ireland. Saving to us and to our heirs, our justices and other franchises and other realties that pertain to the crown. And all these things that have been said, we will that it be free and stable without end, and to this obligation we and our successors and our heirs are bound, that if we or any of our heirs, through presumption, fall in any point against any of these things above said, and he is warned and will not right himself, he shall then forfeit the said realm forever. And this charter of obligation and our warrant for evermore be free and stable without gain, saying that we shall from this day forward be true to God and to the Church of Rome and to the pope. \"Innocent the third and to all who come after him, and the realms of England and Ireland, we shall maintain truly in all manner of points against all manner of men by our power, through God's help. When this charter was made and sealed, the king again received his crown from Pandolf's hand and sent immediately to Archbishop Stephen and all his other clerks and lewd men whom he had exiled from his land, that they should come and have again their lands and rents. The king himself, along with Pandolf and earls and barons, went then to Windsor against Archbishop Stephen. When he arrived, the king came against him and fell to his feet and said to him, \"Fair sir, you are welcome.\" He greeted him courteously many times and afterwards led him to the door and absolved him from the sentence. He confessed to God and to holy church, and this was on St. Margaret's day. Immediately, the archbishop went to\" sing mass and the king offered at the mass a mark of gold. When the mass was done, all they went to undertake all her lands without any manner of gain saying. And that day they made mirth and rejoiced. For the pope had set that the enthronement should not be done until the king had made full restitution of the goods that he had taken from the holy church and also from himself.\n\nThus, Pandolf took leave of the king and of the archbishop and went again to Rome. And the archbishop immediately summoned before him prelates of the church to treat and counsel how much and what they should ask of the king for making restitution of the goods that he had taken from them. They ordered and said that the king should give to the archbishop three million marcs for the wrong that the king had done to him, and also to other clerks by portions fifteen thousand marcs. And at the same time Nicholas bishop of Tuscan, penitencer of Rome, came in. To England, through the Pope's commandment, the fifth king and all those who came after him were to hold the realms of England and Ireland for God and pay tribute to the Pope annually, as previously stated.\n\nWhen King John had done his homage to the pope, who showed him the pope's letter that he should pay and return the land of England and Ireland that he had withheld since King Richard died. When King John heard this, he was greatly angered, for he could not undo the disgrace until he had made amends and restored the aforementioned Juliane, whom she had asked for.\n\nThe legate went back to the pope after Christmas. The king sent messengers across the sea to Juliane, who was King Richard's wife, to obtain a release from her demand.\n\nIt happened that Juliane died soon after Easter. In this way, the king was released from the matter she had asked for.\n\nBut at the feast of St. John that came next, through the Pope's intercession, The editing was first released throughout England on the seventh day of January. The land was entered on the seventh year, and in the morning men ran and said masses throughout London and thereafter throughout all England. And the next year after their land was entered, those who were displeased with him and went to London took the city. To cease this debate and sorrow, the king and the Archbishop and other great lords of the land of England assembled before the feast of St. John the Baptist in a meadow beside the town of Staines, which is called Runnymede. The king made them there a charter of liberties such as they requested, and that charter has not failed. The most part of the lords assembled and began to weep. King John sent them over the sea and ordered so many Normans and Picards and Flemings that the land could not sustain them but with great sorrow. Among all these people, there was a man from Normandy and another [the barons and lords of England]. They ordered among themselves the best speakers and wisest men, and sent them over the sea to King Philip of France. They asked him that his son, Louis, should come to England to be king and to receive the crown.\n\nWhen King Philip of France heard this news, he made a certain alliance between them through a common election. Louis, King Philip's son of France, should go with them to England and drive out King John and all those who were present and make them his men. The barons of England kept them in London and remained.\n\nLouis, the son of King Philip of France, came next Saturday before the Ascension of our Lord, bringing a strong power into England. Louis came there and begged at Rochester castle, took it with strength, and on the Thursday in Whitsun week, he hanged all the Aliens who were there. tho the next king came to London, and there he was received with much honor from the lords who welcomed him there and pledged allegiance to him. And on the Tuesday next after Trinity Sunday, he took the castle of Reigate, and on the morning after the castle of Guildford, and the Friday next after the castle of Farnham, and the Monday next after Winchester, the castle and the city were yielded to him. And in the morning after St. Catherine's castle, he ordered himself towards Beaumont to besiege the castle. There he remained for fifteen days and could not take the castle, so he then went to London and was summoned to the Tower. At the same time, the Pope sent a legate to England, named Swalo. It happened that he was heading towards Nicoll and passed by the Abbey of Swineshead. While he was sitting at the meal, he asked the house how much a love was worth that was set before him. Upon the table, the monkey said that life was worth but half a penny. \"Oh, indeed, the king remarked, this life is quite expensive in bread. Now the king declared, and he pondered and sighed, and took and ate of the bread, saying, 'By God, the words I have spoken shall be true.' The monkey standing before the king was deeply sorry in heart for these words and thought it would be better for him to endure pitiful death. If he could devise some remedy, he would. Immediately, the monkey went to his abbot and confessed all that the king had said, praying his abbot to absolve him, for he would give the king a wassail that all England would be glad of and pricked the toad through with a broche many times until the venom came out in every side into the cup, and then took the cup and filled it.\" it with good ale & brought it before qd he wassaille / for neuer daies of your lyfe ne dronke ye of such a\ncuppe / Begynne monke qd the kyng / and the monke drank a gre\u00a6te\ndraught and toke the kyng the cuppe / and the kyng also dranke a\ngrete draught & sette doune the cuppand v. monkes scommaunded to remeue the table and axed after the monke / & men\ntold hym that he was dede for his wombe was \nWhen the kyng herd this he commaunded to And this kyng and EAnd this\nkyng Iohan whan he had regned xvij. yere \nANd after this kyng Iohan regned Henry his soue and\nwas crouned at Gloucest whan he was ix. yere olde on\nSeint Symondes day and Iude of Swalo the legat of\nRome thurgh counceille of alle the g\nkyng Iohan his fadre that is to seyne the Erle Raudolfe of Che\u2223stre\nwilliam Erle Marchall william Erle of Penbroke william\nthe Brener Erle of Feriers Serle the Maule baron and all othir\ngrete lordes of Englond helde with lowys the kynges sone of frau\u0304\u2223ce\nAnd anone after when kyng Henry was c Swalo the The legate held his council at Bristo during St. Martin's feast, and there were eighteen bishops of England and Wales, as well as other prelates of the holy church, a great number of earls, barons, and many knights of England, all of whom were present. They all swore fealty to King Henry after the legate had entered Wales to deal with the barons of England. Those who had helped or given counsel to move war against the new king Henry were accused by him. In the beginning, he imposed the sentence of the kings of France, Louis. Nevertheless, Louis showed no mercy and immediately took the castles of Berkhamsted and Herford. From that day on, the barons caused so much harm throughout England, particularly the Frenchmen who came with King Louis. Therefore, the great lords and the entire common people of England crucified them to drive out Louis and his company. Some barons and French men were outside England, but some of the barons and French men had taken refuge in the Citadel of Nicoles and held it for King Louis' profit. However, King Henry's men came with great power, including the Earl of Chester, William Earl Marshal, William Earl of Ferriers, and many other lords. There, the Earl of Perche was killed, and Louis' men were badly defeated. Serle Earl of Winchester, Humfrey de Bohun Earl of Herford, and Robert, son of Walter, and many others who had begun the war against the king were taken and led to King Henry.\n\nWhen the news of this defeat reached Louis, the king of France, he withdrew and went to London, ordering the gates of the Citadel to be kept shut. Immediately after the king sent a message to the citizens of London, asking them to surrender and yield the Citadel to him. He promised them all the French franchises they were accustomed to receiving. and would confirm them with his great new charter under his great seal. At the same time, a great lord named Eustace the Monk came out of France with a great company of lords and intended to come to England to help the king's son of France. However, Hubert of Burgh and the Five Ports met them in the high seas and assaulted them fiercely, overcoming them with strength. When Lowys heard this news, he feared greatly for his life and safety and arranged a meeting between the king and himself. Later, Lowys went from there to London and took his leave. He was brought with other bishops, earls, and barons and went to France. And afterward, the king, the archbishop, earls, and barons assembled at London at Michaelmas, where they renewed all the franchises that King John had granted. Had at Runnymede and King Henry confirmed by his fourth year of King Henry's reign. In the same year, St. Thomas of Canterbury was translated one year after his martyrdom. And it was decreed by all the lords of England that all aliens should leave England and come no more. King Henry took control of all the castles that King John his father had given and taken from aliens to keep, but the proud falcon of Brent richly fortified his castle of Bedford, which he had received as a gift from the kings' yielding of John, and he held the castle against King Henry's will with might and strength. And the king came there with a strong power and besieged the castle. The Archbishop Master Stephen of Langeton came to the king with a fair company of knights to help him, and the siege lasted from the Ascension to the Assumption of our Lady. And thus the castle was won and taken, and the king had all. tho those who went into the castle with good will to hold it, that is to say, one hundred men. And afterwards, he there renounced England with great shame and went back to his own country. And while King Henry ruled, Edmund of Abingdon, who was treasurer of Salisbury, was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury. And this King Henry sent over the sea to the Earl of Provence, requesting that he send his daughter, who was called Eleanor, to England. Henry intended to marry her, and so she came to England after Christmas. And on the morning after St. Hilary, Archbishop Edmund married them at Canterbury. And on the eighth of St. Hilary, she was crowned at Westminster with great solemnity. A sweet sight was seen between them, that is, Edward, who was the next king after his father, and the Countess of Britain and Katherine, who died a maid in religion.\n\nAnd it came to pass that the lords of England desired Some additions more in the charter of franchises they had of the king and spoke thus between them and the king: Granting them all their asking and made to them two charters, one called the great charter of franchises, and the other called the charter of forests. For the grant of these two charters, prelates, earls, and barons, and all the communes of England gave to the king a sum of silver when King Henry had been king for forty-three years. The same year, he and his lords, earls and barons of the Realm went to Oxford and ordained a law in amendment of the realm. First, the king swore himself and after all the lords of the realm that they would hold that statute forevermore. Whoever broke it should be dead. But the second year after that ordinance, the king, through the counsel of Sir Edward his son and of Richard his brother, Earl of Cornwall, and also of others, repented himself of that oath that he had made to hold that law and ordinance. And sent to the court of Rome to be absolved of that. In the year following, a great famine occurred due to a lack of food. In the 46th year of King Henry's reign, war and dispute began between him and Richard, Duke of York, breaking the treaties made at Oxford. In the same year, the town of Northampton was taken, and those with him were slaughtered for each side had planned wildfire to bread the City of London. In the month of May that followed, on Saint Pancras day, the Battle of Towton took place, where King Henry, Edward his son, Richard his brother Earl of Cornwall, and many other lords were taken. In the same year, next sowing, Edward, the king's son, broke out of Sir Simon Montfort, Earl of Richmond's ward and went to the marchers' barons, who defeated him. At the same time, Gilbert of Clarence, Earl of Gloucester, who was also in Montfort's ward, was ordered by King Henry. that went from him with great heart / because he said that the aforementioned Gilbert was a fool, three of his councillors. He ordered him accordingly and King Henry.\n\nAnd the Saturday next after the middle of August, Sir Edward, the king's son, defeated Sir Simon de Montfort at Kenilworth. But the great lords who were there with him were taken, that is to say, Baldwin Wake, William of Montchensi, and many other great lords. And the Tuesday next after was the battle done at Evesham. And there was quelled Sir Simon de Montfort, Hugh the Spencer, and Montfort, who was Rafael Basset's father of Drayton, and other many great lords.\n\nAnd when this battle was done, all the gentlemen who had been with Earl Simon were dispossessed. They gathered and did much harm to all the land, for they destroyed their enemies in all that they might.\n\nAnd in the coming year, in May on the fourth day before the feast of St. Dunstan, there was the battle and skirmish at Chesterfelde of hem that were disherited and ther many\nof hem were quelled And Robert Erle of Feriers ther was take\u0304\nand also Bawdewyne wake and Iohan da la hay with mochel\nsorwe ascaped thens And in seint kyng\nin this maner that him self & all the othirthat were withyn the ca\u00a6stell\nshold haue hir lyfe & lymme & as moche thyng as they had\ntheryn both hors & harneis & iiij. daies of respite for to deliuer clen\u00a6ly\nthe castell of hem self & of all othir maner thyng that they had\nwithyn the castell & so they went from de castell And sir Simond\nthe mountefort the yonger & the Countesse his moder were fledde\nouer see in to Fraunce & ther helde hem as peple that were exiled\noute of Englond for euermore And sone after it was ordeyned\nby the legat Octobone & by othir grete lordes the wysest of En\u2223glond\nthat all tho that had bene ayenst the kyng & were disherited\nsholde haue ayene hir landes by grevous Raunsone after that it\nwas ordeyned & thus they were accorded with the kyng Tho was \"The peace was proclaimed throughout England, and thus the war ended. And when this was done, King John of England, Iohan Vessy, Thomas of Clare, Robert de Clifford, Othes of Grantson, Robert de Brus, Iohan of Verdon, and many other lords of England and beyond the sea set out towards the holy land. King Henry died in the meantime at Westminster, having reigned for 31 years and 19 weeks on St. Edmond's day. The Archbishop of Canterbury, who was then at Westminster, entered him on St. Edmond's day. In the year of, Merlin prophesied and said that a land with truthful lips and holiness would be written in his heart, and he spoke truly about the good King Henry, who was born in Winchester in the aforementioned year. He spoke good words and was a holy man and of good conscience. Merlin also said that this Henry would create the fairest place in the world that would not be completed in his time.\" for he made the new work of St. Peter's church at Westminster, which is fairer than works of men, and it was fully completed. And yet Merlin said that this lamb should have peace the most of his reign, and he spoke truly, for he was never annoyed through war nor distressed in any way until a little before his death. And Merlin said in his prophecy more and concerning the reign and end of the aforementioned lamb, a wolf from a strange land would do him great harm through war. And that he would at last be master, with the help of a red fox that would come from the northwest and overcome him. And that prophecy proved true for within a little time or the king died. Simon of Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who was born in France, began strong war against him. And when King Henry had the victory at Evesham and Simon. The Earl was slain with the help and might of Gilbert of Clare, Earl of Gloucester, who was keeping and warding the aforementioned Simon de Montfort by the king's order. Therefore, Simon was imprisoned, which caused great harm to the people of England, as a good man was imprisoned for truth and died in charity for the common benefit of the same people. For this, Almighty God has shown many a fair miracle to diverse men and women for their love of him. Merlin also prophesied and said that after that time the lamb would no longer love gently, and he spoke the truth, for King Henry lived no longer after Simon de Montfort's death that King Henry did not die immediately after him. At that time, Sir Edward, his son, who was the best knight in the world for honor, was in the holy land and gained Acres there. In that country, he begot a wife named Alienor. He made a voyage in the Holy Land that all the world spoke of his knighthood, and every man, high and low, throughout Christendom, held him in high esteem, as the story relates further. From the time that King Henry died until Sir Edward was crowned king, all the great lords of England were as fatherless.\n\nKing Henry then ruled his son Edward, the worthiest knight in the world for God's grace, for he had the victory over his enemies. And as soon as King Henry died, he came to London with a fine company of prelates, earls, barons, and all manner of men who did him great honor. In every place that Sir Edward rode in London, the streets were covered over his head with rich clothes of silk and tapestry and with a rich covering.\n\nAnd this King Edward was crowned and anointed as the right heir of England with the mace. And when he was seated on his throne, Alexander of Scotland came to do him homage. honor and reverence with a quintain and a hundred knights, well horsed and trained. When they were dismounted, they and whoever could took them at their will without any challenge. Afterward came Sir Edmond, King Edward's brother, a courteous knight and a gentleman of renown, and the Earl of Cornwall and the Earl of Gloucester. Following them came the Earl of Penbroke and the Earl of Garenne. Each of them led in their hand a hundred knights, gallantly disguised in their arms. When they were dismounted, they let go wherever they liked, and whoever could take them had them still without any let. And when all this was done, King Edward did his diligence and might to assemble the realm and redress the wrongs in the best manner that he could, to the honor of God and holy church and to maintain his honor and to amend the nuisance of the common people.\n\nThe first year afterward that King Edward was crowned. Lewelyn, prince of Wales, sent an embassy to France on behalf of Earl Mountfort, suggesting that the earl should marry his daughter. Mountfort advised him on this matter and sent word back to Lewelyn, expressing his intention to send for his daughter. Lewelyn prepared ships for his daughter, Mountfort's brother Sir Aymer, and their retinue.\n\nHowever, Lewelyn committed a grave error, as it was forbidden for him to give his daughter to any man without the consent of King Edward. A burgher from Bristol, with a wine cargo, encountered them at sea and took them into custody. The burgher promptly sent them to King Edward.\n\nUpon hearing this news, Lewelyn was filled with rage and sorrow and declared war on King Edward. He inflicted significant damage upon English lands and besieged several of the king's castles. when news reached King Edward about this matter, he went to Wales, and through God's grace and great power, he drove Llewelyn to much harm, causing him to flee and surrender to King Edward, giving him 1,000,000 marcs of silver to have peace and taking the damsel and all his heritage. He made an obligation to King Edward for him to come to his parliament twice a year. And in the second year after King Edward's crowning, he held a general parliament at Westminster, where he made the statutes due to the lack of law by common assent of all his barons. And at Easter next, the king sent his lords to Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, to come to parliament for his land and for his holding in Wales, as the strength of the letter of obligation testified.\n\nHowever, Llewelyn scorned and despised the king's commandment, and for pure wrath, he began again to wage war on King Edward and destroy his lands. And when King Edward heard this news, The king, filled with wrath, summoned his people and marched towards Wales to wage war against Prince Lewelyn. Lewelyn saw that his defense would not avail him and retreated, yielding to the king's grace. The king showed mercy and commanded him to rise. For his humility, the king pardoned him, but warned him that if he transgressed again, he would be destroyed forever. At that time, David, Lewelyn's brother, was engaged in battle with King Edward. He was a cunning and envious man, casting his gaze far and often plotting treason. He kept still, watching and spying on the king's intentions, and appeared so true that no one could perceive his deceitfulness. It was not long after this that King Edward granted the lordship of Frodesha to David, Lewelyn's brother. and made him a knight & so much honor did he never after to any man of Wales for his enhancement. King Edward did in Wales all that he wanted and changed his money which was full cut and rounded. Wherefore the common people were greatly displeased and the king ordered that such transgressions be investigated and 300 were arrested. The sterling halfpenny and farthing should have gone through his land and he commanded that no one from that day on gave houses of religion with land in Northumberland. And the sheriff had gone & taken his voyage upon the traitors Lewelyn and David. And it was hard for them to wage war there, for it is winter in Wales when in other countries it is summer. \u00b6Lewelyn ordered and well arranged, also on horseback, \u00b6But the Welsh had so much people and were so strong that they drove the Englishmen back. So much pressure of people at the turning back that the charges and the burden of his men sank the barges and boats. And there were drenched full many. A good knight, Sir Roger of Clifford, Sir William of Lindesey, who was Sir John Fitz Robert's son, and Sir Richard Tanny, and a large number of others, were harmed due to their own folly. If they had had good spies, they would not have been harmed.\n\nWhen King Edward heard of Sir John of Vesci's tyranny and under his command wages were withheld, and noble men were unwilling to fight, he burned many towns and subjugated many Welshmen, taking all they could.\n\nAnd all these, with strength and might, made an assault on the castle of Swandon and gained control of the castle. When David, the prince's brother, heard this news, he ordered himself to flee, for he had no power to maintain the war.\n\nBut the next morning, Sir Roger Mortimer met with him alone with ten knights and surrounded him. To him went Mortimer and struck off his head, presenting it to King Edward. This is how the Prince of Wales was taken, and his head was struck off, and all his heirs were disinherited forever through lawful judgment of the entire realm. David, who was the Prince of Wales' brother, intended to become Prince of Wales after his brother's death. He sent men after Welshmen to his element at Denbigh and, following this, made Wales arise as king. He began to wage war against the king and caused all the sorrow and distress he could with his power. When King Edward learned of this, he ordered men to pursue him. David was caught as he fled and led to the king. The king commanded that he should be hanged, drawn, and beheaded, and his head and quarters should be sent to London. The quarters were to be sent to the four chief towns of Wales as examples, and the towns should take heed. Later, the king. Edward issued proclamations throughout Wales and seized all the land into his hands, and all the great lords who were still alive came to do fealty and homage to King Edward, as to their kind lord. And he allowed King Edward to amend the defective laws of Wales. Afterward, he sent to all the lords of Wales by his letter patent that they should all come to his parliament. And when they had come, the king said to them courteously, \"Lordships, you are welcome; and it behooves your counsel and your help for me to go to Gascony to amend the wrongs done to me there and to negotiate with the King of Aragon and the Prince of Morocco.\" And all the king's liege men, earls and barons, consented and granted this to him. And he made himself ready and went to Gascony and allowed him to amend all the wrongs done to him there. And of the dispute between the King of Aragon and the Prince of Morocco, he intervened and made them come to an agreement. And while King Edward and Queen Eleanor were in Gascony, the Earl of Cornwall was made warden of England until King Edward returned. And he inquired from his traitors who had conspired against him, and each of them suffered the penalty they deserved. But in the meantime, while King Edward was beyond the sea trying to make amends for the transgressions against him, a false man called Ris ap Meriedoke began to betray King Edward, instigated by Sir Payne Tiptot's wrongful harm and displeasure. When King Edward learned of this, he sent his lieutenant to Ris ap Meriedoke, ordering him to cease the war and make peace for the sake of their love. When Ris ap Meriedoke returned to England, King Edward would undertake the quarrel and make amends for all that had been done wrongly.\n\nHowever, Ris ap Meriedoke disregarded the king's command and continued to cause harm. He was brought before the king's men in England only after he was taken and led to York, where he was drawn and hanged for his crime. King Edward had ruled for three years in Gascony when he returned to England and found so many complaints against his justices and clerks who had perverted the king's justice. Edward was accused of falseness at the Tower of London, for which he was attainted and proved false. Immediately after the king finished dealing with the justices, he inquired and discovered how the Jews deceived and beguiled his people through their falsehood and deceit. He convened a private parliament among his lords, who decreed that all the Jews should leave England because of their misbelief and their falsehoods against Christian men. The entire community of England gave the king fifteen pence of all their movable goods, and the Jews were driven out. I. Out of England. And the Jews went into France and, through the league of King Philip who was king of France, they dueled. It was not long after that Alexander, king of Scotland, had died. And David, Earl of Huntingdon, who was the king's brother of Scotland, claimed and claimed the kingdom of Scotland for himself, as he was the rightful heir. But many great lords of Scotland said no, for great debate arose between them and their friends, as they would not consent to his coronation. And in the meantime, the aforementioned David died. And so it came to pass that the kingdom was divided among Balliol (the second to Bruis), Brus (the third to Hastings), and the aforementioned Balliol and Brus challenged the land of Scotland, and great debate and strife arose between the three for the succession, each of whom would have been king. And when the lords of Scotland saw the debate between the three, they went to King Edward of England and seized him as their chief lord. And when the king was seized of the Lords of Scotland the aforementioned Balliol, Edward, who was both gentle and treasurer. It was found that Balliol was the eldest, and after this, Balliol went to Scotland and was crowned king of Scotland. At the same time, there was strong war between the English and the Normans. However, on one occasion, the Normans arrived at Douver, and there they murdered an holy man named Thomas of Douver. Afterward, King Edward lost the duchy of Gascony through King Philip of France due to false claims of the vassals of the land. Sir Edmond, Edward's brother, therefore yielded his homage to King France. In this time, the clerks of England granted King Edward half the church's goods in aid to help recover his land in Gascony again. And the king sent there a noble company of his bachelors. The king himself wished to go to Portsmouth, but he was prevented. Through one Madoc of Wales who had seized the castle of Swansea into his hand, and for that reason, the king turned again towards Wales at Christmas. The king was taken by Sir Charles of France, that is to say, and when King Edward was engaged in Gascony, he was sent to the court of Rome through a false suggestion to be absolved of the oath that he had sworn to the king of England. He was emboldened by Lusignan. The Scots chose Douglas as their leader to seize Edward's right. In that time, two cardinals came from Scotland to speak with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to inform him that Madoc had broken the king of France's prison by night and had said that he would make all Englishmen and Welshmen subject to the king of France. He swore this to bring about, and on this agreement, deeds were made between them, and he was to have a yearly pension. This false traitor was released from prison, and for his love, the king was greatly thankful and glad for his coming. The false thief-taker spied on all the king's doings and those of his council. A clerk of England, who was in the king's household in France, heard of this treason and the falsehoods. He wrote to another clerk who was dwelling with the king of England about Thomas Turbeville's deceitful actions and how the council of England had planned to send an embassy to the king of France. Through the aforementioned clerk's letter, which the clerk had sent from France, it was discovered upon him, and he was taken to London and drawn and quartered for his treason. His two sons, whom he had left as hostages in France, were beheaded as a result.\n\nWhen the two cardinals went alone into France to negotiate peace at Cambrai, the king sent this matter with them. of his earls and barons, that is, Sir Edmond his brother, Earl of Lancaster and Leicester, Sir Henry Lacy, Earl of Nottingham, and King of Scotland, and Sir Robert Roos of Berewyk, fled from the Englishmen and went to the Scots. And King Edward went towards Berewyk and besieged the town. Those within defended manfully and set a fire, burning two of King Edward's ships. And King Edward, in contempt and reproach of him, said, \"Wend, King Edward, with your long shanks, to get Berewyk all our hands, gas pikes for him, and when he has done that, gas ditches for him and gates and conquered the town, through his gracious power quelled 25,000 and 20,000 Scots. And King Edward lost no man of renown except Sir Richard of Cornwall and him, quelled a Flemish uprising from the Red Hall with a quarrel as the aforementioned Richard did from his helmet, and commanded them to yield and put them to the king's grace. The Scots and all within were burned. And King Edward lost no men. Twenty-eight Englishmen were at that voyage of simple estate. The warden of the castle raised the keys without any assault. William Douglas and Sir Simon Feisell, as well as Earl Patrick, were taken and handed over to Robert Bruce, who were with King Edward. King Edward abandoned him, and they joined the Scots. Later, they were taken and put in prison. Afterward, the king pardoned them and released them from prison. And then, King Edward besieged Berwick with Wallace and dykes. Later, Robert Rous went to Tyndale and set fire to Wye Bridge, Exham, and Lamerton. He plundered and robbed the people of the country. Afterward, he went from there to Dumfries. The first Wednesday of March, the king sent the Earl of Garenne, Sir Hugh Percy, and Sir Hugh Spencer with a fair company to besiege the castle. However, a traitor named Sir Richard Swindale, a false man, attempted to deceive the English by sending a message to them. \"he would yield the castle to them if they granted him eight days of respite, so he could inform Sir John Balliol, King of Scotland, about his men within the castle and learn if he should be recalled. Sir Andrew and Sir Richard Siward saw him arrive, the master of the council and keeper of the castle. He spoke to the Englishmen, saying, \"Oh God, now I see a fine company and well-appointed. I will hold back.\" For foolish reasons of truces, early in the morning in an evil time, you departed from Dinbar.\n\nWhen those in the castle saw the Scots presented to King Edward, he sent them to the Tower of London to be kept there.\n\nWhen King Edward had ended the war and taken the Scottish captives, Sir John Balliol came and yielded himself to King Edward and was put in his custody. The king said, \"I will not yield your lands or any of your goods, but I will have you make an oath on God's body to be faithful to me after this time.\"\" Sir John Comyn and four bishops took arms and submitted to King Edward's will, swearing on God's body. That is to say, Sir John Comyn also took responsibility for the clergy. And it was not long after that King Edward was not able to arise again. For Edward knew well that his people were taken in Gascony, as previously stated. But Sir John Balliol, King of Scotland, knew that his land would suffer shame and disgrace for their falsehood. In haste, he went over the sea to his own lands and never returned again. Therefore, the Scots chose William Wallace as their king. King Edward thought about how he might deliver his people who were taken in Gascony. In haste, he went over the sea to Flanders to wage war on the king of France. The earl of Flanders received him with mockery. England was arranged in Flanders and came with a huge power to destroy him. He prayed for a truce for two years so that English merchants might be spared. And the Scots, having safely gone and granted that Sir Charles should come with his power, and they with theirs. They were to go into England to destroy the land from Scotland until they came to Kent. The Scots trusted much in the French, but they had no real reason to do so.\n\nNevertheless, the Scots began to rob and quarrel in Northumberland and caused much harm. When this news reached King Edward, Walter Bevis had assembled such a strong power and all Scotland was attending and ready to attack Englishmen and destroy the land. He was greatly annoyed and sent immediately to Sir Henry Percy, Sir William Latimer, and Sir Hugh of Cressingham, his treasurer, that they should take control and proceed into Northumberland and Scotland to keep the lands. William Waleys and his herd were fleeing when the Englishmen pursued him and drove him to Strie. The Welshmen shouted and threatened him, and William Waleys came with a strong power and drove them back. The Englishmen had been against him, but they fled and were unable to take the bridge. However, Sir Hugh, the king's treasurer, was killed, and many others. Therefore, much sorrow ensued. King Edward had spent all his needs in Flanders and was on his way back to England when he arrived there in haste and took his way toward Scotland. But the poor people of Scotland came to him in great numbers and begged him for God's love and mercy. Therefore, the king commanded that no harm should come to those surrendering to him, nor to any man of order or any common man. He told them to come to Fotheringhay and give battle to the Scots at Saint Mary Magdalene's Abbey. And at that battle were quelled 28,000 Englishmen, but only 28 and no more of the whom was a worthy knight slain. One was a knight named Frere Brian, and as his horse ran, William Waleis turned again and there quelled the aforementioned Brian. This was much harm. And at that time, King Edward went through Scotland to inquire if he might find an answer. And in that land, he remained as long as he pleased, and there was none enemy who dared to confront him.\n\nSoon afterward, King Edward went to Southampton, for he would not abide in Scotland during the winter season out of concern for his people. And when he came to London, he had many misdeeds amended that had been committed against his peace and his law while he was in Flanders.\n\nLater, it was decreed through the Roman court that King Edward should wed Queen Margaret of France.\n\nKing Edward came with a huge power to the Castle of Estreuelyn and besieged the castle, but it little availed. He might do the Scots no harm, for the castle was strong and well kept. And King Edward saw that and thought upon a ruse. He ordered the construction of two more castles there, either for an earl or a baron, but if he preferred to yield, he would be hanged on the gallows. When those in the castle heard this, they came and surrendered to the king's grace and mercy. The king pardoned them all, and there were all the great lords of Scotland who swore to King Edward that they would come to London for every parliament and stand to his ordinance. The king then went to London and intended to have rest and peace from his war, which had lasted for twenty years. He thought how he might recover his treasure that he had spent on the war and inquired throughout the realm about all mysteries and wrongs done through misdeeds in England during the time that he had been out of his realm. Troillebaston ordered himself to be justices and in this way recovered vast treasures. His enemy, who had intended to go to the Holy Land to wage war on God's enemies, was crossed long before. Despite this, the law that he had ordained brought much good throughout England to those who were wronged. For those who transgressed were well chastised, and the poor communes were at rest and in peace. At the same time, King Edward imprisoned his own son Edward, for the bishop of Chester, Walter of Langeton, the king's treasurer, had made a complaint against him. Edward, through counsel and instigation of Pierres of Gascony, a squire from Gascony, had broken the parks of the said bishop. For this reason, King Edward exiled his son from England. And when King Edward had subdued his enemies, in Wales and Scotland, Gascoyne destroyed his traitors but captured and quartered his body, and sent the quarters to the four corners and his head set upon a spear and placed on London Bridge as an example to the Scots, so that they would remember. And at Michaelmas, the next coming, King Edward held his parliament at Westminster, and the Scots, that is, the Bishop of St. Andrews, Robert, attended, and were reconciled with the king and swore that if their peace was ever broken, they would take her and return to their country. After this, Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, sent by his lieutenant to the Earls and Barons of Scotland, commanding them to come to him at Scone the morning after the feast day, and the lords came as assigned. The same day, Sir Robert the Bruce said to the lords, \"Fair lords, you well know that in my person, I will keep Scotland against King Edward and against all manner of men.\" With that word, the Abbot of Scone rose before them all and said, It was reason for Lordlings to help him and the land, said Sir John of Comyn then thinks on the truth and the oath you made to King Edward of England. Regarding myself, I will not break my oath for any man. Therefore, he left that company at that time. Robert Bruce and all those who consented to him were very angry. They ordered another council at Donfris to which came and stayed the great lords of Scotland. When Robert Bruce knew that all the great lords of Scotland had come to Scone, he stationed himself nearby and sent specifically for Sir John Comyn to come and speak with him at the gray friars at Donfris. This was on the Thursday after Candlemasse, and Sir John granted him permission to come. And when he had heard mass, he mounted his horse and rode his way to Donfris. Robert Bruce saw him come at a window. as he was in his chamber, and though he made a joyful noise and called him about the neck, and when all the earls of Scotland were present, he asked him if he well understood the enchantment of this coming and why, if you will grant that I may be king of Scotland, all the lords who were there said with one voice that he should be crowned king of Scotland and maintain his life against all manner of men. For him, I would give my life, and if it were needed, I answered and said, \"Certainly, neither for me nor for myself, would I have as much help as the value of a butt of wine. As for that which I have given to King Edward of England, I shall hold it while my life lasts.\" With that word, he went from the company and would have mounted his palfray. But Robert the Bruce pursued him with a drawn sword and ran him through the body. Sir John Comyn fell to the earth. But when Roger, who was Sir John Comyn's brother, saw the false traitor and started to strike Sir Robert Bruce, he was armed underneath, so that the stroke did not harm him. And Robert the Bruces quelled Rogier Comyn, and all fought to cut him into small pieces. Robert the Bruces turned again to Sir John Comyn, who lay wounded and near death beside the high altar in the church at the Grey Friars. \"Traitor,\" Robert said to Sir John, \"you shall be dead and never after let my vanity prevail. I shook my sword at the high altar and struck him on the head, causing his brain to spill out on the ground. To this day, that blood is still seen there, which no water can wash away. And so died that noble knight in the holy church.\n\nWhen the traitor Robert the Bruces saw that no man would allow his coronation, he commanded all those in power to come to his coronation at St. Johns Town in Scotland. It came to pass on our lady day of Annunciation that the bishop of Glastonbury and the bishop of St. were present. Andrei crowned Robert Bruce as king in St. John's town and dispossessed them all. And when King Edward I wanted to knight him at Westminster, he ordered the noble King Edward to go to Scotland to wage war against Robert Bruce. Edward sent Sir Aymer de Valance, Earl of Pembroke, and Sir Henry Percy, Baron, with a fine company ahead of him to Scotland. They pursued the Scots, burned towns and castles. Afterward, the king himself came with earls and barons with a fine company.\n\nThe Friday before the Assumption of our Lady, King Edward met Robert Bruce in Scotland, along with his company. King Edward took him and his men captive. Sir Simon began, \"I would not let him go without Edward's command.\" So he was led to King Edward. and the king would not see him, but commanded our ladies to undress and draw him and had his head smitten off again with chains of iron on the gallows. His head was set up against Christmas in London. The body was burned, for the men who were cruelly wielding great iron hooks on the Galley were horribly torturing the body, and many who saw them died afterward became mad or seriously ill. In this battle, the bishops of Bath and Saint Andras were taken, and the king sent them to the Pope of Rome to do with them as he pleased. Sir John Earl of Athelstan fled at this battle and hid in a church for fear, but he could find no refuge there, for the church was consecrated through a general sentence, and he was taken there as well.\n\nSir John would have escaped death had it not been for this, for he claimed kinship with King Edward. King no longer endured his traitors and sent him to London in haste. There he was hanged, and his head was granted to Edward, earl of March. When the greatest masters of Scotland were thus done to evil death for their falseness, John, William Wallace's brother, was taken and done to death as Sir John, earl of Atholl was. And at that same time, Robert the Bruce was much hated among the people of Scotland. He did not know what was to be done or where to hide himself, so he went into Norway to the king who had married his sister and there found shelter to have protection.\n\nRobert Bruce could not be found in Scotland. King Edward let his cry go through the land, and his laws were enforced and his ministers served throughout the land.\n\nWhen King Edward had suppressed his enemies, he turned his eyes southward. A sickness took him at Burgh upon Sands in the march of Scotland, and he knew well that his death was near. He called to him Sir Henry, earl of Lancaster, and Sir Guy, earl of Gloucester. Sir Aymer de Valence, Baron, and his companions prayed to him that they would make Edward of Carnarvon king of England, their liege lord, as quickly as they might, and that they would not allow Pier Gaveston to return to England to establish his son in power. They granted him their agreement with goodwill. King Edward took the sacrament of the Holy Church as a good Christian should and died when he was fifty-five years old. He was buried at Westminster with great solemnity. God have mercy on his soul, Amen.\n\nAnd of this King Edward, Merlin prophesied and called him a dragon, the second of the six last kings who were to reign in England. He said that he would be mixed with mercy and strength and sternness, which would keep England from harm. He would open his mouth toward Wales, set his foot in Wyke, and close with walls. \"He should do no harm to his seed. And he spoke the truth for the good king Edward, who was mixed with mercy and wisdom, showing mercy to his enemies of Wales and later of Scotland, with wisdom when he put them to death for their falsehood and treachery, as they deserved it. And he well kept England from cold and heat since he kept it from all manner of enemies who ran upon him to do him wrong. And he well opened his mouth toward Wales and made it quake through the dread of his mouth when he threatened it with the point of his sword. For the prince, a thousand and seven hundred were taken out who were burned in the red hall. And the walls that he caused to be made shall be harmful to him, as men shall see in the life of Sir Edward of Carnarvon his son. And yet Merlin said that he should make rivers run in blood and brains, and that seemed well in his wars where he had the mastery. And yet Merlin said that there would come a people out of the northwest during the reign of the aforementioned dragon.\" A small, ill-tempered hound should capture the dragon crown king, who later fled over the sea out of fear of the dragon. This was proven by Sir John Ballol. King Edward, whom Edward made king of Scotland, falsely rose against him and afterward fled to his own lands in France and never returned to Scotland again. Great wars were waged against him, which were not ended in his time. And afterward, Merlin prophesied that this dragon would possess the best body in the world and was truthfully spoken of, for Edward was the worthiest knight in the world at that time. However, Merlin also prophesied that the dragon would die in the march of another lord, and that his lord would be long without a good keeper. Men would be wasted and plundered. This prophecy was known far and wide. King Edward died at Burg up Sandes, which is on the Scottish march, causing discomfort and sorrow among the English in Northumberland. For King Edward's son, there was no force to quell the riot of Pierce Gaveston. Therefore, lament was sung throughout all England due to the lack of a good warden from the Isle of Shepey to the Isle of Marcyll. The people mourned deeply for good King Edward's death. They believed that Edward, who was holy in his purpose to go to the Holy Land, should be granted mercy by God.\n\nAfter this, Edward's son, who was born in Carnarvon, reigned as Edward. Edward went to France and married Isabella, the daughter of France's king, on the 25th day of January at the church of Our Lady in Beaune. In the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1377, on the 20th day of February the following year, he was solemnly crowned at Westminster by the Archbishop of Winchester and the Archbishop of Canterbury. There was such great pomp that Sir John Bacwell was killed and murdered. And once King Edward was dead, Edward's son, King of England, sent for Piers of Ganaston\nto Gascony and showed him such favor that he called him his brother. And not long after, he granted him the lordship of Wallingford. Furthermore, he bestowed upon him the earldom of Cornwall against the will of all the other lords.\n\nSir Walter of Langeton, bishop of Chester, was brought into prison in the Tower of London with two knights to serve the king. The king was angry with him because Sir Walter had complained to his father about him. Therefore, he was imprisoned during the time of Troilbaston.\n\nPiers of Ganaston made such great machinations that he entered the king's treasury in Westminster Abbey and took the gold table with its trestles. He also took many other rich and valuable items and gave them to a merchant named Aymery of Friscombe.\n\nAymery was to transport them over the sea to Gascony, and so he went. Then and they never returned, for it was a great loss to this land. And when this Piers was so richly advanced, he became so proud and so stubborn. Wherefore, all the great lords of the realm held him in contempt for his great bearing. Sir Henry Lacys Earl of Nottingham, and Sir Guy Earl of Warwick, the good lords, who were charged by King Edward IV, King of England, his father, that Piers of Ganston should not come into England to bring his son Edward in to riot. And all the lords of England assembled at a certain day at the friars preachers in London and spoke of the dishonor that King Edward did to his realm and to his crown, and so they all agreed, both earls and commons, that the said Piers of Ganston should be banished from England forever. And it was done, for he swore enmity against England and went into Ireland, and there the king made him and governor of the land by his commission and did there. During that time, the Templars were exiled throughout Christendom because they were accused of acting against the faith. King Edward favored Pierres Gaveston, who had been exiled. Upon Pierres return to England, he disdained the greatest lords of the land, including Sir Robert Clare, Earl of Gloucester, Sir Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, Sir Guy Earl of Warwick, the Black Knight of Ardern, and Thomas of Lancaster, Earl of Lancaster, whom he also scorned and shamed. The lords were enraged and greatly annoyed by his actions. At the same time, the Earl of Lincoln died, and before his death, he charged his son in law, Thomas of Lancaster, Earl of Lancaster, to continue his quarrel against Pierres Gaveston. This was arranged accordingly. Through the help of the Earl of Lancaster and the Earl of Warwick, Sir Piers was beheaded at Gaugersinch beside Warwick on the 19th day of June in the year of grace 1412. The king was greatly annoyed and prayed God that this day might be vengeful for the death of the said Piers.\n\nAnd so it came to pass, as you said, the Earl of Lancaster and many other great barons were put to death and martyred for the cause of this dispute. The king was then at London and held a parliament. He ordered the laws of Sir Simon Monde, the Earls, and all the clergy of England to make another through the counsel of Robert of Winchelsea, to maintain these ordinances forever.\n\nAnd when Sir Robert Bruce, who made himself king of Scotland, had fled into Norway for fear of the good king Edward, and heard of the debate in England between the king and his lords, he organized an army and came into England into Northumberland, cleansing it. And when King Edward heard this news, he summoned his host and met the Scots at Sterling in the day of St. John the Baptist's nativity in the seventh year of his reign, and in the year of our Lord 1450. Sir Edmond Earl of Mulgrave, the king's steward, out of fear, drenched himself in a fresh river called the Bannockburn. The Scots ridiculed King Edward because he loved to travel by water and was discomfited at Bannockburn. In this region of King Edward of England, maids sang this song:\n\nMaidens of England, sad may you be,\nFor a little while you have lost your lovers at Bannockburn.\n\nWhen King Edward was discomfited, he was deeply sorry and quickly fled with his remaining people to Berwick in the same year.\n\nKing Edward had given them the church which, at one time, was theirs. Afterward, John the lad was taken to Northampton and drawn and hanged for his deceit. Before he died, he confessed to all the people that the devil had commanded him to be king of England and that he had served the devil for three years.\n\nIn midwinter on a Sunday, in the year of our Lord, he had put in charge of keeping that town with many burghers in strong irons. And after that time, two cardinals came into England as the pope had sent them to make peace between Scotland and England. As they went toward Durham to see Master Lovis of Beaumont, bishop of Durham, they were taken and robbed on Winghamsdown. Sir Guillebert of Middleton was implicated and taken, hanged, and drawn at London. His head was struck off and placed on a spear and set upon Newgate. The four quarters were sent to four cities of England.\n\nAt the same time, many misfortunes befell England. The poor people in England decided for hunger, and so many and so quickly died that one could barely bury them for a quarter of wheat, worth 15 shillings and one and a half quarters of wheat was worth 10 marks. And in the same time, a great famine arose among beasts in various parts of England during King Edward's life. And at the same time, the Scots came again into England and destroyed Northumberland, burning the land and plundered it. They captured and enslaved men, women, and children lying in cradles. They also burned churches and destroyed Christianity, taking Englishmen's goods as if they were Saracens or Paynims.\n\nThe archbishop of York summoned Robert Bruce of Scotland, demanding that he be justified and make amends for the harm they had done in England and restore the goods taken from the church. The sentence should be pronounced throughout England.\n\nWhen the Scots heard this, they would not let their malice be swayed by the pope's commandment. Wherefor, Robert Bruce, James Douglas, Thomas Randolph, Earl of Mar, and all those who communed or helped them in word or deed were cursed in every church throughout England every day at mass three times. No mass should he sing in holy church throughout all Scotland, unless the Scots made restitution for the harm they had done to the church. For this reason, many a good priest and holy man were slain throughout the realm of Scotland because Enchinson would not sing mass against the pope's commandment and against his will, and to fulfill the tyrant's will.\n\nAnd it was not long after that the king or ordered a parliament at York. Sir Hugh Spencers was soon made chamberlain, and in the meantime, while the war lasted, the king went again into Scotland. It was wonderful to know and he besieged the town of Berwick. But Scots crossed the water of Solway, which was three miles from the king's host, and privately they stole away by night and came in. England was robbed and destroyed all that they could, sparing nothing until they reached York. And when the Englishmen left at home heard this, all who could travel - monks, priests, friars, and seculars - came and met the Scots at Miton on the 12th day of October. Alas, what sorrow for the English husbands who could do nothing about the war and were drenched in an army of the sea. And when the Englishmen had crossed the water, the Scots came with their wings in the guise of peace and approached the English camp. The Englishmen fled between the host and the hostlers, and the Englishmen were almost defeated. He who could escape over the water was saved, but many were taken prisoner. Alas, for there were many men of religion and seculars, as well as priests and clerics, killed with great sorrow, the Archbishop among them. escaped / and therefore the Scots called the battle the White Battle. And when King Edward heard this news, he withdrew his siege from Beverley and returned to England. But Sir Hugh Spencer, the king's chamberlain, kept the king's chamber so that no man might speak with the king. But he had made a pact with him, and this Hugh had contempt and disdain for him, and the king himself would not be governed by any manner of man, but only by his father and by him. And if any knight of England dared to covet, the king must grant it to them. It should be falsely entitled \"of the Forest\" or \"of the Felds,\" and many a good scholar and so much land would be gained. And when the lords of England saw the great covetousness and falseness of Sir Hugh Spencer, father and son, they came to the noble Earl of Lancaster and asked him for counsel regarding the disorder that was in the realm through Sir Hugh. Hugh the Spencer and his son, on one ass, saw the great harm and destruction the English barons inflicted upon Sir Hugh's lands and his sons in every place they came. King John, through his council, exiled Sir John Monbray, Sir Roger Clifford, Sir Goscelin de Valois, and many other lords who supported them. The barons did more harm than before due to this. When the king saw that the barons would not cease their cruelty, he was afraid they would destroy him and his realm for his stubbornness. So he sent for them by letter, requesting they come to London for a parliament at a certain day as stated in his letters. They came with three battalions, well-armed at all points. Each battalion had armor of green cloth, and the right quarter of their banners was yellow with white bends. This parliament was called the parliament of the white. In the company were Sir Giffard and Sir Bartholomew of Badelesmore, the king's steward whom the king had sent to Shireborne in Elmede to the Earl of Lancaster and all those with him, for treating accord with him and the Harons. Sir Roger Damory and Sir Hugh Dandale were there, who had married the king's niece, and Sir Gilbert of Clare, Earl of Gloucester, who had been taken prisoner in Scotland as previously stated. The two lords had two parties of the Earl of Gloucester's lands, and Sir Hugh, the son, had the third part in his wife's half, along with the three sisters. The two lords went to the barons with all their power against Sir Hugh, their brother in law. With them came Sir Roger Clifford, Sir John Mombray, Sir Goscelm, Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, his nephew, Sir Henry Tresilian, Sir John Giffard, Sir Bartholomew of Badelesmore, and many others. that all these great lords came to Westminster to the king's parliament. They spoke and did so, Sir Hugh Spencer the father and Sir Hugh the son were outlawed in England. Sir Hugh the father went to Douai and mourned greatly, falling down by the sea bank and weeping bitterly, \"Fair England and good England, I commit thee to Almighty God. Three times I kiss the ground, never to return, and weep bitterly. I curse the time that ever I begat Sir Hugh. For him, I have lost all of England. In their presence, I give him my curse and go over the sea to my lands.\" But Sir Hugh the son would not leave England; instead, he and his companions robbed two dromonds near Sandwich and took them.\n\nIt wasn't long before the king summoned Sir Hugh Spencer the father and Sir Hugh the son back into England. Against the lords' will of the realm, and soon after, the king with a strong power came and besieged the Castle of Bedes. In the castle was the lady of Bedesmere, holding it in defiance of Queen Isabella, King Edward's wife. The primary reason was because Sir Bartholomew Badelesmere was against the king and held the lands of England, and notwithstanding, the king, with the help and support of men from London and also from the south, took the castle despite all who were within it. When the barons of England heard of this, Sir Roger Mortimer and other many lords took the town of Brugge worthily. The king was greatly angered by this and released Thomas of Lancaster and Umfrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, and all those who were involved in the same quarrel. The king then assembled a large host and came against the lords of England. Therefore, the Mortimers. put hem to the kynges mercy & his grace & anone they were sent to\nthe tour of london & ther kept in prison And when the barons herd\nof this thyng they comen to Pounfret ther that erle Thomas soiour\u00a6ned\n& told hym how that Mortimers both had yelde hem to the kyng\nand put hem in his grace\nWHen Thomas erle of lancastre herde this / they were wo\u0304der\nwroth / & all that were of his companie / & gretly they were\ndisco\u0304fited & ordeyned hir power to gedre & beseged the Ca\u2223stell\nof Tykhill / but tho that were withynne so manlich defended\nhem that the barons myght not gete the Castell / & when the kyng\nherd that his Castell was beseged he swore by god & by his names\nthat the siege sholde be remeued and assembled a huge power of\npeple and went thidderward to and the\nErle of Herford and the barons of hir companie herd of this\nthyng they assembled all hir power and went hem to Burton vp\nTrent and kepte the brigge that the kyng shold nat passe ouer\nBut it befell so on the x. day of March In the yere of grace M.ccc. and the king and Sir Aymer, Earl of Arundell, and his power discomfited Earl Thomas and his company. They fled to the Castle of Tuttbury, and from there they went to Pontefract. In this journey, Sir Roger Damory died in the Abbey of Tuttbury. At the same time, Earl Thomas had a traitor with him named Robert of Holland, a knight whom the Earl had raised up from nothing and had nourished in his household, and had given him a thousand marks per year. The Earl loved him so much that he could do whatever he liked both among the high and the low, and the thief betrayed him, trusting more in him than in any man alive. The Earl had ordered, through his letters, to go to the earldom of Lancaster to make men rise to help him in this journey. But the false traitor came not there, nor did any men come to warn or make ready to go. Helpe his lord, and when the traitor heard that his lord was discomfited at Burton, as a false thief, the traitor stole away and robbed in Rauenesdale his lord's men who came from the defeat. He took from them horses and harnesses and all that they had and quelled from them all that he could take. Then he came and yielded himself to the king.\n\nWhen the good Earl Thomas of Lancaster, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, and the barons who were with them took counsel between them at Friar Preachers at Pounfrete, Tho. Thomas pondered Robert Holland's traitorous actions and said in reproach, \"Alas, Holland had betrayed me. He is in the clutches of some evil deed. And by common consent, they all should proceed to Dunstanburgh Castle, which belonged to the earldom of Lancaster, and remain there until the king had pardoned them for their misdeeds. But when good Earl Thomas heard this, he answered, \"Lords, if we head north, the northern men will think we are going towards the Scots, and so we will be considered traitors due to the distance between King Edward and Robert Bruce, who made him king of Scotland. Therefore, as for myself, I will not go.\"\n\nUpon hearing this, Sir Roger Clifford rose in anger and drew his sword, swearing by God's almighty name and his holy names that if he went with them, he would kill him there. The noble and gentle Earl Thomas of Lancaster was greatly alarmed and said, \"Fair lords, I will go.\" With you wherever you lead, I went with them, they had twenty-five hundred men of arms and came to Burbrugge. And when Sir Andrew of Herkules, who was in the northcountry by the king's ordinance to keep Scotland, heard tell that Thomas of Lancaster was discomfited and his company at Burton upon Trent, he ordered him a strong power, and Sir Simon Ward also, who was then sheriff of York, to come and meet the barons at Burbrugge. And immediately they broke the bridge that was made of trees. When Sir Thomas of Lancaster sent for Sir Andrew and spoke to him in this manner: \"Sir Andrew, the king is a lad and misgoverned by much false counsel, namely Sir Hugh his son, Sir John Earl of Arundel, and through Master Robert Clerk who now is in the king's court dealing diligently with him. Therefore, I pray you that you will come with us with all the power you have ordered and help us to destroy the venom of England and the traitors who are therein.\" Sir Thomas spoke, \"We will give you the best part of our earldoms and we will make it yours, provided that it is with the will and command of the king. If not, I would be considered a traitor forever. And when the noble Earl Thomas of Lancaster saw that he could not persuade me with anything, Sir Andrew said, \"Will you not consent to destroy the poison of the realm as we do? At one word, Sir Andrew, if you do not do this by the end of this year, you will be taken and held as a traitor, and in your death, you will die a more disgraceful death than any knight of England ever did. And understand well that you will never do anything that will cause you regret. Now go and do as you please, and I will put myself at the mercy and grace of God. And so went the false traitor, Sir Andrew Harclay, in his way as a false traitor, a tyrant, and a false oath-breaker.\" Thomas of Lacastre received the arms of chivalry and through him was made a knight. There, archers drew their bows on one side and on the other, and knights also fought fiercely in the midst. Among them stood Sir Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, a renowned knight throughout Christendom, who fought against his enemies on the bridge. As the noble lord stood and fought on the bridge, a thief hid beneath it and struck him fiercely with a spear, causing his bowels to come out. Alas, the sorrow was great for the death of such a source of solace, comfort, and courtesy. And Sir Roger of Clifford, a noble knight, stood and fought valiantly and defended himself nobly as a worthy baron. But in the end, he was severely wounded in the head, and Sir William of Sullivan and Sir Roger of Bernfeld were slain in the battle. When Sir Andrew of Herkmer saw that Sir Thomas Lacastre was losing and weakening, he intervened immediately. Sir Thomas of Laucastre and his company came to him and demanded, \"Yield, traitor! Yield, Sir Thomas of Laucastre.\"\n\nBut Sir Thomas replied, \"Nay, lords. Traitors, and to you we shall never yield while our lives last.\"\n\nSir Andrew once again approached Sir Thomas' company, roaring like a wild wolf, and demanded, \"Yield, traitors! Yield to me, Sir Thomas of Laucastre. I swear to avenge Thomas of Laucastre's body.\"\n\nWith that, the noble Sir Thomas went into the chapel and knelt on his knees, turning his face toward the cross. He prayed, \"Almighty God, I yield to Thee and commit myself to Thy mercy.\"\n\nThe vile ruffians leapt about him on every side, acting like tyrants and wild turmoats. They disrobed him of his armor and clothed him in a robe of red that was from his squire's livery. Then they led him away to York by water.\n\nMuch sorrow and care could be seen among the gentle knights who had fled in every direction, and the ruffians and the turmoats. vileains eagerly recognized and granted a high yield and when they were yielded, they were robbed & bound as the vanquished. And though the gentle order of knighthood there had at that battle and though the land was without law, for holy church they had no more reverence than it had been a brothel. In that battle, the father was against the son and the uncle against his nephew, for such unkindness was never seen before in England among people of one nation. For one kindred had no more pity for the other than a hungry wolf has for a sheep and it was no wonder. For the great lords of England were not all of one nation but were mixed with other nations, that is to say, some Britons, some Saxons, some Danes, some Picts, some Frenchmen, some Norwegians, some Spaniards, some Romans, some Hanauians, and of other diverse nations, which nations did not agree with the kindred blood of England. Lords had been married to the English people than they should have been and remained among them without any envy.\nAnd at that battle, Sir Roger Clifford, Sir John Mombray, Sir William Tuchet, Sir William Fitz William, and many other worthy knights were taken. Sir Hugh Dandell was taken the next day and put in prison and would have been put to death if he had not married the king's niece, who was Gilbert of Gloucester's sister. And soon after, Sir Bartholomew of Badelesmere was taken at Stoke Park, a manor of the bishop of Lincoln who was his nephew, and many other barons and bannerets, causing great sorrow.\nNow I shall tell you about the noble Earl Thomas of Lancaster. When he was taken and brought to York, many of the citizens were glad, and upon him they cried with loud voices, \"A traitor you are welcome! Blessed be God! Now shall you have the reward that you have long deserved!\" and they cast stones at him. Many snowballs and other reproaches were thrown at him, but the Earl of Lancaster and all suffered in silence and said nothing to each other. At the same time, the king heard of this same humiliation and was very pleased and came to Pontefract in a hurry. Sir Hugh the Speaker and Sir Hugh his son, and all came with the king. The king entered the castle. Sir Andrew of Harclay, a false traitor, took with him, by the king's command, the Earl of Lancaster to Pontefract. He was imprisoned in his own castle that he had newly built, which stood against King Edward's Abbey. Sir Hugh the Speaker and his son considered how and in what manner the good Earl of Lancaster should be dealt with, without delay. It came to pass that he was led before the king's justices in a fair hall within his own castle that he had made there, where he had held many a fine feast for both the rich and the poor. These were his companions: Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent; Sir John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond. Sir Robert of Malemethorppe and Sir Robert were accused in this manner: Thomas, before the king and this court, excluded you from any answer. Thomas, the king, put it upon you that you had ridden through his land with banner displayed, defying his peace as a traitor. And with that word, the earl Thomas, with a loud voice, said, \"Nay, lords, forsooth, and by St. Thomas, I was never a traitor.\" The justice replied, \"Yet, Thomas, the king put it upon you that you had robbed his people and murdered them as a thief. Thomas, the king also put it upon you that he had defeated you and your people with his own people in his own realm. Therefore, you went and fled to the wood as an outlaw, and you were taken as an outlaw. And Thomas, as a traitor, you should have been hanged, but the king has pardoned you out of love for Queen Isabella. And Thomas also wanted you hanged, but the king has pardoned you.\" Iewes, for your sake and love of your lineage, but Thomas, because you were taken fleeing and as an outlaw, the king will have your head struck off as you have well deserved. Immediately, he is taken out of prison and brought to his judgment.\n\nThe noble knight Thomas had heard all these words with a loud voice. He cried out sorrowfully and said, \"Alas, St. Thomas, God answer me, but all availed me nothing. The cursed Gascones hid me and cried out with a loud voice, 'King Arthur, most dreadful, well known is now your open treachery. An evil death shall you die, as you have well deserved.'\n\nThey placed an old chaplet on his head, torn and rent, which was not worth a halfpenny. Afterward, they placed him on a white palfrey, unseemly and bare, with an old bridle, and with a horrible noise, they drove him out of the castle toward his death and cast upon him many balls of snow.\n\nAs the torturers led him out of the castle, Thomas \"he said these words and held his hands up towards heaven. Now the king of heaven give us mercy, for the earthly king has forsaken us. A friar went with him out of the castle until he came to the place where he ended his life. And the noble earl held the friar firmly by the clothes and said, \"Fair father, stay with us until I am dead. For my flesh quakes with fear of death. And truly, the noble earl knelt down and turned him towards the east. But a ruffian named Higone of Mostone placed his hand on the noble earl and, in defiance of him, said, \"Sir traitor, turn towards the Scots, your underlings.\" And he turned him towards the north. The noble Earl Thomas answered thus with a mild voice, \"Now, fair lords, I will do as you wish.\" And the friar went from him, weeping sorely. And traitorously, the king was.\" When King Thomas suffered, through the false counsel of the Spencers, he was betrayed and beheaded, a great pity it was, that such a noble king should be deceived and misgoverned by the false spencers, whom he maintained through his folly, against his honor and profit. Afterward, great vengeance ensued in England for the death of the said Thomas.\n\nWhen the earl of his life had passed, the prior and monks of Pontefract obtained Sir Thomas's body from the king and buried it before the high altar on the right side.\n\nHung and drawn were Sir William Cheynes, barons all, and soon after at York were drawn and hanged Sir Roger Clifford, Sir John of Mounbray, Sir Goscelm Daundley, knight, and Sir Henry Wymington, and Sir Henry Mountfort, barons. At Bristol were drawn and hanged Sir Henry Giffard and Sir William Elmbridge, barons. At London were drawn and hanged: Sir Henry Tyas, baron, was drawn and hanged at Winchelsea. Sir Thomas Colepeper, knight, at Windsor. Sir Francis at Canterbury. Sir Bartholomew of Badelesmere, and Sir Bartholomew, at Cardiff in Wales, Sir William Fleming, baron.\n\nKing Edward of England brought the flower of chivalry together. Sir Hugh the Spicer, father and Sir Hugh the son, became as mad as any lion. Whatever the Spicers desired was done, and the king loved them so much that they could do anything they wanted with him. Therefore, the king and Sir Andrew Harclay, Earl of Carlisle, conspired in harming his crown. The clerk Chancellor of England, through the counsel of the aforementioned Spicers, was a false rogue and covetous. They counseled the king to take into his own hand all the goods of the lords who had been wrongfully put to death, and also the goods that were in the holy places. The church possessed the goods that were without and let them be placed in his treasury in London. He disinherited those who owned them, \"And through his council, there was a talking that had ever been in England after William the Bastard of Normandy, who conquered England. \"Through the counsel of them, it seemed that he had not yet known but made every town in England find a man of arms on their own costs to go and were upon the Scots, his enemies. Therefore, the king went into Scotland with a hundred thousand men of arms at Whitsuntime in the year of our Lord 1422. But the Scots hid themselves in mountains and in the water, the Englishmen from day to day, so that the king could not find them in open field. Consequently, many Englishmen, who had few provisions, died of hunger on the way and in coming, and notably. tho those who were against Thomas of Lancaster and had robbed his men on his lands\n\nWhen King Edward saw that provisions failed him, he was greatly displeased, for he could not speak English and was also distressed because his mandate for England had failed. And immediately after came James Douglas and Thomas Randolph with a large host into England, into Northumberland, and the Englishmen who quelled the disturbance. When the king heard this, he was enraged, and in this defeat, Sir Andrew of Herkmer was made Earl of Carlisle because he had taken the good Earl of Lancaster. He had been ordered by the king's command in England to bring him all the Copeland and through the earldom of Lancaster, and he robbed and quelled people wherever he could. Furthermore, the false traitor had taken a great sum of gold and silver. Sir James Douglas was to be against the king of England and to help and hold with the Scots, through whose treason the king of England was discomfited at Beverleylands, or before he came here. Therefore, the king was greatly angry with him, and he inquired and spied out the truth, and at last found it true, and held him a traitor. And so it was, as the holy man had said, wherefore the king sent the prior of Cardoil to take Sir Andrew of Harclay and put him to death and bring this matter to an end. The king therefore sent his commission. Therefore, Sir Andrew was taken at Cardoil and brought to the bar in a worthy manner, arrayed as an earl, with a sword girded about him and hosed and spurred. Sir Anthony spoke in this manner: \"Sir Andrew, did the king put you on the block as much as you have been injured in your deeds? He has done you to great honor and made the earl of Cardoil and you as a traitor to your lord the king and led his people of this country that.\" should have helped him at the battle of Bewcastle and led them away by the coast of Copeland and through the earldom of Lancaster. Therefore, our lord the king was disappointed by the Scots through your treason and deceit. And if you had come in time, he would have had the upper hand and all the treason you did for the great sum of gold and silver you received from James Douglas, a Scot, the king's enemy. Our lord the king's will is that the order of knighthood by which you received all your honor and respect upon your body be brought to naught and your estate undone, so that other knights of lower degree may take warning from you. Which lord has advanced hugely in diverse countries in England, and all must take example from him truly for serving. He commanded a knave at once to seize you, and after he let break the sword over his head which the king had given him to keep and defend his land with when he made him Earl of Cardross. And after him. let him unclothe of his furred tabard, hood, furred coats, and gorget. When this was done, Sir Anthony said to him Andrew, \"Now thou art no knight but a knave, and for thy treason the king will that thou shalt be hanged, drawn, and thy head smitten off, and thy bowels taken out, and burned before thee, and thy body quartered, and thy head smitten off again, and sent to London, and there it shall stand upon London Bridge, and the four quarters shall be sent to four towns of England, that all others may beware and chastised by thee. And as Anthony said, so it was done on the last day of October in the year of grace 1422. And the sun then turned into blood as the people saw, and this lasted from morning till it was 11 of the clock of the day. And soon after, the good earl Thomas of Lancaster, who had been blind for a long time, regained his sight. He dreamed three nights in a row of sewing. / And the good earl Thomas of Lancaster, who had been blind for a long time, regained his sight in his dreams and sewed for three nights in a row. The priest led him to the same hill, and when he came to the place where he was martyred, the good man was martyred there. A drop of dry blood and small grains of sand clung to his hand, and there he struck his eyes. Immediately, through the mercy of God and St. Thomas of Lancaster, he regained his sight. When this miracle was known among men, the people came from all sides and knelt and prayed at his tomb in the priory of Pounfret, praying to the holy martyr for succor and help. God heard their prayer.\n\nAdditionally, in the town of Pounfret, there was a young child who had been drowned in a well and was dead for three days and three nights. Men carried the dead child and placed him on St. Thomas' tomb. The child arose from death to life before many people. Furthermore, many people who were out of their minds were restored to sanity through the virtue of that holy martyr. God had also given them their minds back. There, the man in Coundom in Gascony had the malady that his right side rotted and fell away from him, revealing his liver and heart, and he stank so badly that few could approach him. His friends were deeply concerned for him. But at last, as God willed, they prayed to St. Thomas of Lancaster that he would pray to the Almighty God for the prisoner. They begged him to go to Pontefract to perform his pilgrimage, and the saint appeared to the man and anointed his entire sick body. With the saint's intervention, the man awoke and was healed. His flesh was restored to its former state before it had rotted and fallen away. The man and his friends loved God and St. Thomas even more after this miracle. The healed man came to England with four companions. A person came to Pounfreete to the holy martyr and performed her pilgrimage, but the sick man who followed arrived there naked, except for his god. The good man performed miracles for this woman. Upon seeing this, Sir Hugh Spencer's son was immediately sent from Pountfrete to King Edward, who was at Grasping, to undertake the pilgrimage.\n\nAs Ribaude, the messenger, went to deliver his message to the king, he passed by the hill where the good martyr had been put to death. There, he relieved himself. Afterward, he continued toward the king. However, a strong flux struck him as he approached York, and he shed all his intestines at his foundation.\n\nUpon hearing this news, Sir Hugh Spencer was deeply disturbed and considered undoing the pilgrimage if he could by any means. He believed they would bring great shame upon Christianity if they allowed the people to perform the pilgrimage for the death of Thomas of Lancaster. at Pountfrete, and he advised the king to close the church doors of Pountfrete, in which church the holy martyr St. Thomas was entered. They did so again, revoking all franchises of the holy church, and it was four years before any pilgrim came to that holy body. And because the monks suffered men to come and honor that holy body of St. Thomas the martyr, through the counsel of Sir Hugh the Spencer, the king's son, and through the counsel also of Master Robert of Baldock, the false priest who was the king's chancellor, the king consented that they should be set to wages and allowed to make wardens over their own lands for a long time. And through the commandment of the aforementioned Sir Hugh the Spencer, fourteen Gascony men, well armed, kept guard there where the good maid St. Thomas was done to death, so that no pilgrim might come by that way.\n\nFull well they would have taken Christ's might and his power and the great loss shown for his martyr St. Thomas through all Christendom. And at the same time, King made Robert of Baldock\nthe prior clerk and falsely, through Sir Hugh Spencer's prayer,\nthe son Chancellor of England. And at the same time, Walningford Castle was held against the king by the prisoners within the castle, due to St. Thomas' quarrel between Lancaster. Therefore, the people of the country came and took the castle up on the aforementioned prisoners. Sir John of Goldington knight and Sir Edmond of the Beche prisoner, as well as a squire named Roger of Walton, were taken and sent to the king to Pontefract. And the aforementioned Roger was sent to York and there he was drawn and hanged. Immediately after, Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore emerged from the Tower of London in this manner. The aforementioned Sir Roger heard that he would be drawn and hanged at London in the morning after St. Laurence's day. And the day before, he held a fair feast in the Tower of London, and there were Sir Stephen Segrave, constable of the tower, and many great men with him. They should sop Stephen, the one mentioned, for all the officers of the tour and they came and sopped with him. When they should take their leave of him, a squire named Stephen, who was called \"the Fleming\" and was with Thomasine and we sailed over the sea and held him in custody. Wherefore the king was sore annoyed and therefore put the same Stephen out of his household. The king then went to London, and through the counsel of Sir Hugh Spencer, the father, and of his son and of Master Robert Baldock, a false priest, his chancellor, he seized all the queen's lands into his own hand and also all the lands that were Edward's, his son, and were put to her wages against all reason. And when the king of France, who was Isabella's brother, heard of this falseness, he was sore annoyed against the king of England and his false counselors, therefore he sent a letter to King Edward under his seal that he should come in to face at a certain place. day for doing his homage there and then he summoned him, otherwise he would lose all of Gascony. And so it was ordained in England through the king and his council. Oliver of Ingham was to go into Gascony and bring with him 7,000 men and more for service and wardship. It was also ordained that Queen Isabella would wait over sea and come into France, and with her went Sir Aymer.\n\nQueen Isabella had but a quarter of a year in France. She duelled with Sir Edward, her eldest son, who asked leave to go to France to speak with his mother, called the duke of Guienne.\n\nWhen King Edward of England heard tell how the king of France had given the duchy of Guienne to Sir Edward and his mother, Sir Edward and his sons were greatly afraid of the king's manace and his wrath, primarily the falsehood of the speakers, both of the father and of the son. And at his command they would not come. Therefore, King Edward was full sore annoyed and let make a cry in London that if Queen Isabella and Edward, the earl of Chester, did not come. The eldest son did not come to England so they could be held as enemies to the realm and to the crown of England. And because they wanted to come to England, both were excluded. The mother and her son. When Queen Isabella heard these tidings, she was greatly afraid due to the false reports of the Spencers. And she went with the knights who had been exiled from England for the cause of Lancaster, that is, Sir Roger of Wigmore, Sir William Trussell, Sir John of Cromwell, and many other good knights. Among them, they took counsel and planned a marriage between the Duke of Genghis, the king's son of England, and the earl's daughter of Naud. If this could be accomplished, they would trust in God and with His help, recover their heritage in England, which they had been put out of through the false reports of the Spencers. When King Edward and the Spencers heard that Queen Isabella and Sir Edward her son had allied themselves to the Earl of Beaufort and to those exiled from England on account of the enmity of Thomas of Lancaster, they were so sorry that they didn't know what to do. Sir Hugh Spencer, the son, spoke to Sir Hugh his father in this manner. \"Father, cursed be the time and the counsel that ever you consented that Queen Isabella should go to France to treat accord between the king of England and her brother, the king of France, for at that time, indeed, your wit failed. For I feared that we should be harmed unless we took the better counsel. Now, fair sires, understand how marvelous treachery and falsehood the Spencers imagined. They let in a man named Arnold of Spain, a brother of London, that he should go to the Dauphin of France, that they might procure and speak to the king of France that Queen Isabella should be recalled.\" and her son Edward were driven and exiled from France. And among other things that they were brought to their deaths in secret, but Almighty God would not allow it. When this Arnold was in the high sea, he was taken by Selandres who met him in the sea and took him and brought him to his lord, the Earl of Henault, and more. Of this taking and other things, the Earl of Henault said to Queen Isabella: \"Rejoice and be of good cheer, for you are now richer than you were before. Take these five barrels full of silver that were sent to the Douzepiers of France for your use and that of your son Edward. Hasten to go to England and take with you Sir John of Henault, my brother, and five hundred men of arms, for many of them in France in whom you had great trust have greatly disappointed you. And Almighty God grant you grace to overcome your enemies.\" Queen Isabella sent these words through arranged messengers every day for her to go back to England again, and so she did. in the company of Sir Edmond of Wodestoke, who was Earl of Kent, and was Edward's brother of England. When King Edward heard that Queen Isabella and Edward her son would come into England with Maundy, aliens and those outlawed from England for their rebellion, he was greatly alarmed at the prospect of losing his kingdom. He ordered to keep his castles in Wales as well as in England, provisioned and garrisoned. He also commanded his rivers and the sea coasts, where the five ports were taken and the sea and the Seaward, and at the feast of Decollation of St. Andrew, he furthermore ordered his sheriffs to try every hundred and wapentake of England, men-at-arms as well as foot soldiers. They should be put in tens, hundreds, and commanded all men to be on red alert to seize the land and put him out of his kingdom. The eldest son and the Earl of Kent ensured they were taken and safely kept. Anyone who could bring Sir Roger Mortimer was ordered by patent and commanded to make a fire on every high hill beside the rivers and in low countries to make beacons of timber. If the Aliens came to the land by night, men should tend the beacons to warn the country and meet their enemies, and at the same time, Sir Roger Mortimer, his uncle, died in the Tower of London. Queen Isabella and Sir Edward, her son, Duke of York, Sir Edward of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, and Sir John, the early brother of Henry, and their company did not fear the king's menace or his traitors, for they trusted in God's grace. They came to Herewich in Southfolk on the 24th day of September and in the year of grace 1456. The queen and Sir Edward sent letters to the mayor and commonalty of London, requesting them to be helpful in the quarrel and cause them to. [Isabella, by the grace of God, Queen of England, Lady of Ireland and Countess of Angoul\u00eame, Duke of Guines, Earl of Chester, of Pontefract and of Marmoutier, to the mayor and all the commonalty of the city of London, send greetings. For as much as we have before this time sent to you by our letters how we have come into this land with good array and in good manner, for the honor and profit of holy church and of our right dear lord the king and all the realm, with all our might and power, to keep and maintain as we and all the good people of the said realm are held to do. And upon that we pray you that you would be helping to us in as much as you may in this quarrel that is for the honor and profit of God and us, and we have had no letters from you in this matter yet. Wherefore we] send this to you again and pray and charge you that you bear yourself against us so that we have no cause to grieve you but that you be to us help in every way that you may or know. For we truly think that we and all those who have come with us into this realm do not intend to do anything but that which shall be for the common profit of the realm, but only to defeat our enemy Hugh Spencer, who is an enemy to the realm, as you well know. Therefore we pray you and charge you in the faith that you owe to our lord the king and to us, and upon all that you shall do concerning Hugh Spencer, our enemy, come within your power and take him hastily and safely keep him until we have ordered our will for him, and do not leave it in any manner as you desire honor and profit for us all and for the realm. Understanding well that if you do our prayer and commandment, we shall be more beholden to you, and also you shall gain worship and profit. If ye send us hastily an answer of all your will at Baldok, the 5th day of October, which day being the feast day of St. Denis, was taken upon the new cross in Chepe. And many copies of the same were taken upon windows and doors and other places in the city, so that all men passing by the way might see and read it. And at the same time, King Edward was in London in the tower at his meal, and a messenger came into the hall and said that Queen Isabella had come to land at Herewiche, and with her came Sir John of Henande and with him men-at-arms without number. And with that word, Sir Hugh, my most worthy lord and king of England, now you must make good cheer, for certainly they are all ours. The king saw this word comfortably, yet he was still pensive in his heart. And the king had not yet fully digested this, and said that Queen Isabella had arrived at Herewiche, besides Yeasby in Southfolk. Sir Hugh the Spicer spoke to the messenger. and said to the messenger, \"my fair friend, she comes with a strength of only two hundred men, Sir Soth swears for it. Sir Hugh the Spencer the father cried out with a loud voice and said, 'Alas, alas, we are all betrayed. For truly, with such little power, she would never have come to land if not for the consent of the people of this land. Therefore, after the meal, they took her counsel and went towards Wales to confront Queen Isabella and Edward her son, all intending to fight. And at the same time, King Edward was greatly afraid that the men of London would surrender to Queen Isabella and Edward her son. For this reason, he sent Master Walter Stapilton, his treasurer, to be the warden and keeper of the city of London with the mayor. He came to the Guildhall of London and asked for the keys of the city gates through the virtue and strength of his commission and wanted to have the keeping of the city. The commoners opposed him.\" Answered and said they would keep the city to the honor of King Edward and of Isabella the Queen and of the duke, the king's son, without any more. The bishop was so annoyed and swore that they all should abandon it immediately upon King Edward's coming out of Wales. And the communers of the city all took the bishop and led him to Cheape and there they struck off his head and set his head in his right hand. And after they beheaded two of his squires who were with the bishop, one of whom was called William of Walle, the bishop's nephew, and the other was called John of Paddington. They also took a burgher of London called John Marshall, who was Sir Hugh Spencers' spy, and they struck off his head as well. At that same time, the bishop had in London men commissioned to go to the church of the Friars of Carmel and there they took stones to make with the tower and much sand and mortar and old rubble. And for the bishop's spite, they did this. Had done unfittingly to the holy church, he and his two squires were buried there as if they had been hounds. They lay there for eleven weeks until Queen Isabella sent her representatives to the commune and prayed that they would allow and grant that the bishop be removed from that place and be buried at Exeter at his own church. So he was, and his two squires were buried at St. Clement's church without a temple bar. It was no wonder that the bishop died an evil death, for he was a covetous man and had no mercy, and gave evil counsel to the king.\n\nAfter King Edward had sent Master Walter Stapilton, his treasurer, to London to keep the city loyal to him, Queen Isabella, his wife, and Edward, her son, immediately joined him. He himself took with him Sir Hugh Spencer, the son, Sir John Earl of Arundel, and Master Robert Baldock, his chancellor, a false priest. They took their way toward Bristol, and there the king remained for a little while. And there he made Sir Hugh Spencer the father as constable. The keeper of the castle and the king, along with other Spencer, entered the ship and sailed towards Wales. They encountered the false pilot master Robert Baldock, who was anchored nearby and were brought back to England as Almighty God willed. The king himself was safely keeping in Kenilworth Castle and he kept Sir Henry, Saint Thomas' brother of Lancaster, and Sir Hugh Spencer. However, Sir Hugh Spencer refused to eat or drink anything, knowing he would only be spared death. The Queen and her council had ordered that he should be put to death in London, but due to his weakened state, he was almost dead. Therefore, it was ordered that his judgment be held at Herford. At a place of the tower, his hood was taken from his head and that of Robert of Baldock as well. that was a pillory clerk and the king's chancellor and men set upon her heads chaplets of sharp nettles and two squires blew in her ears with two great bugle horns on the two. Prisoners who could hear them blowing out with horns more than a mile. And one Simon of Reading, the king's marshal, before them bore arms reversed on a spear as a sign that they should be undone for evermore. And on the morrow, Sir Hugh Spencer, the son, was condemned to death and was drawn and hanged, quartered, and his four quarters were sent to four towns of England, and his head was sent to London Bridge. And this Simon, for contempt of Queen Isabella, was drawn and hanged on a stage made amidst the aforementioned Sir Hugh Galsworthy's men. And the same day, a little from thence, was Sir John of Ardull beheaded, for he was of Sir Hugh Spencer's counselors. And anon after, Sir Hugh Spencer the father was drawn, hanged, and beheaded at Bristol. And after, hanged again by the arms. with strong ropes / and the fourth day after he was hewn all to pieces\nand hounds eaten him / and because the king had given him the Earldom of Winchester, his head was led thither and put upon a spear. There he died in prison among thieves, for men showed him no more reverence than they would have done to a hound. And so did the traitors of England. Blessed be almighty God. And it was no wonder that, through her counsel, the good Earl Thomas of Lancaster was done to death. And all who held with Thomas of Lancaster were undone, and all her heirs were disinherited. And immediately after this was done, Queen Isabella and Edward her son and all the great lords of England, at one accord, sent to King Edward to the castle of Kenilworth to redress and amend the state of the realm. And King Edward answered and said, lords, I see full well to order a parliament where you will. And they took the realm. And when they had the king's patent of this thing they showed it to the lords. And it was ordained that the parliament should be at Westminster at the feast of St. Hilary. And all the great lords of England let arrange for themselves to be there at that time. And at what day that parliament was, the king would not come there for no reason, as he had previously assigned. Nevertheless, the barons sent to him at times and others. And he swore by God's soul that, as ordained by all the great lords of England, he would no longer be king but be deposed. And he said that they would crown King Edward his elder son, the Duke of York, and sent this news to the king there, who was inwardly under Sir John Earl of Garnet and Sir John of Bothun, Bishop of Ely, and Sir Henry Percy, a baron, and Sir William Trussell, a knight, to yield up their homages to him for all the land.\n\nSir Edward, Earl of March, you have treated the people of England: And have undone many great lords of England without cause, but now you are safe; thanked be God. And also because, through all the common assent of all the lords of England, I tell you these words: the Barons of England at one accord will that you be no more king of England but utterly have you put out of your realm forever. And the bishop of Ely said this to the king: \"Sir Edward, here I yield up fealty and homage for all the archbishops and bishops of England and for all the clergy.\" \"Sir John Earl of Garenne, I yield to you here my homage, for me and for all the earls of England.\" And Sir Henry Percy also gave his homage there. And Sir William Trussell said: \"I yield to you now, Sir, my homage, and also for all the knights of England and for all those who hold by serjeanty or any other thing of you.\" From this day forward. You shall not be claimed king nor hold the title of king / But from this time onward, you shall be held as a singular man among all the people / And they went thence unmanned to London where the lords of England abode. Sir Edward remained in prison in good keeping. This was the day of the Conversion of St. Paul in the 20th year of his reign.\n\nOf King Edward, Merlyn prophesied and said that there would come a Good one from Carthage, with horns of silver. Merlyn truly said in his prophecy that there would come out of his nose a drop. For in his time, there was great hunger among the poor people / And strong death among the rich who died in strange lands with much sorrow & in war in Scotland. Afterward, he lost Scotland and Gascony / And while he himself was king, there was much lechery.\n\nMerlyn also told and said that this Good One would seek the flower of life and of death. He spoke truly, for he married during his time. Merlyn further said that bridges would be made. of folk upon dikes by the sea, and this was clearly seen at Banterburn in Scotland, when he was discomfited there by the Scots. Merlin also predicted that stones would fall from castles and many towns would be made plain. And he spoke truly. For when King Edward was discomfited in Scotland and came southward, the Scots besieged their castles and caused them much harm, burning towns to the ground. And afterward Merlin foretold that an eagle would come out of Cornwall, which would have feathers of gold, and this eagle of pride would have no peer. He would despise lords of blood, and after he would die through a boar at Gauersiche. And this prophecy was well known and came to pass. For by the eagle is understood Sir Pierce Gaveston, who was Earl of Cornwall, a very proud man who despised the baronage of England. But afterward he was beheaded at Gauersiche by the Earl of Lancaster and the Earl of Warwick. And Merlin foretold that in his time it would seem that the boar. \"should burn, and that battle should be upon an army of the sea in a field arranged like a shield, many white heads should die there. And he spoke truly, for by the burning of the herald is signified great fear through cutting of sword at that battle ordained in a field arranged like a shield on an army of the sea - the Battle of Methone, for the Scots came in the manner of a shield in the form of a wing and slew upon the same men of religion, priests and seculars. Therefore the Scots called that battle in contempt of Englishmen the White Battle. And Merlin further said that the aforementioned bear should do much harm, and that should be upon the southwest and also upon his own blood, and he also said that the good and the owls should come to an arm of the sea at Barton up Trent and should turn over, and for fear the bear should flee with a swan in his company to the north through an unkind butcher.\" A swan should be slain with sorrow, and the bereaver should be slain near his own nest, which stood upon Pounfrete. Where the sun would shed its beams and many people would see him, for the great virtue he possessed. He spoke truly for the good Earl Thomas of Lancaster, who was born in the northwest and was the king's cousin and son of his uncle. By law, he made the king king there, causing the king shame and filling himself with cruelty. After he regained what he had lost and much more through people he had assembled from the northwest, making him afraid and avenging himself against his barons through the counsel of Sir Hugh Spencers, the father of Sir Hugh the younger.\n\nBut later, Sir Hugh Spencers, the father, returned from France, and he counseled the king so much that he should wage war on Thomas of Lancaster. Thus, the king, the Spencers, the Earl of Arundel, and their forces met with Thomas of Lancaster and discomfited him there. Sir Humfrey Erle of Hereford was in their company. Afterward, they fled from Thomas and Humfrey with their company at Burbrugge, along with Sir Andrew of Herkela, who was called the uncouth outlaw. Sir Simon Ward, Earl of York, also joined them. They encountered Thomas of Lancaster with a large company, and they discomfited him there. In this defeat, Earl of Hereford was cowardly slain on the bridge with a spear in the belly. Earl Thomas was taken and led to Pontefract, where he was beheaded near his own castle. However, later many men claimed miracles for him.\n\nAt that time, Merlin spoke of a land where many lands would be upon him, the bolddrinker. He spoke truthfully, for by the enchantment of his barons who had been done to death, Saint Thomas's quarrel incited Lancaster's people to wage war on the king, for his blood was turned to many nations.\n\nLater, Merlin also said that the aforementioned owls would cause much harm. to the flour of life and of death, and they should bring her to much disease, so that she should wander outside and there should abide till a time that her seed should come and seek her. And though they should abide both until a time that they should clothe them with grace, and though two owls she should seek and put them under spell.\n\nThis prophecy was well known and was truly fulfilled. For Sir Hugh Spencer, the father, and Sir Hugh the son, caused much sorrow and persecution to Queen Isabella through her procurement to her lord, the king.\n\nThey arranged among themselves that she was put on wages, that is, 20 shillings a day. Wherefore the king of France, her brother, was greatly annoyed and sent to King Edward in England by his letters, urging him to come to his parliament in Paris in France. But King Edward was sore afraid to come there, for he thought he would have been arrested until he had made amends for the trespass that Sir Hugh Spencer had committed. The father and the son had done harm to Queen Isabella, their sister. Through her intercession and the intervention of the spencers, Queen Isabella sailed to France to make peace between King Edward and the King of France, her brother. She remained in France until her eldest son, Edward, came to join her. They both fought until an alliance was made between them. The Earl of Henaude, who sought to destroy and overcome the venom and falsehood of the spencers, arranged for Sir Edward to marry Dame Philippa, the daughter of the Earl of Henaude. Therefore, Queen Isabella, Sir Edward, Sir Edmond of Woodstock, the King's brother of England, Sir John of Henaude, Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, Sir Thomas Rocelyn, Sir John of Cromwell, Sir William Trussell, and many other nobles of the alliance of the noble Earl of Lancaster, who were exiled, joined them. England, due to his quarrel, was dispossessed of his lands and was granted great power. He assembled at Herewich in Southfolk, and soon after, they pursued the Spencers until they were taken and put to cruel death, as previously mentioned, and their company as well. Moreover, Merlin prophesied that they should be afflicted with great sickness and great anguish, for they had committed great deceit against King Edward and his people. \u00b6And Merlin also said that God should be put in great distress and great anguish, for he would lead an unruly life. This was true. After the time that King Edward was taken, he was put in custody until the Spencers were put to death. \u00b6Furthermore, he refused to come to his own realm at London as he had planned and assigned himself and his baronage, and also refused to govern and rule his people and his realm as a king should. \u00b6Some of the barons of England came and yielded their homages to him on the day of the Conversion of St. Paul. & in the yere of his regne xx. and they put him oute of his realte\nfor euermore and euer he lyved his lyfe afterward in moch sorwe\nand anguysshe\nANd after this kyng Edward of Carnariuan regned sir\nEdward of wyndesore his sone the whiche was crou\u2223ned\nkyng and annoynted at westmynster thurgh con\u2223sent\nand wyll of all the grete lordes of the Reame the Sonday in\nCa\u0304delmasse eue in the yere of grace M.CCC.xxvj. that was of age\nat that tyme but xv. yere / and for encheson that his fadre was in\nward in the castell of kemlworth and eke was put doune of his ro\u00a6yalte / \nthe reame of englond was as withoute kyng fro the feste of\nseint katherine in the yere aboue said vn to the feste of Candelmasse\nand tho were all maner plAnd\ntho was commaunded to all the shereues of englond thurgh write to\nwarne the parties to defendauntz thurgh somnyng ayene \u00b6And al\u00a6so\nferthermore that all prisoners that were in the kynges \u2022\nwere attached thurgh shereues shold be lete gone quyte \u00b6The kyng After his coronation, Edward granted a charter of steadfast peace to all who asked for it. Sir John Holland and his company took leave of the king and the lords of the realm, and they returned home again. Each of them received rich gifts according to their value and estate. England was at peace and rest, and great love existed between the king and his lords. Englishmen among them said that the devil was dead. However, the treasuries of the king's father and the spencers, as well as those of the Earl of Arundell and Master Robert Baldock, the king's chancellor, were departed according to Queen Isabel's ordinance. Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore was also absent. Therefore, the king had nothing there except at her will and her delivery of her lands. And yet, at the same time, King Edward was in the castle. of Kemlworth, under the keeping of Sir Henry, who was Earl of Lancaster, brother of Lancaster, and the king granted him the earldom of Lancaster, which his father had seized and put out Thomas. And the one to whom he was accustomed to give great favor had the king's father in custody through command of the king. Edward was delivered by indenture to Sir Thomas Berkeley. Sir John Mautravers and they led him from Kemlworth Castle to Berkeley Castle and kept him safely there.\n\nAt Easter, next after his coronation, the king ordered an immense feast. Sir John, the brother of Henry Beaufort, arrived at Dover, and they waited for each other to go forth until they came to York, where the king was staying.\n\nThe Scots came to the king to make peace and an accord, but the accord between them lasted only a little time. At that time, the Englishmen were all dressed in coats and hoods painted with land, and the Scots said: scripture in spite of Englishmen\nLongbeard heretics / Painted hood witless / Gay coat graceless /\nmake England thriftless /\nAnd the Trinity day next after began the conflict in the City\nof York between the Englishmen and the henchmen /\nAnd in that debate were quelled the Erant men, numbering eighty. And after they were buried under a stone\nin St. Clement's churchyard in Fossegate /\nAnd for this reason that the henchmen came to help the king / her reeves were cried on\nAnd in the other half it was found by an Inquest of the City that the Englishmen began the debate\nAnd at that time the Scots had assembled all their power\nand come into England and quelled, robbed all they might take,\nand also burned and destroyed all the north\nthroughout until they came to the park of Stanhope in Wyredale\nand there the Scots held them in a bushment /\nBut\nwhen the king had heard through certain spies where the Scots were alone with his host besieged them within the aforementioned place. parke so that the Scots couldn't go out but only unfalteringly towards their harm, and they remained in the park for fifteen days and vitalities failed on both sides, greatly impairing their bodies. And since that brute first came into Britain, no fairer host had been seen, consisting of English men and aliens, and foot soldiers, who were ordered to fight against the Scots through Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster's urging and Sir John Hendon's, who wanted to go over the water to fight against the Scots. But Sir Roger Mortimer refused, for he had secretly made a truce with the Scots to help them return to their own country. And Mortimer also advised Thomas of Brotherton, Earl Marshal, who was Edward's uncle, that the aforementioned Thomas should not assemble against the Scots at that time. He agreed, but he didn't know about the dealings between the Scots and Mortimer. The Marshal of England summoned Earl Lancaster and Sir John of Henande, urging them not to engage in battle against the Scots to the detriment of him and his fief. The Marshal was arrayed with his battleline at the rear of Earl Lancaster, intending to fight him and his men if he had marched against the Scots in this manner. However, the Marshal was deceived and knew nothing of this treason. And it was primarily the king who was deceived.\n\nMeanwhile, Mortimer, who was supposed to keep watch over the host that night, disturbed the watch, preventing any action from being taken. In the meantime, the Scots stole away by night towards their own country as fast as they could. The king was falsely betrayed, believing that all had retreated towards their own country until they reached the king's pavilion. And award and another Douglas, for which the king and many others were extremely afraid, but blessed be almighty God, and the king was not taken. The realm of England was greatly in peril that night. The moon shone full, clear and bright. And despite the king's men, the Scots escaped harmless. In the morning, when the king learned that the Scots had escaped into their country, he was deeply sorry and wept heartily with his young eyes. Yet he did not know who had harmed him. And at that time, there were two moons in the firmament. One was clear, and the other was dark as men might see through the world. A great debate was taking place at that time against Pope John XXII and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who made him emperor against the pope's will, as he held his see at Avignon. Therefore, the emperor made his cry at Rome and ordained another pope named Nicholas, who was a minor friar, against the right of the pope. \"And now back to Sir Edward of Carnarvon, who was once king of England and was deposed from his dignity. Alas for his tribulation and sorrow that befell him through false counselors whom he lived and trusted, who were later destroyed by their falsehood. Edward of Carnarvon was in the castle of Berkeley under the keeping of Sir Morys of Berkeley and Sir John of Mautravers. To them he made his complaint, asking why they would not visit him. One of his wardens replied, \"My worthy lord, do not be displeased with me, for I will not tell you the reason, but understand that if your lady, your wife, comes with anything, \" \"you who would strangle her and quell it, and also that you would do the same to my son. Though he answered with simple cheer, \"Alas, alas, I am not in prison, and now God wot I never thought, and now I would I were dead, so God that I were, for then all my sorrow would be passed. This treachery. And when it was time to go to bed, the king went up to his bed and lay and slept soundly. And as the king lay and slept, the traitors, falsely sworn against their homage and fealty, came prinely into the king's chamber and brought with them a large table and placed it upon his body. With men they pressed down and held the four corners of the table upon his body. With this, his bowels were crushed and they killed her, leaving no sign of life.\n\nNo, after Christmas, next Sunday, Sir John of Hanau brought with him P--\nSunday in the year of grace 1427. But the Counselors were bribed.\" that were false about him who counseled him to take other wife than he wished, for great harm was done to the Realm and to the king and all men. This was decreed by the king at his coronation. And the king, for his tender age, should be governed by twelve. Great lords of the realm: the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of Winchester, and the Bishop of Hereford, the Earl of Lancaster, the Earl Marshal, and Sir John of Roos, barons.\n\nAll these were sworn truly to counsel the king. They should answer every year in Parliament for what was done during their governance. But this ordinance was soon undone. This was a great loss and harm to all England. For the king and all the lords who ruled after the king's mother, Queen Isabella, and by Sir Roger Mortimer. And all things were done among high and low, and they took unto themselves castles, towns, lands, and rents in great harm and loss to the crown and the king's state beyond measure. King Edward, at his witsend in the second year of his reign, through the counsel of his mother and Sir Roger Mortimer, ordered a truce at Northampton. Granted to be agreed upon with the Scots in this manner: all the feuds and homages that the Scots should do unto the crown of England, they were given back to the Scots for:\n\nFurthermore, an agreement was made between the Scots and King Edward, which they called Ragman, in which were contained all the homages and feudal duties. First, of the king of Scotland and all the prelates, earls, and barons of the realm of Scotland, with their seals affixed and other charters and remembrances that King Edward and his barons had of their right in the land. Also, with the black cross of Scotland, which the good King Edward had conquered. in Scotland and brought it oute of the AAnd this pees for to holde and lost the scot\u00a6tes\nwere bounde vn to the kyng in xxx. thousend pounde of siluer\nto be paid withyn in yere that is to feyn euery yere x. thousend pou\u0304d\nby evyn porcions \u00b6And ferthermore aboue all this they speke\nbitwene the parties aboue said that Dauid dritonand fals\nforswore a the noble\nkyng Edward and falsely made hym kyng of Scotland that\nwas of age of v. yere \u00b6And so thurgh this cursed counceill\nDauid spoused at Berewyke Dame Iohan of the tour that was\nkyng Edwardes suster as the geest trempeiring to all the kynges blod wher of that gentill lady\ncome Allas the tyme For wonder moche was that faire danAnd fro the tyme that Brute had conquered albion\nand nempned the l\n\u00b6And so was the the Reame of Scotland holden of the Recone of\nEnglond and of the croune by \n\u00b6For Brute conquered that land and yafe it to Albanaand be called the lande Albayne after his owne na\u2223me\nSo that the beires that comand of his beires the kynges of Britaigne by feaute and homoge and\nfrom that tyme vn to this kyng Edward the Reame of scotland\nwas bolden of the Reame of Englond by feautes and services a\u00a6boue\nsaid as the cronicbes of England and of Scotland beren wit\u00a6nesse\nmore plenarly \u00b6And \nwas ordeyned at Northampton / For ther thurgh fals counceill the\nkyng was there falsely dishericed / and yit he was withyn age\n\u00b6And yit whan kyng Edward was put a doune of his Roy\u2223alte\nof Englond / yit men put hym not oute of the feautes and ser\u00a6uices\nof the Reame of Scotland ne of the fraunchdisherited\nhym for euer more \u00b6And notheles the grete lordes of En\u2223glond\nwere ayens to conferme the pees and the trewes aboue said\nsand lord Mortimer / but reson and lawe wol\u2223de\nnot that a finall pees sholde be made bitwene hem withoute the co\u0304\u00a6mune\nassent of Englond\nWHen the forsaid Dauid had spoused Dame Iohane of the\ntour in the toune of Berewyke as before is said the Scot\u2223tes\nin despite of the Englisshmen called Dame Iohan the Countesses made peace / For the cowardly peace that was ordained, but the king's person bore the blame and the reproach for the making of the accord. This was all done through the Queen and Roger Mortimer. And it was not long after that Queen Isabella took into her own hand all the lordships of Pountfrete, almost all the lands that belonged to the crown of England. So that the king had not been able to dispose of his Eschequer. For Queen Isabella and Mortimer had a great following, who were more in the queen's court than the king's. They took the king's prizes for their pennyworths at good cheer. Therefore, those who came against them were greatly afraid and almost destroyed.\n\nThe Commons of England began to hate\nQueen Isabella, who so much loved her,\nWhen she came again.\n\nAt the same time, the false traitor Robert of Holland,\nwho betrayed his lord Sir Thomas of Lancaster,\nwas delivered out of prison,\nand was greatly favored by Queen Isabella. And also Rogier Mortimer, but it availed him little, for he was taken at Mi after he rode toward Queen Isabella to London. Sir Thomas Wither struck off his head beside the town of St. Albans. Sir Thomas dueled with Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster, but he hid himself in fear of the Queen. For she loved him greatly and prayed to the king for him that the same Thomas must be exiled from England. And the noble Earl, Sir Henry Lancaster, had often heard the common clamor of the English about the disorders in England and also for various wrongs done among the common people, of which the king bore the blame with injustice. For he was not yet full young and tender in age, and thought as a good man to do away with and quiet the king's scandal if he could in any way possible. The king was thereof nothing guilty wherefore he was in peril of life and limb. And he summoned all his retainers and went to speak to them about the king's honor and to improve his state. Sir Thomas Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, and Sir Edmond of Woodstock, the king's uncles, and men from London, made an oath to him to maintain him in this quarrel. Their reason was that the king should maintain his household and his men as a king ought, and have his rights, and that Queen Isabella should deliver from her hand into the king's hand all manner of lordships, rents, towns, and castles that belonged to the English crown, as other queens had done before her and meddle with nothing else. Also, that Sir Roger Mortimer should dwell on his own lands, for which lands he had greatly impoverished many people. So that common people were not destroyed threateningly. And also to inquire how and by whom the king was betrayed and falsely advised at Stanhope and through whose counsel the Scots went away by night from there. The king's ordinance, put in place at his coronation, was that he should be governed and ruled by the twelve greatest and wisest lords, without whom nothing should be granted and reprieves granted. This is to say that King Edward of England, at some point in time, was ordained by the commonalty in a plain parliament to be under the ward and governance of Henry Earl of Lancaster, his cousin, for the saving of his body. He was taken out of Kenilworth Castle, where he was in ward, through the color of Queen Isabella and of the Mortimer, without the consent of any parliament. They took and led him there, and none of his kin could speak or see him thereafter. Traitorously, they murdered him. Additionally, the treasure that Sir Edward of Carnarvon had left in many places in England and Wales was taken. The king's lands in Scotland were wasted and bare without the king Edward's consent, leading to his destruction and that of his people. Through whose counsel the kingdom of Scotland was granted to the king, a realm that his ancestors had long contended for and many a nobleman fought for. The records of Scotland's right were taken out of the treasury and given to the Scots, the king's enemies, to the detriment of him and his successors, causing great harm to his lieges and great reproach to all Englishmen forever. Additionally, Dame Edward was disgraced and married to David, Robert Bruce's son, who was a traitor and enemy to England. Through whose counsel she was taken into the hands of our enemies out of England. At the same time, the good Earl Henry of Lancaster and his company considered how these matters above mentioned might be amended to the king's benefit. His profit and that of his lieges: Queen Isabella, through cleverness and cunning, and the Mortimer, were made Earl of March against the will of the barons of England, in prejudice of the king and his crown. The king's brother, Sir John of Eltham, was given the title Earl of Cornwall. And further, Queen Isabella so much procured against her son, the king, that she had the wardship of the aforementioned Sir Edward and his lands. At that parliament, the Earl of Lancaster refused to attend, and ordered his men to assemble against the men of London with 5,000 men of arms. When Queen Isabella learned of this, she swore by God and by His names angrily that in evil time he had thought of such things. She then sent Queen Isabella and the Mortimer after her retinue, and after the king's retinue, so that they had arranged among themselves a large host, and they advised the king. Upon a night they rode twenty-four miles towards Bedford, where the Earl of Lancaster was with his company, and thought to have him destroyed. And that night she rode beside the king, her son, as a knight armed for fear of death. It was done for the king to understand that Earl Henry of Lancaster and his company intended to have the king and his council destroyed forever. Therefore, the king was somewhat annoyed towards him.\n\nWhen the Earl Marshal and the Earl of Kent, the king's brother, heard of this news, they rode in message between them. The king paid them afterwards.\n\nThese were the lords who held with Sir Henry of Lancaster:\nSir Henry Beaumont, Sir Fulk Fitzwarren, Sir Thomas Rokeby,\nSir William Trussell, Sir Thomas Wyther, and about a hundred knights more who were consenting to him. And all those were exiled through the counsel of Queen Isabella and of Mortimer, for Mortimer plotted to have her lands if he might. He was motivated by greed and had a strong desire, which was pitiful. He was not long after that when the king of Flanders, through the counsel of his advisors, sent to King Edward of England, requesting that he come to Paris and do homage for the duchy of Guines. And through the counsel of the lords of England, King Edward went and immediately set sail to England on a Wednesday without taking leave of the king of France, which made him very angry. Now you will hear about Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, who desired and coveted to be at a high estate. The king granted him the title of earl of the marches through all his lordship. He became so proud and haughty that he would relinquish and forsake the name that his ancestors had ever had before. For this reason, he allowed himself to be called Earl of the Marches, and none of the commoners of England dared to call him by any other name, for he was called so by the king's decree. And the Mortimer was so haughty and proud that it was wonderful to behold, and he disguised himself. For the noble King Arthur was the most renowned lord in the world in his time, and yet none equal to him came after. For all the noble knights in Christendom dedicated their deeds of arms to him and held him as their lord. This was evident, for he conquered a Roman named Floris in battle and took from him the realm of France and subdued him with his hands. He also fought with a Quelled one who had ravished Fair Eleanor, King Holofernes' niece, King of Little Britain. And afterward, he subdued in battle the Emperor of Rome, who was called Lucius, who had gathered against King Arthur to fight him with such a multitude of Romans, Phoenicians, and Saracens that no man could number them. He discomfited them all, as the story tells. And at the same time, Common Loose sprang up in England through collecting and ordaining. Sir Edward of Canariuan, who was King Edward's father, lived in Corfe Castle. The commons of almost all England were in sorrow and fear, unsure if it was true or not that Edward had been traitorously murdered by Mortimer. One day, Sir Edmond of Wodestoke, Earl of Kent, spoke to Pope John XXII at Avignon. He pleaded that Almighty God had performed many great miracles through Thomas of Lancaster's intercession for numerous men and women afflicted by various illnesses. Through his prayers, they were restored to health. Sir Edmond earnestly requested the pope grant Thomas translation. However, the pope refused, stating he should not be translated until he was better confirmed in the English clergy's obedience. When Edmond saw he could not achieve his purpose through this means, he turned to Edward. Sir Edward commanded the earl to help him with all his power to be delivered out of prison and save his body in every way possible. To bring this matter to an end, he swore an oath and his companions as well. When Sir Edmond had arrived, some friars came and said that Sir Edward, his brother, was still alive in the Castle of Corff under the keeping of Sir Thomas Gurnay. Thomas sped Edmond as fast as he could until he reached the Castle of Corff and acquainted himself with John Dauerill, Constable of the same castle, and gained his favor by giving him rich gifts for information about him.\n\nSir Edmond prayed specifically to tell him truthfully about his lord, his brother Sir Edward, whether he was alive or dead. If he was alive, he asked him once to grant him a sight.\n\nSir John Dauerill was a bold and courageous man and answered Sir Edmond briefly. Edmond said that Sir Edward, his brother, was in hell and under his keeping. Sir Edward dared not show him to any man except it was defended by King Edward, Edward's son of Carnarvon, and by command of Queen Isabella, the king's mother, and Sir Roger Mortimer. He should show his body to no other man in the world except them, upon loss of life and limb and to:\n\nSir Edmond had gone into Kent to his own lordship. He went there with all possible haste from the Castle of Corfe and came to Sir Roger Mortimer. Sir Edmond took him by surprise, having been taken and imprisoned by Sir Edmond of Wodehouse, Earl of Kent, with his own seal.\n\nWhen Sir Roger had read the letter, he opened it and saw what was written there. \"Worships and reverences with brothers, legalance and submission. Sir knight, worshipful and dear brother, if it pleases you, I pray you heartily that you be of good courage.\" I shall arrange for you to come out of prison and be delivered of your disease. Understand that my great lordship has obtained almost all the great lords of England, with all their apparatus, that is, with armor and treasure without number, to maintain and help your quarrel. Therefore, you shall be king again as before, and they have all sworn to me on a book, both prelates, earls, and barons.\n\nWhen Sir Roger Mortimer saw and understood the might and strength of the letter, his heart grew wrathful and evil toward Sir Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent. With all the haste he could muster, he went to Dame Isabella the Queen, who was the king's mother, and showed her Sir Edward's letter and his will and purpose. He had conceived and arranged to put down King Edward of Windsor, her son and his kingdom.\n\nNow, Crteqd. The queen/ has Sir Edmond acted so/ By my father's soul, she said/ if God grants me life and a short time,/ and amended the wrongs and transgressions among the people in his realm,/ and took and showed him the letter that Sir Edmond of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, had made and sealed with his own seal,/ and asked for his submission upon her benison/ as upon his deadly enemy,/ So was the Queen so angry toward Sir Edmond, Earl of Kent,/ and ceased not to pray to her son until he had sent in all haste after him,/ and upon that, the king sent by his lords after Sir Edmond of Woodstock/ that he should come and speak with him at Windsor,/ And when Sir Edmond saw that the king sent after him with his lords ensigned, he hastened himself as much as he could until he came to Windsor,/ but the Queen knew that Sir Edmond had come to Windsor,/ immediately she prayed and went quickly to King Edward her son. Someone who the good earl was arrested immediately and led before Robert of Hamond, who was coroner of the king's household, and he associated with him Sir Roger Mortimer, and the said Robert spoke and said: \"Sir Edmond Earl of Kent, you shall understand that it is done to write and primarily to our liege lord, Sir Edward, King of England, that almighty God save and keep you, that you are his deadly enemy and traitor, and also a common enemy to the realm, and that you have been about many a day for making treacherous delivery of Sir Edward, sometime King of England, your brother, who was put down from his right by common assent of all the lords of England in preserving our lord the king's estate and also of his realm. \"Tho answered the good man and said: \"Indeed, sir, I understand well that I was never traitor to my king nor to the realm, and by my king's leave, I shall prove it.\" Sir Edmond spoke as a man should: \"Though Mortimer said that I do not know, it cannot be gainsaid, and this in the presence of all who are here will be proved. Mortimer had the same letter that I had taken to Sir John Daucler in the Castle of Corfe, intending to take it to King Edward my brother, whom I did not know or suspect anything about. Sir John Daucler had been so false to deliver his letter in such a way to Mortimer, and I thought nothing of it. Mortimer showed me a letter and asked me if I knew that letter and the seal. I knew well that it was my seal, and I thought it was some letter that bore no great charge and thought nothing of it other than that. Openly, in hearing of you all, this is my seal and his seal. Now you shall hear all that is contained therein. Then Mortimer opened the letter that he had hidden away and read it aloud.\" And when he had heard the letter word for word, he said, \"Sires, you have heard all that is written here, and I acknowledge that this is my letter and my seal. I cannot deny it. And then they all cried out that I should be hanged, drawn, and beheaded in the manner of a traitor, and that I and my heirs should be disinherited forever. So I was led forth and put in prison.\n\nWhen the queen knew that I had been condemned to death both in life and limb and my heirs disinherited forever through open knowledge in a full court, she thought it good that the aforementioned Sir Edmond be quickly quelled without the king's knowledge or else the king might lightly grant him his death, which would turn us to great sorrow. And so, the queen, through the counsel of Mortimer, sent in haste to the bailiffs of Winchester that they should behead Sir Edmond. The Earl of Wodehouse of Kent, without any delay or respite, was brought before the judge at Wynchester, in pain and distress of life and limb, and was not to have any other execution for refusing to submit to the judgment. The bailiffs, under the orders of Sir Edmond, released him from prison and took him to the castle at Wynchester. There, a barber struck off his head, for no other man dared to do it. This occurred on the 10th day of October, in the third year of King Edward's reign. At that time, Sir Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, was so proud and haughty that he held no lord of the realm above him. He became so covetous that he followed Queen Isabella's court, which was King Edward's mother, and seized her revenues and carriages in the same manner that the king's officers did. He also took control of the victuals and carriages. The Mortimer was annoyed and angry against those of the king's council who said he would avenge himself, however it wasn't long after that King Edward and Dame Philip his wife, Dame Isabella the king's mother, and Sir Roger Mortimer went to Nottingham to besiege it. And it happened that Queen Isabella, through the Mortimer's counsel, took possession of the keys of Nottingham Castle's gates, so that no one could enter or leave at night except by the Mortimer's or the king's command. At that time, the Mortimer, filled with wrath, summoned a council. Queen Isabella and the Mortimer, along with the bishop of Lincoln, Sir Simon of Bereford, and other privy councilors, conspired to undo those who had accused the Mortimer before the king. The father's death of treason and felony, / When those who were in the king's council learned of the Mortimer's plot, they came to King Edward and said that Mortimer intended to destroy them because they had accused him of the king's father's death. They begged him to maintain their rights.\n\nThese were the lords who took up this cause: Sir William Montagu and Sir Humfrey De. In haste, they came to King Edward. Sir William Montagu found him where he was, seeking his friendship and your help to take the Mortimer. All things were left behind due to peril of life and limb.\n\nMontagu said, \"Grant mercy, my lord.\"\n\nMontagu then went forth and came to the Constable of the Castle and told him the king's will. The Constable answered and said that the king's will should be carried out, and he swore it and put his hand on the keys in Montagu's ward, \"Sir, do you understand that the gates of the Castle have been locked with the locks that Dame Isabel holds?\" send her hidden and be night she has the keys thereof & leave him\nunder the lowest part of the bed unwilling to the morrow, and so you may not\ncome into the Castle by the gates in any manner whatsoever / But I know\nan alley that stretches out from the ward, under the earth, into\nthe aforementioned Castle, which alley Dame Isabella the Queen\nwill lead you through, and so you shall come into the Castle\nwithout suspicion from any man who are your enemies.\nAnd the same night, Sir William Mountagu and all the lords of his quarrel\nand the same Constable also went to horse and made a show as if they were\nintending to leave the sight of the Mortimers.\nBut anon and immediately he and\nhis company took counsel among themselves to let her passage, and sent Lr\u0304ez at once to the gates so that none of the great lords should return to their own country but if they were arrested and taken.\nAnd among other things, the Constable of the aforementioned Castle privately led Sir William Mountagu and his company. by the forsaid wey vnder erthe so till they comen in to the Ca\u00a6stell\nand went vp in to the toure there that the mortimer was in\n\u00b6But sir hugh of Trumpyngton hem ascried hidously and said\nA traitours it is all for nought that ye ben comen in to this Ca\u00a6stell\nYe shull die yit an euell dethe euerychone And anone one of\nhem that was in Mountagu is companie vp with a mace & smote\nthe same hugh vpon the hede that the brayne brest oute and fell on\nthe grounde and so was he dede an euell deth \u00b6Tho toke they the\nMortimer as he armed hym at the toures dore when he herde the\nnoyse of hym for drede And when the Quene Isabell saw that the\nMortimer was take she made moche sorwe in hert and the wordes\nvn to hem said \u00b6Nowe faire sires I pray yowe that ye done none\nharme to his body a worthy knyght our welbeloued frende and\nour dere cosin Tho went they thennes and comen and brought the\nMortimer and presented hym vn to the kyng Edward and he\ncommaunded to bring hym in sauf ward But anone as they that The Mortimers, having given their consent, were told that he had been taken. They went and hid, and privately by night, each one departed from the town with heavy hearts and mourning. And in that same year, when the Mortimer was taken, he had at his retinue ninety scores knights, without squires and sergeants, and footmen. And the Mortimer was taken to London. Sir Simon of Bereford was taken with him and was taken to the Constable of the tower to keep.\n\nHowever, later, the Mortimer's life was examined at Westminster to inquire also who were assenting to Sir Edward's (the king's father's) death, and how the Scots escaped from Stanhope into Scotland without the king's will. And also how the charter of Ragman was delivered.\n\nNow you have heard, lords, how Sir John of Baliol in Tyneside, Scotland, who died without heir of his body begotten, and how this John made a truce. Homage to King Edward Henry's son, the III, for his lands of Scotland. He afterward rendered his homage through the counsel of the Scots in the year 1371. Edward knew this and immediately summoned his barons to come to Scotland and yield homage to King Edward. The king then released him from the Tower of London. All the great lords of Scotland who had been taken at Berwick were granted safe-conduct to go to Scotland. However, the Scots, through their deceit, attacked King Edward. When Sir John Balliol, King of Scotland, saw this and lived on his own lands as well as he could until the Scots were willing to amend their misdeeds and make peace, he brought with him Edward's son. For this reason, the Scots derisively called him Sir John Turncoat. Sir John refused to offend or make peace against King Edward. Sir John forsake his realm of Scotland and this Sir John duelled in France until he died there. Edward, his son, succeeded him and did homage to the king of France for the lands of Dunpier. It came about later that Edward, John Balliol's son, had with him a squire from England, born in Yorkshire, named John of Barnaby. Edward Balliol loved him much and was very close to him.\n\nJohn of Barnaby was in a dispute with a freshman in the town of Dunpicr. He quelled him and went in his way to the castle for support and help from his lord. However, the town's officers arrived to take him, and when the king of France saw that Sir Edward had received his felon, he became extremely angry with Sir Edward. The king of France immediately had him arrested. Edward remained in prison until Henry of Beaumont came to France, who at one time was Earl of Angus in Scotland. his wife was put out of the said earldom when the accord was made between England and Scotland through Queen Isabella and Sir Roger Mortimer and her company for the marriage she made between David, Robert Bruce's son, and Dame Joan at the Tower, King Edward's sister of England. She well understood that at the end he would come into his right, but if it were through Sir Edward Balliol, who was the right heir of the realm of Scotland, the king of France loved this Sir Henry greatly and was in full private with him, intending to deliver Sir Edward Balliol's body if he could in any way. He prayed the king to grant him Sir Edward Balliol's body until the next parliament so that he might live with his own rents in the meantime, and that he must stand to be judged by his peers at the parliament. The king granted him his prayer and had the aforementioned Edward delivered out of prison in the aforementioned manner. And he, Sir Henry, took him out of prison and led him to England. He made him dwell quietly at Sandhall Manor in Yorkshire with the Lady Vesey, and arranged for him a large retinue of Englishmen and aliens to regain his heritage. He gave much silver to soldiers and aliens to help him. They promised to help him in all they could, but failed him at his most critical moment. At that time, Donald, Earl of Moray, heard tell that Sir Edward had come quietly into England and come to him. He spoke to him and pledged to him that all the great lords of England should be his supporters and should recognize him as rightful heir of Scotland. They would crown him king of that land and did him homage and fealty. Therefore, Sir Henry of Beaumont came to King Edward of England and prayed to him. The king answered and said to him: \"If I allow Bailloll to pass through my land into Scotland, the people will think I am supporting his company. Now, I pray you, would you grant him leave to go, and on this condition: if it happens that God forbids him to be defeated in battle by the Scots, then I and all the lords who support Bailloll shall be forever deprived of our rents in England. And the king granted this on the condition that it concerned him and those of the same cause, who claimed to have lands or rents in the realm of Scotland.\n\nThese were the names of the lords who pursued this matter: Sir Edward Bailloll, who challenged.\" Reame of Scotland: Sir Henry Beaumont, Earl of Angus; David of Stroboly, Earl of Atholl; Sir Geoffrey ap Mumbray, Walter Comyn, and many others who were driven out of their heritage in Scotland when the peace was made between England and Scotland, as before stated. And you shall understand that these lords took with them 500 men-at-arms and 2,000 archers and foot soldiers. They went into ships at Ravenspore and sailed by sea until they came in sight of none who sent out their ships to interfere, neither that any man should go into the ship again. Though they had need but to wait at all perils and not flee, but stand and rather suffer death than flee for the sake of their true quarrel.\n\nWhen the Earl of Flanders heard that Baillol was coming to take the land of Scotland, he came in haste to Kinghorn with 10,000 Scots to disrupt him from landing.\n\nBut Sir Edward Baillol and his company discomfited him. Sir Alisaundre of Seton was quelled at which point, and many others, including the Earl of Fife, were dismayed and ashamed that so small a company had discomfited him and shamefully forced him and his entire company to flee.\n\nThe Earl of Fife was greatly distressed and ill-pleased that such a small company had defeated him. Sir Edward Bailloll then arrived and took control of the area around him, coming all the way to the Abbey of Dunfermline. There, he found over 100 large stoves of fine oak with long pikes of iron and steel. He took them and delivered them to the strongest men in his company.\n\nImmediately after, he left that place and encamped in a field two miles from St. John's town. When the burghers of the town heard that the Earl of Fife had been discomfited by Bailloll, they were greatly alarmed and terrified. They broke their bridges over the Water of Earwic to prevent Bailloll from crossing, so he encamped there all that night. He took rest and spoke to his people. Now, my lords, you know well that we are surrounded by our enemies, and if they harm us, there is no help. The power of Scotland grows daily, and we cannot do the same. We are but little people against them. Therefore, I pray you, for the love of Almighty God, make us bold and hardy. May we mightily take the Scots tonight and boldly wage war upon them. Let us pursue them tonight, and if they encounter us and see our hardiness, other Scots who meet them and see them so tired will be afraid to fight us. Instead, we shall fight them and pursue them, so that through the grace of Almighty God, all the world will speak of it. And Sir Unstead understands not that the entire company that comes with Sir Edward Balliol granted this to the council and were in agreement. ther of glad / and anone pursued vpon the Scottes that they And the Bailloll and his companie\nsore folewed hem and did hem moche sorwe / thurgh hir assaute / so\nthat they myght not for feble hem helpe and for litell peple / But\ntho said the Scottes amonges hem what is nowe befall that so li\u2223tell\na peple as the Bailloll hath in wynge done vs so moche traua\u00a6ille\nand sorwe \u00b6Now cerces it semeth vs that he wercheth by\ngrace / for he is wonder gracious in his quarell / and alle we certes\nshull bene dede or that we may come to hym vs for to yelde sith that\nhis fadre set of vs no pris \u00b6And amonge all othir thinges\nthe Bailloll and his peple passed the water of Erne / so that Sir\nRogier of Swynertone the sone was fers and angry and wente\nforth / and they saw peple of armes full well araied and forth they\nwente vn to hem and with hem foughten and quelled as many\nas wold abyde or toke \u00b6And nothelees at that assaute they\nwende it had bene the grete host of Scotland \u00b6And whan it co\u2223me to the morn they gathered them to gather and rested them a while\nBut while the Englishmen rested, the noble Baron Thomas of Westhorpe and the noble Baron of Stafford pricked up and down by the hills to keep the estates of the country. And as they pricked up and down, they saw a great host of well-armed men formed in three wings with helms and shields shining upon them. And then came two lords again to Balliol and said, \"Now for the love of almighty God, be of good comfort, for you shall have battle anon right here.\" And then spoke Sir Fouke, the son of Grenville, a baron of great renown and of deed of arms, \"Lords, I tell you that I have seen many diverse wings, both among Saracens and Jews as among the Scots. And yet I have never seen the farther part of the wing fight. And therefore, if we will stand our ground and fight against them, we are now in a position to do so. But if we are not of good heart and of good courage, we shall not be able to withstand them.\" And we will fight against them certainly, for we are few against this company. Therefore, for the love of God, let us have a good heart and be bold, thinking neither on our wives nor on our children, but only to conquer them in battle. And through the help of our Lord God, we shall overcome our enemies. And with that, the host of the Scots approaches them in full security, and against Sir Edward Balliol in three battles well prepared in armor. And wonderfully they come toward the Balliols' men. But when Sir Donald Earl of Maraille saw this, he said to Robert Bruce, the son of Robert Bruce, these words: \"Sir Robert, it greatly grieves me at my heart that the people that Balliol brought with him should wield Scottish swords, since they are Christian men as well as we are. And therefore, I think it would be great charity to send some to them to yield them to our mercy and grace.\" Sir Robert Bruce accused me of being an enemy and a traitor to Scotland, as I have consented to save our deadly enemies who have caused us much sorrow and shame. Sir Donald falsely lies, I am not of her company or her consent. I will fight with them rather than any of this company. Sir Robert said, \"I shall mangle you and hastily lead you to the Englishmen. Thousands fell to the ground, both horse and man. The bailiff and his men strongly opposed them and quickly quelled the Scots to the ground. They were sorely wounded and did not know what to do, and the remaining Scots were powerless. Fled away to save themselves in the best manner they could,\n\u00b6And though pursued them Sir Edward Balliol and his men, quelling them till it was night. And from thence they went to Saint John's town and took it, holding themselves there and victualling themselves at their will, for they found there what they needed to make them merry.\n\u00b6The Balliol's men whom he had wounded in battle were sent\nto ship to go to England to heal their wounds.\n\u00b6In the meantime, there was a Flemish pirate in the sea, a strong thief and robber, called Crabbe. And this Flemish pirate was driven out of Flanders for his wickedness and came to Scotland to join forces with the Scots and do as much harm to Englishmen as he could.\n\u00b6And this Crabbe met in the sea the Balliol's men who were wounded in battle and were sent again to England to heal their wounds. And this Crabbe gave them a great assault and tried to hold each one, but the Englishmen defended themselves well and manfully and defeated him. Crabbe and his company, having fled, sought refuge in Scotland. As he approached St. John's town, he encountered a large company of Scots who had returned to pursue the defeat of Gaskemore. These Scots, who had besieged Balliol and his men in St. John's town, were informed by Crabbe about the English defeat at Gaskemore. The wounded Englishmen, who were heading to England to heal their wounds, were encountered by the Scots. Crabbe urged the Scots not to grant mercy to Balliol, who had defeated and humiliated the Scottish chivalry with a small force. Therefore, he advised the Scots to detain Mngand and abandon the siege. That night, Crabbe helped himself in the best way he could.\n\nWhen this news reached Scotland, the lords and knights, who had been defeated at Gaskemore by Sir Edward Balliol, sought revenge against him. And they did homage and fealty for their lands and yielded them to him. He received them freely, and then went to the Abbey of Scone and there was crowned king of Scotland. Afterward, he proclaimed peace throughout the land. At the same time, it happened that King Edward held his parliament among his lieges at the new castle up the Tyne to amend the trespasses and wrongs he had done in his land. Sir Edward Balliol, king of Scotland, came to him there and did fealty and homage for the realm of Scotland. In this manner, King Edward of England and the Balliols, heir to Scotland, came to terms. Balliol took leave of King Edward of England and went then to his own land of Scotland, setting aside those who had counseled and helped him in his quarrel, for they had left him. And lived by his lands and rents in Scotland. And it didn't take long after that for the king of Scotland to return and come to the town of Anande. There, he took his dwelling, and a company of knights, strong men and worthy ones, came to him and yielded themselves to the king. He trusted them greatly, and as soon as the traitors saw that he trusted them so much, they organized among themselves fifty in a company and intended to seize the king. But through the grace of the almighty God, he broke through a wall in his chamber and escaped their treachery. All his men were quelled, and he escaped with much fear to the town of Cardoill, where he was severely held. This happened during our Lady's conception. King Edward Balliol sent King Edward of England news of how falsely and traitorously he had been put to shame and sorrow through his liegemen, upon whom he had trusted greatly and prayed for love. The king of England pitied him and promised him help and support, sending word that he should remain peacefully in the aforementioned city of Cardoille until he had gathered his power. King Edward of England convened a council and gathered his men in various English ships. When he was ready, he set sail for the town of Bandon. There, he was met by King Balliol of Scotland with his army and besieged the town. Edward built a fair camp outside the town and surrounded it with a ditch, feeling no fear of the Scots. He made numerous assaults on the town with guns and other engines, destroying many fine houses and churches. Despite this, the Scots managed to keep the town, preventing the two kings from staying there for long. They remained there until the people within the town ran out of provisions. And they were so fearful of waking that they didn't know what to do. And you shall understand that the Scots in the town of Berewyke, through common council and her consent, allowed cries to be raised on the walls of the town that they might have peace from the Englishmen. They praised the king for his grace and mercy and prayed him for true truce for eight days on this covenant. If they were not rescued on that side of the town towards Scotland from the Scots within eight days, they would yield themselves and the town also to the king. And to uphold this covenant, they offered the king twelve hostages from the town of Berewyke. When the hostages were delivered to the king, those of the town immediately sent one to the Scots and told them of their sorrow and distress. The Scots came privately over the water of Tweed to the abbey. Sir William Dykes, who was then steward of Scotland, and many others came with him, putting them in great peril at that time. of her life for his hand\nThe stones away and many of her company were there drenched, but the aforementioned William went over and other of his company came by the English ships and embarked on a barge from Hull with fifteen men. After they went into the town of Berwick by the water side, the Scots held the town, rescued it, and asked for her. The king of Scotland was there.\n\nAnd immediately, King Edward commanded them to hold their ground. When King Edward saw the Scots break their covenant that they had made, he was very angry and immediately ordered the capture of Sir Thomas Fitz William and Sir Alexander of Seton, warden of Berwick. Thomas was a person from Dunbar.\n\nAnd he commanded every day two hostages from the town until they were all handed over to him, but if they yielded the town, he would teach them to break their covenants.\n\nAnd when those in the town heard these things, they were filled with wonder. The men requested and petitioned the king of England for an additional seven days. Between two hundred men of arms and twenty men of arms, they needed time to strengthen their forces and reach the town of Berwick to provision it, as it was to be held for rescue. If the two hundred men had been rescued before this and the contract was to be upheld, they sent to him another sixteen men from the town as hostages. The king of England granted their request and took the hostages at St. Margaret's Eve. In the year of grace 1438, the Scots came fiercely in four columns, well-prepared for battle, to meet King Edward of England and King Edward of Scotland. With their power, they came quickly and sharply against us, regardless of the time. At the same time, the flood at Berewyke in the Tweed prevented any man from crossing on foot, and the Scots remained on the other side. The Englishmen should have been driven back or slain:\nThe Earl of Morrison / James Frisell / Symond Frisell / Walter Stewart / Reynold Cheyne / Patrick of Graham /\nIn the third part of the battle of Scotland were these lords:\nThe Earl of Mar / The Earl of Rothes / The Earl of Strathern and 15,000 commons\nIn the fourth ward of the battle of Scotland were these lords:\nArchibald Douglas / The Earl of Lennox / Adam Umfreville / Patrick Pollesworth / David Wymes / Michell / Scott / William Landy / Thomas (100 men of arms) / and 4,000 commons /\nThe Earl of Dunbar, keeper of Berwick Castle, helped the Scots with 100 men of arms.\nAnd Sir Alexander Seton, keeper of the said town of Berwick,\nwith a hundred men of arms and the town's commissioners with 800 men of arms and 700 footmen.\nThe sum of the earls and lords above amounts to 651. The sum of new bachelors is over 400 and 40.\nThe sum of men of arms. The sum of the communers amounted to M.M.M.C. And these 120 great lords summoned all the other great lords above mentioned in four battles, as it is told before. All on foot. And King Edward of England and King Edward of Scotland had well equipped their people for four battles to fight against their enemies on foot. And the English minstrels blew their trumpets and their pipes and hideously cried out against the Scots. And every English battle had two wings of pikemen, who at that battle shot arrows. And they (the Scots) fled from the Englishmen to save their lives. And when they and the Scots fell to the ground, they piked their masters' horses with the spurs to keep them from harm and set their masters on them. And when the Englishmen saw that they leapt on their horses and pursued the Scots, all who fled were quelled down right there. There I might see the doughtiness of noble King Edward and his men, how manly they pursued the Scots who were fleeing in fear. see many a Scottsman fall to the ground dead and their bodies dismembered and many a good habitaton of steel in their blood that day. And many a time the Scots were gathered into companies but they were always discomfited. And it happened as God Almighty willed that the Scots had that day no more foyson (foes) than twenty sheep should have against five wolves and so the Scots were discomfited. Yet the Scots had five men against one Englishman. And that battle was fought on Holydown Hill beside the town of Berwick. At that battle were slain of the Scots thirty-five thousand two hundred and seven and twelve of Englishmen, but only fourteen and these were footmen. And this victory fell to the English on St. Margaret's challenging of any man. And so after this gracious victory, the king turned him again unto the same siege of Berwick. And when they besieged, saw, and heard how King Edward had fared, then the king ordered Sir Edward Balliol with other noble and worthy men. men were to be keepers and governors of Scotland in his absence, and he himself turned again and came into England after this victory, with much honor and worship. In the next year, that is, the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1444 and of King Edward VII, he went again into Scotland during the winter time. At this voyage, the castle of Kilbrige in Scotland was in his possession and at his own will against the Scots. In that same year, Sir Edward Balliol, king of Scotland, held his parliament in Scotland with many noblemen from England who were there for the defense of their lives and lordships that they had in the kingdom of Scotland, and they all held allegiance to Balliol. In the eighth year of his reign, around the feast of St. John the Baptist, Sir Edward Balliol, the true and rightful king of Scotland according to heritage and lineage, made his homage and fealty to King Edward of England for the kingdom of Scotland at the new castle. In the presence of many worthy lords and communes of both realms of England and Scotland, and afterwards in the same year, King Edward of England received the duke of Brittany's homage for the Earldom and lordship of Richmond. In the ninth year of his reign, after Michaelmas, King Edward rode into Scotland, and he stayed there almost all winter time at St. John's Town. He held his Christmas at Rokesburgh Castle. In the same year, throughout all England, around St. Clement's tide in winter, there arose such a spate and welling up of waters and floods, both of the sea and also of fresh rivers and springs, that the sea banks, walls, and costs broke up, damaging men, beasts, and houses in many places, especially in low-lying areas, violently and suddenly. Fruits of the earth were driven away and turned into more saltness and bitterness due to the continuance and abundance of waters from the sea. King Edward entered the Scottish sea in the xth year of his reign and gave battle to the Scots, overcoming many of them. After Midsummer, the Earl of Mar appeared next. In the months of June and July, there was a need for money. A quarter of wheat at London was sold for two shillings, and a good fat ox at a noble, five good doves for a penny. In this year, Sir John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, died and lies at Westminster.\n\nIn the year of our Lord 1437 and of King Edward XII, in the month of March, during the Parliament, let it be called the duchy of Cornwall. This duchy he granted to the Earl of Southfolk. And William of Clyton, Earl of Huntingdon.\n\nAnd in that same year, it was ordained in the same Parliament that no man should wear any cloth that was wrought outside of England as cloth of gold, silk, velvet, or damask satin. King Edward in the 13th year of his reign went over sea to Brabant with Queen Philip his wife, where they stayed for over a year to negotiate with the Duke of Brabant and others allied to him concerning the challenging of the kingdom of France to King Edward of England by right and by heritage after the death of Charles the Great King of France. Brother Germain of Queen Isabella, King Edward's mother, had unrightfully occupied the Duchy of Valois. The Duke and all his men and goods, as well as others involved in these matters, found Edward ready and made him secure by good faith and trust. After that, the king hurried him back to England and left Queen Philip behind. In the 24th year of his reign, those who were summoned and assembled to his parliament were called to the same parliament hall in London after the feast of St. Hilary. The king's needs were put forth and promoted regarding the kingdom of France. For these needs to be addressed, the king asked for the fifth part of all the men, the wools and the ninth sheaf of every corn, and the lords of every town where such things should be taxed and gathered to answer him and hold it at his own discretion. If I were to tell the truth, the people's inner love was turned into hatred, and the common prayers into cursing, due to the aforementioned and many other acts of disrespect done to the Queen. King Edward, upon hearing this news, was greatly moved and angered, and sent messages to his friends, encouraging them and assuring them that he would be there himself in all haste. He quickly obtained all that he needed and set sail over the sea again. The queen and all his friends were greatly pleased, while his enemies held great sorrow. At the same time, the king, through the counsel of his true lieges and the council of his lords present, took the name of France and quartered it with the arms of England. He commanded the making of a coin with the description and writing of the name of England and France. It was called the \"florin,\" valued at 6 shillings and 8 pence of sterling, and the half noble was worth 3 shillings and 4 pence. In the next year, that is, the 15th year of his reign, he commanded and had written in his charters: written and other letters during the reign of France. First, and while he was thus acting and traveling in France through his council, he wrote to all the prelates, dukes, earls, and barons, and also to diverse common people, various letters and messages bearing the following contents:\n\nAnd immediately afterwards, he set sail again for France. He sailed manfully and stylishly against Philip of Valois, who for a long time had gathered to him a huge and boisterous multitude of diverse nations in the harbor of the Seine. There they fought to prevent the king of France and his hosts from midday until the third hour in the morning. In this battle, thirty thousand men of the king's company of France were slain, and many ships and cogs were taken. And through God's help, he gained the victory there.\n\nAnd in the same year, about St. James's tide outside the gate, and the Frenchmen at: which battalions were slain and taken from the Frenchmen: 15 barons, 80 knights, and 200 ships and barges were taken, numbering around CC and XXX. In the same year, the king, making and remaining on the siege of Thunery, the Earl of Henande, with English archers, made an assault on the town of Saint Amand, where they killed 1,000 knights and many others, and destroyed the town. In the 15th year of his reign, following a winter engagement, the same king continued the siege and frequently sent to England for his treasurer and other pursuers of funds that should be sent to him there in his need. However, his procurators and messengers shamefully and slowly served him, causing him to take an oath against the king of France. And the king, full of sorrow and shame, withdrew from the siege and returned to Britain. There was great strife for provisions, resulting in the loss of many of his people. And when he had done... there, he came, for he was dressed oversea and sailed towards England, warding off the most storms, tempestues, and lightning in the high sea, which were said to be caused and raised through evil spirits by sorcery and necromancy of the French. Wherefore the king's heart was full of sorrow and anguish, and he said to Our Lady in this way: \"O blessed lady Saint Marie, what is the cause that evermore going into France, all things and weather have fallen to me, unjoyful and unwilling, and in England ward, all things have become unprofitable and harmful. Come by night to the Tower of London.\n\nAnd the same year, the king held his Christmasse at Maries and sent word to the Scots by his messengers that he was ready and would fight with them. But the Scots would not abide that but fled over the Scottish sea and hid themselves as well as they could.\n\nIn the 15th year of his reign. King Edward, during the feast of St. Paul's conversion, having been in Scotland and seeing that the Scots had fled, returned to England. A little before this, a tournament took place at Dunstable. All the young knights and gentlemen of England, as well as many earls and lords, attended this tournament. King Edward himself was present. The following year, at his parliament held at Westminster on the Ash Wednesday of the 16th year of his reign, King Edward the Third made his eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales. In the 19th year of his reign, immediately after in January, by fore-Lent, the same King Edward ordered the making of grand justices and great feasts in the place of his birth at Windsor. There had never been such things seen there before. At this feast and tournament, Edward also held a great supper. He arranged and established the round table and the day of the aforementioned round table. In this time, Englishmen were so enamored and ensnared by the madness and folly of the strangers that, from the year following the coming of the Hanseats, they annually changed and disguised their clothing. Long, large, and wide clothes, destitute and deserted, were replaced with short clothes and narrow ones, which were slit and patched on every side with sleeves and tapestries of surcoats and hoods that were over long and over hanging. Women, moreover, were even more extravagant in their attire and more curiously dressed, for they were so tightly clothed that they let fox tails sewn beneath their clothes to conceal and hide their backsides. Edward went over into Britain and Gascony, accompanied by the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Huntingdon, and the Earl of Arundel, as well as many other lords. People in a great multitude with a great navy of over 200 ships,\nimmediately after Midsummer, to avenge him of many wrongs and harms\ndone by Philip of Valois, king of France, beforehand granted truces,\nwhich truces he falsely and unfaithfully lost and disputed. In the 20th year of his reign, King Edward, through the counsel of all the great lords of the Kingdom of England, called and gathered to assemble in his parliament at Westminster, and ordered him to pass over the sea again to disperse and destroy.\n\nAnd when he had remained there for seven days due to the treacherous sea and to provide all his men with all their necessities out of their ships, he set sail towards Cadomuan lands, wasting and destroying all the towns he found in his path. And on the 25th day of July at the bridge of Cadoc, he was met by Normans and had a fierce battle which lasted a long time. A great multitude of people were slain there. And there were taken prisoners The Earl of [Name missing]. The lord of Tankerville and other knights and men of arms and 6,000 footmen, the town and its suburbs, were robbed and plundered, bringing all that could be carried out to the bare walls. Afterward, the king passing by the countryside within twenty miles wasted all manner of things he found. Philip of Valois perceived all this, though he was nearby with a strong host. He would not come any closer but broke all the bridges across the Seine from Ron to Paris. He himself fled to the same city of Paris with all the haste he could muster. For truly, the noble King Edward, upon arriving at Paris bridge and finding it broken within two days, had it made anew. In the morning after the Assumption of our Lady, King Edward crossed the Seine, going toward Crecy, destroying towns with their inhabitants along the way. In the feast of St. Bartholomew, he crossed the Somme with his entire host, undamaged as never before. The hand of any man obstructed the way where two thousand men were slain of those who let their passage over it. Therefore, on the 25th day of August, King Edward, in a field fast by Crecy, encountered Philip of Valois with him, who had four thousand Englishmen. When these two hosts met, King John of Bohemia, the Duke of Lorraine, the Earls of Flanders (Dalassen, Bloys, Harcourt, Aumale, and Nevers), and many other earls, barons, knights, and men-at-arms, numbering about 25,000, joined him. And for all this, the unglorious Philip withdrew from him with the remainder of his people. It was said among his own people that he saved his life, not for fear of his enemies, but rested there. Early in the morning after the Frenchmen, with a huge passing host, came again to give battle and fight with Northfolk and his company. The remainder of the same host also joined them. The king went to Calais three days after the battle, destroying all the countryside as he rode. He began besieging the town with the castle on the third day of September and continued the siege until the third day of August the following year. During the siege of Calais in that same year, the king of Scotland came with a large army, trusting to find the land destitute and void of people since the king of England was beyond the sea, save for priests and men of the church, women, children, and laborers. A day for battle was assigned between them and certain lords and men of the church of that region at the city of Duresme. On that day, through the grace and help of Almighty God, the Scots went out and there were three times as many of them as of Englishmen. And ther was slayne all the Chiualrie and knyghthoode of\nthe Royame of Scotland \u00b6And there were take as they\nwolde haue fledde theris Dauid the kyng of Scotland hym selfe\nThe Erle of Mentife Sir william douglas and many othir grete\nmen \u00b6And after that our Englisshmen whan they had rested\nhem a fewe daies and had ordeyned ther kepers of the Northcontre\nthey comen vn to london / and broghten with hem dauid kyng of\nScotland and alle these othir lordes that were taken prisoners vn\nto the tour of london with alle the haste that they myght / And\nther they lefte hem in sauf kepyng vn to the kynges comyng and\nwenten home ayene in to hir owne contre And afterward was\nthe kynges raunsone of Scotland taxed vn to an C.M. marc of\nsiluer to be paied in x. yere that is for to seyne euery yere x M. marc\nIN the xxij. yere of kyng Edwardes regne he went ouer y\u2022\nsee in the wynter tyme & lay all the wynter at the sege of\nCaleys the which yere the while the siege lasted Philipp The king of France cast and plotted treacherously with fraud to remove the siege and come on the 25th day of Tarieng. Long in consideration, he accepted gladly the day and hour of battle, as Philip had assigned. And when the king of France heard that the besieged, seeing all this, had no other help nor support from the king of France or his men, and also that their supplies within were spent and wasted, and due to lack of provisions and refreshments, they ate horses, hounds, cats, and mice to keep themselves alive as long as they could; and when they discovered among them that they had nothing to eat or live by nor any help or rescue from the French on the other side, they knew well that they most needed to die for lack or else yield the town and immediately they took down the banners and arms of France on every side that were hung out and went on the walls of the town at various places, as naked as they were born. saue only her shirts and her breeches and held them swords naked,\npointing downwards in their hands, and put ropes and halters about their necks,\nyielding up the keys of the town and of the Castle to King Edward of England,\nwith great fear and dread in their hearts. And when King Edward saw\nthis, as a merciful king and lord, he received them to grace and pardoned a few of the greatest persons of state and governance of the town. He sent them to England to abide their ransom and the king's grace.\n\nAnd all the commune of the town, the king let go wherever they would in peace,\nwithout any harm, and let them have with them all her things that they might have and carry away, keeping the town and the Castle for himself.\n\nThrough mediation of Cardinals sent from the Pope, Truce was made between France and England for nine months. Next, about Michaelmas, King Edward came again into England with a glorious victory. In the 24th year of his reign, a pestilence and death arose among Saracens and Paynims, so great that never before had such death been heard of, leaving not one in ten people alive. In the same year, around the southern and western countries, there fell such heavy rains and great waters that not a single day from Christmas to Midsummer passed without rain, through which the pestilence was spread and abundant in all lands, especially near the court of Rome and other places. People left behind were forced to bury those who had died, digging great ditches and pits that were broad and deep. In these, they buried the dead and covered them with a layer of earth and another above them. Thus, they were buried, and none were buried in any other way. But if fewer great men of estate had been buried honorably, it was known and understood in the 24th year of King Edward's reign about a treason that was plotted at Calais and arranged to sell that town for a great sum of florins to King Philip of France through the folly and ordinance of a knight named Sir Geoffrey of France.\n\nWhen King Edward heard this, he took with him the nobles and gentle lords, and many other worthy and armed men who were present with him for the solemnity of that high feast.\n\nAnd that same year, King Edward held his Christmas at Harvington.\n\nAnd the morning after New Year's Day, the king was in the Castle of Calais with his men of arms, so that none of the aliens knew of it. And that false conspirator and traitor Geoffrey of Charney could not act openly. The private and steadfastly he entered the castle with a great host, and when he and his men had come in, he paid the aforementioned sum of florins to a Genewy, the keeper of the castle, in accordance with their agreement. And then, thinking they were secure now, they spoke openly of all their wickedness and deceit.\n\nNow you will hear how they were deceived. They came in by a private postern over a little bridge of tree, and when they had entered quietly and privately, the bridge was drawn up and kept so that none of those coming in could go out or any more come in to them. Our Englishmen then went out at private holes and windows and over the walls of the town and castle and fought manfully against the Frenchmen who were outside and had the better of them. When they were not occupied by them on their side, the king within the town, having scarcely thirty men of arms with him, drew his sword and with a loud voice cried out, \"Saint Edward, Saint George!\"\n\nAnd when people heard that they came running to him, and many fled away. By the grace of God Almighty, the victory filled the Englishmen. Then the king took with him Giefrey, who had discovered this treachery, and also many other French prisoners. Within a short time after, they returned again to England.\n\nIn this same year and the year before and also the year after, there was such great pestilence among men from the east to the west, and especially through the channels. Those who fell ill on this day died on the third day, to which men who died in this pestilence had but little respite of lying.\n\nThe pope Clement, out of his goodness and grace, granted them full remission and forgiveness of all their sins. They were shriven of this pestilence in London from Michaelmas. In the year following Masses, for almost a whole year, there were deaths without sorrowful weddings, unwilling penance, and death without scarcity and flying, as many fled from place to place due to the pestilence. But they were infected and could not escape death after that. The prophet Isaiah says, \"Whoever flees from the face of fear will fall into a pit, and he who extracts him from the pit will be held and bound with a green rope.\" When this pestilence ceased, as God willed, the surviving population was only ten parts of what it had been before. In the same year, a wondrous thing began: all those born after the pestilence had two checks in their head, fewer than they had before. In the twenty-fifth year of his reign, around St. John's day, in Herst, near Winchelsea, King Edward had a great battle with the men of Spain. Their ships and navy were chained there. when the Spanish vessels and navy were closed all about, men could see a strong battle on both sides and in the land, which battle there were few who fought in who didn't fight spontaneously and hurt and foul. And after the battle, there were 21 ships of hers taken. And so the Englishmen had the better, and in the next year following his reign, that is to say the 25th year, the king, through his counsel, let order and make his new money, that is to say the penny, the great value of which was 4 pence, and the half great value of which was 2 pence, but it was of lesser weight than the old sterling was by 5 shillings in the pound. And in the 27th year of his reign was the great dearth of victuals, which was called the dear summer. And in the 38th year of his reign, in the parliament held at Westminster after Easter, Sir Henry Earl of Lancaster was made Duke of Lancaster, and in this same year was so great a drought that from the month of March until the month of July there was no fill. In the year Reign on earth, most fruits, seeds, and herbs were lost due to a lack. This resulted in large beasts and scarcity of vital supplies in England, which had once been abundant and refreshing from other outlying islands and trees. In the 29th year of King Edward, it was agreed and sworn between King Francis of France and King Edward of England that he should have back all his lands and lordships that belonged to the duchy of Guienne in olden times. These had been wrongfully occupied by various kings of France beforehand. The king of England should hold and keep these, as well as release all his right and claim to the kingdom of France and the title taken from them. After this speech and agreements, it was sent to the Roman court. on both sides of the kings, who were to be enbulled according to the said covenants, but God ordered better for the king's worship of England. For what, through fraud and deceit of the Frenchmen, and what England, with all its freedoms, ordained in England in various places, is meant to say, specifically at Westminster, at Canterbury Church. And this thing that was to be done thus, the king himself swore to it, along with Prince Edward his son and other great witnesses. In the 25th year of his reign, immediately after Whitsunday, in Parliament, it was ordained and certified to the king that Philip, who held the kingdom of France, was dead, and that John, his son, had been crowned king. And this John had given his son Charles the Duchy of Guyenne. King Edward, when he learned of this, had great indignation against him and was wonderfully angry, before all the worthy lords who were assembled at that time. King Edward called his son Edward to him, to whom the duchy of Guyenne rightfully belonged. He bequeathed it to him there, urging and strengthening him to defend it and avenge his savings and maintain his right. Later, King Edward and his eldest son Edward went to various places and saints in England on pilgrimage to obtain more help and grace from God and the saints. When all was ready for this journey and battle, and his retinue and power assembled, his navy also prepared, he took with him the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Salisbury, and a large number of men-at-arms, as well as many archers. In the name of the Virgin Mary, he took her ships at Plymouth and began to sail. And when he arrived and was received in Guyenne, he was received there with great respect by the most noble men and lords of that country. King Edward then took his two sons with him, that is, Sir Leonell, Earl of Dorset. of Vallon and Sir John his brother, Earl of Richmond, and Sir Henry, Duke of Lancaster, with many earls, lords, and men-at-arms, and 2,000 longbowmen, sailed towards France and rested a while at Calais. The king went with his forces mentioned and other soldiers from beyond the sea who were part of the king's command. The second day of November, and he encamped there, facing the king. King Louis wished to stay, but the Englishmen had no supplies left. When King Edward learned that he had fled, he pursued him with all his forces to Hedon. Finding the country lacking in provisions and the cowardice of King Louis, he turned away, wasting the entire region.\n\nMeanwhile, the Scots secretly and by night took the town of Berwick, killing those who resisted and no one else but God bless the English castle in England.\n\nWroth as he might be, at Westminster, Perle the Chamberlain was granted. To the king in every matter concerning wool, a shilling was paid during a term of five years, so that he might have the mightier fighter and defender of the realm. These problems and other wrongdoers are mentioned. And when all things were ready, the king hastened to the siege ward. In the forty-third year of his reign, on the seventeenth day of January, the king in the Castle of Berwick, with a few men, had the town yielded to him without any manner of defense or difficulty. Then King John Balliol, considering how God had performed many marvelous and gracious acts for King Edward at His own will from day to day, took and gave up the realm of Scotland and the crown of Scotland at Roxburgh into the king's hands of England under his patent. There, in the presence of all the prelates and other worthy men and lords who were there, King Edward was crowned king of the realm of Scotland. And when all things were done and arranged in those territories. at his lust he turned ayene in to Englond with an huge wur\u00a6shipp / \nAnd while this viage was a doyng in Scotland Sir Ed\u2223ward\nPrince of walys as a man enspired in god was in Guyhen\u00a6ne\nin the Cite of Burdeux treting & spekyng of the chalengyng / &\nof the kynges right of Englond that he had of the Reame of fraun\u00a6ce\nand that he wold auenged be with stronge honde & the prelates\nperes and myghty men of that contre consented well to him \u00b6Than\nSir Edward the prince with a grete hoste y gadred to hym the sixte\nday of Iuyll wente from Burdeux goyng and trauaylling by me\u00a6ny\ndiuerse contrees & he toke many prisoners moo than vj.M. men\nof armes by the contre as he And there were take\nthe lord of Croune and sir Bursigaud and many othir knyghtes\nand men of armes moo than lxxx. \u00b6And fro thens by TorenAnd the Erle of Daunce & the stiward of fraunce were\ntake with an C. men of armes / \u00b6In the which yere the xix.\nday of Septembre faste by Peighters the same Prince with a M. and one hundred men of arms and archers organized a battle\nagainst King John of France coming to the Prince's ward with seven thousand men of arms and other people. Among which were slain the Duke of Bourbon and the Duke of Athens, and many other noble men. And of the prince's men of arms, a thousand were killed, and the King of France, Sir Philip his younger son, and many dukes and noble men and worthy knights and men of arms about two thousand were taken. And so the victory filled up for the prince and the people of England, by the grace of God. And many were taken prisoners who were set at ransom and charged and allowed to go. But Edward with King John of France and Philip his son and many other worthy prisoners arrived graciously in the haven of Plymouth, and on the twenty-fourth day of the same month about three in the afternoon they came. I. London via London Bridge, and then proceeded to the King's Palaces of Westminster. A vast multitude and press of people gathered around them to witness and see this extraordinary and remarkable sight from midday until night. The king of France's ransom was assessed and set at three million scutes; two of whom were worth a noble. Understand that a million is equivalent to a thousand thousand. After some men, his ransom was set at three million thousand florins. This same year, solemn justice was administered in Smithfield, with the king of Scotland present, along with many other worthy and noble lords. In the thirty-first year of his reign, King Edward at Windsor, out of love for chivalry and his own dignity, and out of respect for the king of France and other lords present, held a wonderful and costly feast of St. George, surpassing any that had been held before. The king of France, in scorn, responded: \"Therefore, the king of France, in scorn,\" In the 34th year of his reign, in the fourth calendar month of July, the justices were ordered at London for three days. The Mayor of London with his 24 aldermen opposed all who wished to attend, in the king's private presence with his four sons Edward, Leonell, John, and Edmond, and other 19 great lords held a field with reverence. And it was reported and said that in this same year, the blood from Thomas' tomb, sometime Earl of Lancaster, came forth as fresh as the day he died. King Edward chose his sepulcher and lying place at Westminster, near St. Edward's shrine. Immediately after the 27th day of October, he crossed the sea to Calais, making a proclamation that he would never return to England until he had fully ended the war between France and himself. And in the 45th year of his reign, during the winter, King Edward and his army were in the Rine costs and near St. Hilary's time. He left his host and went to Burgoyne's ward. The duke of Burgoyne received him pleasantly, asking him for 70,000 florins to spare his men and people. The king granted his request, and they stayed there until the 17th day of March. However, on the 15th day of March, strange thieves at sea under the Earl of St. Pol were lying in wait near the towns of Hastings and other places and villages along the coast. They entered these towns as enemies, plundering all that opposed them. When the king learned of their coming, he was greatly moved and angry. Turning back to Paris ward, he commanded his host to destroy and kill with fire and sword those he had previously spared.\n\nThe 12th day of April came, and the king arrived at Paris. There he was. Host in diverse battles with 4,000 knights on one side of him. And Sir Henry, duke of Lancaster, under peace and truces, went to the gates of the City, promising to those who would abide a battle in the field under such condition that if the king of England were overcome there, as God forbid, he told it to the king and his lords what he had heard and they said. Then forth the new knights, with many others, made an assault on the City to destroy its suburbs. And while these things were happening, the Englishmen made themselves ready to avenge the shame and disrespect done that year at Wynchelsea and ordered a navy of 80 ships from men of London and other merchants and 14,000 men of arms and archers and went and searched and skirmished the sea and held the Isle of Caux. Therefore, the Frenchmen who were to defend it,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English. No major OCR errors were detected, so no corrections were necessary. The text is mostly readable, but some minor punctuation and capitalization have been added for clarity.) The Abbot of Cluyne, Earl of Tankeruille and his bursar, who was previously Sasky, implored him earnestly for peace and deliberation among the Frenchmen. They urgently requested funds for the maintenance of the see and the king granted it to them. The following morning after the feast of Easter, the king and his host turned towards Orl\u00e9ans, destroying and devastating the entire countryside. As they proceeded, they encountered such a storm and tempest that none from our nation had ever heard of, resulting in the death and perishment of thousands of our men and horses. This storm did not deter the king or most of his people from continuing their journey. Before the Feast of the Holy Rood in May, the aforementioned French lords met with the king of England, reaching a peaceful accord and a final agreement on certain terms. conditions and grants articulately agreed and written to last discreetly, made for the benefit of both kings, with one assent of Charles, the regent and governor of France and of Peter of the same realm. Written and made under date of Carnoucum on the 15th day of May. They were offered and presented to the king of England, requesting his grace in all things written. He graciously admitted them and held them firm and stable to him and to their heirs forever. These things and articles, when King Edward had seen them, he granted them. Both parties were to be sworn on God's body and on the holy evangelists that the aforementioned covenant should be stable. Therefore, on each side, two barons, two bannerets, and two knights were ordered and appointed to admit and receive the oaths of Charles, the regent of France and of Peter. On the 10th day of May, a solemn mass was sung at Paris, and after the three Agnus Dei, it was said. with dona nobis pacem in the presence of the forenamed men who were to admit and receive the oaths and of all others who might be present, Charles laid his right hand on the paten with God's body and his left hand on the missal and said, \"We swear by God's body and the holy gospels towards us the peace and the accord made between the two kings, and asked the greatest men of France, and he had his asking, that is to say, six dukes, nine earls, and twelve barons and worthy knights. And when the place and time were assigned for both kings with their councils to come together to ratify and make firm and stable the peace, the king of England at once set sail towards the sea and at Hounteville began to provision his hosts that were left behind him due to his absence. He came into England on the 19th day of May and went to his palaces at Westminster on St. Dunstan's day and the third day after he visited Ward. And the ninth day of July in the same year, the same king of France, who had been lodged as a hostage here before, returned to his own land to deal with those matters and others that were pending. Later, he met King Edward in the thirty-fifth year of his reign, immediately after Christmas, at Westminster, where he presented and displayed the accord and the treaty that had been established between them. This accord pleased many people, and so, by the command of the kings, all those summoned were gathered in Westminster church on the first Sunday of Lent, that is, the second day of February, the English king being present with his sons and also with the sons of the king of France and other noble and great lords, who brought candles and crosses. All those summoned were not already sworn to the oath written on God's body and in the Mass book. This wise We N. and N. swore upon holy God's body and steadfastly held towards us the peace and the accord made between the two kings, neither to do the contrary. And in the same year in France and in England, and in other many lands where they were, witnesses suddenly appeared two castles, each with an ostensible army. One was clothed and equipped in white, and the other in black. When battle began between them, the white was overcome by the black, and immediately after, the black took the white's heart and overcame it. Then they went again into their castles. And then the castles and all the hosts vanished away. In this same year, there was a great and horrible pestilence, namely of men. Their wives, as women out of control, took husbands, both strangers and other lewd and simple people. In the forty-first year of King Edward the Fourteenth, on Saint Martin's Day about evenong, Henry, Duke of Lancaster, and his heir, died. In the same year, Edward, Prince of Wales, married the Countess of Kent, who was previously Sir Thomas Wyatt's wife, Holland. She had been separated and divorced from the Earl of Salisbury due to the same knight. Around this time, a large company of various nations gathered, with English leaders and governors. They were called a people without a head, causing much harm in France. Not long after, another company of various nations arose, known as the White Company, which inflicted much sorrow in the lands of Lorraine. In the thirty-fifth year of King Edward, on Saint Martin's Day, about evenong. In the year such a south wind arose and came with such ferocity and strength that it shattered and brought down to the ground high houses, strong buildings, towers, churches, and steeples, and all other strong structures that remained still. Immediately after, such waters came in great height and in harvest time, causing all field works to be strongly let down and left undone. In the same year, and as a result, King Edward's father paid him fealty and homage, and they went over the sea to Gascony with his wife and children. In the thirty-sixth year of his reign, it was decreed in Parliament that men of the law, both from the temple and the king's bench, came into England. In the same year, three kings came to England to visit and speak with King Edward: the King of France, the King of Cyprus, and the King of Scotland. And after that, two of them returned home to their own countries and kingdoms. But the king of France, through great sickness and the lady who had been left in England, remained in England. In the thirty-ninth year of his reign, there was a strong and huge frost that lasted long, from St. Andrew's Day until the twenty-fourth of March in April. The tillage and sowing of the earth and other field works and labor were much hindered and neglected due to the cold and hardness of the earth.\n\nAt Orl\u00e9ans in Britain, a great deadly battle was ordered between Sir John of Montfort, duke of Britain, and Sir Charles of Blois. But the victory fell to the aforementioned Sir John of Montfort through the help and support of the English. Many knights, squires, and others were taken in this battle. In which battle, Charles himself and those who stood with him were killed. And of the English, only seven were killed. In this year, Edward died at Sauoy. Let King Edward, who was once king of England of the country of the West Saxons, beginning to reign in the year of our Lord 797, granted to Rome for the school of England to be continued. In this same year, there fell so much rain in high England, entering. And in the 141st year of King Edward, Richard, the second son of Prince Edward of England, was born at Bordeaux. Richard, who was later called King Richard of Bordeaux, was crowned king of England in his 11th year of age, through right lineage and heritage, and also by the common assent and desire of the commons of the realm. Around this time, at King Edward's command of England, when all the castles and towns were yielded to him that had long been held in France by a great company assembled, Sir Bartram Cleykyn, a knight and an invalid, was summoned. A good warrior went and proposed to expel Pierres King of Spain from his kingdom with the help of the most part of the aforementioned great company. Trusting also in the aid and favor of the Pope, since it had come to his ears that Pierres should beg and live the most wicked and sinful life out of which Pierres fled in terror to Gascony to seek help and succor from Edward. And when he had fled from Spain, Henry, his brother, who was a bastard by the consent of the most part of Spain and through the help of that fearsome company I mentioned earlier, was made and crowned king of Spain. The number of this same company was recorded and set at the number of 160,000 fighting men. In the same year, in the month of July, a great company came and nearly all of the Danes gathered them together in the North Sea, intending to come to England to plunder and rob, and also to fight and kill whom they encountered in the sea, namely the Marmara and other orphan fleets. men of the countryside and the disabled ones returned home again to their own countryside. But among all others, there was a boisterous and strong vessel of their navy that was oversailed by the Englishmen and was destroyed. Dreystier and other worthy and great men of Denmark were taken prisoners, and the king of England and his council imprisoned these lords. The Danes later came and sought to recover their goods that they had lost. They were not well compensated or satisfied with the answer they had received. Instead, privately, the Danes wrote in scrolls and on walls, \"Danes, fetch your bones.\"\n\nAt this time, Pierres king of Spain, along with other kings, namely the king of Navarre and the king of Malaga, supported her articles and requested that he be required by those kings. He was ashamed to contradict them but nevertheless, he was alarmed lest it would be prejudicial to the Pope or that he would grant or consent to it until he had better counsel and deliberation with King Edward his father. But when he was continually beseeching him with the requirements of many noble men, and had spoken to and prayed with them, Prince Edward sent letters to his father, both pleading and containing all their suggestions and causes, not only for the wrongs done to the king of Spain, but also for such things that might concern other kings. Also, if it were not for the summer helping and amending the matter through the domain and help of knighthood for them, it would have asked and desired.\n\nThe which letter, when the king and his wise council had seen and understood, he had great compassion and heaviness. such a king's spying and robbing with much marvel /\nHe sent again comfortable betters to Prince Edward his son /\nand to that other said king / and warned them to arm and order themselves\nagainst that misdoer / and to withstand him by the help of God,\nwho were such enemies to kings / When this noble Prince had received these letters himself,\nalong with the other king before mentioned, all his councillors were called together,\nor he would undertake the quarrel. He bound and cut sore the deposed king\nwith a great oath, that he should ever afterwards maintain\nand the right belief and faith of the holy church and the holy church also,\nwith all its ministers' rights and liberties to defend from all its,\nand all evils / And all that were there against him / And all the rights, liberties, privileges\nof the holy church increase and be maintained and amended /\nand all things that were wrongfully taken / withdrawn and carried away by him or by any other\nbecause of him / hastily to be restored again. To drive and expel Saracens and all other malevolent people out of his kingdom, with all his strength and power, and not admit any such for any reason or cause them to dwell there. And when he had taken a Christian woman, he should never come into another woman's bed or another man's wife to defile. All these aforementioned things truly to keep in continuance and fulfill, as he was bound by oath before notaries in the presence and witness of those kings and other princes.\n\nAnd then that gracious prince, Prince Edward, undertook the cause and quarrel of the king who was deposed, and beseeched him, with the grace of God, to restore him again to his kingdom. And let him order and gather, with all haste, his army with men of arms to wage and fight in this aforementioned cause.\n\nAnd at the same time, on the Scottish side of the sea, it is said that there were seen two Egles in three days. In the year of our Lord 1467 and of King Edward IV the third day of April, there was a strong battle and great one in a large field called Priors Fast by the side. Which one came out of the south and the other out of the north, they cruelly and fiercely fought and wrestled to gain and overcame the south eagle first, tearing and ripping him with his bill and claws so that he should not rest or take breath. And after the south eagle flew home to his own costs. And immediately after followed and was seen in the morning before the sun rose and the last day of October saved one day, many stars gathered to fight on a heap, falling down to the earth, leaving behind them fearsome flames in the manner of lightning. Whose flames burned and consumed men's clothes and men themselves, walking on the earth as it was seen and known by many a man. Yet the northerly wind and hail that it wasted and destroyed men, beasts, houses, and trees. The waters of the Nazarene in Spain were between Edward the Prince and Henry the Bastard of Spain. However, the victory fell to Prince Edward, by the grace of God. Prince Edward had, on his side, men from various nations, numbering around CM. Due to the sharpness and ferocity of his adversary, with his full boyish and great strength, the rightful determination was driven back significantly. However, through the grace of the Almighty, passing any human strength, that huge host was almost completely dispersed by the noble Duke of Lancaster and his army. Or, the prince Edward came near him.\n\nWhen Henry the Bastard saw that he turned with his men in such great haste and strength towards the said flood and bridge, it filled and perished. The Earl of Denem and Sir Bartram Cleykyn, the chief maker and cause of the war, and also the ward of the battle, along with many other great lords and knights, numbering around two thousand, were taken. Two hundred of them were among these. Fand many from Scotland. And there fell in the field on our enemies' side lords, knights, and other people to the number of over 7,000. And after this, the noble Prince Edward restored the same Pierce back into his kingdom again. Pier, afterwards, through the treachery and falseness of the aforementioned bastard of Spain, was strangled and died. But after this, hardy men and noble Englishmen in Spain, through various sicknesses, heard of her death.\n\nIn the same year, in the Marches, was seen Stele Comita between the North and the west, whose beams stretched from France.\n\nAnd in the year next, in the forty-first year of King Edward's reign, in April, Sir Leonell, King Edward's son who was Duke of Clarence, went towards Milly (England) to wed Galois's daughter and have her as his wife, by whom he would have had half the lordship of Milly. But after they were solemnly wedded. And about the nativity of our lady, the same duke of Millyne died in the same year. The Frenchmen broke the peace, and the Scots riding on the king's ground and lordship of England in the shire and county of Pountife took and held Castle towns. They falsely and subtly represented to the Englishmen that they were causing the breaking of the peace.\n\nIn this same year, the duchess of Lancaster died and was buried worshipfully in St. Paul's church. The 42nd year of King Edward's reign was the greatest pestilence in Cornwall, where a great war broke out between him and the king of France, and he might best avenge his wrong.\n\nIn this same year, in the Assumption of our lady, Queen Philippa of England, a full noble and good woman, died and was buried and entered into Westminster full worshipfully. About midsummer, the duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Hereford with a great company of knights went into France, where they received but little worship and name. For there was a huge host. of Frenchmen on Chalkhill bridge and another host of English men, who had long lain there. Many worthy men and great among the English ordered and prepared to fight and give battle to the French. But the lords would not consent to this or assent for any reason.\n\nAfter this, the Earl of Warwick arrived there to wage war. When the French heard of his coming or that he had landed fully, they abandoned their tents and provisions and fled away privately. The Earl, coming to land with his men, went in haste toward Normandy and destroyed the Isle of Caws through the might of sword and fire.\n\nBut alas, on his return to England, he was taken ill with pestilence at Calais and died, leaving behind him after his days such a noble knight and bereft of limbs.\n\nIn this time, the maimed knight Sir John Hawkwood, an Englishman by birth, ruled and waged war. At his governance, that white company which is before named, during a time opposed holy church and lords, and ordered great battles in that country. He performed many marvelous deeds, and concerning the conversion of St. Paul, when he had ended and completed the entry and exit with great costs and grandeur, of Queen Philip his wife, it was agreed to pay a great sum for three years. The clergy granted this to the king. In the 45th year of King Edward, in the beginning, King Edward, with unwise counsel and undiscreet behavior, took a great sum of gold from the prelates, merchants, and other rich men of his realm, saying it should be spent on defending holy church and his realm. However, later it profited nothing. About midsummer, he raised a great host of the worthiest men of his realm, among whom were some lords, namely Lord Fitzwater and Lord Graunson. and other worthy knights, whom the king ordered to appoint Sir Robert Knolles as governor. Through his counsel and governance, all things should be governed and managed. And as long as they were in France, as long as they kept together, the French dared not attack them. But at the last, around the beginning of winter, due to envy and covetousness that arose among them, they divided into diverse companies unwisely and foolishly. But Sir Robert Knolles and his men remained safe within a castle in Britain. And when the French saw that our men were divided into diverse companies and places, not holding or guarding as they should, they fell fiercely upon our men. And for the most part, they took them or slowed them down, and those they took led with them as prisoners. In the same year, Pope Urban came from Rome to Avignon for a council and a cause that he should accord. and make peace between the king of France and the king of England forever, but Allais or he began his treaties he died on the 20th day of December and was buried, at the time, in the Cathedral church of Awinion near the high altar. The next year after, his bones were taken out of the earth and reburied in the abbey of St. Vand in both places where he was buried, many great miracles were done and worked through the grace of Almighty God to help many a man and for the worship of Almighty God.\n\nAnd after him, next, was made Pope Gregory\nCardinal Dean, who before was called Pierces\n\nIn the same year, the City of Limoges rebelled and fought against the prince, as other cities in Guyenne did, for great taxes, costs, and revenues that they were put and set upon by Prieward. These charges were heavy and unbearable for them, so they turned from him and fled to the king of France.\n\nWhen Prince Edward saw this, he was greatly chafed and grieved, and in turmoil. He returned again to England with severe wounds and fought. Then, to tell the truth, due to various sicknesses and diseases he had, as well as a lack of money, he could not remain among his enemies. He therefore took his wife and his men, leaving them behind in Gascony with the Duke of Lancaster and Sir Edmond, Earl of Cambridge, and others. It was ordered that the lay fee be paid and raised.\n\nDuring this period, at the request and urging of the lords who hated the men of the Holy Church, the Chancellor and the Treasurer, who were bishops, and the clerk of the Privy Seal, were removed from office and secular men were put in their place.\n\nDuring this period, solemn embassadors came from the pope to treat with the king of peace. They said that the pope desired to fulfill his predecessors' will, but despite their coming, they achieved nothing from them.\n\nThe ninth day of [blank] and of other [blank] In this year, diverse places and points of treason were attributed to them. That is, they were accused of being rebellious and planning to rise against the king. At the same time, the Duke of Lancaster and his brother Earl of Cambridge came from Gascony into England and married the daughters of Peter of Spain, King of Aragon. The Duke had the elder daughter, and the Earl had the younger. Additionally, two cardinals were sent from the Pope that year: an English cardinal and a cardinal from Paris, to negotiate peace between the realms. When they had been in their provinces and places for a long time, and had finally come to terms of peace through the intercession of the aforementioned cardinals, they went to the court of Rome without achieving any effect of their purpose. Furthermore, in this year, there was a strong battle at sea between Englishmen and Flemings, and the Englishmen emerged victorious, capturing twenty-five ships. charged with salt and slinging all the men who were there, unwitting that they were of that country. And readily much harm had fallen among them because there was no peace & accord between them. And in this same year, the French besieged the town of Rochell, for which the Earl of Penbroke was sent to Gascony with a great company of armed men to destroy the siege. Upon passing, he saw and came safely to the harbor of Rochell, but when they were there at the harbor mouth, they might have entered suddenly upon them, a strong navy of Spain. And in the coming upon the Spaniards, all the Englishmen, other than they were taken or slain, were wounded to death, and ten of them were taken to the death, and all their ships were burned. They took the Earl and an immense treasure of the realm of England and many other nobles with him on midsummer, even the day of St. Edeldred, and led them with him to Spain. And of this mischief, there was no great wonder. Erle was a full evil luere, openly lecherous, and in a certain respect, he stood against the rights and franchises of the holy church. He also advised the king and his council to ask for more men from the holy church than from other laymen. The king and other council members accepted and heeded evil opinions and causes against men of the holy church instead of defending and maintaining the rights of the holy church. It was seen many times afterward that they would not have had such great victory and power against their enemies if they had lacked fortune and grace. This was not a long time after, and he turned again and, as soon as he was on land, the wind began to turn and was in another direction than before.\n\nSome time after, in the 46th year of King Edward's reign, the duke of Lancaster with a great host went into Flanders and passed through Burgundy and all France until he came to Bordeaux without any manner of opposition. of the Frenchmen and he did them little harm, save that he took and ransacked many places and towns and many men and beat them afterwards freely\n\nThe same year the king sent certain ambassadors to the pope praying him that he should leave off and meddle not in his court of the keeping and reservations of benefices in England / and that those chosen to bishops, sees and dignities should freely and with full right enjoy and have and be confirmed to the same by their metropolitans and archbishops as they were wont to be of old time\n\nOf these points and other things concerning the king and his realm when they had his answer from the pope / the pope enjoined them that they should certify him again by their letters of the king's will and of his realm or they determined anything of the aforesaid articles\n\nIn the same year died John the Archbishop of York, John Bishop of Ely, William Bishop of Worcester\n\nIn their stead followed and were made bishops by the authority of the pope Master Alexander Nevill to the Archbishopric of York. Thomas of Arundell to the bishopric of Ely and Sir Henry Wakefield to the bishopric of Worcester. In this time, it was ordained in Parliament that all cathedral churches should rejoice and have their elections whole, and that the king from that time onward should not write against those who were chosen but rather help them with his power for their confirmation. This statute was kept and brought much profit and good. And in this Parliament, a tenth was granted to the king from the clergy and a fifteenth from the laity.\n\nThe next year, after King Edward IV on the 15th day of July, Master William Wytlesey, Archbishop of Canterbury, died. For this reason, the monks of the same church asked and desired a Cardinal of England to be Archbishop. And for this reason, the king was agreed and had meant and purposed to exile the monks of the same house. But yet the king would not consent nor grant to their election. Cardinal neither the Pope nor his Cardinals reached an agreement that the Pope from that time on should not use or deal with reservations of benefices in England. The king should not grant or let any benefices by his writ that is called Quare impedit. However, regarding the elections mentioned earlier, there was nothing touched upon or done. This treaty lasted for two years with great costs and huge expenses for both parties. At the end, they departed without any accord or effect.\n\nThe next year, after the first year of King Edward IV, the Archbishopric of Canterbury being still void and vacant, Master Simon Sudbury, Bishop of London, was made Archbishop. Master William Courtenay, who was Bishop of Hereford, During this time, the Bishop of London was made Bishop of Bangor, and the Bishop of Hereford was made Bishop of this place. And at a certain treaty and speaking of true peace between France and England, from midsummer to midsummer, an entire year passed. Around the beginning of April, the Duke of Brittany, with many earls, barons, and other worthy men of England, sailed over to Brittany where he had fulfilled all his lust and purpose. However, the aforementioned peace treaties had not yet been signed, which hindered them. At this time, the Isle of Constantine, where the Castle of St. Sauveur is located, was held by the French.\n\nAnd in this year, there were such great and passing heats, and with it, a great pestilence in England and other diverse parts of the world that it destroyed and slowly but surely killed both men and women in great numbers.\n\nThis same year, Sir Edward died. The lord Spencer, a worthy knight and bold, is buried worthily in the minster of Tarkesbury. During this pestilence, the pope, at the instance and prayer of an English cardinal, granted full pardon and remission of sins to all people who died in England and were sorrowful and repentant, provided they had confessed and received the last rites. Not long after his death, in November following, the duke of Lancaster and the duke of Angouleme, along with many other lords and prelates from both realms, met at Bruges to treat. In the parliament of this year, King Edward's third, taxes and subsidies were demanded of them to such an extent that they could not endure them. They knew and were well aware that the king could have saved himself and his realm if the realm were well and truly governed. But it had been so long ill-governed by evil officers that the realm could neither be plentiful in commerce and merchandise nor rich in peace. And if it were found and proven that the king needed it, they would gladly submit themselves, every man according to his power. After this, many complaints and defects of various officers of the realm were published and shown in the Parliament, among them the lord Latimer, Chamberlain, both to the king and to the realm. Additionally, there was spoken and treated of Dame Alice Peres for the great wrongs and evil governance she had done, and because the king had held her long-time as his mistress, it was less of a wonder that he consented to her lewdness and evil counsel. Dame Alice, as well as the lord Latimer and others who had led the king to evil governance against his profit and the realm's also, were asked and desired to be restrained and removed. In this place were wise and worthy men, true and well-assessed, and a wise knight and a true and eloquent man named Piers de la Mare. And this same Piers was chosen to be speaker for the commons in the parliament. For this Piers, he told and published the trouble and rehearsed the wrongs against the said Dame Alice and certain other persons before the king's council, as he was commanded by the commons. He also burned and slowed her wild beasts and did them all the harm they could. In so far that, indeed, they would have destroyed that Abbey with all its members and appurtenances, but if the king had helped it and taken care there. And therefore, the king sent his lords to the Earl of Warwick, breakers of his peace. And so, through the efforts of lords and other friends of both sides, peace and good accord and love were made between them. And for this disturbance, as it was said, the king would not be governed at that time by his lords who were in the parliament. but he took and made his son the duke of Lancaster his governor of the realm, who stood so steadfastly in this position until the time of his death. In the same year, after Candlemas or the parliament was done, the king asked a subsidy from the clergy and the laity, and it was granted to him. That is, he should have from every person of the laity, both man and woman who were over fourteen years old, fourpence; and from every man of the holy church who was beneficed or promoted, sixteenpence; and from all others who were not promoted, fourpence; the unordained beggers of the friars.\n\nIn the same year, after Michaelmas, Richard Prince Edward was made prince of Wales to whom the king also gave the duchy of Cornwall with the earldom of Chester.\n\nRight away in the 11th year of King Edward, in the beginning of October, Pope Gregory X brought and removed his court with him from Avignon to Rome. The knight John Monsterworth was drawn and hanged in London on the 14th day of April. His body was then beheaded, quartered, and sent to four major towns in England. His head was set upon a pole and sworn to the king of France, who became his master, granting him a great navy from Spain to cause confusion and destroy England. Richard of Bordeaux is buried respectfully at Westminster, renowned for his kindness and graciousness among all worthy men in the world. He surpassed and shone by the grace given to him from God above all his predecessors, who were noble and worthy. He was a good and hardy-hearted man, fearing neither misfortunes nor harm. He had the manners of a gentleman, showing pity to those in distress, plentiful in youthful benefactions and alms, eager and curious in building, and generous with his face or countenance. If he had dreamed of him, he hoped that day that all things would turn out joyfully and favorably for him. He ruled his kingdom gloriously. In his youth, he was large in stature and wise in discretion. Under his rule, it was as if he reigned, for his fame and reputation spread far and wide, reaching even heathen and barbarian lands. No land under heaven had produced such a noble, kind, and blessed king, or could produce another like him when he was deceased.\n\nHis later lechery and debauchery did not plague him in his old age, for it is more likely that his life was shortened not by unseemly fulfilling of his lust but by some other means.\n\nTake good heed, as his deeds before him were, and pleasing to him and to all people. In his middle age, he surpassed all in joy and blessedness. However, when he began to be drawn downward through lechery and other sins, little by little, all joyful and blessed things and prosperity decreased, and misfortune and unfortunate events and unprofitable harms increased. Many evils began to emerge, and the harm continued for a long time after. And after the good King Edward III, who was born at Windsor, ruled Richard II. He was the son of the Earl of Wales, and King Richard was born in the City of Bordeaux in Gascony and crowned at Westminster in the eleventh year of his age. In the second year of his reign, there was a dispute between Lord Latimer and Sir Rauf Feriers, knights, who were against Hawell and Shakell squires concerning the prisoner taken in the battle of Spain by these two squires. This prisoner was the Earl of Despenser that they had taken in the battle of Spain. Therefore, these two lords came into the church at Westminster and found this one squire, hearing his mass beside St. Edward's shrine. And Shakell was arrested and put in the Tower of London. There he was long detained. In the third year of King Richard, the Earl of Denbigh refused to deliver his prisoner to these two lords by Sir Aleyn Buxhill, the constable of the tower, and Sir Rauf Ferriers, one of his adversaries, until the king granted him grace. In the third year of King Richard's reign, galleys from France came into England through various ports: Winchelsea, Rye, Hastings, Portsmouth, Hampton, and Stoke. They caused much harm and returned home again. In the same year, a parliament was held at Westminster. At this parliament, it was ordained that every man, woman, and child over the age of fourteen throughout the realm, the poor and others, should pay a tallage of four pence. This led to great trouble and much disease for the entire commality of the realm. In the fourth year of King Richard's reign, disturbances arose.\n\nDelivered:\n\nIn the third year of King Richard's reign, the Earl of Denbigh refused to deliver his prisoner to these two lords by Sir Aleyn Buxhill, the constable of the tower, and Sir Rauf Ferriers, one of his adversaries, until the king granted him grace. In the third year of King Richard's reign, galleys from France came into England through various ports: Winchelsea, Rye, Hastings, Portsmouth, Hampton, and Stoke. They burned and robbed many people in England: at Winchelsea, Rye, Hastings, Portsmouth, Hampton, and caused much harm and returned home again. In the same year, a parliament was held at Westminster. At this parliament, it was ordained that every man, woman, and child over the age of fourteen throughout the realm, the poor and others, should pay a tallage of four pence. This led to great trouble and much disease for the entire commality of the realm. In the fourth year of King Richard's reign, disturbances arose. And they took out all the prisoners. On the same day they came into London, and on the following Friday, in the morning, they went to the Tower of London and the king being there, they and Sir Robert Hales, the hospitaler prior and master, went to the duke's place of Lancaster beyond St. Mary Secondary, which was called the Savoy. There they devoured and destroyed all the goods they found and carried them away, and burned up the place. Afterward, they went to St. John's without Smithfield and destroyed the goods there and burned down the house. They went to Westminster and St. Martin's Lane and made all those within leave for any reason. Then they came to the Temple and to all other inns of men of the law and despoiled them, robbed them of their goods, drove out all the prisoners and others, and destroyed all the books of both councils. They continued sitting together from Saturday to Monday next, in all her malice and wickedness, with the Mayor of London, William Walworth, and the aldermen and commons of the City. At Southwark, this Jake Straw made an oath and declared his will. And the lords and commons, and falseness and his slow, stout John Fastolf, struck off his head there and then. By process of time, they managed to get and take these rebels and risers, and hanged them on the next gallows in every lordship throughout the realm of England by the tens, twenties, and thirties. In the fifth year of King Richard's reign, the great world showed itself and he displayed it. In the sixth year of King Richard's reign, Sir Henry Spenser, Bishop of Norwich, went with a Crusade over the sea to the lands of Flanders. There they captured the towns of Grand, Bruges, Dunkirk, and Newport. They loaded and furnished Li. ships with pelts to come into England with these ships and goods. And the bishop of Norway and his council burned the ships with all the pelts in them to ashes. At Dover was done a great battle between the Flemings and the Englishmen. And at this battle a great multitude of these Flemings and a huge number were slain. And then the bishop went with his retinue to Ypres and besieged it for a long time but it could not be taken. So he left that siege and came again to England. For our Englishmen were fullily destroyed and many died on the flix. And in this same year Queen Anne came into England to be married to King Richard. And her father was Emperor of the Germans and king of the Romans. And with her came the duke of Tuscany her uncle and many other worthy lords and knights from her country of Germany and from other ducal lands. And Sir Simon Beaver a worthy knight of the Garter and other knights and squires. The kings embassadors brought her into England, and so to London. The people of the city, that is, the mayor and the aldermen and all the communes, rode out against her to welcome her. Every man in good array and every craft with its minstrels met her on the Blake Heath in Kent and brought her to London through the city and so forth to Westminster. There, she was married to King Richard worthily in the abbey of Westminster and crowned Queen of England. And all her friends who came with her received great gifts and were well entertained and refreshed as long as they remained there. In this same year, a battle was fought in the king's palaces at Westminster for certain points of treason between Sir John Ansley, knight defendant, and Carton squyer, the appellant. But Sir John Ansley overcame Carton and made him yield. In the list, Carton was stripped of his armor and drawn out to Tiborne, where he was hanged for his deceit. In the eighth year of King Richard's reign, Earl Edmund of Langley, the king's uncle, went to Portugal with a strong force of men-at-arms and archers to aid the king of Portugal against the king of Spain. In Portugal, the king of Portugal gained victory over his enemies with the help and support of the English. When the journey was completed, Earl Edmund of Cambridge returned to England with his men. God bless and grant us his gracious gift. Amen. In this same year, King Richard held his Christmas at Eltham. At the same time, the king of Armagh fled from his own land and came to England to seek help and support from our king against his enemies who had driven him out of his realm. He was subsequently brought before the king. At Eltham, where the king held his royal feast of Christmas,\nAnd there our king welcomed him and showed him great reverence and worship,\ncommanding all his lords to make him every possible cheer. And then he begged the king for grace, help, and comfort in his need,\nas he might be brought back to his kingdom and land again, for the Turks had devastated and destroyed much of his land, and for aid.\nAnd the king, having pity and compassion for his great misfortune and grievous disease, immediately took counsel and asked what should be done.\nAnd they answered and said, \"If it pleases you to give him anything, it is well done, and since your people have to travel so far into foreign lands, it is a great hardship. So the king gave him gold, silver, and many rich gifts and jewels, and instructed him in God. And so he passed again out of England. In the same year, King Richard went with a royal power into Scotland to wage war against the Scots. for the falseness and destruction that the Scots had done to Englishmen in the marches. And then the Scots came down to the king for true talks and truces for certain years, as they asked. And so our king and his council granted them truces for certain years. And our king turned him home again into England. And when he was come to York, there Sir John Holland, the Earl of Kent's brother, slew the earl of Stafford's son and heir with a dagger in the city of York. Wherefore the king was sore moved and grieved, and removed thence and came to London. And the mayor with the aldermen and the commons with all the solemnity that might be done, brought him triumphantly through the city and so forth to Westminster to his own Palaces. In the ninth year of King Richard's reign, he held a parliament at Westminster and there he made two dukes and a marchioness and five earls. The first Duke made was the king's uncle, Sir Edmond of Langley, Earl of Cambridge. Him he made Duke of York. His other uncle, Sir Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham, he made Duke of Gloucester. Sir Lionel, who was Earl of Oxford, him he made Marquis of Dorset.\n\nHenry Bolingbroke, the Duke's son of Lancaster, him he made Earl of Derby.\n\nSir Edward, the Duke's son of York, him he made Earl of Rutland. Sir John Holland, who was Earl of Kent's brother, him he made Earl of Huntingdon.\n\nSir Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham and Earl Marshal of England, and Sir Michael de la Pole, knight, him he made Earl of Southampton and Chancellor of England.\n\nThe Earl of March, at that same Parliament held at Westminster, was proclaimed Earl of March and heir to England after King Richard. The Earl of March went overseas to Ireland to his lordships. And the lands, for the earl of the March is Earl of Ulster in Ireland and in right lineage and heritage. At the castle of his, he lay there at that time. And there came upon him a great multitude in bushels of wild Ishmen to take and destroy him. He came out hastily from his castle with his people and fought manfully with them. There he was taken and beheaded, and there he died. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen.\n\nIn the 10th year of King Richard's reign, the Earl of Arundel went out to the sea with a great navy of ships armed with men-at-arms and good archers. When they came into the broad sea, they met with the entire fleet that came from Rochell, which wine was the enemy's goods. And there our navy set upon them and took them all and brought them to various ports and havens of England. Some to London. You might have had a ton of Rochell wine of the best for 20 shillings sterling there. And so we had great cheap wine throughout the realm at that time. Thanked be God almighty. In the reign of King Richard III, in the year 14, the Five Lords rose at Ratcliffe Bridge against the rebels who were at that time throughout the realm. The first of the Five Lords was Sir Thomas, Duke of Gloucester and uncle to the king, and the second was Sir Richard, Earl of Arundell. The third was Sir Richard, Earl of Warwick, the fourth was Sir Henry, Earl of Derby, and the fifth was Sir Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham. These Five Lords saw the corruption and misgovernance of the king's council, causing the chief councillors of the king at that time, namely Sir Alexander Neville, Archbishop of York, Sir Robert Le Ver, Earl of Devlin, Sir Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and Chancellor of England, to flee the land across the sea. The three lords went across the sea and never returned, as they died there. Then these Five Lords above mentioned made their decision. In a parliament at Westminster, they took Sir Robert Tresilian, the Justice, Sir Nicholas Brembre knight and Citizen of London, and Sir John Salisbury knight of the king's house, and they appointed a sergeant of arms and many others. And in this same parliament at Westminster, Sir Simon Burley, a knight of the Garter, Sir John Beauchamp and Sir James Berners were taken and brought before the council of these five lords, charged with treason. They were drawn from the Tower of London through the city and so forth to Tyburn, where they were to be hanged and have their throats cut. And thus they were executed. In this same parliament, in the 12th year of King Richard's reign, Sir Simon Burley, Sir John Beauchamp, and Sir James Berners were indicted and led on foot to Tower Hill. There, their heads were struck off by these five lords. Order a general justice, called a tournament of lords, knights, and squires. This justice and tournament were held at London in Smithfield, welcoming all manner of strangers from what land or country they were, and to them and all others was held open hospitality. And from the king's side were provided their coats, armor, shields, horses, and trappings, all adorned with white hearts crowned above their necks and chains of gold hanging upon them. The crown hung low before the heart's body, which heart was the king's livery that he gave to lords and ladies knights and squires to distinguish his household from others. In this feast coming to her justice, 24 ladies led 24 lords of the gathering with chains of gold. All the same suit of hearts as previously stated from the tour to a horseback through the city of London. In the time of King Richard, there was a festival and justice held at Smithfield. This festival and justice were held generally for all who wished to come, regardless of land or nation. It lasted for twenty-four days at the king's expense. Twenty-four lords were in charge of accommodating all who came. The Earl of Saint Pol of France and many other worthy knights came from various parts, well-prepared, and the Lord Oswald, the Duke's son of Holland, came with many other worthy knights from Holland, also well-prepared. When this festival and justice ended, the king thanked these strangers and gave them many great gifts. They then took their leave of the king and other lords and ladies and returned home with great love and much thanks. In the thirteenth year of King Richard's reign, a tax was levied in the king's Palaces at Westminster between a savior of Navarre who was with King Richard and another. A squire named John Walshe, for reasons of treason, had gone with him, the duchess his wife, and their three daughters to Spain. They stayed there for a long time. In the end, the king of Spain began to negotiate with the Duke of Lancaster. They were reconciled through both their councils in this way: the king of Spain was to marry the Duke of Lancaster's daughter, who was the rightful heir of Spain, and he was to give the Duke of Lancaster a large amount of gold and silver, weighed down in great quantities, and many other jewels, including eight chariots, each capable of carrying a mighty load. And every year during the life of the Duke of Lancaster and of the duchess his wife, ten million marcs of gold were to be paid to him. Of this gold, the expenses and charges were to be covered and brought annually to Bayonne to the duke's representatives by a bond. Also, the Duke of Lancaster married another of his daughters to the king of Portugal at the same time. In the fifteenth year of King Richard's reign, the earl of Penbroke and his wife returned to England. But many worthy men died during the voyage. In the fifteenth year of King Richard's reign, the earl held his Christmas at Woodstock. The earl of Penbroke, a young lord of ten and thirteen, wished to learn to joust with a knight named Sir John Saint John. They rode together in the park of Woodstock. There, during their sparring match, the worthy earl of Penbroke was killed by Sir John's spear as they clashed. The king and queen mourned his death deeply. In the sixteenth year of King Richard's reign, John Hende was the mayor of London, along with John Walworth and Henry Vanner, who were also sheriffs of London at that time. A baker's man carried a basket of bread into Fleet Street, toward an hostel. A yeoman of the bishop of Salisbury named Romayn came by and took a horse's head out of the basket. A Roman asked a baker why he did so, and the Roman turned again and broke the baker's head. Neighbors came out and tried to restrain this Roman, but he broke free and fled to the lord's place. The constable wanted him out, but the bishop's men held the gates and kept the place, preventing anyone from entering. Many more people gathered there and threatened to burn up the place and all those inside. Then the mayor and sheriffs, along with other people, arrived and stopped the commotion. Every man was sent home to keep the peace. This Roman's lord, Bishop of Salisbury, Master John Waltham, who was treasurer of England at the time, went to Sir Thomas Arundell, Archbishop of York, and also chancellor of England. There, Bishop Waltham made a complaint to the Chancellor about the people of the city of London. Then these two bishops, along with great malice and vengeance, appeared before the king and his court. The council and they cast unto the Citadel a grievous heart and great malice. Suddenly, the king sent after the mayor of London and for the two sheriffs and came to him at Windsor Castle. The king reprimanded the mayor and sheriffs severely for the offense they had committed against him and his officers in his chamber at London. Therefore, he deposed and dismissed the mayor and both sheriffs. This was done fourteen days before the feast of St. John the Baptist.\n\nThe king then called to him a knight named Sir Edward Dalingrigge and made him wardEN, ordering him to go. He kept this office for only four weeks because he was so gettell and tender to the citizens of London. Consequently, the king deposed him and made Sir Baudwin Radington knight, who was the count roller of the king's household, wardEN and governor of his chamber and people therein. He chose two worthy men from the city to be sheriffs with him to govern and keep the king's city. The mayor and the two sheriffs of London, along with all the aldermen and the worthy craftsmen, went on foot to the tower. The Constable of the tower greeted the mayor and the sheriffs and charged them to take the Eschequer of Westminster to the king's courts of his justices and barons of the Eschequer. Afterward, they returned home. The king and his council removed all their courts from Westminster to York, that is, the Chancery, the Exchequer, the king's bench, and the common pleas. They found it not as profitable there as it was in London. Therefore, they removed it again to London and back to Westminster for the great ease of their officers and a profit to the king and all the communities. And when the people of London saw and knew that these courts had returned, and the king and his people also, the mayor and the aldermen, with the chief commuters of the City, gathered a great sum of gold from all the communes of the City. They ordered and made great royalty against his coming to London and for having his grace and good lordship granted to them again, as they had before. By great insistence and prayer of Queen Anne and her lords and ladies, the king granted them grace, which was done at Shene in the south country. And then the king, within two days after, came to London. The mayor of London, sheriffs, aldermen, and all the worthy men of the City rode against him in good array as far as this side of the manor of Shene, submitting themselves humbly and meekly with all manner of obeisance to him as they ought to do. And thus they brought the king and the queen to London. when the king came to the gate of London Bridge, they presented him with a milk-white steed saddled and bridled and trapped with cloth of gold and red, and the queen a palfrey all white and in the same array trapped with white and red. And all the citizens of London ran with wine, both white and red, for all manner of people to drink. Between St. Paul's and the cross in Cheap, a stage was made, a real one standing high, and there upon it were many angels with diverse melodies and songs. And then an angel came down from the stage high by a wise and set a crown of gold paved with precious stones on the king's head and another on the queen's head. And so the citizens brought the king and the queen into Westminster to her Palaces. And then on the morrow, the mayor and the sheriffs and the aldermen of London came to the king in his Palaces at Westminster and presented him with two basins of silver and over gilt full of coined gold. In the hundredth year, he prayed to his high mercy and lordship, and requested special grace from him, so that they might continue to have his love and liberties, as they had before. He thanked the king and the queen and returned home. In the fifteenth year of King Richard's reign, certain Scottish lords came to England to seek worship as the feet of arms. These were the persons: the Earl of Mar and he challenged the Earl Marshal of England to a duel with sharp weapons on horseback. He was carried home from Smithfield in a litter and died at York. Sir William Darell, knight, and others were present.\n\nThus, our English lords, having God's favor, won the field.\n\nIn the fifteenth year of King Richard's reign, Queen Anne, who was his wife, died in the manner of the Shining One in the shire of Surrey on Shrove Tuesday. She was then brought to Windsor. In the 20th year of King Richard's reign, he went over the sea to Calais with Dukes, Earls, Lords, and many other worthy common people of the realm who were eager to see such a worthy king and prince. And so, King Richard delivered two pledges for their safe return to him. His two worthy uncles, the duke of Gloucester and the duke of York, went over the water of Gravetye and stayed there as pledges until the marriage and feast were completed. And then these two worthy dukes of France came over the water at Gravetye and went to Calais with this worthy lady, Dame Isabella, who was the king's daughter of France, and with her came many a worthy lord. A lady and knights and squires gathered in the best area that could be\nAnd there they met our men of Calais, who welcomed her and her men\nwith the best honor and reverence that could be\nAnd brought her into the town of Calais.\n\nThere she was received with all the solemnity and worship that could be done\nTo such a lady. Then they brought her to the king,\nAnd the king took her and welcomed her and all her fair men,\nAnd made there all the solemnity that could be done.\n\nAnd then the king and his council asked the French lords whether\nAll the conventions and forwardships with the composition that we've ordered and made\nOn both sides should be truly kept and held between them.\n\nAnd they said yes. And there they swore and took her charge upon a book,\nMaking her take oaths in all matters and conventions without contradiction\nOr delay in any manner whatsoever.\n\nAnd then she was brought to St. Nicholas church in Calais, and there she was worthy couple were married with the most solemnity that any king or queen could be, in the presence of archbishops, bishops, and all ministers of the holy church. And then they were brought back to the castle and set to a sumptuous feast. All manner of delicious foods and drinks were served plentifully to all strangers and others, and no creature was warned that the festival was over but all were welcome, for there were great halls and tents set up outside the castle to receive all manner of people. Every office was ready to serve them all. And thus this worthy marriage was solemnly done and ended with all ritual. Then these two dukes of France, with their people, took their leave of the king and queen and went to Gravening water. And there the French lords, that is, the two dukes and all their men, came over the water to Gravening. And there they met and each took leave of the other and so they parted. Our lords came back to Calais and the French lords. The king and his queen, along with all his lords, ladies, and people crossed the water and returned to France again. Immediately after the king made himself ready with the queen, they all came over the sea into England and went to London. The mayor, sheriffs, and other dignitaries rode out to meet them at the Blackheath in Kent. They welcomed the king and queen with good array, and every man in the clothing of his craft, as well as their minstrels before them.\n\nThey brought them to St. George's Chapel in Southwark, where they took their leave. The king and queen rode to Kennington, and then the people of London turned back to London again. In turning back to London Bridge, there was so much press of people, both horse and foot, that 11 people, men, women, and children, were killed on the bridge. Mercy on their souls, Amen.\n\nLater, the queen was brought to the Tower. of London, and there she was all night. On the morrow, she was brought through the City of London all over and so forth to Westminster, and there she was crowned Queen of England. Then she was brought again to the king's palaces, and there was King Richard's reign.\n\nAnd then, on the 25th day of August next after, through evil instigation and false counsel, and for great wrath and malice that the king had of old time against his uncle, the good Duke of Gloucester, and the Earl of Arundel and the Earl of Warwick, the king, through evil instigation and evil counsel, suddenly in the evening, made himself ready with his strength and rode into Essex to the town of Chelmsford. Sir Thomas Wydeville, the good Duke of Gloucester, lay there. The good duke came to welcome the king anon. And the king arrested the good duke, seized himself, and was led down to the water. And anon, he was put on a ship and brought to Calais. The earl marshal was in the captain's ward, ordered to be kept there by the king's command of England. At that time, the earl marshal was the captain of Calais. The earl marshal, by the king's command and that of his false counsel, ordered the captain to put him to death. Certain men, who had the good duke in keeping, consulted among themselves how they would put him to death. Their plan was to approach him when he was in bed and asleep on a feather bed. They bound his feet and hands and told him to lie still. Once they had done this, they took two small towels and tied knots in them. They placed the towels around the duke's neck and then took the feather bed that lay beneath him and cast it above him. They drowned the towels in water and placed one on the feather bed on him until he was dead, so that he would make no noise and thus they strangled this worthy man. duke Vun to the death on whose soul God, for His high pity, have mercy. Amen. And when the king had arrested this worthy duke and his uncle, and sent him to Calais, he came again to London in all haste with a great people. As soon as he was come, he sent for the Earl of Arundel and the good Earl of Warwick. And as soon as they came, he arrested Sir John Cobham and Sir John Cheyne, knights, in the same manner, until he made his parliament. But the Earl of Arundel went at large until the parliament time. For he found sufficient surety to abide the law and to answer all manner points that the king and his council would put upon him. In the 21st year of King Richard's reign, he ordered a parliament at Westminster, which was called the great parliament. This parliament was made to judge these three worthy lords and others as he listed at that time. The king sent his waters to this place. The king himself came to Chestershire to the chief king. The chief king took him into his own court and gave him a bowge of court and good wages to be keepers of his body both night and day, above all others and most loved and best trusted. This son later caused the king great loss, shame, hindrance, and terrible undoing and destruction, as you will soon hear.\n\nAt that time, Sir Henry, Earl of Derby, came with a great army of men of arms and archers. The Earl of Richmond came with a strong power of people, both men of arms and archers. The Earl of Kent brought a great power of men of arms and archers. The Earl Marshal came in the same manner. The Lord Spencer came in the same manner. The Earl of Northumberland and Sir Henry Percy, his son, came. Sir Thomas Percy, the earl's brother, came as well. And all these worthy lords brought a fair army and a strong power, each man with his. The best array/ and the Duke of Lancaster & the Duke of York come in the same manner with the king/ and Sir William Strope, Treasurer of England, comes in the same manner. And thus, all the worthy men of this land come to our king/ and all this people come to London in one day/ so much that every street & lane in London and in the suburbs were full of them. Ten or twelve miles about London every way/ And these people brought the king to Westminster/ and went home again, logging both horse & man/ and then on the Monday, the 17th day of September, the parliament began at Westminster, which was called the great parliament/ And on the Friday next after, the Earl of Arundell was brought into the parliament among all the lords, and that was on St. Matthew's day, the apostle and evangelist there. He was brought forth unto death in this hall that was made in the palaces at Westminster/ And this was his judgment: he should go on foot with his hands bound behind him from the place. He was led from the city of London to Tower Hill, where he beheaded. By the king's command, a great multitude of men-at-arms and archers from Chestershire accompanied him for the strengthening of the lords who had brought the earl unwillingly to his death. They feared he would be rescued and take revenge when they arrived in London. Thus, he was led to his death, and there he took it patiently. Amen. And then the Austin friars took up his body and head and carried it home to their house for burial. The following morning, Sir Richard Earl of Warwick was brought to the parliament there instead of the Earl of Arundel, who was being judged. They gave the same judgment to Sir Richard that the aforementioned earl had received. The lords had compassion on him because of his age and released him to perpetual prison, placing him on the Isle of Man. And then, the Monday next after Lord Cobham of Kent and Sir John Cheyne, knights, were brought into Parliament into the same hall, they were judged to be hanged and drawn, but through the prayer and great insistence of all the lords, the judgment was pardoned, and they were released to perpetual prison.\n\nAnd this same time, Richard Whittington was made Mayor of London, and John Wodecoke and William Askham were sheriffs of London.\n\nThey ordered at every gate of London during this same Parliament strong watches of men-at-arms and archers, and through every ward as well.\n\nAnd the king made five dukes, a duchess, and a marcher, and four earls. The first of them was the Earl of Derby, who was made duke of Hereford; and the second was the Earl of Rutland, who was made duke of Arundel; and the third was the Earl of Kent, who was made duke of Surrey; and the fourth was the Earl of Huntingdon, who was made duke of Exeter; and the fifth was the Earl of Nottingham. He was made duke of Northfolk. The Earl of Somerset was made marquis of Dorset. The lord Spencer was made Earl of Gloucester. The lord Neville of Raby was made Earl of Westmoreland. Sir Thomas Percy was made Earl of Worcester. Sir William Scrope, who was treasurer of England, was made Earl of Wiltshire. And Sir John Mountesyn died this same year. Sir John of Gaunt, the king's uncle and duke of Lancaster, also died in the same year.\n\nA dispute and debate arose between the duke of Hereford and the duke of Norfolk, so much so that they waged battle and drew their swords. The battle, the day it was to be fought, and the place assigned were agreed upon. The king came with all his lords on that day and was seated in the field. Then these two worthy lords came into the field, clean armed and well prepared for battle. The men were ready to fight in the place, but the king ordered them to cease. He took the quarrel into his hand and immediately exiled the Duke of Hereford for ten years and the Duke of Norfolk forever. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir Thomas Becket, was exiled and deposed from his see for the king's displeasure. They then immediately defended the king's realm and obtained ships at various harbors, departing for different lands. The Duke of Norfolk went to Venice and died there. May God have mercy on his soul. King Richard then made Sir Roger Walden Archbishop of Canterbury. In the twenty-second year of King Richard's reign, through false counsel and the greed of men around him, blank charters were made and compelled various people to set their seals to them. This was done for great greed. all good hearts of the realm turned away from him who was king ever after. And that was utter destruction and end to him who was so high and excellent a prince and king, through covetise and false counsel falsely betrayed Alla. For pity that such a king might not see. And then King Richard set his kingdom and his realms, England, to be farmed out to four persons. These were Sir William Strype, Earl of Wiltshire and treasurer of England, Sir John Bussh and Henry Green, and Sir John Bagot, knights, who turned them to mischief and death within little time, as you shall find hereafter written. And then King Richard made great ordinance and went over the sea into Ireland, and many great lords with him with great hosts to strengthen her king with me in arms, archers, and much great stuff, and right good ordinance as long as it lasted for war. And before England in his absence with the governance and counsel of these. iv. Knights who had taken England to lease from the king / And then he passed the sea and came into Ireland and there was received well and worthy / And these rebels who were called wild and their leaders came down to the king and yielded them both body and goods at his will, and swore to be his liege men / And to him they did homage and fealty and good service in a little time\n\nAnd while King Richard was thus in Ireland, Sir Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, whom the king had made duke of Hereford before, which duke the king had exiled from this land, came again into England to challenge the dukedom of Lancaster as his right and true heritage / And he came down from France by land to Calais / There met him Sir Thomas of Arundel, bishop of Canterbury, who was exiled from England / And with him came the Earl of Arundel, his son and heir, who was then ward and keeping Sir John Shelley, knight, some time with. The Earl of Huntingdon and the Duke of Exeter, who were in the castle of Reigate in Surrey, stole him away and came to Calais. There he was kept well and worthily until the other two lords had arrived. Then this worthy duke and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Arundell, set sail from the haven of Calais and headed northward, arriving in Yorkshire at Ravenspore near Wytington. They entered the land and these two lords with them and their men. And when many people of the realm heard of his coming and knew where he was, they drew near to him and welcomed these lords, encouraging them in all ways and passing into the land and gathering many people. And when King Richard learned and knew that these two lords had returned to England and were landed, he left his ordinance in Ireland and came to England as quickly as he could and came to the castle of Flixton. and there he abode to take counsel, but to him came none. And then Sir Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester, who was the king's steward and knew this Anne, came into the hall among all the people. And there he broke the yoke of the real king's household, and at once they were dispersed. And every man went his way and forsook her master and sovereign lord, leaving him alone. And thus was King Richard brought down and destroyed. And anon came tidings that Sir Henry Percy and all the shires of England raised up the shires in support of him against King Richard. And soon he came from the north country to Bristol. And there he met with Sir William Scrope, Earl of Wiltshire, Treasurer of England, and with Sir John Bagot. But he parted from them and went over the sea to Ireland and there he had their heads struck off. And thus they died for their false covetise. And then was King Richard taken. brought the man to the duke, and the duke immediately put him in fast custody and strong guard, keeping him from coming to London. And there was a rumor in London that King Richard was coming to Westminster. The people of London ran there and intended to do much harm and damage in their frenzy. The Mayor and Aldermen, and other worthy men, intervened with fair words and turned them back to London.\n\nSir John Slack, one of the king's officers at Westminster, took him and brought him to London, where he was put in prison at Ludgate.\n\nBagot was taken in Ireland and brought to London, where he was put in prison in Newgate to be kept and to await his answer.\n\nSoon after, the duke brought King Richard princefully to London and put him in the Tower under strict guard as a prisoner. And then came the lords of the realm with King Richard and all the realm.\n\nTherefore, the common people of his realm wanted to depose him from his kingdom. And so he was deposed at that time in the Tower of London. by all his lords' counsel and the commune's assent of the realm,\nAnd there he was taken from the tower to the Castle of Leicester in Kent, and there he was kept for a while. Then he was taken from there to the castle of Pontefract in the north to be imprisoned, and soon afterward there he met his end.\nAnd when King Richard was deposed and had resigned his crown and kingdom, and was kept in custody, then all the lords of the realm, with the commune's assent and by agreement, chose this worthy lord, Sir Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, Duke of Hereford and Duke of Lancaster, by right of lineage and heritage, and for his rightful manhood which the people found in him, over all others. They chose him and made him king of England among them.\nAfter King Richard II was deposed and put out of his kingdom, the lords and the commune sent and chose Sir Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, the son and heir of John, Duke of Lancaster. of Lancaster, for his worthy manhood, which was often proven on St. Edward's day, the confessor, was crowned king of England at Westminster by all the Realms assent, next after the deposing of King Richard. Then he made Henry, his eldest son and heir, Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall & Earl of Chester. And he made Sir Thomas of Arundell, Archbishop of Canterbury, again, as he was before. And Sir Roger Walden, whom King Richard had made Archbishop of Canterbury, he made bishop of London; for the position was vacant at the time. He made the son of Earl Arundell, who came with him over the sea from Calais into England, Earl of Arundell, just as his father had been, and put him in possession of all his lands. There he made homage and fealty to his liege lord the king, as did all others. And immediately after that, King Richard, famished unto death by his keeper, died. And he lived for many years after his death, according to many in England and other lands. But whether he was truly alive or dead, they held false opinions and believed that many who came to great mischief and foul death were the same.\n\nAnd when King Henry knew and truly understood that he was dead, he had him honorably cremated and placed in a fine chest with various spices and balms, wrapped in a linen cloth, leaving his face exposed so that people could see his person from others.\n\nAnd so he was brought to London with torches burning in front, to St. Paul's. And there he had his mass and his dirge with much reverence and solemnity of service.\n\nAnd when all this was done, he was brought from St. Paul's to Westminster Abbey and there he had all his service again. From Westminster, he was brought to Langley. And there he was buried. May God have mercy on his soul. Amen\n\nIn the first year of King Henry's reign, he held his Christmas mass\nat Windsor Castle. And on the 12th evening, the duke of Aumerle came unto the king and told him that he and the duke of Surrey, the duke of Exeter, the Earl of Salisbury, and the Earl of Gloucester, and others of their affinity, were accorded to make a plot against the king on the 12th day at night. They cast themselves to sleep the king in his chamber. And thus the duke of Aumerle warned the king.\n\nAnd then the king came the same night to London privately in all the haste that he might get help, support, and counsel. And anon these others who would have done the king to death fled in all the haste that they might, for they knew well that their counsel was being wrought.\n\nAnd then fled the duke of Surrey and the Earl of Salisbury with all their men to the town of Chester.\n\nAnd there the people of the town would have... arrested them and did not yield to their arrest but stood at defense and fought manfully But at last they were overcome and taken\nAnd there they struck off the duke of Surrey's head and the earl of Salisbury's and many others' and there they put their quarters in sacks and their heads on poles borne high / and so they were brought through the City of London to London Bridge /\nand there their heads were set upon high and their quarters were sent to other good towns and cities and set up there\nAt Oxford were taken Blount knight / Benet Cely knight / and Thomas Wyntersell squire. And these were beheaded and quartered and the knights' heads were set on poles and brought to London & set on the bridge / and the quarters sent forth to other good towns\nAnd in the same year at Prittlewell in a Mill in Essex, Sir John Holland, duke of Exeter, was taken with the commoners of the country. And they brought him from the Mill to Plash.\nAnd to the same place the king also came. Richard had arrested Sir Thomas Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, and there, in the same place, they beheaded the duke of Exeter and brought his head to London on a pole. In the same year, at Bristol, the lord Spencer was taken, whom King Richard had made earl of Gloucester. The commune of the town took him and brought him to the market place of the town, where they beheaded him and sent his head to London, where it was set on London Bridge. In this same year, Sir Bernard Brokes knight, Sir Ian Shelley knight, and Sir John Maudelyn, persons of King Richard's, were taken and imprisoned in the Tower of London. The king's justices sat upon them in the Tower of London, and there they were condemned all four to death. The sentence was given to Sir Bernard Brokes, that he should go on foot from thence. Sir John Tour, a knight, was taken through London to Tyburn and hanged. After his head was struck off, the heads of Sir John Shelley, Sir John Maudelyn, and Sir William Ferby were also taken through London to Tyburn and hung. Their heads were then set on London Bridge.\n\nKing Henry sent Queen Isabella back to France, who was previously married to King Richard. He gave her gold, silver, and other things, releasing her from her dower and sending her out of England.\n\nIn the second year of King Henry the Fourth's reign, Sir Roger Clarendon, a knight, and two of his men, as well as the prior of Lande, were taken. Sir Roger endured for 14 years. He took the Lord Grey of Ruthen prisoner and kept him in custody until he was ransomed from the Marches. He kept him with his wife for a long time after he was married to one of his daughters. Sir Roger died soon after. King Henry, upon learning of Owen's treason and destruction, immediately organized a strong power of armed men and archers, along with other war supplies. And then, the king marched into Wales with his forces to destroy Owen and other false Welshmen. They fled into the mountains, and the king could do them no harm there. So, he returned to England again due to the absence of more people. And there, English merchandise was sent to Prussia for trade. They had loaded and waited for ships, and they safely returned home. God bless him for all his gifts. In the fourth year of King Henry's reign, a star appeared in the firmament, showing itself throughout the world through various signs, which were named and called Stella by the clergy. Comata, on Saint Marie Magdaleine's day next following in the same year, was the battle of Shrewsbury. And there came Sir Henry Percy, the Earl of Northumberland's son, with a great multitude of men-at-arms and archers, and gave battle to King Henry IV through the false counsel and wicked deceit of Sir Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester. There, Sir Henry Percy was slain, and the most part of his men in the field. Sir Thomas Percy was then immediately drawn and hanged, and his head struck off for his false treason. And on both sides, the king allowed the slain to be heard. On the king's side in that battle, the Earl of Stafford and Sir Walter Blount in the king's coat of armor under the king's banner, and many more worthy men, on whose souls God have mercy. Amen\n\nIn the fourth year of King Henry's reign. The Emperor of Constantine, with many great lords, knights, and other people of his country, came to King Henry in England to speak and to entertain and to see the good governance and conditions of our people and to know the comforts of England. And our king, with all his lords, received him graciously and welcomed him. And immediately the king commanded that all manner of officers should serve him as worthy and royally as became such a worthy lord and emperor, at his own cost, as long as the emperor was in England, and all his men who came with him.\n\nIn the same year, England arrived at Falmouth in Cornwall and was brought to the City of Winchester. There she was married to King Henry IV in the Abbey of St. Swithun's of Winchester with all the solemnity that could be done, and the aldermen and the commons of the city of London rode against her and welcomed her and brought her through the City of London to her new home. Westminster was where she was crowned Queen of England, and the king held a grand and solemn feast there for her and all who wished to attend. In the same year, Blanche, the eldest daughter of King Henry IV, was sent overseas with the Earl of Somerset, her uncle, and Master Clifford, Bishop of Worcester, and many other worthy lords, knights, ladies, and squires, to welcome the king. The Duke's son of Barre arrived with a beautiful retinue and received the lady there. Bishop Worcester married and united them in the eyes of the holy church. A grand feast and great jousts were held in their honor and in the reverence and worship of all who attended. When this marriage and feast were completed, the Earl, Bishop, and all her retinue took their leave of the lord and lady and returned safely to England, thank God. In the year of King Henry's reign, Lord Thomas, his son, along with the Earl of Kent and many other lords and knights, set sail with a large army and archers to subdue the rebels who had caused harm to Englishmen and merchants in various towns and ports along the English coast. Lord Thomas, the king's son, arrived in Flanders to confront a town called the Sluice among all the ships. He spent two days there and then returned to his ships. They prepared for a long battle but the English had the victory and brought the Carrick ships into the Camber before Winchelsea. There they unloaded their goods. Suddenly, one of the Carrick ships was burning, and Richard Robes came rowing into England from Scotland. He told various people that King Richard was alive in Scotland. Many believed his words, causing a great part of the population to be in turmoil. of the peple of the Reame weren in grete errour and grucchyng\nayens the kyng thurgh and fals lesyng that\nthis Serle had made / For moche peple trusted and beleued in his\nseyeng / But at the last he was taken in the Northcontre and by\nlawe Iugged to bene drawe thurgh euery Cite and good burgh\ntounes in Englond And so he was serued / and at the laste he was\nbrought to london vn to the Gyld halle before the Iustice / and\nthere he was Iugged for to be brought to the toure of london / and\nther to be and than to be drawe thurgh the Ci\u2223te\nof london to Tiborne and there hanged and then quartred and\nhis hede smyten of and sette on london brigge and his quartres to\nbe sente to foure good tounes of Englond and there sette vp / and\nthus ended he for his fals treson and disceit\n\u00b6And in the vj. yere of kyng henries regne the iiij. the Erle of\nMarre of Scotland by saufconduyt come in to Englond to cha\u2223lenge\nSir Edmond the Erle of kente of certayne courses of wer\u2223re And so the challenge was accepted and granted in Smithfield, London. The Earl of Marr, the Scot, came proudly into the field as requested. And immediately, the Earl of Kent rode out to meet him with sharp spears in various courses. The Earl of Kent won the field and was given much worship and thanks from all men for his manly behavior. He met them at York, and there these two lords were taken and brought to the king. The judges were set, and these two lords were brought forth and condemned to death. Both their heads were struck off, and there they ended. God in His great goodness worked and showed many great miracles for this worthy bishop of York, who performed this deed in the seventh year of King Henry's reign. Lady Lucia, the duke's sister of Milan, came to England and was married to Sir Edmond Holland, Earl of. In the priory of St. Marie Overies in Southwark, the king was present with much solemnity and great worship. He himself gave her in marriage at the church door. When they were married and mass was concluded, the king, in person, led this worthy lady to the bishop's palace in Winchester. A great feast was held there for all manner of people who came.\n\nIn the same year, Sir Robert Knolles, a worthy knight, died at his manor in Northfolk. He was brought to London on a horse with much torchlight. From there, he was brought to the White Friars in Fleet Street, and a solemn feast and a real entertainment were held for those who came, both rich and poor. He lies buried there by Dame Constance, his wife, in the middle of the church's body, for whose soul, God in His mercy, have pity.\n\nIn this same year, Sir Thomas Rampston, Knight and Constable of the Tower of London, was taken ill at London Bridge. In the same year, Philip the younger, daughter of King Henry, was taken over the sea to Wardes Tower in a barge through Lewdenesse. And at Wardes Tower, she was crowned queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. This was followed by a grand festival. When the festival and marriage were completed, these lords and ladies took their leave of the king and queen and returned to England in haste, giving thanks.\n\nIn the eighth year of King Henry's reign, there was a man named the Wallsh clerke. He accused a knight named Sir Percival, surnamed Somerset, and the day, place, and time for their encounter were assigned and limited to be carried out in Smith Field. On that day, the two parties came to the field and fought fiercely. In this year, the knight overcame the clerk and made him confess his false accusations. The clerk was then disarmed and drawn from the field to Tibern and hanged. The knight was a good man. And in the same year, Sir Henry Earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolf came out of Scotland against King Henry. The people of the north rose up against them and fought with them, defeating and capturing them. Their heads and quarters were sent to London, where they were displayed for treason against the king. In the ninth year of King Henry's reign, Sir Edmond Holland, Earl of Kent, was made Admiral of England to protect the sea. He went to the sea with many fine ships that were well prepared and adorned. and armed with many a good man of arms and archers, and of good defense of war in the king's name of England, and so he landed at last in the cost of Brittany on the Isle of Brittany with all his people, and he besieged the castle and waited, and they withstood him with great defense and strength. And anon he laid his ordnance in the lee of a gun came a quarrel and smote him there, caught death's wound but yet they left nothing until they had taken the castle and all that were therein. And there this good lord died. On whose soul God have mercy, Amen. And then his men came home again into England with the earl's body and was buried among his ancestors right worthily. And in the same year was a great frost in England that lasted fifteen weeks. And in the tenth year of King Henry's reign, the Fourteenth came the Seneschals of Henri with other men to seek ancestors and to gain honor in deeds of arms both on horseback and on foot at all manner of points of war. And the Seneschal challenged. The Earl of Somerset delivered himself manfully in all challenges and put his adversary to the test in every point, granting him great worship and the glory of the field. The next day, another man of arms from the Seneschal's party entered the field against him. And against this man came Sir Richard of Arundel knight. In one engagement, the former had the better of him. On the third day, another man of arms from Henault's party entered the field and faced Sir Richard. Sir John Cornwall knight manfully and knightly defeated him in all points. And on the fourth day, another man of arms from Henault's party entered the field. Against him came a man, and the king, impressed by his valor at that time, dubbed him knight. On the fifth day, another man of arms from Henault's party entered the field. To him came Sir John Stward knight and manfully defeated him. And the first day came another challenger and to him came William Porter, squire, and he quit him and had the better in the field. And the sixth day came another challenger into the field and to him came John Standish, squire, and he quit him on his adversary and had the better, and there the king dubbed him knight the same day. And on the same day came another challenger and to him came a squire from Gascony, and proudly and manfully he quit him on his adversary and had the better. And on the eighth day came two men-at-arms of the challenger and to them came two soldiers of Calais who were brothers, called Burghes. They well and manfully quit their adversaries and had the better in the field. And thus ended the challenges with much worship. And the king, at the reception of the strangers, made a great feast and gave them rich gifts. They took her leave and went home to their own country. In the 11th year of King Henry's reign, there was a great battle in Smithfield between two squires, one called Gloucester. Arthur was the defender. He fought well and manfully for a long time. The king, out of his mercy and grace, took Arthur's quarrel into his hand and made them both leave the field at once. They were released from their battles, and the king granted them grace. In the 14th year of King Henry's reign, a Welsh squire named Ris rose up as a rebel and supported Owen Glendower, causing much destruction to the people of Wales. He was taken and brought to London. Before the justices, he was condemned for his treason. Then he was led on a hurdle through the city and drawn out to Tyburn. There, he was hanged, disemboweled, and his head and body were sent to four different places. In the 14th year of King Henry, Tonnes set his head on London Bridge. And in the same year, King Henry's son was buried at the Abbey of the Tower Hill. May God have mercy on his soul, Amen.\n\nIn the same year, Lord Thomas, King Henry's son, wed the Countess of Somerset.\n\nAnd in this same year, the ambassadors of France came to England from the Duke of Burgundy to Prince Henry, King Henry's son and heir, for help and support against the Duke of Orlean. The Earl of Arundel, Sir Guillebert de Moleins, Earl of Keme, the Lord Cobham, Sir, and many other good knights and worthy squires, and men of arms and good archers, went over the sea with them to France and came to Paris to the Duke of Burgundy. There, they were received and welcomed warmly by the Duke and all others.\n\nIt was then discovered that the Duke of Orlean was approaching Paris with a large army and arbalestiers, and one Englishman remained there and fought. with the bridge at Semtclowe, and there a large number of Frenchmen and Armagnacs remained and refused to leave. Our Englishmen then came again to Paris, took their leave of the duke, and returned safely to England. The duke gave them generous gifts. The king then made Thomas his son duke of Clarence, his other son John duke of Bedford, his other son Humfrey duke of Gloucester, and Sir Thomas Beaufort Earl of Dorset. The duke of Aumale he made duke of York. The king then ordered his son Thomas, Duke of Clarence, Sir Thomas Beaufort Earl of Dorset, and Sir Richard Shrewsbury to sail from Hampton and crossed into Normandy, landing at Hogges. There they met with the Lord Hamme and his army of 20,000 Frenchmen and three sergeants of arms with them. All were put to flight and 5,000 men of arms and 3,000 horses were taken without counting those who were slain in the field. They rode through France and passed by castles and towns, encountering many French people who resisted them. They continued until they reached Bordeaux, where they rested and put the country at peace. They remained there until the vintage were ready to sail. Thanked be God. In the same year, the king's coin was changed throughout England by the king and his council, the noble halfpenny and farthing. They passed the Great Sea and went to Jerusalem, intending to end their lives there. But God visited him with infirmities and great sickness, preventing him from continuing. He was taken and brought back before he could reach Andorra. As he lay in bed, he asked his chamberlain what the chamber was called where he lay, and he answered, \"Jerusalem.\" Then the king said that the prophecy had foretold that he would end his life and die in Jerusalem. He made himself ready for God and disposed of all his will. He died soon after. and was carried by water from Westminster to the Abbey of Crichurche, and there he was entered. And after the death of King Henry IV, his son who was born at Monmouth in Wales, reigned as King Henry V. He was a worthy king, a gracious man, and a great conquered. In the first year of his reign, for great love and goodness, he sent to the monks of Langley, where his father had done before, and had his father's body taken out of the earth and brought to Westminster in a royal chariot covered with black velvet and banners of diverse arms. All the horses drawing the chariot were draped in black and beaten with various arms. Many torches were burning along the way until he came to Westminster. There he had a royal and solemn entrance made for him. By Queen Anne his wife, as his own desire was, he was on the farther side of St. Edward's shrine in the Abbey of St. Peter's of Westminster. On whose soul, God have mercy, Amen. In this manner... In the same year, certain Lollards were taken, falsely accused of heresy and treason, intending through treachery to kill our king and destroy all the clergy in the realm. Had they succeeded, they would have carried out their wicked plan, but the Lord would not allow it. Our king was warned of their treasonous plot and their false ordinances, and he came suddenly with his power to Saint [something].\n\nAdditionally, Sir Roger Acron, a knight, was taken for heresy and treason against the king and the realm. He appeared before the clergy and was convicted of heresy, sentenced to be burned, and condemned before them, as well as hanged and burned.\n\nIn the second year of King Henry's reign, he humbly begged them for their mercy, good counsel, and good will, requesting that they recognize and uphold his title and right to Normandy, Gascoyne, and Guyenne. These territories had been wrongfully and unjustly withheld by the king of France, and his ancestors. Before Henry had true title to conquest and right heritage, and his lords advised him to send embassadors to the king of France and his council, and that he should yield up to him his right heritage, that is, Normandy, Gascony, and Guyenne, which his predecessors had held before him, or else he would win it with the sword in short time with the help of Almighty God. And then the Dauphin of France answered our embassadors in this manner: the king was over young and tender of age to make any war against him, and was not yet a good warrior to do and to make such a conquest upon him. And somewhat in scorn and contempt, he sent for his lords instead, and they came to him and told him of the unfavorable answer they had received from the Dauphin regarding the present issue. He had sent one to the king, and when the king had heard his words and the dolphin's answer, he was greatly aggrieved and very angry towards his friend. They were great cannon stones for the dolphin to play with. Then, immediately, the king summoned all his lords and held a great council at Westminster. He told them the answer they had received from the dolphin and of his worthy gift that he had sent to him and his lords to play with. And there, the king and his lords agreed that they should be ready in arms with their power in the best array that could be done. They were to get men of arms and archers that could be obtained, and all other things necessary for war, and be ready with all their retinue to meet at Southampton by Lammas next sewing without any delay. For this reason, the king ordered his navy with all manner of supplies and provisions that were required for such a war.\n\nAnd then a great disease and a fatal mischance befell them, due to their excessive trust in [trusting too much]. falsely they had conspired and imagined the king's death,\nintending to kill him and all his brothers, or he had taken the sea. These lords, named Sir Richard Earl of Cambridge, brother to the Duke of York, the second was Lord Scrope, Treasurer of England, and the third was Sir Thomas Gray, knight of the Northcountry. These lords, who had promised the Frenchmen for money to kill King Henry and all his worthy brothers by a false pretext, or they had found him, were all brought before the death sentence. This was Islington, led through Hampton and without Northgate, to be beheaded. And thus they ended their lives for their false covetise and treason.\n\nImmediately after this was done, the king and all his men made their exit. Hem and his fifteen ships were ready and set sail from Kydeause, arriving within sight of Harlech in Normandy with all his retinue. He then proceeded to Harlech and besieged the town both by land and water. He sent a message to the captain of the town and demanded its surrender. The captain replied that he would not surrender to him and urged him to do his best.\n\nOur king then laid siege to the town, which is to say, he began the siege engines. Those within the town sang a song in response, cursing those who were at war and lamenting the time they were born.\n\nOn the morning, the king cried out at every gate of the town, urging every man to be ready for an early assault on the town. William Bouchier and John Graunt, along with twelve other worthy burghers, begged for his royal permission. The king granted him the power to withdraw his malice and destruction, and begged him for a truce for seven days, promising that any rescue might come to his aid, or else to surrender the town and all its goods to him. The king then sent out the captain and kept the remainder with him. The lord Gaucorte, captain of the town, went forth in haste to Ronne for help and support, but there was none, for the Dolphin would not stay. Thus, this captain returned to the king and surrendered the town, delivering him the keys. He then called his uncle, the Earl of Dorset, and made him captain of the town of Harlech and delivered him the keys, as well as his children. The king then sent word to England and cried in every good town of England that any crafty man who would come and inhabit himself there should have a house. The household and his heirs for eternity. Therefore, many merchants and crafty men went there to strengthen the town, and they were welcomed. When the king saw that the town was well supplied with provisions and men, this worthy prince took his leave and went to Calais ward by land. The Frenchmen heard of his coming and thought to stop him from passing that way, intending that he should not pass through it. In their haste, they broke down all the bridges, leaving no passage for horse or foot. Anyone who wished to cross the rivers would have been drowned. Therefore, our king and his people sought a way far up to Paris ward. All the real power of France was assembled there and ready to give him battle and destroy his people. But Almighty God was his guide and saved him and all his men, defending him from his enemies' power and purpose. Praise be to God who saved his own. knight and king in his rightful title And when our king, beholding and seeing the multitude and number of his enemies to withstand his way and give him battle, then the king, with a meek heart and good spirit, left up his hands to Almighty God and besought Him for help and succor, and that day to save his true servants. And then our king gathered all his lords and other people about him and bade them all be of good cheer, for they should have a fair day and a gracious victory and the better of all their enemies. And he prayed them all to make themselves ready for the battle, for he would rather. And the duke of York fell on his knees and begged the king for a bone, he would grant him that day the advance position in his battle. And the king granted his request and said, \"Grant mercy, cousin of York, and pray make yourself ready.\" And then he bade every man to prepare a stake of tree and sharp both ends, that the stake might be planted in the earth at a slope, so that their enemies should not overrun and overwhelm them. hem all together to unexpectedly attack our men suddenly at the first coming among them. The first among them brought, and all night before the battle the French made great fires and reveled loudly with shouting and showing. They pleaded with our king and his lords at the disease and an archer always for a bribe. For they all thought all had been here the morning before the day had begun to spring.\n\nAnd the king, by good advice, arranged his battle and his wings and charged every man to keep them in order and prayed them all to be of good cheer.\n\nAnd when they were ready, he asked what time of day it was. They said it was prime. Then said our king, \"Now is good time.\" For all England prays for us and therefore be of good cheer and let us go to our men.\n\nThen he said with a loud voice in the name of Almighty God and of St. George, \"This day thou shalt help us.\"\n\nThen these French came provoking us down as they would have overridden all our men, but God and our archers prevented it. hem some times stumble For our archers sheathed never an arrow but it happened and brought to ground man or horse\nFor they shot that day for a wager And our stakes made them top over And our king with his men and with his men-at-arms and archers, who thanked on them so thick with arrows and laid on these stakes, and our king with his own hands fought manfully\nAnd thus Almighty God and St. George brought our enemies to the ground and gave us that day the victory\nAnd there were slain of Frenchmen that day in the field of Agincourt more than 10,000 with prisoners that were taken\nAnd there were numbered that day of Frenchmen in the field more than six thousand\nAnd of Englishmen not fewer than nine thousand\nBut God fought for us that day.\nAnd afterwards came tidings to our king that there was a new battle of Frenchmen ordered and ready to steal on him and come towards him\nImmediately our king and his battle-line prepared themselves ready to fight with the French. When they saw that our men had killed down their prisoners, then they drowned them and broke their battle and all their array.\nAnd thus our king, as a worthy conqueror, had the victory that day in the field of Agincourt in Picardy. And then our king returned again there where the battle was, to see what Englishmen were dead, and if any were hurt, that they might be helped. And there were dead in the field the duke of Barri, the duke of Alencon, the duke of Brabant, the Earl of Nevers, the chief Constable of France, and eight other earls, and the Archbishop of Rouen, and of good barons and many, and of worthy knights of great alliance, eight thousand and five hundred, the Earl of Somerset, and of all other Englishmen there were not dead more than twenty-seven bodies.\nThanked be God.\nAnd this battle was on a Friday, which was Crispian and Crispinian's day in the month of October. And immediately the king commanded to bury them and the duke of York. The duke of Orl\u00e9ans, the duke of Bourbon, the Earl of Richelieu, and Sir Bursigaunt Marshal of France, among many other worthy lords, were taken in the battle of Agincourt and brought to the town of Calais. They were then taken over the sea with the king to England and landed at Dover in Kent, offering their prisoners at St. Thomas shrine. The king rode through Kent next, resting at Eltham until he came to London. The Mayor of London and the Aldermen, along with all the worthy commuters and craftsmen, came to Blackheath well to welcome our king with diverse melodies and thanked Almighty God for his gracious victory. The king and his prisoners passed by them until he came to St. Thomas watering, where all the religious met him in procession and welcomed him. come riding with his passengers through the City of London where there was shown many a fair sight at all the conduits and at the cross in Cheape as in heavenly array of Angels, Archangels, Patriarchs, Prophets, and virgins with diverse melodies singing and singing to welcome our king. And all the conduits running with wine. And the king passed forth to St. Paul's and there met with him twenty-four bishops revered and mitered with sens and song for his gracious victory. Te Deum laudamus. And there the king offered and took and rode to Westminster. And then the mayor took his leave of the king and rode home again. In the third year of King Henry's reign, the fifth came the Emperor of the Germans, king of Rome and Hungary, into England and to the City of London. And the mayor and the aldermen with the sheriffs and worthy crafts of London, by the king's commandment, met him on the Blackheath in the best array they could on horseback. And there they welcomed him and brought him to London. with much honor and great reverence, at St. Thomas, the king and all his lords met with him. There was a worthy meeting between the Emperor and the king, and they kissed each other and embraced. The king then took the Emperor by the hand, and they rode together through the city of London, unto St. Paul's, and there they alighted. All the bishops stood reverently with thuribles in their hands, sensing [incense]. And then they took their horses and rode to Westminster. The king lodged the Emperor in his own palaces, and there he rested for a great while, and all at the king's expense. Soon after, the Duke of Holland came into England to see the Emperor and to speak with King Henry. He was worthily received and lodged in the bishop's house of Ely, and all at the king's expense. When the Emperor had well rested and seen the land in diversity. parties and knew the comforts more than by process of time, he took his leave of the king, but before he went, he was made knight of the Garter and received and wore the livery. Then he thanked the king and all his worthy lords. And then the king and he went overseas to Calais and stayed there a long time to have an answer from the French king. And at last it came and pleased him not at all. And on the Monday next after, he came to the parliament at Westminster. In this same year, there was a great dearth of corn in England, but thank God it did not last long. And in the fourth year of King Henry's reign, the fifth parliament was held at Westminster in the beginning of the month of October and lasted until the purification of our lady then next after. And there was granted to the king to maintain his wars, both spiritually and temporally, a whole tax and a prepared one. All his lords were ordered to make themselves ready to strengthen him in his right. The king ordered a new retinue to be made and charged all men to be ready at Hampton in Witson week, without delay.\n\nAt Saint Mark's day, which was then Hocktide, he took his horse at Westminster and rode to Pouls and offered and took his leave. He rode through the city taking his leave of all manner of people, both poor and rich, praying them all in general to pray for him.\n\nHe rode to Saint George's and offered and took his leave of the Mayor, charging him to keep well his chamber. He rode to Hampton and stayed there until his retinue was ready and come. For all his navy of ships with his ordinance were gathered and well supplied, as became such a royal king with all manner of victuals. for such people, both for horse and man, who longed for such a warrior, that is to say, armor, gonnes, tunic, euges (or eques), scaly ladders, malls, sand, and pipes full of arrows as needed for such a worthy warrior. No thing was to be sought when the time came, and his ships were laden with gonnes and gunpowder. And when this was ready and his retinue arrived, the king and his lords came with their real host and went aboard and set sail for Normandy, landing at Touke upon the Lamasse landing. And then the king, hearing of many enemies on the sea, that is, nine great carracks, galleys, and ships that had come to destroy his navy, immediately commanded the Earl of the March to be the chief captain and many other worthy lords with him, with men-at-arms and archers, to go to the sea to prevent any enemies from defiling his navy or entering his land in any part to disturb his voyage or his journey. And immediately the Earl took his men and went aboard. and the king kept the sea clear, so that no enemy dared approach it. And immediately the king sent his heralds to the Captain of Tourcoing and ordered him to surrender his town or else no man, woman or child would be spared. And immediately the Captain and four other burghers of the town brought the keys to the king and begged for his grace. The king delivered the keys to Sir John Kelley and made him Captain, commanding him to expel all Frenchmen, both from the town and the castle. Furthermore, the castle of Lovra was taken, and there the king sent the Earl Marshal with a fine retinue and besieged the town. It was yielded to the Earl, and he brought the keys to the king. The king took the keys from him and made him Captain of the castle of Lovra and of all who were there, and ordered him to expel all Frenchmen. Then the king set out for Canne, a strong town. The king sent his heralds to the captain and ordered him to deliver the town and his castle, or else he would take them by force. The heralds answered and said that he would not get one without their consent, not would they deliver it to him. The king then laid siege to the town, attacking both walls and towers, and killing many people in their houses and in the streets. The Duke of Clarence also attacked the walls on his side, bringing them down to the ground. Within a short time, the king, with his counsel, surrounded the town. The Duke of Clarence slowly brought down the walls on his side, sparing no man or child. The people cried out for Clarence and Saint George. A worthy man named Springs was killed on the king's side, whom the king ordered to be buried in the Abbey of Canterbury, near William the Conqueror, by his will. And the king entered the town with his brother, the duke of Clarence, and many other worthy lords. With great solemnity and merriment, the king commanded the captain to deliver his castle to him. The captain begged the king for fourteen days of respite, promising to yield the keys and the castle if no rescue came. Under this condition, the castle of Baious, along with other towns and fortresses numbering twelve, were surrendered to the king on the hill before the castle of Cane. The king pitched his tents there, and news came that no rescue would come. Forty days later, the captain emerged from the castle and delivered the keys and the castle to the king. Baious and the other twelve towns were also surrendered to him. The king then delivered the keys to the duke of Clarence and made him captain of the town. The captain of the castle, named him captain of Baious and all the other towns. He entered the castle and the town, holding St. George's feast there. He made fifteen knights from the bath, including Sir Lowys Robersart, Salyn Chaynnie, Mougomery, and many other worthy men. The king commanded them to expel all the Frenchmen and women, allowing none to violate or take anything from them, but only to let them pass in peace under pain of death. More than fifteen hundred women left the town in one day. Our king then besieged Valleys Newelyne and led a siege against Chirburgh. The duke of Gloucester came with a strong power and mighty forces, and by the passage of time, the siege was successful. And they took the gate and made a Captain of the same town. At the same time, the Earl of Warwick laid siege to Dunferre and took the gate, installing a Captain there. Speaking further about the Earl of the Marches, who was ordered by the king to patrol the sea and protect the coasts of England from various enemies, the wind arose against them, and they all feared they would be lost. But through the grace of Almighty God and good governance, they rode ahead of the storm. Two carracks and two balingers, along with their merchandise and other goods, were lost, and all the people within were lost. Another carrack drove before Hampton and threw its mast over the town walls. This occurred on St. Bartholomew's day. And when the storm had subsided, this worthy Earl of March took his ships and sailed to the sea, landing in Normandy at Hoges. He then rode forth toward the king, and the Frenchmen fled before him. An Anthony came to them. pigge followed the host all that way until they came to a great water, and there they dreaded they would have been drowned, the water closing over them so that they could nowhere get out, except at the last, God Almighty and this pig brought them all out safely. And there they caught a guide who knew all the countryside and he brought them through a quick sand and into an island, and there they took many prisoners in their way toward the king, and so they came to Cane. And there the king welcomed him and took his and immediately it was proclaimed to the king and they had their lives and went their way.\n\nThen our king proceeded to a strong town called Cese, and there was a fair minster and they gave it immediately to the king. And then the king went from there to Alansome and won the town and the bridge. The king sent the Earl of Warrewyke to a town called Belesme with a huge and strong power, and immediately they yielded and put them in the king's grace and mercy. And so did many more strong towns. In the parties were towns and castles. From there, they went to Vernill in Perche, and immediately it was reported to the king about the surrender of both towns and castles, as well as their goods, at the king's grace. And so the king took and conquered all the towns and castles, Pyles' strengths and Abbeys, up to Pountlarge. From there, in the fifth year of King Henry's reign, the fifth Sir John Oldcastle, who was the Lord Cobham, was arrested for heresy and brought to the Tower of London. And immediately after, he escaped from the tower and went into Wales, where he stayed for a long time. At last, Lord Powys' men brought him out of Wales to London in a wheelbarrow. And so he was brought to Westminster and there was examined on certain points put to him. He said nothing and was convicted by the clergy for his heresy and condemned before the justices to death for treason. And so he was led up to In the year 5 of King Henry's reign, he sent his uncle, Sir Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, with a fine army and archers to capture the City of Rouen. He displayed his banner and sent heralds to the town, demanding they surrender to our king, their liege lord. They replied they would not keep him or allow him entry unless they had bought and sworn allegiance with their own hands. The duke took note of the ground around the city.\n\nSuddenly, a large army of men on horse and foot emerged from the City. Our army met them and engaged in battle. And he and his men had slain and taken about forty good men's bodies, and the remainder fled again into the town. The duke went to Pountlarge to the king and told him all how he had fared and how he liked the ground. And immediately as he was going, they cast down all their tents about the City on the hard ground, for the king should have no refreshment at his coming. And the Friday before Lammas day, our king with his host came before noon, and he set his siege around the City, and immediately let loose his ordinance upon the town. The king and his lords were lodged in the charterhouse and great strength around them, which was in the eastern part of the City. And the duke of Clarence lodged himself at the western end in a waste Abbey before the Porte Chaux. The duke of Exeter lodged himself on the northside before the Porte Bea. Between the duke of Clarence and the duke of Exeter was the Earl Marshal lodged with a strong power. Before the Castlegate, the Earl of Ormond, Lord Harington, and Lord Calbot, with their retinues, were present. Sir John Cornwall and many other noble knights, with their retinues, were with the Duke of Clarence. The Duke of Exeter moved towards the king, and the Lord Roos, the Lord Willoughby, were stationed there. The Earl of Mortain was encamped in St. Catherine's Abbey. The Earl of Salisbury was encamped on the other side of St. Catherine's Abbey. Sir John Grey knight was lodged at the Abbey called Mount St. Michael. Sir Philip Leche knight, the king's treasurer, was lodged between the waters of the Seine and the abbey and kept the ward under the hill. The Baron of Carrow was lodged under the water side to keep the passage. Ienico, the squire, was next to him on the water side. They, the two squires, kept the waters of the Seine and frequently fought with their enemies. On the other side of the Seine lay the Earl. And Master Neil, the Earl of Wessex, and Sir Gilbert Umfreville, Earl of Kendal, and Sir Richard of Arundell, and the Lord Feriers, with their retinue, were before Porte Ponte. Each of these lords had strong ordinances. The king made a stockade and mighty chief of Irena over the water of the Seine and had it firmly planted in the ground. It went over the River Seine so that no vessel could pass beneath it in any way. Above this chain, the king allowed a bridge to be built over the water of the Seine for men and all other cargo to go to and fro at all times when needed.\n\nThen came the Earl of Warwick and went down to King Henry of England.\n\nAnd immediately the king sent the Earl of Warwick to Caubec to besiege it. When he came before the town, he sent his heralds to the captain and demanded that he surrender the town on pain of death. And at once he laid siege. The captain begged for mercy. The earl who could come to his presence and speak with him. And so the good earl granted him. Then he came out and four other burghers with him, and they entered into an agreement with this and the earl granted and consented to it on the condition that the king's navy with its ordinance might not pass by them safely without any manner of bother or disturbance. And to their composition they set sail and came before the city of Rome in a hundred ships. There they cast anchor, and then this city was besieged both by land and by water. When all this was done and the ships had come up, the earl of Warwick came again to the king. He lodged him between St. Catherine's Abbey and the king until the abbey entered and was yielded to the king. Then he removed him thence and lodged him before Porte Marcenylle. And thus the earl of Salisbury was commanded by the king to make him ready to ride, but there came hasty tidings and made him wait. And so he returned again. logged hym beside the Erle of Huntyngdon till the siege was en\u2223ded\n\u00b6And than come the duke of Gloucestre the kynges brother\nfrom the siege of Chirbourgh the which he had wonnen and geten\nand stuffed ayene vn to the kynges behoue and profit vn to the\ncroune of Englond And whan he was come to the kyng before\nRone anone he logged with grete ordinaunce before port seint Hil\u00a6lare\nmore nere the toune and his ennemies than any othir lay by\nxl. roddes of And with hym lay\nthe Erle of Southfolke and the lord of Bergeuenand stronge ordinaunce / and manly & proudely fou\u0292t\neuery day with hir enemies / euer whan they issued oute of the cite.\n\u00b6And than come the priour of kylmayne of Irland ouer the see\nvn to the kyng with a faire meyne of men of armes of hir owne co\u0304\u00a6tre\ngyse the somme of xv.C. good mennys bodies and the kyng wel\u00a6comed\nhem and made hem right good chire And than come tydyn\u2223ges\nvn to the kyng that the kyng of Fraunce and the dolphyne & The Duke of Burgoyne intended to come down to parley on the north side of the host because it offered the best entrance and easiest ground. The king therefore assigned the Prior of Kilmaines and his power to station themselves on the north side to block their passage, near the forest of Lyous. They were pleased with this arrangement and set out in haste, maintaining the position assigned to them by the king and his council. They parted ways as good warriors, loyal to their king.\n\nNow I will tell you which were the chief captains and those of the castle. Sir Termegan was captain of the Porte de Canx, leading our men. And, coming from our king, there were named captains in accordance with custom.\n\nThis siege lasted, and at times the soldiers drove out the poor people from the gates of the town due to the expenditure of provisions. Our Englishmen immediately drove them back. The town was retaken. The captain and the people decided, due to lack of food, to give up every day thousands and saw young children lying and dying from hunger. They brought the keys of the town to the king and delivered the town to him, along with the harbors and the common folk of the town, who were to remain and dwell in the town yearly to pay him and his successors for land, farms, and caterans. The king entered the town and rested in the castle until it was secured and in governance.\n\nImmediately after dinner, many other towns in Normandy surrendered without a struggle or siege when they understood that the king had taken Ron.\n\nAlso, in the same year, a peace was made and sworn between the duke of Burgundy and the dauphin. Out of real necessity, they labored to make a truce with the king of England. The king of England daily took their towns, castles. In the castle of Leicester in Kent, a Friar Randolf, the confessor of the lady, was brought. He was later killed by the falling tower's person during words and debate. In the seventh year, both kings of France and England were agreed upon, and King Henry was made heir and regent of France. He was married to Catherine, the daughter of France, at Troyes in Champagne on Trinity Sunday. From then, he, with his lords, came over sea and landed on Candlemas Day in the morning at Dover. The fourteenth day of February, the king came to London, and the twenty-fourth day of the same month, the queen was crowned at Westminster. In the same year, after Easter, the king held a parliament at Westminster, where it was ordained that the gold in English coin should be weighed, and none received except by weight. King Stanley sailed to Calais and passed into France. He marched on the twenty-second day before the king arrived, because they refused to take archers with them but wanted to fight the French themselves. Yet when he was killed, the archers came and rescued the duke's body, which they intended to carry away. In the same year, between Christmas and Candlemas, the town of Melun was sacked. In the tenth year, the city of Manchester was taken. This same year, the queen embarked at Hampton and sailed. King Henry quickly gained a stronghold in France and held a grand feast in Paris, where he was crowned, and the queen was also crowned, who had not been seen before. All the people came to his court. However, he held no state or rule in France but was left almost alone. Also this year, the weathercock was placed on Paul's Steeple at London. In the month of August, the king fell ill at Bois de Vinci. saw he should die, he made his testament / and ordered many things at the verse of the psalm Miserere mei Deus / that was Benigne fac Dn\u0304e in bona voluntate tua, ut edificentur muri Ihrlm\u0304. He bade tarry there and said, \"O good lord, thou knowest that my intent has been and yet is, if I might live to rebuild the walls of Ihrlm\u0304. And then the priest proceeded forth and made an end. After this, the most noble prince and victorious king, flourishing in his time of Christian chivalry, whom all the world doubted, gave his soul into the hands of God and died, making an end of his natural life at the said Boy's de Vincent beside Paris, in the 35th year of his age. God have mercy on his soul, Amen. Then was the body anointed, censed, and laid in a real chariot, and an image like unto him was placed upon the corpse open with divers other lords who accompanied the body till it came to Westminster, by London, in England. In every town by the way he had. Solemnly, he directed a dirge and mass on the morning, and much alms was given to poor people by the way. And on the seventh day of November, after the burial, and afterwards was laid on his tomb a real image of him, like himself, made of silver and gilt, which was made at the cost of Queen Catherine. And thus ended and is entered and buried the noble King Henry the Fifth. Here is to be noted that this King Henry the Fifth was a noble prince after he was king and crowned. However, in his youth, he had been wild and reckless, sparing nothing of his lusts and desires. But as soon as he was crowned, anointed and sacred, he was suddenly changed into a new man and set all his intent to live virtuously, maintaining holy church, destroying heretics, keeping justice, and defending his realm and subjects. For as much was deposited by his labor, the good King R. The prince piously had him put to death, and for the offense done to him, he should live in spiritual life in heaven. He also ordered a dole of eleven shillings and nine pence to be given to poor people every year on the day of his death. His torment was to be held in the most honest way, and twenty pounds were to be distributed in pennies that day. Every month, a penny was to be given before his death. The noble prince then called all the abbots and priors of the St. Benedict order in England to the chapel house of Westminster for the reform of the order. He also summoned bishops and spiritual men, going so far that they feared he would have prevented the great war that he had. Yet he remembered his soul and that he was mortal and must die. For this reason, he arranged by his life the place of his burial, where he is now interred, and three masses were to be said perpetually every day. To be sung in a fair chapel over his sepulcher, of which the midday mass and the first and last mass shall be as assigned by him, as it appears by the following verses:\n\nHenrici misse quinti are here tabulated:\nQue successively are celebrated by monks:\n\nDie dominici:\nPrima sit assumpta. de festo virginum alarum.\nPostremam xpus petat, resurgens from death.\n\nFeria secunda:\nPrima salutet. virginis festum existat.\nNunciat angelicis. laudem postremam choris.\n\nFeria tertia:\nEsse debet natu Dei.\nCommemorat na.\n\nFeria quarta:\nPrima celebretur. ad honorem beatae Mariae.\n\nFeria quinta:\nSemper prima coli debet corpus Christi.\n\nFeria sexta:\nCondecet ut prima. celebretur de cruce sanctae.\n\nAt\n\nSabbato:\nOmnes alii shows. prima colenda sunt.\nSemper erit media. de proprietate Dei.\n\nAnd yet the noble king Henry V founded two houses of religion, one called S,\ncontinually praying for night and day, for ever when they of Sion rest,\nthe Carthusians performed their service, and in the same way. They of the chartrehouse remain the others to/and by the ringing of the bells of either place. Each knows what they have, and yet besides all this, he had founded a recluse who shall always be a priest to pray for him by the said chartrehouse. This priest is well and sufficiently endowed for him and a servant. Princes of Christendom feared him and also of heathens. He would have waged war against the Saracens and to know the aid of others.\n\nAfter King Henry V reigned Henry his son, but a child and not fully a year old whose reign began the first day of September the year of our Lord M.cccc.xxii. This king, being in his cradle, was much doubted and feared due to his father's great conquest and also the wisdom and guiding of his uncles, the duke of Bedford and the duke of Gloucester.\n\nThis year, the 20th day of October, died Charles, king of France. He lies buried at Sainte-Denis. And then, the duke of Bedford was made regent of France, and the duke of Gloucester. was made protector and defender of England. On the first day of March, Sir William Tailor was deprived of his priesthood, and the following morning, he was made regent of France, and the Duke of Alencon, who was a great battle. The Duke of Bedford led the English side with him, the Earl of Salisbury, Beaufort, and the Lord Talbot, and all the power they could muster in Normandy, as well as many captains and a large number of people from the Duke of Burgundy's army. On the other side was the Duke of Alencon, a great company of Scots and an army. Then the Earl of Douglas challenged the Duke of Bedford, calling him \"John with the bald sword.\" He sent word back that he would find that day that his sword was of steel. And so the battle joined on both sides and fought for a long time, but no one knew who would have the better of it for a while. However, at the last, as God willed, victory came to the English party. For there were slain the Earl of Douglas, who had been made duke only a little before. The Earl of Turon, the Earl of Bourghaine, the Earl of Almarre, the Earl of Tounar, and the Viscount of Nerhonne, who were among those who submitted to Duke John of Burgundy, were present, along with thousands more. Duke Alencon and many other French lords were taken prisoner that day. However, the Scots were almost completely annihilated.\n\nIn the third year of King Henry VIII, the Duke of Gloucester married the Duchess of Holland and went with her to Hainault, where he was made lord of the land. But soon after, he was eager to return home and left his wife and the treasure he brought with him in a town called Mons in Hainault, which promised to be loyal to him. However, they delivered the lady to Duke Bourgundy, who sent her to Ghent. From there, she escaped in the guise of a man. The duchess of Holland came to a town of her own called Zierikzee in Zeeland. From there, she went to a town in Holland called the Gouda. There, she was strong enough to withstand the Duke of Burgundy. Shortly after, the Duke of Gloucester sent the Lord Fitzwater with certain men of war and archers to help and support the duchess of Holland. They landed at a place in Zeeland called Brewer and fought with him. In conclusion, he was willing to withdraw himself and his men to the sea again. However, he killed and injured many lords and people of that same country. And so, he returned home again with his men and demanded nothing.\n\nAlso, during this same year, the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Suffolk, the Lord Willoughby, and the Lord Scales, with their retinue, laid siege to the City of Mann, which was yielded to them in a short time, along with many other strong towns and castles, numbering fifty-seven. In the fourth year, on the same night that the Mayor of London, John Couentr\u00e9, took charge, there was a great disturbance in London due to a conflict between the Bishop of Winchester and the Duke of Gloucester, protector. After the battle of Vernon in Perche, the Duke of Bedford arrived in England. And on Whitsunday of that year at Leicester, he dubbed King Henry as a knight. King Henry then dubbed the following knights in return: Richard, Duke of York; the son and heir of the Duke of Norfolk; the Earl of Oxford; the Earl of Westmoreland; the son and heir of the Earl of Northumberland; the son and heir of the Earl of Langley; Sir William Drury; Sir William ap Thomas; Sir Richard Carbonell; Sir Richard Wydville; Sir John Shaa. In the fifth year, the Duke of Bedford and his wife crossed the sea to Calais. In this year, Bishop Harry of Winchester went before us on Lady Day Annunciation in our Lady's chapel, where his bulls, both of his spiritual and temporal charges, were displayed. This same year brought great abundance of rain, destroying the substance of both high and corn, as it rained almost every other day. The Earl of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Montagu, laid siege against Orl\u00e9ans at which siege he was slain by a gun that came from the town. May God have mercy on his soul, for Englishmen never gained nor prevailed in France but began to lose little by little until all was lost. Also in this year, a Breton murdered a good widow in her bed, whom we had found giving alms. Afterward, he took the vow of holy church at Sainte-Foy and, as he went, he came upon the place where he had previously committed the crime. This cursed deed in the suburbs of London, and the women of the same parish came out with stones and candles and slowly ended his life. Notwithstanding, the Constables and many other men were present to keep him, for there were many women, and they had no pity. Also, this same year, the Duke of Norfolk with many gentlemen and yeomen took his barge on the 9th of November at St. Mary Overies to have gone through London Bridge. And through misfortune of the barge, it overthrew on the piles, and many men drowned. But the duke himself with two or three leaps upon the piles was saved with help of a man before the Realm was in great misery and tribulation. The dolphin with his party began to make war and got certain places and made destructions upon Englishmen, by the means of his Captains, that is to say, La Hire and Poitiers, and especially a maid whom they named La Pucelle de Dieu. This rogue took upon her many great enterprises in so much that they. had a belief to recover all their losses by her, notwithstanding at the last, after many great feats, by the help and prowess of Sir John Luxembourg, many Englishmen Picards and Burgoynes, who were of our party before the town of Compiegne on the twenty-fourth day of May, the said maiden was taken in the field armed like a man, and many other Captains with her. They were all brought to Rouen and there she was put in prison. And there she was judged to be burned, and then she said that she was with child, whereby she was spared for a while. But in conclusion, it was found that she was not with child, and then she was burned in Rouen. And the other Captains were put on trial and treated as men of war. A woolpacker named Richard Huder was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake. And about mid-lent, Sir Thomas Baggely, priest and Vicar of Mauen, was condemned and burned as a heretic in Smithfield. In the same year, while King Henry VI was in France, there were many heretics and Lollards who had planned to rise and cast out the mayor of the town, named Jack Sharp of Wigmore, in Wales. This same year, on the 5th of December, King Henry VI was crowned at Paris in the church of Our Lady, with the Cardinal of England, the Duke of Bedford, and many other lords of France and England present. After the coronation and great feast held at Paris, the king returned from thence to Rouen and on to Calais. On the 9th of February, he was killed at Towton, met by the common people of Kent between Caunterbury and Towton, all in red hoods. He came forth until he reached the Black Betha, where he was met by Mayor John Wellys with all the craftsmen of London dressed in white. They brought him to London on the 21st of the same month. This year, the wool of Calais was restrained by the soldiers due to non-payment of their wages. The Duke of Bedford, Regent of France, came to Calais on a Tuesday during Lent. On the following morning, many soldiers of the town were arrested and imprisoned. The same day, the Bishop of Therouanne married the Earl's daughter of St. Pol, and the Duke returned to Calais. About this time, Pope Martin died, and after him Eugene IV became Pope. This was troublesome for England and the King of France, who had assembled many great lords of both sides at a council. Offers were made to the King of England, causing the Duke of Burgundy, who had long been English sworn, to abandon our party and return the countenance of the pope. The Picards provided singular help in all the conquest of Normandy and France this year. This year saw a great sea battle between the two. Ieneweys and the king of Aragon, in this battle the Ieneweys had the victory, for they took the king of Aragon, the king of Navarre, and the great master of St. James in Galicia with 3,000 knights and squires, and many other people. This was on St. Dominic's day. This same year, three suns were seen at once, and immediately followed the threefold governance in the church, that is, of Eugenia of the Council, and also of neutrality. This same year, 1444, was a passing great wind, by which steeples, houses, and trees were overthrown. About this time, there was a holy maid in Holland called Lydwina, who lived only by miracle, not eating, only receiving nourishment. This year, the duke of Burgundy began his Order of the Golden Fleece, and ordered certain knights of the order and made statutes and ordinances much according to the order of the Garter. Also, this same year, the Franks and the soldiers of the town had a custom to come to church and leave their status standing at church. The Frenchmen, who were disguised like fishermen, had planned to seize the town and disarm its inhabitants. But one of them had slept with a common woman the night before and told her their plan. She informed the lieutenant in the morning, who immediately commanded that every man keep his weapon hidden and ready. When the Frenchmen appeared, they were ambushed and sailed straight to Danestale, where they took the town. Afterward, they captured Harlech. In this year, there was great commotion throughout England about how the Duke of Burgundy intended to besiege Calais. The Earl of Mortain, who was to lead an army into France, was countermanded and ordered instead to go to Calais, which was at that time well provisioned and manned. Sir John Ratcliff was its lieutenant. In that town, and the Baron of Dondeley, lieutenant of the Castle,\nand the 9th day of July, the duke of Burgundy with all the power of Flanders and many others came before Calais, and each town of Flanders sent their tenth part over the sea to this rescue. And the 2nd day of August, the said duke of Gloucester arrived at Calais with all his army and five hundred ships and more. And the duke and all his espied the sails in the sea, before they approached Calais harbor, suddenly in a morning departed from the siege. Behind them, much supplies and victuals, and they fled into Flanders and Picardy. In the same way, the siege that lay before Guines took the great gun of brass called Digion and many other serpentines. And then,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in Old English or a variant of Middle English. However, the given text is already in a somewhat modernized form, likely due to OCR processing. Therefore, no translation is necessary. Only minor corrections have been made to ensure readability.)\n\nIn that town, and the Baron of Dondeley, lieutenant of the castle,\nand the 9th day of July, the duke of Burgundy with all the power of Flanders and many others came before Calais. Each town of Flanders sent over the sea to this rescue their tenth part. And the 2nd day of August, the said duke of Gloucester arrived at Calais with his army and five hundred ships and more. And the duke and all his men spotted the sails in the sea before they approached Calais harbor. Suddenly, in a morning, they departed from the siege. Behind them, much supplies and victuals, and they fled into Flanders and Picardy. In the same way, the siege that lay before Guines took the great gun of brass called Digion and many other serpentines. And then, The duke of Gloucester arrived with all his host. He went into Flanders and stayed there for eleven days, doing little harm except for burning two fair villages, Poperinge and Belle, and other weak houses. He then returned home again, besieging Rokesburgh with a large force. But Sir Rauf Gray departed from the castle and arranged for rescue. However, as soon as the king understood his departure, he suddenly lifted the siege and went away, leaving much disorder behind him where he gained no respect. This same year, on the second day of January, his wife died and was brought ritually through London and buried in the Lady Chapel at Westminster. This same year, the thirteenth day of January, the tower southward was pulled down with two arches and all that stood thereon. This same year, a great treaty was held between Gravening and Calais between the king and the duke of Burgundy. In the reign of the king, the Cardinal of England, the Duke of Norfolk, and many other lords were present. For the Duke, the Duchess held full power as regent and lady of his lands. An abstinence was taken by both parties for a certain time in the name of the Duchess, not of the Duke, because he had violated his oath and allegiance to King Henry, therefore the king refused to write, appoint, or have any dealings with him. The Duke was also buried by King Henry IV. In the same year, all the lions in the Tower of London died, which had not been seen for many years. In the 15th year of King Henry, Sigismund, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and Knight of the Garter, died. His remains were kept at St. Paul's in London, where a real funeral was held. The king, in his mourning, attended the dirge and mass on the following day. After him, an elect and chosen one was elected and chosen. Albert, duke of Ostrich, who had married Sigismund's daughter Catherine, was imprisoned in Newgate that year. He escaped from prison with the help of a priest, his chaplain. My lord of Gloucester, protector of the realm, recaptured him, and the priest died soon after. In the same year, on New Year's Day at Baynard's Castle, fifteen ships filled with rye were brought to London. The people were relieved as corn was scarce in England, and in some places, poor people made bread from fern roots. This year, the general council of Basile deposed Pope Eugene. They chose Felix, duke of Savoy, and the schism began, lasting until the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1449. Felix was a devout prince and lived long enough to see his grandsons. and was chosen as pope by the council of Bari. Richard, vicar of Hermesworth, was deprived of his priesthood at Pauls and burned at Tower Hill as an heretic. He rebuilt St. Botulph's and restored it again to the Sanctuary by the king's command. After this dispute, he was crowned with an imperial diadem with great glory and triumph from Pope Nicholas the IV. This was a man of peaceable, quiet disposition, and singular patience, not hating the Church. He wedded the daughter of the king of Portugal. In this year, Eleanor Cobham, duchess of Gloucester, was arrested for certain treasonous charges against her. She was examined in St. Stephen's Chapel at Westminster before the Archbishop of Canterbury. There she was enjoined to do penance, walking through Cheap bearing a taper in her hand, and after to perpetual imprisonment on the Isle of Man under the keeping of Sir Thomas Stanley. Similarly, at this time, others were arrested. Master Thomas Southwell, a canon of Westminster, Master John Hume, a chaplain of the same lady, and one Margaret Jurdemayn, called the Witch of Eye, residing beside Westminster, were arrested for being in counsel with the Duchess of Gloucester. Master Thomas Southwell died in the Tower the night before he was to reign on the morrow. He himself said he would die in his bed and not at the hands of justice. In the year 20th of May, Master John Hume and Master Roger Bolingbroke were brought to the Guildhall in London. There before the Mayor, lords, and chief justice of England, they were tried and condemned to be drawn, hanged, and quartered. But Master John Hume had his charter and was pardoned by the king. But Master Roger was drawn to Tyburn where he confessed that he died innocent and had never transgressed in what he died for. Nevertheless, he was hanged, beheaded, and quartered. May God have mercy on his soul. And Margaret Jurdemayn. In Smithfield, there was a great affray in Fletstreet during night time between men of the court and men of London. Many men were killed and some were injured. A herbalist was the main cause of the mishap and the affray. In the same year, at the election of the Mayor of London, the commons named Robert Clopton and Rawlyn Holland Tayloror were named, and the Aldermen arrested Robert Clopton and brought him before the Mayor as customary. However, certain Tailors and other crafty men cried out, \"Not this man, but the Earl of Armagnac's daughter!\" This was concluded, but by the men of the Earl of Suffolk, it was set aside. After this, the Earl of Suffolk sailed over the sea to France and arranged the marriage between the King of England and the King's daughter of Scotland with new chariots and Palfrayes, which went. Through Chepe / and so they went over the sea / and received her and afterwards brought her gently to Hampton where she landed & was truly received. And on Candlemas, even before a great tempest of thunder and lightning in the afternoon, Paul's steeple was set on fire at the middle of the shaft in the timber, which was quenched by the effort of labor, and especially by the labor of the mass priest.\n\nIn this year, King Henry married at Southwark. She came to London, and England received her worshipfully in various places, and in particular, the Duke of Gloucester, and on the Blackheath, the mayor, aldermen, and all the crafts in brown gowns, rowed with red hands brought her to London where there were various pagents and countenance of various histories shown in various places of the City. Royally and costly.\n\nAnd the 30th of May, the said Queen was crowned. In the monastery of Westminster, I stayed for three days before the abbey. This year, the prior of Kilmain appealed to the Earl of Worcester for treason, who had been assigned a day for fighting in Smithfield. The lists were made and prepared, but when it came time to point, the king commanded that they should not fight, but took the quarrels into his own hands. This was done at the instance and labor of certain preachers and doctors of London, including Master Gilbert Worthyngton, parish priest of St. Andrew's, and others. Additionally, a great embassy came into England from France that year to conclude a perpetual peace, but it turned out to be a year of truce instead. Around this time, St. Bernard, a gray friar, died. He had begun the new reform of his order in many places, and those who were reformed were called Observants. The Observants were Canonized by Pope Nicholas the Fifth in the year 1451. Iohannes de Capestrano was his disciple, who greatly contributed to the reformation of that order. For him, God showed many fair miracles. It is noted that from this time forward, King Henry never profited or advanced, but fortune began to turn against him on all sides in France, Normandy, and England. Some men held the opinion that King Henry granted commission plenary to Sir Edward Hull, Sir Robert Roos Dudley, and others to conclude a marriage for him with the sister of the Earl of Armagnac. This was promised and concluded, but later broken. He then married Queen Margaret, as is said. This was a dear marriage for the realm of England. For it is known verily that in order to have her, the duchy of Anjou and the earldom of Maine, which was the key of Normandy for the French men, were to be delivered. Above this. the Marquess of Suffolk asked for a ransom of fifteen and a half in Parliament to fetch her out of fraud; what a marriage this was, in comparison to that other marriage of Armagnac's. For he was to deliver so many castles and towns in Guyenne and bestow so much wealth with her that all England would have been enriched by it. But instead, every great prince failed to keep their promise. Because of the breach of Queen Margaret's marriage, England suffered losses in Normandy and Guyenne, division within the realm, rebellions against their prince and lords, divisions among the lords, murders and slayings of them, fields fought over, in conclusion, many men had lost their lives. The king deposed the queen and her son, forcing them to flee to Scotland, and from there to France and Lorraine. In the year XXV of King Henry, a parliament was held at Bury, called St. Edmund's, with St. Edmund as protector of England throughout the entirety of the king's reign. After he had been in his logging (reign), he was arrested by the viscount. Immediately, all his servants were commanded to depart from him. The duke was unable to prevent those who governed and had promised him the duchy of Angouleme and the earldom of Maine from destroying this noble man. After they sent his body to St. Albans with certain lights for burial, Sir Geray of Clifton had the charge of conveying the corpse. It was buried at St. Albans Abbey, and five persons from his household were sent to London. There they were tried and hanged. And among them were Sir Roger Chamburley, knight of Middleton, Herberd, Arthur, and Richard Nedham, who were drawn from the Tower of London through Cheape to Tyburn and hanged there, and then stripped to be beheaded. And then the Marquess of Suffolk showed them the king's pardon under his great seal, and they were pardoned by the remainder of the executioners and had their lives spared. And so they were brought back to London, and afterwards freely delivered.\n\nThus began the trouble in the realm of England for the death of this noble duke of Gloucester. All the commons of the realm were not content. After Pope Eugene was dead, Nicholas the Fifth was elected pope. This Nicholas was chosen even as Eugene was still hanging, engulfed in the schism.\n\nDespite this, he obtained the obedience of all Christian realms, for after he was elected and consecrated pope, certain lords of France. And of England were sent to Savoy to Pope Felix, to entreat him to cease from the papacy. With the special labor of the bishop of Norwich and the lord of St. John, he ceased the second year after Pope Nicholas was consecrated. And the said Felix was made legate of France and Cardinal of Savoy, and resigned the entire papacy to Nicholas. He lived a holy life thereafter and died as a holy man. And, as it is said, Almighty God shows miracles for him. This was the 24th schism between Eugene and Felix, and it lasted 15 years. The cause was this: the council deposed Eugene, who was the only pope at the time, because he did not observe and keep the decrees and statutes of the Council of Constance, as previously stated. Among writers of this matter, there is no agreement on this point: one party says that the council is above the pope, while the other party said no, but the pope is above the council. God bless above all things, give and grant his peace in holiness. This is a church's spouse of Christ. This Nicholas was of Iena, of low birth, a doctor of divinity, an active man. He rebuilt many places that were broken and ruinous and made a great wall about the palace and made the wall new around Rome for fear of the Turks. The people marveled at the ceasing and resigning of Felix to him, considering him a man of such humble birth. And other was of affinity to all the most part of Christian princes. In the year of King Henry XXVII, being true between France and England, a knight of the English party named Sir Francis Aragon took a town of the Normans called Foug\u00e8res, against and lost it. For this was the occasion by which the French gained all Normandy and betrayed some hold the opinion, and the Emperor was taken and slain. And that real church of Santa Sophia was robbed and despoiled, and the relics and images. In the year twenty-eighth, a parliament was held at Westminster. And from this, they adjourned to the Black Friars in London, and after Christmas to Westminster again. In this same year, Robert of Cane, a man from the west country, with a few ships, took a great fleet of ships coming out of the bay laden with salt. These ships were from Prussia, Flanders, Holland, and Zeeland. The merchants of England, being in Flanders, were arrested in Bruges and other places. The ships which were paid for by the merchants of the Staple were not delivered. And in the same way, the merchants and goods in Danish ports, and the lord FaAnd. After December, Roaand lost the duke of Somerset, Edmond, and the earl of Shrewsbury, who together lost Normandy and returned home. During this parliament, the duke of Suffolk was arrested and sent to the tower, where he stayed for a month. After the king finished his business, particularly for the death of the good duke of Gloucester, in some places men gathered and made captains, took and had justice, and they died. Then the said parliament was adjourned to Leicester. There the king brought with him the duke of Suffolk. When the common house understood that he was out of the tower and had come there, they demanded execution on those who were responsible for the delivery of Normandy and had caused the death of the duke of Gloucester, and had sold Gascony and Guyana. They named the duke of Suffolk as the chief culprit, along with the lord Saye, the bishop of Salisbury, Daniel, and many others. The duke of Suffolk was exiled from England around this parliament. He went to Norfolk and took shipping to leave the realm of England for France. In this year, as he sailed on the sea, a ship of war called the Nicholas of Tour intercepted him and took him on board. He was examined and eventually brought before the master and captains. He was judged and sentenced to death. They brought him to Dover Road and beheaded him there. This was done on the first day of May. What ended his deliverance from Normandy? Here you may hear how he was rewarded for the death of the Duke of Gloucester. Thus began sorrow upon sorrow and death for death. This was the year of our Lord M.cccc.l. The great grace of the realm. Iubilee at Rome / Where great pardon was granted from all places in Christendom to a great multitude of people. This year, a great assembly and gathering took place of the commoners of Kent in large numbers, making an insurrection and rebelled against the king and his laws. They named themselves under a captain called John Cade, an Irishman, who confided in the duke of York. This captain organized them and brought them to Blackheath, where he drafted a petition bill to the king and his council. He had a great multitude of people. The seventeenth day of July, the king, many lords, captains, and I, went to confront him at Blackheath. And when the captain of Kent understood the coming of the king with such great power, he withdrew himself and his people to Sevenoaks, a little village. The twenty-eighth day of July, he being withdrawn and gone, the king came with his army and encamped in order and engaged in battle at Blackheath. by the advice of his councillors, Sir Umberto Stafford, knight, and William Stafford, squire, two valiant captains with certain people, were sent to deal with the captain and bring him and his accomplices to the king. They went to Seveneoke and there the captain with his companions met them and fought against them. In the end, he slew them both and as many as remained and would not yield or flee. During this skirmish, a great variance arose among the lords and common people of Blacksaid. They openly declared that the Lord Treasurer of England, the Bishop of Salisbury, the Baron of Dudley, the Abbot of Gloucester Daniel and Truelian, and many more were traitors and deserving of death. Therefore, to please the lord's men and also some of the king's household, the lord was arrested and sent to the Tower of London. And then the king, hearing news of the deaths and overthrowing of the Staffords, was drawn to London and from there to Kilvington. For the king and his men. lords do and his retainers raised him as a lord and a captain, and resorted with all his men to Blackheath, to whom came the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Duke of Buckingham to Blackheath and spoke with him. It was said they found him witty in his talking and his request. And so they departed. On the third day of July, he came and entered into London with all his people, and there he made proclamations in the king's name and in his name that no man should rob or take any man's goods but if he paid for it. He rode through the city in great pride and drew his sword upon London Stone in Cannon Street. And he, being in the city, sent for the lord mayor to have him judged. And so they felt him and brought him to the Guildhall before the mayor and aldermen. He said he would and ought to be judged by his peers, and the commons of Kent took him by force from the mayor and officers. that kept him and took him to a pound\nand mercy Amen / And thus the lord said, \"Treasurer of England. After this, they set his head on a spear and bore it about in the city, the same day about a mile end Crowmer was beheaded. And the day before in the afternoon, the Captain, with certain men of his, went to Philip Malpas' house and robbed him, taking away much goods. From thence he went to St. Margaret Pattens to Gerstis house and robbed him and took away much goods as well. These men of London, neighbors of the robbed, were present and took part with them. For this robbery, the peoples' hearts turned from him, and everyone would have gladly seen a common robbery, which Almighty God forbid. For it is to suppose if he had not robbed, he might have gone king, and all the lords of the realm of England were departed except the lord Scales, who kept the tower of London. And the fifth day of July, he did smite a man's head in Southwark.\" The night after the Mayor of London, the aldermen and the commune of the city concluded to drive away the Captain and his host, and sent to the Lord Scales and Matthew Gough, a Captain of Normandy, that they would assault the Captain that night with the men of Kent. They did so, and came to London Bridge in Southwark. The Kentishmen went to Harneys and came to the bridge, shooting and fighting with them. The men of London fled and lost many of their men. This continued all night back and forth until 9 of the clock in the morning. And finally, they burned the drawbridge, where many of the men of London were drowned. In this night, Sutton, an alderman, was slain, along with Roger Heysan and Matthew Gough. After this, the Chancellor of England sent a pardon to the Captain and another for all his men. They then departed from Southwark, each man returning home to his house. And when they were all departed and gone, proclamations were made. In Kent and Southsex, and other places, any man who captured the Captain Quick or dead would receive a pardon. And after this, Alexander Iden, a squire from Kent, took him in a garden in Southsex. During the capture, John Cade was slain. His head was then displayed on London Bridge. Immediately after this, the king came to Kent and held his justice court at Canterbury. Seven men were sentenced to death in one day, and more in other places. From then, the king went to Sussex and the westcountry, where the bishop of Salisbury had been killed little before. In this year, so many were sentenced to death that 21 heads stood on London Bridge at once.\n\nIn the year 30, the Duke of York came out of the Welsh marches with the Earl of Devonshire and Lord Cobham, great power for the reform of certain injuries and wrongs, and also to have justice on certain lords near the king. The king took a field at Bretherfield beside Deking with all the lords of the land. They went to the Blackheath with a great and strong multitude of people, armed and prepared for war in the best way. When they had mustered on the Blackheath, certain lords were sent to him for treating and making appointments with him, which were the bishop of Ely and the bishop of Winchester and the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick. They agreed that the Duke of Somerset should guard and answer to such articles as the Duke of York would put upon him. Then the Duke of York broke camp and came to the king, who was all promised by the king. And so the king commanded that the Duke of Somerset be kept inward. And then the Duke of York broke camp and came to the king. But when he was come contrary to the promise before made, the Duke of Somerset was present in the field, waiting and chief about the king, and made the Duke of York. of York rode forward as a prisoner through Ludlow. And after they had put him in custody, a noise arose that the Earl of March's son was coming with ten thousand men to London ward. The king and his council feared this, and then they concluded that the Duke of York should depart at his will. About this time, great division arose in Spreys between the great master and the knights of the duke's order, who were lords of that land, for the communes and towns rebelled against the lords and made such great war that at last they called the King of Poland to be their lord. This king came and was worshipfully received, and laid siege to the Castle of Marienburgh, which was the chief castle and strength of all the land, and took it and drove out the master of Denmark and all other places of that land. And so those who had been lords for many years lost all their signeurie and possessions in those lands. In the year of our Lord 1454, on St. Edward's day, the queen. Margarete gave birth to a fair prince named Edward. On the same day, John Norman was chosen to be Mayor of London. He was to take his oath at Westminster, and went there by water with all the crafts, which previously had ridden a horseback. For the first time since then, they went by water in barges instead of horseback. You have well understood beforehand how the duke of York and the king had made contradictory promises at Brentford, and how the duke of Somerset had not gone to war but had stayed near the king and held great power. Afterward, he became Captain of Calais and ruled the king and his royal court and commoners were displeased. For this reason, the duke of York, the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury, with many knights, squires, and a large crowd came to remove the duke of Somerset and others from the king. The king, hearing of their approach, thought: by his counsel to have gone westward and not meet with them. He had with him the duke of Somerset, the duke of Buckingham, the earl of Stafford, the earl of Northumberland, and many others. When the duke of York and his companions understood that the king had departed with these lords from London, they immediately changed direction and went to St. Albans on the twenty-fourth day of May. There they met the king, to whom the king sent certain lords and asked them to maintain the peace and depart. But while they were negotiating on one side, the earl of Warwick entered the town on the other and fought against the king and his party. The battle and fighting lasted a good while, but in conclusion, the duke of York obtained the victory of that journey. In this battle were killed the duke of Somerset, the earl of Northumberland, Lord Clifford, and many knights and squires. And many more were hurt. After bringing the king in great state to London, which was recorded in the bishops Palace in London, there was a great parliament. In this parliament, the Duke of York was made protector of England, the Earl of Warwick Captain of Calais, and the Earl of Salisbury Chancellor of England. All those who had previously wielded power were set aside and could no longer do so. In this same year, Pope Nicholas V died, and after him came Calixtus III. This Calixtus was a Catalan and an old man when he was elected. He continually sought a way to fulfill his zeal and desire against the Turks, but the reason for the delay was his age and ill health. Calixtus III instituted and ordered the feast of the Transfiguration of our Lord to be celebrated against the Turks on that day. He was elected pope in the year 1450, and he died in the year 1455. that same day the festival of the transfiguration was ordered to be consecrated. In this same year, a great affray broke out in London against the Lombards. The cause began because a young man took a dagger from a Lombard and broke it. Therefore, the young man was summoned before the Mayor and aldermen the next morning for the offense. He was committed to prison. And then, the Mayor left the Guildhall to go home to dinner, but in Cheap, the young men of the merchant guilds, primarily the apprentices, held him and the sheriffs captive in Cheap and would not allow him to depart until their fellow, who had been committed to prison, was released. If he had been released, he would have put the Mayor in prison with his life. And a rumor spread throughout the city against the Lombards, and that very evening, the crafty people of the town arose and ran to the Lombard houses, despoiled and robbed them, drove them thence, and sent some of those who had stolen to the sheriff. to Newgate / And the young man who was rescued by his fellows saw this great rumor of an affray and robbery ensue and went to Westminster to St. Paul's or else it would have cost him his life. For immediately after came down an Oyer and Terminer, determined to take instigation against all those who rebelled in the city against the Lombards. At that time, William Marowe, the Duke of Buckingham, and many other lords were seated with the mayor to see the execution carried out. But the citizens of the city secretly made them ready and armed them in their houses, and were in purpose for having ransacked the common bell, which is named Bow Bell. But they were let go by sad men who came to learn of the duke of Buckingham and other lords. And immediately they arose, for they dared no longer abide. They feared that the whole city would rise against them. But nevertheless, two or three of the city were indicted for this robbery and were hanged at Tyburn. After the king, the queen and other lords rode to Coventry and withdrew from London for these causes. A small detachment was sent before the Duke of York to Grenewich, and the protectors were discharged. My lord of Salisbury was released from his chancellorship. After this, they were sent by private seal to Coventry, where they were almost deceived and the Earl of Warwick also would have been destroyed if they had not acted wisely. This year, four great fish were taken between Ether and London. One was called the \"Mors Maris,\" the second a sword fish, and the others two were whales. In this same year, for certain lords Egremond and the Earl of Salisbury's sons were taken. The said lord Egremond, whom they had taken, was condemned to pay a great sum of money to the said Earl of Salisbury. Therefore, he came to prison in Newgate in London. When he had been there for a certain time, he broke the prison and escaped with three prisoners. his way / Also this yere the Erle of warrewyke and his wyfe wen\u00a6te\nto Caleys with a faire felawshipp and toke possession of his offi\u00a6ce / \nAboute this tyme was a grete reformacion of many monasteri\u2223es\nof religion in duierse parties of the world / which were and continued in many places / Also a\u2223boute\nthis tyme the crafte of enprinting was first founde in Ma\u2223gunce\nin Almayne / whiche craft is mnltiplied thurgh the world\nin many places / and bookes bene had grete chepe and in grete nom\u00a6bre\nby cause of the same craft / This same yere was a grete bataille\nin the marches bitwene hungerie and turkye at a place called sep\u00a6tedrade / \nwhere innumerable turkes were slayne more by miracle\nthan by mannes honde / For only the honde of god smote them / seint\nIohan of capestrane was there present & prouoked the cristen reple destroied / The turkes said that a grete\nnombre of armed men folowed them / that they were aferd to turne\nagayne / they were holy angellys / \u00b6This same yere the prisoners In London, the prisoners of Newgate broke out of their prison and fought against the citizens for the Cite, keeping the gate for a long time. However, at the last, the town gate overpowered them, and they were put in fetters and irons, severely punished as an example to others. In this year, there was a great earthquake in Naples, in which over 40,000 people perished. Somerset, bishop of Salisbury, was canonized at Rome by Pope Calixtus. And on the seventeenth day of July, he was translated at Salisbury by the Archbishop of Canterbury and other bishops. In August, Sir Pierre de Breze, seneschal of Normandy, with the Captain of Dande and many other captains and men of war, set sail with a great navy and came to Sandwich by night. Early in the morning before day, they landed and took the town and plundered and despoiled it, taking many people and leaving the town bare, which was a rich place. And much good therein. And led with them many rich prisoners. In this same year, in many places of France, Almain, Flanders, Holland, and Zeeland, children were urged by great companies to go on pilgrimage to St. Michael's mount in Morocco, which came from far countries. The people marveled at this and many supposed that some wicked spirit moved them to do so. But it did not last long because of the long journey and also due to a lack of provisions as they went. In this year, Rainold Pecock, bishop of Chichester, was found to be a heretic, and the third day of December was abjured at Lambeth in the presence of the archbishop of Canterbury and many bishops, doctors, and lords. His books were burned at Poulis cross. You have heard before how certain lords were slain at St. Albans. Therefore, there was always a grudge by the heirs of those who were so slain against the duke of York, the earls of Warwick and of Salisbury. Therefore, the king by The duke of York was summoned to London, and he arrived on the 25th day of January, lodging at Baynard's Castle in his own place. The earl of Salisbury came on the 15th day of January with 5,000 men and lodged in his own place. The dukes of Exeter and Somerset arrived with 8,000 men and encamped outside the temple. The earl of Northumberland, Lord Egremond, and Lord Clifford came with 15,000 men and encamped outside the town. The mayor, Geoffrey Boleyn, kept a great watch with the commons of the city and rode out with a 5,000-man strong force along Holborne and Fleet streets, armed and prepared to maintain peace. On the 14th day of February, the earl of Warwick arrived in London with 10,000 men. He was lodged at Gray Friars. On the 17th day of March, the king and queen arrived in London, and there was a concord. And peace were made among these lords, and they were seated in peace. On our Lady Day, the 15th of March 1454, the queen and all these lords went on procession at Paul's in London. And immediately after the king and lords departed, there was a great affray in Fletestreet between men of the court and men of the same street. In this year, an affair occurred between the Queen's attorney and the men of the street. Also, in this year, as the Earl of Warwick was at a council at Westminster, all the king's household men gathered them to stir up a plot to kill the said Earl. But by God's help and his friends, he recovered his barge and escaped their dangerous enterprise. The cooks came running out with spits and pestles against him. And the same day he rode towards Warwick. Soon after, he received a commission and went over sea to Calais. Soon after this, the Earl of Salisbury, coming to London, was encountered at Bloreheath with Lord Audley and many others. Other people ordered to distress him, but he, knowing this, was accompanied by his two sons, Sir Thomas and Sir John Neuill, and a great fellowship of good men. They met and fought there, where Lord Audley was slain, and many gentlemen of Cheshire and much people were hurt. Two of his sons were hurt and going homeward. Later, they were taken and brought to Chester by the queen's men. After Calixtus III was pope and was chosen this year MCCC.lviij, he summoned Eneas, an eloquent man and a poet laureate. He had been an ambassador for the emperor before that time. He wrote in the council of Basil a noble treaty for the authority of the same. Also, he canonized St. Catherine of Siena. This pope granted great indulgences and pardons to those who would go to war against the Turk. He wrote an epistle to the great Turk, exhorting him to become Christian. In the end, he ordered a passage against the Turk at Ancona. Many people were drawn from all parties of Christendom, among whom he sent many home again because they did not suffice. After he died at the place of Ankoue in the year of our Lord M.cccc lxiiij., on the 14th day of August, the Duke of York, the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury, saw that the governance of the realm stood most by the Queen and her council. And not only so, but it was said throughout the realm that these lords should be destroyed utterly, as it was openly shown at Bloresbury by those who would have slain the Earl of Salisbury. In order to save their lives and also for the common welfare of the realm, they assembled them with many people and took a field in the westcountry. The Earl of Warwick came from Calais with many old soldiers, such as Andrew Trollop and others, in whose wisdom as for the war he greatly trusted. And when they were thus assembled and made their field,\nThe king sent commissions and secret summons to all the lords of his realm to come and attend on him in their most defensible ways. And so every man came in such a way that the king was stronger and had much more people than the duke of York and the earls of Warwick and Salisbury. For it is here to be noted that every lord in England at this time dared not disobey the queen,\nFor she ruled peacefully all that was done about the king, who was a good, simple, and innocent man.\nThen when the king had come to the place where the duke of York and his fellowship had made their field in the strongest way and had purposed verily to abide and have fought, but in the night an unexpected turn of events and all the bold soldiers of Calais with a great following, suddenly departed out of the duke's east and went straight to the king's field where they were received joyously. The duke of York and other lords knew the intent and manner of their field. Then, the duke of York, with the other lords, seeing them deceived, took a council in that same night and departed from the field, leaving behind most of their people to keep it until the morning. The duke of York and his second son departed through Wales toward Ireland. They were accompanied by the earls of Warwick and Salisbury. They rode straight into Devonshire, and there, with the help and aid of one Denham, a squire, they obtained a ship which cost 200 nobles. With the same ship, they sailed from there to Guernsey. They refreshed there and from there sailed to Calais, where they were received into the castle through the postern before the townsfolk knew of it. The duke of York took shipping in Wales and sailed over to Ireland, where he was well received. King Henry, being in the field without knowledge of this sudden departure in the morning, sent word to dispatch the castle and town, and sent the Duchess of York with her children to my lady of Bockingham, her sister, where she had been kept long before her departure. It is said that those who had departed were proclaimed as rebels and great traitors. Then the Duke of Somerset took to himself all the soldiers who had departed from the field and made ready in all haste to go to Calais and take possession of his office. When he arrived, he found the Earl of Warwick there as captain, as well as the Earls of March and Salisbury. He landed by scales and went to Guines. It happened that some of those ships that came over with him arrived at Calais by their own will, for the sailors favored the Earl of Warwick more than the Duke of Somerset. Among those taken were diverse men, including Jenyn Finkhill, John Felaw, and Kailes. The purser, who was beheaded some time after in Calais, and after this, men frequently came over the sea to this lord's residence in Calais. They grew stronger and stronger, and borrowed much from the stable. On the other side, the Duke of Somerset had people coming to him at Guisnes, who went out and skirmished with those from Calais. These skirmishes lasted for many days. During this time, many people daily came uninvited to these lords. Then, at the advice of their council, the lords of Calais sent out a town and in it the Lord Rivers and the Lord Scales' son. They took many ships in the harbor and brought them all to Calais. With these ships, many mariners of their free will came to Calais to serve the Earl of Warwick. After this, the Earl of Warwick, at the advice of the lords, took all his ships and manned them well. He sailed himself into Ireland to speak with the Duke of York and to determine how they should enter England again. And when he had been there and done his errands, he returned again toward Calais and brought with him his mother, the Countess of Salisbury. Coming in the west on the sea, the duke of Exeter, admiral of England, being there with many ships of war, met with the Earl of Warwick and his fleet. But they did not fight; the people with the duke of Exeter showed more will and favor to the Earl of Warwick than to him, and they departed and came to Calais in safety. Then the king's council, seeing that these lords had taken these ships from Sandwich and captured the Lord Rivers and his son, ordered a garrison to remain and defend Sandwich by water and land and brought a captain over sea to Rysbank and there attacked his head. And yet daily men came over to them from all parts of England. After this, the Earls of March and Warwick and others. Salisbury came over to deliver with many people, and there lodged, to whom the entire country drew and came to London armed. They came to inform the lords of the king's council of their truth and intent. The lords assembled them and told them that they intended no harm to the king's person, save that they would remove those about him. And so they departed from London with a great procession. A strong field was made without the town, and both parties met and fought a great battle. In this battle, the Duke of Buckingham, the Earl of Shrewsbury, Viscount Beaumont, the Lord Egremond, and many knights and squires, and others, were slain. The king himself was taken in the field and later brought to London. Immediately afterward, a parliament was held at Westminster during which the Duke of York came out of Ireland with the Earl of Rutland. They took the king's palace and came into the parliament. The king took the chamber and claimed the crown as his inheritance and right. He wrote down his title and was declared rightful heir. In conclusion, King Henry was appointed to reign and be crowned during his natural life. After his death, the Duke of York was to be king, and his eyes were to be kings after him. The Duke's appointment and other matters were proclaimed, and he was to be protector, regent, and regent of England during the king's life. If King Henry departed from this appointment or any article concluded in the parliament, he would be deposed, and the Duke would take the crown and be king. All these things were enacted by the authority of the parliament. The Duke suddenly filled down the crown in the midst of the said house. The fragment from Westminster Abbey's chronicle:\n\nThis is the record of Westminster Abbey, which was regarded as a prodigy or omen that the reign of King Henry had ended. And also the crown, which stood at the highest pinnacle of the steeple in Doncaster Castle, was brought down that same year. Since the queen with the prince were in the north and absent from the king, and would not obey the things concluded in Parliament, it was decreed that the Duke of York, as protector, should go northward to bring in the queen and subdue those who would not comply. With him went the Earl of Salisbury, Sir Thomas Neville, and many others. At Wakefield in Christmas week, they were all overcome and slain by the lords of the queen's party. That is, the Duke of York was slain, the Earl of Rutland, Sir Thomas Neville, and many others, including John Harow of London, Captain of the Footmen, and Hanson of Hull, were taken alive and brought to Pontefract. And after beheading, their heads were sent to York and placed on the gates. Thus was that noble prince slain, the Duke of York. May God have mercy on his soul and all Christian souls. Amen. At this time, the Earl of March was in Shrewsbury, hearing of his father's death, and requested assistance and aid from the town to avenge his father's death. From there, he went to Wales, where at Candlemasse he had a battle at Mortimer's Cross against the Earls of Penbroke and Wiltshire. The Earl of March emerged victorious. Then, the Queen, with the lords of the north, having distressed and slain the Duke of York and his followers, came southward with a great multitude and powerful army to come to the king and counteract the conclusions taken before by parliament. Against their coming, the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Warwick went unnecessarily to St. Albans. There they encountered the king and his forces. The duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Warwick, along with others from their party, fled and lost the journey where King Henry was taken. The Queen and her party, who had gained the field, then sent word to London, which was on the assumption of the Aldermen that certain carts laden with provisions should be sent to St. Albans for them. When these carts arrived at Cripplegate, the commune of the city took the provisions from the carts and refused to let them pass. They were then summoned to Barnet to speak with the Queen's council about sending the northern men back to their country again, as the city of London feared being robbed and despoiled if they had come. During this traitorous war, Warwick had met with the Earl of March on Cotteswold, coming out of Wales, with a great army of Welshmen. Both were on their way. to London Ward / Anyone who knew these tidings / the traitor was taken / The King Queen, Prince, and all other lords who were with them departed from St. Albans northward / but before they departed from there, they beheaded the Lord Bonville and Sir Thomas Kriel / who were taken in the journey, and Thomas Vaughan squire, Master William Hatzeland, and on the other cost were taken one Colompn\n\nThen when the Earl of March and the Earl of Warwick\nhad met to confer on Cotteswold / in continental they concluded\nto go to London / and sent word immediately to the mayor & to the city / the city was glad of their coming\n\nAnd so by the lords spiritual and temporal being present at London,\nthe Earl of March, Edward by the grace of God, eldest son of Richard Duke of York,\nas rightful Heir and next heir to his father, was proclaimed\nEarl of March on the 4th day of March, the year of our Lord M.cccc.lxv. King Edward IV took possession of the realm at Westminster in the great hall, and afterwards in the abbey church offered himself as king, bearing the royal septer. To him all the lords, both spiritual and temporal, did homage and obedience as to their sovereign liege and lawful lord and king. It was then proclaimed throughout the city that King Edward IV, of that name, had been elected. Immediately after the king, in his royal procession, rode north with all his lords to subdue his subjects who were then in the north and avenge his father's death. On Palm Sunday, after he had a great battle in the north country at a place called Towton, not far from York, where, with God's help, he gained the field and victory. In this battle were slain over a thousand men and more, as it was said by those who were there, including the Earl of Northumberland, Lord Clifford, Sir John Neville, the brother of the Earl of Westmorland, Andrew Trollop, and many other knights and squires. King Henry, meanwhile, Had King been with the queen and prince at York, hearing the loss of that field and so much people slain and overthrown, they departed immediately with the Duke of Somerset, Lord Roos, and others towards Scotland. The next day, King Edward with all his army entered York and was proclaimed king and obeyed as he should be. After he had stayed a while in the north and all the country there had turned to him, he returned southward, leaving the Earl of Warwick in those parts to keep and govern that country. About midsummer in the year of our Lord 1461 and the first year of his reign, he was crowned at Westminster and enjoined king of England, having the hold possession of the entire realm. I pray God save and keep him and send him the accomplishment of the remainder of his rightful inheritance beyond the sea. May he reign in them to the pleasure of almighty God, health of his soul, honor, and worship in this present life. This ends the present book of the chronicles of England, by me, William Caxton. Finished and accomplished on the 10th day of June in the year of our Lord God 1480, and in the 20th year of the reign of King Edward the Fourth.", "creation_year": 1480, "creation_year_earliest": 1480, "creation_year_latest": 1480, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
+{"content": "In this book, I intend to describe the Isle of Britain, as it is not commonly described or its nobility and worthiness not known. In the first part, I will tell of:\n\n1. The name of the island.\n2. Its setting, length, and breadth.\n3. Its worthiness and privileges.\n4. Its marvels and wonders.\n5. Its chief parts.\n6. The islands adjacent to it.\n7. The kings' highways and streets.\n8. Famous rivers and streams.\n9. Ancient cities and towns.\n10. Provinces and shires.\n11. The laws and their names.\n12. Kingdoms and boundaries between them.\n13. Bishops and their sees.\n14. The various kinds of people. Of the languages and manners of the people of the land around the 14th century, of the land of Wales around the 16th century, of the reason why it is named Wales around the 16th century, of the commodities of the land of Wales around the 15th and 16th centuries, of the manners and rites of the Welshmen, of the marvels and wonders of Wales, of the description of Scotland, of the description of Ireland, of the boundaries of Ireland, of the greatness and quality of that land, of the defects of the land, of those who first inhabited Ireland, of the conditions and manners of the Irishmen, of the marvels and wonders of Ireland, of the marvels of the saints of Ireland.\n\nFirst, according to Geoffrey, this land was named Albion after the name of Albina, the oldest daughter of Dioclesian. And they were the first to inhabit this land. Because she was the oldest sister, she named this land Albion after her own name, as the chronicle relates. Others say that This land was named Albion, as it was the white land of white rocks at its cliffs by the sea that were visible from far. Later, Brute conquered this land and called it Britannia after his own name. Then, the Saxons or Englishmen conquered this land and called it Englaland, or it is called Englaland of a queen who owned this land that was named Angle and was a noble duchess of the Saxons. Or, as Isidore says in his Book XV, Englaland has that name as if it were an angle and a corner of the world. Orosius, as Bede says in his Life, Book I. Saint Gregory saw English children selling at Rome and he agreed to the name of the land and said they were truly Angles, for their faces shone as angels, for the nobleness of the land shone in the children's faces. Alfred. The British Englaland is called the other world, and for its great abundance of all good, the great Charles called it his own chamber. Solinus. The edge of the French cliff should be the end of the world, if the land of Britannia were not. Which is worthy to have the name of another world / Alfred. This island is called Insula, as it is in the sea / and is surrounded by various courses of water with streams and waves of the sea. This Britain is accounted a noble land both in our stories and also in the stories of the Greeks / and is set against Germany, Gaul, France, and Spain between the north and the west and the sea between. This land is fifty miles from the cliff of the men who are called Morini, according to Gessorico, Beda the Venerable. And because this island lies under the northern head of the world / it has light and bright nights in summer time / So that often at midnight men have questions and doubt whether it is evening time or dawning / that is for the time of the year when the sun does not go far under the earth by night / but passes by the northern side and comes soon into the east again / And therefore in summer there are days that are sixteen hours long / And the nights are six hours long / And after in winter are long nights. In Armenia, Macedonia, Italy, and other lands of the same line, the longest day and longest night are each of 16 hours. In Meroe, that land is chiefly of black melee, there is the longest day of 12 hours. In Alexandria, Egypt, it is of 13 hours. In Italy, it is of 15 hours. In Britain, it is of 18 hours. On the Isle named Tylem, all six summer months are day, and all the six winter months are night. Isidore, Lib. xiiij. Britain is set within the Ocean, as it were outside the world, and is faced against France and Spain. Geraldus describes Britain as endlong and larger in the middle than at the ends. Oratus: Britain stretches in length from the south into the north, and on its southeastern side, it has France in the south, Spain in the east, Norway in the north, and Hibernia, that is Ireland, on the west. When shipmen pass the next cliff of that length, they see a city called Rutupiae. Beda, Lib. The site is now called Ripon in England, called Solinus or Britaine. It is 8 miles in length. It is situated from the cliff of Totesnes to the angle of Caldon, Alfre. This is 15 miles beyond Michels Towne in Cornwall, to Catenesse, which is beyond Scotland. Britaine is more than 2.5 miles broad from Meuvania, the utmost place in Wales, to Yarmouth in Norfolk. Beda notes that Britaine is surrounded by the longest shores with the following lands:\n\nFrance passes Britaine, Britaine passes Ireland in fair weather and nobility but not in health. Beda says, \"Moreover, there is an abundance of grain and beasts, and in some places, wine grows.\" The land is abundant and the sea as well. The land is noble, copious, and rich in noble wells and rivers with an abundance of fish. There is a great abundance of small fish such as salmon and cel. William de This text appears to be written in an older English or Latin script, and contains some errors likely introduced during optical character recognition (OCR) processing. I will do my best to clean and translate the text while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text describes a place where people feed swine with fish, and mentions various types of shellfish and other sea creatures. Beda's book reports that dolphins, seals, and whales, as well as diverse kinds of shellfish, have been taken there. Among the shellfish are mussels with pearls of all colors and hues, including red, purple, and white. There is also an abundance of shellfish that people die with fine reeds, and the shells are beautiful and stable, never changing color with cold or heat, but growing paler with age. Additionally, there are salt and hot springs, from which streams of hot baths flow to various places for people of all ages. Basilius states that the water that runs and passes by takes on the heat of certain metal pipes. This island is plentiful in metal pipes made of iron, lead, tin, and silver.\n\nCleaned Text:\n\nThis island is where people feed swine with fish. According to Beda's book, dolphins, seals, and whales, as well as various kinds of shellfish, have been taken here. Among the shellfish are mussels with pearls of all colors and hues, including red, purple, and white. There is an abundance of shellfish that people die with fine reeds. The shells are beautiful and stable, never changing color with cold or heat, but growing paler with age. Additionally, there are salt and hot springs, from which streams of hot baths flow to various places for people of all ages. Basilius states that the water that runs and passes by takes on the heat of certain metal pipes. This island is plentiful in metal pipes made of iron, lead, tin, and silver. In this island, under the turf of the land, good marl is found; the third part of its fatness dries itself therein. The thicker the field is marled, the better it will yield. There is also another kind of white marl, which the land is better cultivated for fourscore years before it is marled.\n\nSolinus: In this island grows a stone called gagates. If you want to know its beauty, it is black as gems. If you want to know its kind, it burns in water and is quenched in oil, and in its power, if the stone is heated and rubbed, it holds what it touches, like a stone so named.\n\nPliny: There are sheep that bear good wool. There are many hearts and wild beasts and few wolves. Therefore, sheep are the surer ones without being left in the field R.\n\nIn this island, there are also many acacias and towns fair and noble and rich. Many great rivers and streams with great abundance of fish. Many fair woods and great forests. Right many beasts, tame and wild,\nThe earth of that land is fruitful of metals and saltwells,\nOf quarries of marble, of diverse manner stones,\nOf reed, white, and soft, and reed for making pots, crocks, stones, and other vessels,\nAnd burned tile to cover with houses and churches,\nAs it were in the other Samos, which is named Samos also,\nFlanders loves well the wool of this land,\nHolland the skins and hides of all manner of beasts,\nGuyan the iron and lead,\nIreland the ore and the salt,\nAll Europe loves and desires the white metal of this land,\nAlfredus,\nBritain now has enough material that needs to be bought and sold,\nOr is necessary to man's use,\nThere lacks neither salt nor iron,\nTherefore a versifier in his meter praises this land in this manner,\nEngland is a good land, fruitful of wool,\nBut it is a corner,\nEngland is full of play, free men,\nWell worthy to play, free men,\nFree tongues, free hearts, and free all their things,\nTheir hands are. More fertile and better than their tongue / Also England is beautiful of land / Flour of lands all about that land is fully paid with fruit & good of its own / That land relieves strange men who have need of it / And when hunger grieves other lands that land feeds them / That land bears fruit & corn abundantly / That land is well at peace / As long as men live in peace / East and west in each land / The havens of England are well known / Their ships found and often help many lands / Their food and money / Men have more company there always / And to learn men gladly they give gifts / In land and sea / Wide speak men of England / England, the land of honey, my milk, and cheese, this island thereof shall bear the prize / This island has no need of other lands / All lands must seek help from this alone / Of the liking of their wounds / might wonder King Solomon / the riches that are there / would desire Octavian\n\nIn Britain, there are hot wells / well equipped & dressed for the use of mankind / Mistress of those wells is the The spirit of Minera / In her house, the fire endures always, which never changes into ashes, but there the fire slakes, it changes into stone clots. Alfred. In Britain, there are many wonders, four are most wonderful. The first is at Petrocochle, where a strong wind blows out of the earth's channels, casting up again clothes that men cast in. The second is at Stonehenge, beside Salisbury, where there are great stones and wonders, huge and raised high, as if they were gates. Nevertheless, it is not clearly known or perceived how or why they were erected and hung so wonderfully. The third is at Cerne Abbas, where there is a great hollow beneath the earth, often many men have walked therein and have seen rivers and streams, but nowhere can they find any end. The fourth is that rain is seen raised on hills and immediately springs up in the fields. Also, there is a great pond that contains sixty islands suitable for men to dwell in, that pond. is buried around it with a jetty and on every jetty an eagle's nest / And ten rivers flow into that pond / And none of them all flow into the sea but one / There is a pond enclosed by a wall of tile and stone / In that pond men wash and bathe often / And every man felt salt all the week long until Saturday, and fresh from Saturday until Monday / The water of these wells when it is boiled turns into small, fair, and white salt / Also there is a pond / the water of which has wonderful properties / for though all a host stood by the pond and turned their faces towards it, the water would draw him violently towards the pond and wet all his clothes / so would horses be drawn in the same way / And if the face was turned away from the water, it did not annoy / There is a well that no stream flows from / neither to it / and yet four kinds of fish are taken from it / that well is only twenty feet long and twenty feet wide / and not deep but to the knee / and closes with In the country around Wincecester, there is a den or cave. Outside of this cave, a strong wind always blows, making it impossible for anyone to stand before it. There is also a pond there that tears trees up by the roots if they are present for a year, shaping them into whestones. On the top of a hill nearby, there is a burial site. Anyone who comes and encounters this burial will find it even with his own height and measure. If a pilgrim kneels there, he will feel refreshed and experience no weariness. Near the top of the hill, by the Wincecester monastery not far from that place, is a wood that bears much fruit. If the trees of this wood fall into water or ground and do not lie there all year, the trees of England and Wales change their borders every month, and the channel often shifts. However, it is unclear whether the water draws more toward England or toward Wales that year, and whichever side it is, the men of that side suffer the worse consequences and are overwhelmed. And men from that other side shall have better success and be above when the water changes its course, causing such happenings. This river Dee runs and comes out of a lake called Pymbrook. In this river there is great abundance of salmon. Nevertheless, no salmon is found in the lake. William de la Ree, li. 2 Take heed of the great light and brightness of God's mercy shown upon Englishmen since they first turned to right belief. So that in one province, no men are found with so many holy bodies of men resembling everlastingness after the day of judgment as it seems in these saints. Edeldred, Edmond, King Alphege, Edgar, Cutberd, and many others. I believe that it is done by special grace of Almighty God for the nation that is set apart as it were outside the world, to take heed of burying bodies without corruption and decay, and be more bold and steadfast to trust in the final rising of dead bodies to last forever. After the first Brutus' time, the Isle of Britain began to have the principal parties that were Loegria, Cambria (that is Wales), and Albania (that is Scotland). To the north, there were two arms of the sea that broke in to the land, either against each other. The eastern arm of these two began about two miles in the west side of Penwith in that arm is a town called Gwydy. The western arm of these two had a strong citadel called Alclud, which in their language is called Clachton, and stood on a river called Clyde. Some men mean that Loegria ends at Humber and stretches no further northward. The second part of Britain is called Albania, that is Scotland, and has the name Albanactus Bruces' son. It stretches from the aforementioned two arms of the sea northward to the sea of Norway. Nevertheless, the southern parties of Albania, where the Picts once dwelt, lies from the water. of the Scottish sea, all that once belonged to the kingdom of Northumberland, stretching from the first reign of English kings up to the time when Kinwlad, king of Scotland, who was also known as Alpin, died and joined that country to Scotland. The third part of Britain is Wales, also known as Wallia or Cambria. It received its name Cambria from Cambra, its prince, who was also the prince of Wales. In the west, Seisyllwg separated England and Wales. However, on the north side, the River Dee at Chester, and on the south side, the river named Wye at Striglin's castle, mark the boundary between England and Wales. King Offa, to ensure a permanent distinction between the kings of England and Wales, had a long ditch constructed that extends from the south side, starting under the hills of Wales, and passes the rivers Seisyllwg and Dee almost to the heavens and up to the mouth of the River Dee beyond Chester. The castle lies between Colehill and Basingwerk's monastery, reaching into the sea. This ditch is still visible in many places. In Saint Edward's time, Welshmen should not cross that ditch bearing weapons at great pain. This was during Earl Harold's ordering, as will be mentioned later. But now, on either side, both sides and this half of the ditch, Englishmen and Welshmen have mixed.\n\nBritain has three islands that are nearby and extend towards them: Orkneys, as it were answering to the three main parties of Britain. For the Isle of Wight lies and reaches towards Logres, that is England. The Isle of Man, called Anglesey, also lies towards Wales. And the Isle of Eubonia, which has two other names \u2013 Menaiua and Ma\u0304l \u2013 lies towards Scotland. These three islands, Wight Man and Mon, are almost equally large, and all three are now following us. Our speech / Beda, li. j. ca. iii. (Claudius), a man stretching out from the east into the west thirty miles, and from the south into the north twelve miles, is six miles from the east side the cliff of Britain, and three miles from the west side. Beda, li. iv. ca. v. The measurement of this island, as Englishmen estimate, is a manor and two hundred. A man called Anglesey is separated from North Wales by a short arm of the sea, about two miles broad. There are three hundred and sixty-one towns in it, and are enclosed for hundreds, the island being about thirty miles long and twelve miles broad. Candrehus is so much land as contains a hundred towns. The name Candrehus is made out of two languages of British and Irish in praise of this land. The Welshmen are wonderstruck to say a proverb and an old saw: \"Mon mam Kymbry,\" that is to say in English, \"that land is so good that it seems it would find corn.\" For all men of Wales, virgins use may be according to this, as much as a goose's egg, bests long in a daw's dwelling. So much afterwards, brings cold dew in a night. In that arm of the sea that departs from this land and north Wales, there is a swell that draws ships to it, which sails by and swallows them in, just as does Cilla and Carthage, which are two perilous places in the middle sea. Therefore, men may not sail by this swell, but sneakily at full sea.\n\nRegarding the marvels and wonders of the Isle of Man, thou shalt find before thee in the chapter of Wales, Gir. in itinere. The third island that is called both Eubonia and Manauia, which is a man stone, lies in the middle between the Irish isle and the Scottish gallows way, as it were in the navel of the sea. This island contains, as it were, two islands. The first is to the southward, the more country and the better corn land, and contains ninety-nine and sixty households. The second contains three hundred.\n\n(Beda, Liber de Temporibus, ii. 9) And sometimes the Isle Man was disputed, whether he should belong to Britain or Ireland. Due to the venomous women living there, it was decided that the Isle Man should belong to Britain. In this Isle, sorcery and witchcraft were practiced. Women there sold wind to sailors as if it were knotted under three threads, so that the more wind he wanted, the more knots he had to undo. Men of that land often saw men beheaded or whole, and what death they died was unknown. Aliens set their feet upon the men of that land to see such sights as the men of that land did. Beda records that two Scots fought first in this Isle. Thanatos, an Isle beside Kent, and has the name Thanatos, meaning death of serpents, because there are none. The earth there produces serpents that are born in other lands. This Isle also has noble corn and fruitful land. It is supposed that this is the case. Ilonde was balanced and blessed by Saint Austyn, the first doctor of the English, there he first arrived. Moluncius, king of Britons, was the 24th of them and the first to give them law. He ordained that plowmen's oxen, God's temples, and highways leading men to cities and towns should have the freedom of shelter. So that every man who went to any of these for shelter or for trespass that he had done, should be safe from pursuit of all his enemies. But later, due to uncertain ways and strife, Belinus, the king who was Moluncius' son, in order to put away all doubt and strife, made the four highways privileged with all privilege and freedom. The first and greatest of the four highways is called Fosse, and it stretches from the south into the north, beginning from the corner of Cornwall and passing through Devenshire, Somerset, and beyond Tetbury on Cotswold, and then to Leicester and so on. The second main road is named Watling Street, starting at Dover and passing through the middle of Kent, over Teynham beside London to the west, Westminster, Saint Albans on the west side, Donstaple, Stratford, Towcester, Wedon, South Lydell, Atherstone, Wroxeter, Stratton, the middle of Wales, and Cardigan, ending at the Irish sea. The third way is called Ermine Street, starting in Menevia, which is in Saint David's land in west Wales, and continuing to Southampton. The fourth is called Richelieu Street, starting by Worcester, Wycombe, Birmingham, Lichfield, Derby, Chesterfield, York, and ending at Tynemouth.\n\nThree famous rivers run through: Britain, where merchants from beyond the sea come into Britain in ships of all nations and lands / These three Rivers are the Scheldt, the Seine, and the Humber / The sea ebbs and flows at the mouths of these three Rivers and separates the three provinces of the Isle as if the three kingdoms apart / The three parts are: Logria, Cambria, and Northumbria / that are the middle England, Wales and Northumberland / R / The name Scheldt seems to be made one name of two names of two rivers that are tame and ise / for the river Tame runs besides Dover and falls in ise / therefore all the river from the first head to the eastern sea is named Tames or Tame / Tame begins besides Tetbury, three miles north of Malmesbury / There the Tame springs from a well that runs ceasantly and passes the Fosse and departs Gloucestershire and Wiltshire / and draws with it many other wells and streams and grows great at Greystoke and passes forth then toward Hampton and others, by Oxenford, Wallingford, Reading, and London / William de Pon_. around ij. It is located at the haven of Sandwich, falling into the eastern sea / and extends forty miles beyond London / and borders Kent, Essex, Wessex, and Mercia, that is, a considerable part of Middle England / R / Seuarne is a river of Bathyny and is called Habern in British and has the name Habren, which was Estrilde's daughter / Guidolon the queen drowned this Habern in it / therefore, the Britons called the river Babren after the woman who was drowned in it / but it is called Sabrina in corrupt Latin. Seuarn begins in the middle of Wales & passes first toward the east to Shrewsbury, then turns southward to Briggend, Worcester, and Gloucester, and falls into the western sea besides Bristol and departed in some place England and Wales. William de Pon_. iiij. Seuarn is swift-flowing; fish craft is found there; Wodnes of the swelling and of whirling water casts up and gathers to heap great heaps of gravel. Seawan often arises and overflows the banks. Humbre is named Humbre, king of hounds, because he was drowned there. It first runs out of the south side of York and then departs the province of Lindsey, which once belonged to Mercia from the other country, Northumberland. Thirty and Ouse run into Humbre and make the river very full. The Mercians were men, as it will be said hereafter, of the middle of England.\n\nThe kingdom of Britain was once made fair with twenty-eight noble cities, without many castles. They were walled with towers, with gates and bars strongly built. Alfred London. Caerbranc, that is York. Caerkent, that is Canturbury. Caergoragon, that is Worcester. Caerlirion, that is Leicester. Caercolden, that is Gloucester. Carrei, that is Chichester. The Saxons called it sometimes Cisscestre. Caerce\u0159i, that is Carlisle. Porchester / Caerdrome, that is Dorchester, Caerludcoit, that is Lincoln and Lindescon, Can is upon Teme, not far from Rand. The first legend is now named Chester. Caerbathon, that is Bath and sometimes Athamannus City / Caerpaladour, that is Sepeton. Other cities have been found in chronicles for understanding of stories / of whom it shall follow / William de Portingall. London is a real and rich city upon Thames / of burgesses, riches, merchants, and merchandise. Therefore, it is that sometimes when a dearth of victuals is in all England, it is best cheap in London because of the buyers and sellers who build and fortify this city of London, the first city of Britain in remembrance of the City of Troy that was destroyed and called it Troia Nova, that is New Troy. Afterward, King Lud called it Caerlud after his own name. Therefore, the Britons had great indignation, as Gildas tells. Afterward, Englishmen called the city. King Lud of London, formerly known as Loundres in Norman times and Londonia in Latin, was the ruler of the Britons. He built Canterbury, the principal city of Kent, which was initially called Caerkente. Later, it was named Dorobernia, but this is not the Dorset that stands on the French coast and is twelve English miles away. Instead, Canterbury is also known as Caunterbury. King Lud also built Winchester and named it Caerguent. It was later called Winton and Winchester, after the name of one Win, an Englishman who was bishop there. All of Wessex was subject to him. The same king built Palodour, now called Shaftesbury. The Britons claim that an eagle once perched there, and Lud's son Bladud, a black man, built Bath and named it Caerbadon. The English called it Aquae Sulis, after Aquae Sullani's city. However, at last, it was named Bathonia, which is Bath. Warm baths are found there, and men believe that Julius Caesar made such baths there. But Gaufeas Benedict made not the hot baths, nor built the city, although it is commonly believed and philosophically treated of hot wells and baths in diverse lands. The water of this bath is more troubled and sourer in taste and smell than other hot baths I have seen at Aix-en-Provence in Germany and at Eauze in Savoy. I have been bathed there and tested them.\n\nClaudius Caesar married his daughter to Arviragus, king of the Britons. This Claudius Caesar built Gloucester in the wedding of his daughter. The Britons called this city first after Claudius' name, but afterward it was called Gloucester, which stands on Severn in the march of England and Wales. Shrewsbury is a city on Severn in the march of England and Wales. It is situated on a hill, and is called Shrewsbury from the shroves and fruit that grew there once. The Britons called it Penwern, that is, the head. A fair tree/Shrewsbury was once the head of poetry that stretches forth towards the middle of Wales, extending to the Irish Sea. Nottingham stands upon thirty and some heat Snottingham, the winning of dens for the Danes' duels there sometimes and dug dens and caused dwellings under hard stones and rocks and dwelled there. R.\n\nLincoln is chief of the province of Lindsey, and was once called Carlisle and later Lindol. It is uncertain who founded this city first, but if it were King Lud, and so it seems by the meaning of the name, for \"Caer\" is British and means a city, and \"coyt\" is a wood, and so it seems that Caerludcoyt means Lud's wood town.\n\nA meter breaks out in this manner in praising of this city:\nClestre castell town as it were,\nName takes from a castle,\nIt is unknown what man founded this city now,\nThough the most renowned cheeses,\nHeat now town of legions,\nWelsh and English, hold this town of great price,\nStones on the wall, seem work. Hercules and Cornelius live in this town / It has ships and merchants / The sea brings enough for them / Godestalle was once Emperor's or this / Henry the king is on earth, ruling righteously / Of King Harold, power remains / Bachus and Mercurius, Mars and Venus, / Laverna, Proserpine and Pluto reign in the town / Truce, God knows what this means / But poets in their manner of speech feign / As if every kind of craft and living had a distinct god / Each from the other / And so they feigned a god of war and fighting, and called him Mars / A god of covetousness and merchandise, and named him Mercury / And so Bacchus they called the god of wine / Venus, goddess of love and beauty / Laverna, god of theft and robbery / Proserpine, god of deceit and cunning / Pluto, god of the underworld. These verses seem to mean / that these aforementioned gods reign and are served in the chest. Mars with fighting and cooking / Mercury with covetousness. and Marchandyse / Bachus with great drinking / Venus with love lewdly / Laverna with theft and robbery / Protesilaus with false deeds and guile / Then is Pluto not unserved god of hell / R / There Babylon lore more might have truth the more\nTake heed that England consists of 48 shires and provinces now called earldoms: Cornwall, the Isles of Alfe. These are the names of the earldom and shires: Kent, Southsex, Suffolk, Hampshire, Berkshire, which has its name from a bare oak in Windsor Forest, for at that bare oak, men of that shire were wont to come to be called Devonia in Latin, These nine southern shires, the Tamesis departed from the other half of England which were once governed and ruled by the West Saxon law: Essex, Middesex, Southfolk, Northfolk, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Durhamshire, Northumberland, Cumberland. Appelbyshire and Westmoreland/Lancastershire: These fifteen north and eastern shires were once governed and ruled by the law called Danelaw. Among them were Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire. The seven middle and western shires were once governed and ruled by the law called Mercia, in Latin and English known as Mercian law. It is worth noting that Yorkshire stretches from the River Humber to the River Tees. In Yorkshire there are 22 hundreds, and Candred is one of them. Candred is a name derived from Welsh and Irish, and it means a country containing a hundred towns. For a time, tenants were accustomed to yield their \"weapon-tak\" (or \"weapon-take\") instead of homage when a new lord came. Durhamshire stretches from the River Tees to the River Tyne. Properly speaking, Northumberland stretches from the River Tyne up to [unclear]. The River Tweed, which is in the beginning of Scotland, / If the country of Northumberland, which was once from Humberside to Tweed, is now accounted for one shire and one earldom as it was once, / Then there are in England but 48 shires, / but if the country of Northumberland is divided into 6 shires, / that is, Everwickshire, Durhamshire, Northumberland, Caithness, Applebyshire, and Lancashire, / Then there are in England 53 and a half shires, without Cornwall and also without the Isles, / King William the Conqueror made all these provinces and shires to be described and measured, / Then there were found 53 and a half shires and a half, / Towns twenty-five thousand four hundred parishes, 45 M. and two, / Knights' fees 125 M., whereof men of religion have 28 M., 15 knights' fees, / But now woods have been hewn down and the land new tilted & made much more than was at that time and many towns and villages built, / and so there are many more villages and towns now than there were in that time. Is Cornwayle not set among the shires of England? It may stand among them well enough, for it is neither in Wales nor in Scotland but is in England and borders Devonshire. Therefore, it may be accounted as one of the 39 and a half shires in England, along with the others.\n\nObserved in William the Conqueror's time, Moluncius ordered among his laws cities, temples, and ways that led to them. Plowmen and slaves should have privilege and freedom to save all men who would flee there for succor and refuge. Then, afterward, Marcia, queen of the Britons, who was some men suppose was Gwenlivan's wife of her province, made a law full of right of wisdom and reason. It was called Mercian law.\n\nGildas, who wrote the histories of the Britons, translated these two laws from British speech into Latin. And afterward, King Alfred translated all of it from Latin into Saxon speech and was also called Mercian law.\n\nAdditionally, the same King Alfred wrote in English and added it to the law. Another law called West Saxon law, then after the Danes were lords in this land, the third law came forth which is called Danish law. Of these three laws, Saint Edward the Third made one common law, which is still called Saint Edward's law. I hold it well to write here and explain many terms of these laws.\n\nMindebruch: harming of honor and worship.\nBurbruch: breach of peace.\nGrithbruch: breaking of peace.\nDispforstallng: wrong or delayed doing in the king's way.\nFrithsoken: seeking of peace.\nSekrte: defense.\nSak: forfeit.\nSoka: suit of court.\nTheam: them.\nSute of bondmen: fighting among bondmen.\nBlodewyte: punishment for shedding of blood.\nDanegeld: tribute. A hundred is all one.\n\nFor the defense of towns, weapons were customarily given up in the coming of a lord.\n\nLestage: custom challenged.\n\nIn chepingues faires and: in markets and. The kingdom of Britain stood undivided, one kingdom to the Britons from the time of Brute up to Julius Caesar's time. From Julius Caesar's time to Severus, this land was under tribute to the Romans. However, the kings they had of the same land from Severus to the last prince Gracian, the successors of the Britons failed, and the Romans ruled in Britain. Later, the Romans left their rule in Britain because it was far from Rome and because they had great business on the other side. Then, the Scots and Picts, led astray by Maximus the Traitor, waged war in Britain with great strength of armed men for a long time until the Saxons came praying to the Britons against the Picts. They put out Gurmond the Irish king with his Picts and the Britons, who was called Caratacus, and drove them out of England into Wales. The Saxons were victorious, and every province made him a king according to his strength. And so England divided into seven kingdoms: Northumbria, after which the others all came under one kingdom, united from Adelwulf's time, that was Alaric's father, to the third Saint Edward's time, around A.D. 850, who reigned there continuously for thirty years. After the Danes, the three Saint Edwards ruled for twenty-three years and a little more. After him, Harold held the kingdom for nine months. And after him, the Normans have ruled up to this time, but how long they will rule, he knew to whom nothing is unknown.\n\nThe first of the seven kingdoms was the kingdom of Kent, which stretches from the Celtic Sea to the Fire of Tamise. Here, the first Hengist ruled and began to reign with the acceptance of Vortigern in the year of our Lord 455. This kingdom lasted for 417 years under fifteen kings up to the time Baldred was deposed. King Egbert of Wessex united his kingdom with that of the South Saxons. The two kingdoms were bordered by the sea on the south, the Isle of Wight in the west, Hampshire in the north, and Sussex to the east. The kingdom of the South Saxons had begun to reign in the year after the coming of the Angles, specifically the year 519. However, this kingdom soon passed into other kingdoms. The third kingdom was that of the East Saxons, which had the sea to the east, London to the west, Tamise to the south, and Southfolke to the north. The kings of this kingdom, from the time of Sebert onwards, up until the time of the Danes, numbered ten. Nevertheless, they were most frequently and longest under the rule of the kings of Mercia. It was during this time that King Egbert of Wessex united this kingdom with his own. The fourth kingdom was that of the East Angles, which encompassed Norfolk and Suffolk. It was bordered by the sea to the east and the north, Cambridgeshire to the northwest, and the Isle of Ely to the west. The kingdom of Wessex in Wiltshire and Hertfordshire, and in the south, Essex. This kingdom endured under twelve kings until the time that King Edmond was slain, and then the Danes took both the kingdoms of East Anglia and of the East Saxons unjustly. Afterward, the Danes were put back or made subjects, and the elder King Edward joined both kingdoms to his own. The fifth kingdom was of Wessex and lasted longest of all these kingdoms; it had the East Saxons on the east side, Tamise in the north, and the sea Ocean in the south and west. In this kingdom, Serdrik and his son Kenryk began to reign in the year of our Lord 519, and after the coming of the Angles, the other kingdoms passed into this one, according to Denis. The sixth kingdom was of Mercia and was greatest of all. The marches and the meres were in the west, the Riner Dee fast by Chester and Seurn fast by Shrewsbury, up to Bristol in the east, the east sea, in the south, Tamise up to London. North of the River Humber, and westward and downward to the River Mersey, to the corner of Worcester, is where the River Humber falls into the West Sea. Penda first ruled in this kingdom in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 627, according to Denis. From the coming of the Angles in the year 450, this kingdom lasted approximately 521 years under 18 kings up to the last Colwulf. Colwulf received the kingdom from the Danes when Burdred the king was expelled, but Elder Edward the king drove out the Danes and joined the kingdom of Mercia to his own. At the beginning, this kingdom of Mercia was called Northumbria. Its borders were, to the west and east, the Irish Sea, to the south, the River Humber, and downward towards the west, the shires of Nottingham and Derby, to the river of Mersey, and to the north, the Scottish Sea, which is called the Scottish Sea in Scottish, and the English Sea in English. The kingdom of Northumberland was first divided into two provinces: one was the southern side, called Deira, and the other was the northern side, called Bernicia. The river separated these two kingdoms at that time. The kingdom of Deira extended from the River Humber to the River Tyne, while Bernicia extended from the Tyne to the Scottish sea. When Pictes ruled there, as Beda writes in Book III, Chapter II, the holy man Ninian first ruled there in the year 544 AD, according to Dionysius. In Deira, King Elle ruled from 499 AD. These two kingdoms were sometimes ruled by two kings and sometimes under one king. They lasted for approximately 200 English kings over 320 years. At last, Oswald and Elle were killed in the ninth year of her reign, and Northumberland was without a king for seven years. Then, afterward, the Danes ruled in Northumberland. xxij. In the beginning of the kingdom of Athelstan, he subjected the kings of the Danes, Scots, and Welsh, and ruled alone in England, making the kingdom of England whole and one, in the year of our Lord 517. That river of the Mersey was once the boundary and sea between the kingdom of Mercia and the kingdom of Northumberland. This can be shown in two ways: first, by the property of this Mersey, which means a sea that separates one kingdom from another; second, it is written in chronicles of Henry and Alfred that King Edward the Elder built a castle at Chester in Northumberland, but Chester city is now only three miles from the River Mersey.\n\nLucius was the first Christian king of the Britons. In his time, there were three archbishoprics in Britain: one was at London,\n\nCity of Legions in Gloucester, which is now called Carlisle, to these archbishoprics were subject twenty-eight bishops and were called The archbishopric of London was subject to Cornwall and the middle of England. To York, all Northumberland from the bow of Humber, with Scotland. Caerleon, all Wales, had seven bishops, but now there are only four. Severn departed from England and Wales; William de Ponteria, Li. J., was in Saxon times. Though St. Gregory had granted London the privilege of the archbishops, Netteshal St. Austen was sent to England by St. Gregory. The archbishops were expelled from London and went to Canterbury. After St. Gregory's day, at the prayer of King Athelbright and the citizens and burgesses of Canterbury, the archbishops' see has lasted until now. In the meantime, Offa, King of Mercia, was angry with the men of Canterbury, and took away their worship. They worshipped Adulph, bishop of Lichfield, with the archbishop's pall, by the consent of Adrian the Pope. The see of York has lasted there always. During Scotland's withdrawal from submission through the passing of time, in the first book of Giraldus, the archbishops' see was vacated at Caerleon-on-Usk. From St. David's time to Samuel's, there were twenty-one archbishops in Meath. Afterward, a pestilence spread throughout all the realms of the yellow evil, known as the Jaundice. Then, the bishop of Meath was consecrated by the bishops of Wales, and the bishop of Meath was consecrated by the bishops of Wales as if of his suffragans, making no profession or submission to any other church. Other bishops who came afterward were consecrated at Canterbury through compulsion and the king's command. The archbishop of Canterbury, who was the legate of the cross, sang in every cathedral church in Wales solemnly. Amas was the first archbishop of Canterbury to do this in Wales. This was done in the second reign of Henry.\n\nHowever, now there are only two primates in all England, one of Canterbury and one of York. To the primate of The see of Canterbury has jurisdiction over 24 bishops in England and four in Wales. The primate of York has only two suffragans in England, the bishops of Carlisle and Durham. I will show you the following concerning the origins and changing of their sees. In the beginning of the holy Church in England, bishops established their sees in lowly places, suitable for contemplation, prayer, and devotion. However, during the time of William the Conqueror, by law and canon, it was decreed that bishops should leave small towns and move into great cities. Therefore, the see of Dorchester was changed to Lincoln, Lichfield to Chester, Tetford to Norwich, Shrewsbury to Salisbury, Wells to Bath, Cornwall to Exeter, and Selesey to Chichester. The bishop of Rochester has no parish but is the archdeacon of Canterbury's chaplain. Since the see of Canterbury was first established by St. Augustine, its place has never changed. Chichester has jurisdiction only over Sussex and the Isle of Wight, and its see was:\n\nThe see of Canterbury has jurisdiction over 24 bishops in England and 4 in Wales. The primate of York has only two suffragans in England, the bishops of Carlisle and Durham. I will explain the origins and changes of their sees. In the early days of the Church in England, bishops established their sees in humble locations, suitable for contemplation, prayer, and devotion. However, during William the Conqueror's time, by law and canon, it was decreed that bishops should leave small towns and move into major cities. Consequently, the see of Dorchester was moved to Lincoln, Lichfield to Chester, Tetford to Norwich, Shrewsbury to Salisbury, Wells to Bath, Cornwall to Exeter, and Selesey to Chichester. The bishop of Rochester has no parish but is the archdeacon of Canterbury's chaplain. Since the establishment of the see of Canterbury by St. Augustine, its location has remained unchanged. Chichester's jurisdiction includes only Sussex and the Isle of Wight, and its see was: The see, located in Selvesey, existed for 341 years under 20 bishops from Wilfrid to Stigand, at the command of King William the Conqueror. Previously, the entire province of Wessex had one bishop from its beginning, with Birinus, the first bishop, establishing a see at Dorchester. Dorchester, a simple town south of Oxford, near Wallingford, between the meeting of the Thames and Temes, was the site. After Birinus' death, Kenwalh, the see of Dorchester, belonged to the province of Mercia due to its location within the Teme. After Agilbert was expelled from Winchester, there was an English bishop there named Wine. Some believe that the city's name derives from this Wine, making it Winchester. At last, After Leutherius, Bishop Albertures' successor, ruled there. When he died, Theodorus, the archbishop, appointed two bishops to the province of Wessex: Daniel at Winchester, with subjects Sothery and Southampton; Adelme at Sherborne, with subjects Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, and Cornwall. In Elder Edward's time, three other sees were established by the command of Pope Formosus at Wells for Somersetshire, at Kirton for Devonshire, and at St. German's for Cornwall. Not long after, the sixth see was established at Ramsbury for Wiltshire. At last, by command of King William the Conqueror, all these sees except Winchester were transformed and changed from small towns. The cities of Shireborne and Ramesbury were turned into Salesbury. The see of Wells was turned to Bath, and it is now subject to Somerset, Wiltshire, and Dorset. The sees of Kirtle and Cornwall were changed to Exeter, and it is now subject to Devonshire and Cornwall.\n\nTheodorus ruled the province while he could endure by himself alone. After him, during the time of Egbert, King of Wessex, there were two bishops ruling the province, one at Donwick and the other at Elingham.\n\nHowever, after Ludecan, King of Mercia, there was only one see at Elingham until the 5th year of William the Conqueror. When Herfast, the 24th bishop of the East Angles, changed his see to Tetford, and his successor Herbert changed the see from Tetford to Norwich by the leave of King William the Red.\n\nThe see of Ely, which was established in the 9th year of his reign, made it subject to Cambridgeshire, which was previously a part of the bishoprics of Lincoln. for quiting ther of / he yafe\nto the bisshopp of lincoln a good toune called spaldyng\nHEre take hede that as the kyngdome of mercia was al\u2223way gret\u00e9est for the tyme / so it was deled in mo bisshopri\u00a6ches and specially by grete herte by kyng offa / which waz xl. yere kyng of mercia / he changed the archebisshops see fro cau\u0304ter\u00a6bury to lychefeld by assent of Adrian the pope / Thenne the {pro}uyn\u00a6ce of mercia and of lyndeffar in the first begynnyng of her cristen\u2223dome in kyng wulfrans tyme had one bisshopp at lychfeld / the first bisshopp that was there heetordeyned there wynfrede Cheddes deken / Netheles apud hymdon after that for he was vnbuxom in somme point he ordeyned there Sexwulf abbot of medamstede that is named burgh / But after sexwulfs fourthe yere Theodor{us} tharchebisshopp ordeyned fyue bis\u00a6shops in the prouynce of mercia / And so he ordeyned Bosell at wircestre / Cudwyn at lichfeld / the forsaid Sexwulf at Chestre / Edelwyn at lyndesey atte cite Sidenia / and he toke Eata monke of the abbey of Hyde at Whitby and made him bishop of Dorchester besides Oxford. This Dorchester, which was called Dorking, and the see of it longed to Wessex in St. Birinus' time, belonged to Mercia from Theodorus the archbishop's time. Ethelred, king of Mercia, had destroyed Kent, and this bishop Sexwulf took Picot, bishop of Rochester, who came from Kent, and made him the first bishop of Hereford. Lastly, when Sexwulf was dead, Heada was bishop of Lichfield after him. Wilfred, who was from Northumbeland, was bishop of Chester. Nevertheless, after two years, Alfred, king of Northumberland, died, and Wilfred returned to his own see Hagustalden. Heada then held both the bishoprics of Lichfield and Chester. After him came Albyn, and after him came three bishops: Torta at Chester, Witta at Lichfeld, and Eata, who united both bishoprics under Chester & Lindisfarne while his life lasted. At York was established a see for the whole province of Northumberland. Paulinus held the see first and was ordered by the bishop of Canterbury / and held the see of York for 7 years. Afterward, when King Edwin was slain and things were disturbed, Paulinus went then by water way into Kent from where he came first and took with him the pall. William Li III and so the bishopric of York ceased for 30 years / and the use of the pall continued there for another 25 years until Egbert the bishop, who was the king's brother of the land, recovered it by the pope's authority. When St. Oswald ruled, Aidan was bishop in Bernicia, that is the north side of Northumberland. After him came Finianus, then Salmanus, William vbi s. At last, he went into Scotland with great indignation because Wilfrid had taken it from him unlawfully, 30 years after Paulinus had left. Wilfride was made bishop of York 30 years later, Bede I. iv. However, he spent a long time in France about his consecration at Quartadecimani's, those who held the 14th day of the month. Chedde was taken out of his Abbey of Lindisfarne and wrongfully put into the see of York with the king Oswy's consent. But three years later, Theodorus archbishop restored him to the province of Mercia. Wilfred was then put out of his see of York due to his anger towards King Egfrid, with Theodorus' help, after Wilfred had been bishop of York for ten years. At the king's instigation, Theodorus appointed Bosa and Cuthbert as bishops - Bosa at Hagustald church, Cuthbert at Lindisfarne, now called Holy Island in the River Tweed. Aidan founded the see first, and Theodorus made Eadhedus bishop of Ripon, who had come from Lindesay. Wilfred had been abbot of Ripon. Theodorus sent Truman to the land of the Picts in the north of England, near Scotland, to a place called Candida Casa, and Whitern also. There was Saint Ninian. The first bishop was found in York, but the see of Canterbury failed little by little. The see of Canterbury, which is Canterbury in Kent, longed to England for many years under ten bishops, until it had no power due to the destruction of the Picts. The sees of Hastings and Lindisfarne were once one, under nine bishops for about forty years and ten, and lasted until the coming of the Danes. In that time, under Hyngar and Humba, Ardulf the bishop journeyed long with St. Cubert's body to King Athelred's time, king of Wessex. The see of Lindisfarne was set at Chester-le-Street, now called Newcastle upon Tyne. At last, in the seventh year of King Egbert, son of King Edward, that see was changed to Durham, and St. Cuthbert's body was brought there by the doing of Edmund the bishop. From that time forward, the sees of Canterbury and Lindisfarne failed utterly. The first King Henry IX, in the year of his reign, made the new see at Caerleon. The Archbishop of Canterbury has under him thirteen bishops in England and four in Wales. He has Rochester under him, and that sees under him a diocese in Kent alone. London has under him Essex, Middlesex, and half Hertfordshire. Chester has under him Sussex and the Isle of Wight. Winchester has under him Hampshire and Southampton. Salisbury has under him Wiltshire and Dorset. Exeter has under him Devonshire and Cornwall. Bath has under him Somersetshire alone. Worcester has under him Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, and half Warwickshire. Hereford has under him Herefordshire and some of Shropshire. Chester is Bishop of Coventry and of Lichfield. He has under him Cheshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, half Warwickshire, and some of Shropshire. Some of Lancashire from the Mersey river to the Ribble river is under Lincoln's jurisdiction. The provinces between the Trent and Humber, which are the shires of Lincoln, Leicester, Northampton, Huntingdon, Bedford, and Oxford, are also under his control. Half of Herfordshire, Ely has under him Cambridgeshire, taking Merioneth. Northwyche has Merioneth under him, as well as Norfolk and Suffolk. The archbishop of Canterbury has four suffragan bishops in Wales: Landaff, St. David's Bangor, and St. Asaph. The archbishop of York currently has only two bishops under him: Durham and Caerlely. Therefore, there are only two primates in England. One of them shall do what to the other and in what manner he shall be obedient and under him. This is fully contained in a document around the year 1071, before the first King William. The bishops of England, by the commandment of the pope, handled and treated the cause between the aforementioned primates and ordained and decreed that the primate of York shall be subject to the primate of Canterbury in matters concerning the worship of God and the belief of the holy church. According to Beda, Lib. iv, cap. xj, Sexnulf was the first bishop there. But Beda. Seyth lies about 24 miles west of York, and is now called Bamburgh, with a remarkable castle. There are two cities there, one is called Caerleon and the other Caerlegion. One is in South Wales, named Caerwys, where the river Uske falls into Severn near Glamorgan. Bellinus, king of the Britons, once built the former city and it was once the chief city of South Wales. In Claudius Caesar's time, it was called the City of Legions. When Genius, the queen of the Britons, prayed, Vespasian and Auroragus were reconciled, and legions of Rome were sent to Ireland. Though Carleon was a noble city and of great authority, it was really built and walled about with walls of sand and stone to stand and sit in. The places were really closed with walls that yet partly still stand close by. Within the walls and without, there is great building under the earth, including water conduits, roads, and stews also. In this city were three noble churches: one was of St. Julian the martyr, where there was a great company of virgins; another was of St. Aaron, which was of the order of black canons, and that church was nobly adorned; the third church was the chief mother church of all Wales and the chief see. However, the chief see was later transferred from this city to Meynavia, that is St. David's land in west Wales. In Caerleon was born Amphibalus, who taught St. Alone. The messengers of Rome came to Arthur's great court there, it were leftful to believe it or not. It was a wonder sweet as men would think to have evermore in mind, and ever be in doubt if all his books were such what lore were therein, particularly since he makes no evidence for it on either side. He [R] Another city of legions, there his chronicle was brought to a traumatic end. The first chapter of the book \"Trevisa\" makes it clear that this work is in Latin, as it was not translated into English at the place where it was originally written in Latin. The author of this chronicle is Brother Ranulph, a monk of Chester. The city of Chester, which stands in England between the marshes of the Dee and the Mersey, was once the head and chief city of all Venecia, or North Wales. The founder of this city is unknown. Some believe it was built by Romans or giants, rather than the Britons, due to the size of its foundations. In British speech, this city was once called Carthleon Legasteria in Latin. And Chester in English and the City of legions also, for there lay, and after Claudius Caesar sent legions out of that City to win the Isles called Orcades. Whatever William of Malmesbury relates about this City from other men, this City has abundance of livelihood of corn, flesh, fish, and particularly of the price of Samon. This City receives great merchandise and sends out also. Near this City are salt wells. Metals and ores. Northumbria destroyed this City sometime. But afterward, Efleda, lady of Mercia, built it again and made it much more. In this same City under the errand stonework, there are wonderfully wrought three chambered works with great stones, graved with old men's names therein. There is also Julius Caesar's name wonderfully in stones, graved, and other noble men's also with the writing about. This is the City that Ethelfryth, king of Northumbria, destroyed and slew there fast by nearby two thousand monks of the monastery of Bang, so that in what place ever it. In England, the primate of Canterbury will host and convene a council of clergy. The primate of York is to be ordained when the primate of Canterbury is deceased. The primate of York, along with other bishops, will consecrate the one chosen. The new primate will then consecrate his own primate if the primate of York is deceased. His successor will come to the bishop of Canterbury and receive his ordination from him, taking an oath with profession and lawful obedience. Around the year 1475, during the reign of King Richard, the rights of each primate were settled. It is also mentioned what one primate did to the other during the time of Thurstan, Thomas, and other bishops of York from the Conquest until King Henry's third reign. This passage is a preface and not a full treatment of the topic. Therefore, it would be unnecessary to delve deeper into it. This place was the site of duels between the Britons, first in this iland during the 18th year of Helias the prophet, the 11th year of Soluis Posthumus, king of the Latins, 44th year after the taking of Troy, and 1392 years before the founding of Rome. The Britons came here from Armorica, which is now the north coast of Ireland, and found Scotts. They asked for a place to dwell and could not find one. Ireland, as the Scotts said, could not support both peoples. The Scotts sent the Picts to the north of Britain and asked them to help against the Britons, their enemies, and take their daughters as wives. If a doubt arose as to who would be king, they should rather choose him as king of the mother's side than the father's side. One Rodrik, king of the Picts, came out of Scotland and began to destroy Scotland. Then Marius, the king, slew this Rodrik and gave the north. Part of Scotland called Cat came under Roderik's rule and were defeated by him for dwelling there. However, these men had no wives and none could marry from the British nation. Therefore, they sailed to Ireland and took Irish women as wives through a convention that the maternal line should precede in the inheritance of property. Gir. ca. xvii. However, Sirinus had some dwelling place around the waters of Scicia, and they are called Picts, known for their painting and inflicting wounds that were seen on their bodies. Thus, they seemed as men painted with wounds, hence they were called Picts as painted men. These Picts and Scots were one people. When Maximus the tyrant left Britain for Gaul to occupy the empire, Gratianus and Valentinianus, brothers and colleagues of Thebes, brought the Picts out of Scotland with great gifts, flattery, and fairness, and they dwelt in the northern lands and held their cities and towns. Carancius the. Tyrant Slowe Bassianus, with help and treason of the Picts, took residence and provided the Picts with a dwelling place in Albania, which is now Scotland. They remained there and interfered with the Britons for a long time. After the Picts first occupied the northern part of Scotland, it seems that Caransaxon converted the southern Picts. Later, the Saxons came and long held the northern part of Northumberland until Kinicius Alpinus, the son of King of Scotland, expelled the Picts and made that land between Tweed and the Scottish sea a part of his kingdom. Beda, in his History (Book 1, Chapter 7), relates that Duke Renda, who came from Ireland, the proper country of Scots, and with love or strength secured a place for them against the Picts in the northern part of that arm of the sea that breaks into the land on the western side, which in olden times separated Britons and Picts. These dukes were known as Dalrendines. The Picts might have taken wives from the Irish Scottes instead of Britons, and they promised them fair treatment and granted them a land by the sea side, where the sea is narrow. This land is now called Galway. The Irish Scottes landed at Argyll, which is a Scottish cliff, as Scottish people had settled there to harm the Britons or to come into Britain from Ireland. After the Britons, Picts, and Irish Scottes, the Saxons came, invited by the Britons to help them against the Picts. The Britons were soon driven out into the wastes, and the Saxons occupied the land little by little, advancing further towards the Scottish sea. The Saxons then became the fourth group of people in the island of Britain. Bede, Life of St. Cuthbert, Book V, Chapter IX. The Saxons and Angles came out of Germania, yet some Britons remained. In the year 802 AD, King Egbert of Wessex commanded all men to call the inhabitants of the land Englishmen. Around 200 years later, Danes ruled the land for about 500 years, from Egbert's time to Saint Edward's time. They made the fifth nation in England. However, they eventually failed. In the end, the Normans came under Duke William and subdued the English, keeping the land and making the sixth nation in England. In King Henry's time, Flemings arrived and settled in the west side of England near Maidstone, making the seventh nation in England. By command of the same king, the Normans were then driven to Harrold's side in the west side of Wales. Now, in Britain, Danes and Picts have vanished, and five nations dwell there: Scots in Scotland. Britons in Wales, but Flemish people dwell in west Wales, and Normans and Englishmen are intermingled throughout the land. It is uncertain in stories how and in what manner the Picts were driven out and destroyed from Britain. Now it is to be declared how the Picts were defeated and fell. Around the 15th century, Britain was once occupied by Saxons, and peace was established with the Picts. Then, the Scots, who came with the Picts, saw that the Picts were nobler in deeds and better men at arms, though they were fewer in number than the Scots. Envious, the Scotes turned to their natural treachery, for they often pass by other men and are traitors by nature. They prayed to the Picts, especially the leaders, to a feast, and waited for their opportunity when the Picts were merry and had well drunk. They drew up nails and held hollow benches under the Picts, and the Picts, unsuspecting, were suddenly and cruelly slaughtered. However, others who were not involved in the treachery were spared. The Scots, who were traitors unlike the pictures, profited from this false treason. They took all the land and still hold it, calling it Scotland after their own name. In King Edgar's time, Kenneth MacAlpin, his son, was Duke and leader of the Scots. He waged war in Pictland and destroyed the Picts. He waged war six times in Saxon territory and took all the land between Tweed and the Scottish sea with force and strength.\n\nThere are many kinds of people in this island. Among them are the Welsh and Scots, who do not mingle with each other, living on the western side of Wales. They have left their strange customs and first intermingled with Danes, then with Normans, in many things. The language of the region is apparent. For some use strange Welsh, Scottish, and other languages, such as chittering, harrying, garrisoning, and grisbyting.\n\nThis appearance of the language comes from two things. First, children have gone to school to learn English first, then have been compelled to cast aside their English lessons and learn French instead. Since the text appears to be in Early Modern English, I will make some corrections for clarity while preserving the original meaning as much as possible. I will also remove unnecessary formatting and irrelevant information.\n\nhave been used since the Normans came\ngreat death / but since it is somewhat changed / for Sir John Cornwall, a master of grammar, changed the teaching of grammar and construction of French into English. And other schoolmasters use the same method now in the year of our Lord MCCLXXXV. the ninth year of King Richard the Second / and leave all French in schools & use all construction in English / wherein they have an advantage one way / that is, they learn grammar sooner\nAnd in another disadvantage / for now they learn no French nor can any / which is harmful for those who will cross the sea / And also gentlemen have largely left teaching their children to speak French / R / It seems a great wonder that English has such great diversity in its own language in sound and in speaking of it / which is all on one island / And the language of Normandy has come from another land / and has one manner of sound among all those who speak it in England / for a man of Kent, Southwestern, and northern.\n\nCleaned Text:\n\nSince the Normans came, the great death notwithstanding, Sir John Cornwall, a master of grammar, changed the teaching of grammar and the construction of French into English in the year of our Lord MCCLXXXV, the ninth year of King Richard the Second. French was left out of schools, and all construction was in English instead. This had an advantage in that students learned grammar sooner. However, it was a disadvantage that they learned no French and could not speak it, which was harmful for those who would cross the sea. Gentlemen had largely stopped teaching their children French. It is a great wonder that English, spoken on one island, has such great diversity in its own language in sound and in speaking of it. The language of Normandy, coming from another land, has one manner of sound among all those who speak it in England. A man from Kent, the Southwest, and the North spoke similarly. Men speak French alike in one and the same manner, but they cannot speak their English so. Creuisa. Nevertheless, there are as many diverse manners of French in the realm of France as there are of English in the realm of England. R. Also of the aforementioned tongue, which has divided into three, there is great wonder, for men of the east agree and resemble those of the west in many things, so that we southern men may hardly understand that language. I suppose the cause is that they are near the aliens who speak strangely. And also because the kings of England dwell and reside more in the southern country than in the north. The cause why they dwell more in the southern country than in the north is because there is better corn, more people, more noble cities, and more profitable havens in the south. For the manners and doings of Welshmen and Scots have been declared to some extent before. Now I purpose to tell and declare the manners and conditions of the middle people of England. The Flemish people on the western side of Wales have all become Englishmen because they associate with the English. These people are mighty and strong in battle and are the greatest enemies of the Welsh. They engage in trade and clothing and are ready to engage in adventures and take risks in the sea and land due to great enthusiasm. Sometimes they go to the plow and sometimes to deeds of arms, depending on the time and place. It seems a great wonder that in a bone in a ewe's right shoulder, they know what has been done, is done, and will be done, as if by a spirit of prophecy and a wonderful craft. They reveal what has happened in far-off countries, news of peace or war, the state of the realm, the killing of men, and acts of adultery. Such things they declare with certainty based on tokens and signs that are in such a shoulder bone. However, the English who dwell in England are mixed up in the Isle and are far from the places where they originally lived. A spring or fountain of the first sort turns to contrary deeds lightly, without the consent of any other man. And so are they also full of sloth. William of Poitiers, Book III, Chapter 3. He says that when they have destroyed their enemies on the ground, then they fight with each other and kill one another. A void and empty stomach works in this way within itself. R. Nevertheless, men of the south are easier and more mild than men of the north. For they are more unstable, more cruel, and more envious. The middle men are called partners of both. They use them for gluttony more than other men and are more costly in food and clothing. I suppose that they took that king Hardknute, who was a Dane. For they are accustomed to having victory and mastery in every fight where there is no treason present, and they are curious and can well tell tales and wonders that they have seen. Also, they go in diverse lands and are not any men richer in their own land or more gracious in far and foreign lands, they can. \"better have new wives than keep their own / Therefore they spread so far and wide, believing every land is their own. Men are able to all manner of combat and wit. But before the dead, they are blind and hasty. More wise after the dead than before. And they leave lightly what they have begun. Polinus, book 6. Therefore Eugenius the pope said that Englishmen were able to do whatever they wanted and to be set before all others. He who has little wit lets them down. And as Hanibal said that the Romans could not be overcome except in their own country, so Englishmen cannot be overcome in foreign lands but in their own they are easily overcome. These men despise their own and praise other men's. They are neither pleased nor paid with their own estate. What befalls and becomes other men, they will gladly take to themselves. Therefore a yeoman affects himself as a squire, a squire as a knight, a knight as a duke, a duke as a king. Yet some go\" About and will be like all manner of state, and be in no state, for they take every degree that is of no degree. In appearing outwardly, they are minstrels and beadles. In speaking, great speakers. In eating and drinking, gluttons. In gathering of cattle, hucksters and taverners. In array tormentors. In winning arguments, arguers. In traveling, tantalizers. In taking head deadly. In beds, sardanapals. In churches, mammonists. In courts, thunderers. Only in privilege of clergy and in precedence, they know themselves clerks. As concerning the terms of Latin as arguers, tantalizers, Dedalus, Sardanapalus, you must understand them as poets feigned them. Argus was an herdsman and kept beasts. He had a hundred eyes. Argus was also a ship, a seaman and a merchant. Therefore, he who is wise and aware and can avoid being deceived may be called Argus. And so the chronicle says in plural number, that Englishmen are arguers, that is, they see. About where as winning is,\nTantalus is the other word, tantalizingly,\nthe poet feigns that Tantalus slows his own son,\ntherefore he is damned to perpetual punishment,\nand he stands always in water up to the ankle,\nand has always ripe apples and noble fruit hanging down to the other ankle,\nbut the fruit and the water may not come within his mouth,\nhe is so held and stands between food and drink,\nand may neither eat nor drink,\nand is ever hungry and thirsty, such is the likeness of Tantalus,\nThey that do right naught there are called tantalizing,\nIt seems that it is to say,\nIn travail they are tantalizing,\nfor they do right naught there,\nThe third word is Dedalus,\nTake heed that Dedalus was a cunning man,\nAnd therefore by likeness, those that are subtle and cunning are called dedalus,\nThe fourth word is Sardanapalus,\nUnderstand that Sardanapalus was king of Assyrians and was full of lust,\nAnd used to lie softly. Among all English medieval dress, there is such great changing and diversity of clothing and array that it is seldom that anyone is known by his clothing and attire of what degree he is. In King Egelfrede's time, it was prophesied that Englishmen, on account of their drunkenness, treason, and reproach of the world, would be so unstable and diverse that the instability of thoughts would be signified by many diverse kinds of clothing.\n\nNow this book takes up the subject:\nWales after England\nSo I take my tales\nAnd go into Wales\nTo that noble blood\nOf Priamus lineage\nTo win the favor\nOf great Jupiter's kin\nTo have in mind\nDardanus' kind\nIn these four titles I find\nTo tell the state of that land\nThe cause of the man I shall tell\nAnd then praise the land and well\nThen I shall write with my pen\nAll the manners of the people. Men I shall find\nTo tell wonders of the land\nWales, now called Wales,\nWas once called Cambria,\nFor Cambria's son, Camber,\nWas prince and dwelt there alone.\nThen Wales was called Gwalia,\nFor Gwalaes the queen,\nKing Ebrauc's child,\nWas wedded there mildly.\nAnd from that lord Gwalon,\nThe sound is withdrawn.\nAnd put to l. i. a.\nAnd thou shalt find Wales,\nAnd though this land\nBe much less than England,\nAs good land is one as another.\nIn the daughter as in the mother,\nThough the land be small,\nIt is full of corn and fruit,\nAnd has great abundance.\nOf tame and wild beasts,\nOf horses, sheep, oxen, mild ones,\nGood land for all seeds,\nFor corn, grass, and herbs it spreads,\nThere are woods and meadows,\nHerbs and flowers there spread,\nThere are fountains and wells,\nValleys bring forth flood,\nAnd hills yield good metals.\nCool grows under the land,\nAnd grass above at hand,\nThere is abundance of lime,\nAnd slate for houses,\nHoney and milk white,\nThere is delight and not little,\nOf brook methe,\nGreat abundance. In that valley and all who need to live, that land brings forth fruit, but of great riches to be drawn, and closes many in short awe. It is a corner small, as though God first of all made that land so select of all hell, Wales is divided by. A water that heats twice, North Wales from the south, Twyddel in places full of courage. The south heats Demacia. And the other Venodicia. The first shoots and arrows bare, that other deletes all with spears. In Wales, how it be, Were once three courts, At Carmarthyn was that one, And that other was in Monmouth. The third was in Powys. In Pengwern it now is shrouded, There were seven bishops, And now there are four. Under Saxons all at hand, Sometimes under prices of the lord, The manner of living of the land Is well diverse from England, In meat and drink and clothing, And many other doings. They are clothed wonderfully. In a shirt and in a mantle, A crisp breech well favored. Both in wind and in rain, In this clothing they are bold, Though the weather be right cold, Without sheets. They always remain in this array. They go to fight, play, and leap. Stand, sit, lie, and sleep,\nWithout surcoat gown or kirtle,\nWithout jupon tabard, cloak, or bell,\nWithout lace and chaplet that hangs from their lap,\nWithout hood hat or caps,\nThus arrayed they go, and always with bare legs.\nThey keep none other company,\nThough they meet the king,\nWith arrows and short spears.\nThey fight with them whom he desires,\nThey fight better if they need to.\nWhen they go where they ride,\nInstead of castle and tower,\nThey take wood and marsh for their cour,\nWhen they see it is to do,\nIn fighting they will be a go.\nGildas says they are variable,\nIn peace and not stable.\nIf men ask why it be,\nIt is no wonder for the sea,\nThough men put out of land,\nTo put out others would find,\nBut all for nothing at this point,\nFor all manner of woods be at the flood,\nAnd upon the sea among them.\nCastles have been built strong,\nThe men may endure long, / and not eat,\nAnd love well consume meat,\nThey can eat and be mury,\nWithout great curiosity,\nThey eat bread cold and hot.\nOf barley and of oats.\nBread. cakes rude and thin\nAppear so great kin.\nSeldom they eat bread of wheat,\nSeldom they do eat once.\nThey have gruel to porridge.\nAnd leeks kind to accompany.\nAlso butter milk and cheese.\nSuch dishes they eat swiftly,\nAnd that makes him drink well\nWith mead and ale that has might.\nThere they spend day and night,\nEver the redder is the wine.\nThey hold it the more fine,\nWhen they drink at ale,\nThey tell many a lewd tale,\nFor when drink is handling,\nThey are full of lingering.\nAt table and afterward,\nTheir solace is salt and l.\nThe husband in his way,\nTells that a great prize is,\nTo give a cauldron with gruel,\nTo them that sit on his mile.\nHe deals his meat at the mile,\nAnd gives every man his share,\nAnd all the overflow,\nHe keeps to his own use.\nTherefore they have woe and mishaps,\nThey eat hot samon always,\nAlthough physics say nay,\nTheir houses are low with all,\nAnd made of yards small,\nNot as in cities high,\nBut f.\nWhen all is eaten at home,\nThen to their neighbors will they roam,\n& eat. What they may find and see. And then return home always. The life is idle that they lead In burning sleeping and such deeds. Welshmen use with her might To wash their guests' feet a night. If he washes her feet all and some, Then they know they are well. They live so easily in a route. That seldom they bear purs aboute At her breach out and home They hang their money and come home It is wonderful they are so kind And hate crack at nether end And without any core Make their wardrobe at the door They have in great plenty harp, tabour, and p They bear their corps with great sorrow and blow loud horns of grief They praise fast Trojan blood For whose coming all her brood comes None will they be. Though they pass an C degree above others they will be haughty And worship priests with her might As angels of heaven right They worship servants of God Often deceived was this brood And yearned for battle all for wood almsmercy For Merlin's prophecy And often for sorte Best in manners of Britons For the company of Saxons Were turned to better right That is known as They clear as light, they till the cultivated fields and draw them to good towns.\nThey ride armed as a whole, God be with them.\nAnd go ye hosed and shod.\nAnd sit fair at their meal.\nAnd sit,\nSo they seem now in mind,\nMore English than Welsh kind.\nIf men ask why they now do so,\nMore than they won't to do.\nThey live in more peace.\nBecause of their riches,\nFor their cattle should slake.\nIf they used often wrath,\nFearing loss of her good,\nMake them now still in mood.\nAll in one it is brought,\nHave nothing and fear nothing,\nThe poet says a saw of proof.\nThe footman sings to fore the thief,\nAnd is bolder on the way,\nThan the horseman rich and gay.\nThere is a pole at Brecknock.\nOft he changes his hue on cop,\nAnd bears above a gardin crop,\nOfte time how it be,\nShape of house there shallst thou see,\nWhen y\u2022 pole is frore it is wonder,\nOf the noise that is there under,\nIf the prince of the land is hot,\nBirds sing well merry note.\nAs merily as they can,\nAnd sing for none other man,\nBesides Carlion.\nTwo mile from the town,\nIs a roc,\nRight against the sun. A goldcliff that roches height\nFor it shines as God full bright\nSuch a flower in stone is nothing\nWithout fruit if it were sown\nIf men could by craft undo.\nYet veins thereof and come thither\nMany benefits of kind\nAre now hidden from man's mind\nAnd are unknown yet\nFor lack of man's wit\nGreat treasure is hid in ground\nAnd after this it shall be found\nBy great study and business\nOf them that come after us.\nThat olden men had by great need.\nWe have by diligent deed / Trueisa\nIn books you may read.\nThat kind of\n\nWhen noma had craft in mind\nThen of craft help God and kind\nWhen no teacher was in land.\nMen had craft by God's hand.\nThey that had craft then taught forth craft to other men\nSome craft yet come not in place\nSome may have by God's grace\nR / An Island is with noise and strife\nIn west Wales at Kerdyf\nFast by Severn shore\nBarry height that island.\nIn that hither side in a chest\nShall thou here wonder dene\nAnd diverse noises also\nIf thou put thy ear to\nNoises of leves and of wind.\nNoises of metal thou shalt. Find:\nFording of the Iree and westsones you shall here.\nHeating of ovens then with fire.\nAll this may well be.\nBy waves of the sea\nThat breaks in there.\nWith such noises and fear\nAt Penbrok in a stead,\nFends do often quit,\nAnd throweth foul things in,\nAnd disdains also sin.\nNeither craft nor prayers may\nDo these things that sorrow away,\nWhen it grieves so.\nAt Crucinar in west Wales,\nIs a wonder, but\nEvery man that comes to see it,\nSeems it even as much as he.\nHollow weapons there a night\nShall be broken before day light.\nAt Nemyn in north Wales,\nA little isle there is,\nThat is called Bardisey.\nMonks dwell there always.\nMen live so long in that wood,\nThat the oldest dies first.\nI say, Merlin is buried there,\nThat hight also Silvestris.\nThere were Merlins two.\nAnd prophesied between,\nOne high Ambrose and Merlin,\nAnd was begotten by Gobelin.\nIn Demacia at Carmarthyn.\nUnder King Vortigern,\nHe told his prophecy.\nEven in Snowdonye,\nAt the head of the water of Coneway,\nIn the side of Mount Eriri,\nDynas Embrys in Welsh,\nAmbrose. hille in englissh.\nKyng vortigere sate on\nThe watside & was ful of wone\nThen ambrose merlin {pro}phecied\nto fore hym right tho / Treuisa\nWhat witte wold wene\nThat a fend myght gete a child\nSomme men wold mene.\nthat he may no such werk welde\nThat fende that goth a nyght\nwymmen full ofte to gyle\nIncubus is named by right\nAnd gyleth men othir while.\nSuccubus is that wight\nGod grau\u0304te vs none such vyle\nWho that cometh in hir gyle.\nWonder happe shall he smyle\nWith wonder dede.\nBothe men and wymen seed\nFendes wole kepe\nWith craft & bringe an heepe\nSo fendes wylde\nMay make wymmen bere childe\nYet neuer in mynde\nWas child of fendes kynde\nFor withouten eye.\nTher myghte no suche child deye\nClergye maketh mynde.\nDeth sleeth no fendes kynde\nBut deth slowe merlin.\nMerlin was ergo no goblin\nAnothir merlin of albyn lond\nThat now is named scotland\nAnd he had names two\nSiluestris & calidonius also\nOf that wode calidoni.\nFor there he tolde his prophecie\nAnd beet siluestris as well.\nFor whan he was in batell.\nAnd sawe aboue a And he forthwith from his mind departed,\nAnd made no more delay,\nBut straightway unto the wood he went.\nTreesa Silvestris is wild,\nOf unruly mood,\nThat in the wood he dwells.\nMerlin, the prophet Silvestris,\nSpake prophecy truly and clearly,\nUnder King Arthur,\nOpenly and not so secretly\nAs Merlin Ambrosius.\nThere are hills in Snowdonia,\nWhich are wonderfully high,\nWith heights as great away,\nAs a man may go a day,\nAnd hear the echoes on the walls.\nSnowy hills in English,\nIn these hills there is,\nLeese yours for all the beasts of the valley,\nThese hills on copper berries bear,\nTwo great fishes were,\nContained in that one pond.\nMeueth with the wind an island,\nAs though it did swim,\nAnd near to the brim,\nSo that those who hear have great wonder,\nAnd believe that the world meueth beneath,\nIn that other is perch and fish,\nEvery one-eyed one,\nSo fareth all well.\nIn Albania, the mill-well.\nIn Rutland, by Tetingel,\nThere is a little well.\nThat does not flow always,\nAs the sea twices a day,\nBut sometimes it is dry,\nAnd sometimes full by the eye.\nThere is in Norwallia,\nIn Mon that. Heath Anglia\nA stone, it seems, near he.\nIt was like a man's thigh.\nHow far ever that stone\nWas born of any man\nOn night it goes home its way\nThat he found by trial\nHugh, the earl of Shrewsbury.\nIn time of the first Henry\nFor he would the truth find\nThat stone to another he bade\nWith great chains of iron.\nAnd throw all ye far away.\nBound at one heap\nInto a water deep\nYet a morrow that stone.\nWas fine early in man.\nA serf held himself full slight\nAnd took this stone to his thigh\nHis thigh was rotten or day\nAnd the stone went away.\nIf men do lechery.\nNay, that stone by\nSweet comes from that stone\nBut child comes there none\nThere is a rock right wonderful.\nThe rock of Herning by country\nThough there cry any man born.\nAnd blow also with a horn\nNoise there made though you abide\nYou shall hear none on this side\nThere is another Isle\nFast by man at hand.\nHermit's there be rich\nIf any of them do strive\nAll the mess that may beget\nCome & eat all their meat.\nThen sees never that woo\nTill the In this land, as in Ireland,\nMen are angry, and the saints of this country are wretched always.\nIn this land, in Ireland and Scotland,\nThere are beautiful and statues,\nWhich men have in worship, and are worshiped,\nBoth by clerks and lewd men who fear,\nTo swear by one of those,\nAs if it were the gospel,\nAt Basingwerk is a well,\nSacred Hebe, whose spring is so sore,\nWhat is cast into it thro' and through,\nThereof springs a strong stream,\nIt would be good for all the land,\nSeek at that place,\nHave both healing and grace,\nIn the wells often.\nRed speckled stones were found.\nIn token of the blood red,\nThat the maiden wept,\nShe cast it in that pit.\nWhen her throat was cut,\nHe who did that deed,\nHas sorrow on his seed,\nHis children break as wolves and hounds.\nFor the maiden goes,\nRight at that wrong place,\nEither in Shrewsbury street,\nThere the maiden rested sweet.\nIt is a common saying that the country now named Scotland, This is an extension of the northern part of Britain, and is bordered on the south side by the sea. On the other side, it is surrounded entirely by the sea. This land was once called Albania, and had the name Albanactus, the son of King Brutus, as its ruler. Albania was also known as the province of Scicia and lies near Amazonia. Therefore, the Scots are called Scotites, as they originate from Scicia. Afterward, it was called Pictavia, as the Picts ruled there for a thousand years and a half, or as some say, for 360 years. Lastly, it was called Hibernia, as Ireland is adjacent to it. For many reasons, one reason being the affinity and alliance between them and the Irish, as they took wives from Ireland, which is evident in their belief, clothing, language, and speech, in their weapons and manners. Another reason is that the Irish fought there at some point. Beda, in his history, records that a duke from Ireland came out of Ireland to Pictavia. That which was called Renda,/ And with love and strength made them chieftains and cities besides the Picts in the north, is now briefly called Scotland of Scots who came from Ireland, and ruled there for three hundred fifteen years up to the reign of William the Red, who was Malcolm III's brother./ Many evidences we have of this Scotland,/ it is often called and named Hibernia, as Ireland is called./ Therefore, Beda, Book II. x, says that Lawrence, Archbishop of Dunbar, was Archbishop of Scotland, who dwelt in an island called Hibernia, which is next to Britain. / Also, Beda, Book III. xxvii, says, / Pestilence bore down Hibernia. / Also, Book III. ii, it says that the Scots who dwelt in the south side of Hibernia learned the rule of monks there. / Also, Book IV. xxii, Egfrid, King of Northumberland, destroyed Hibernia. / Also, Book IV. xv, The greatest part of Scots in Hibernia,/ And in the same chapter he speaks of Hibernia. The properly named west Isle is one hundred miles from every British town, and it lies between the sea and is called Hibernia, the country now known as Scotland. There, it is recorded that Adamnan Abbot of this Isle went to Hibernia to teach the Irish the lawful way, and eventually returned to Scotland. Ysidorus, Ethics. xiv. Men of Scotland were once named Scotts and Picts. For some time, their bodies were painted in this manner: they would sometimes prick themselves with a sharp-edged thorn and fiercely mark their own bodies. They made various figures and shapes and painted them with ink or other paint, and because they were so painted, they were called Picti, that is, painted. The Scots were light-hearted and strange enough, but they were greatly improved by the English. They were cruel towards their enemies and hated bondage above all things, considering it a foul sloth if a man died in his bed, and they held great reverence if he did. They are few in the field. They are little of meat and multiply quickly. They seldom appear when the sun is up. And they eat flesh, fish, milk, and fruit more than they breed. Though they are fair in shape, they are defiled and made unseemly enough with their own clothing. They highly praise the customs of their ancestors and despise others' doings. Their land is fruitful enough in pasture, gardens, and fields. Gerald of Wales, named neither noble nor king, is in this Scotland. In Scotland, there is great reverence and awe for St. Andrew the apostle. For St. Andrew had the northern barbarians of the world, the Scots and Picts, assigned to him for preaching and converting the people to Christ's belief. In the end, he was martyred in Achaea, Greece, in a city named Patras. His bones were kept for two hundred and seventy years until the time of Constantine the Emperor. Then, they were translated to Constantinople and kept there for ten years during the time of Theodosius. An unexpected king of the Picts in Scotland. destroyed a great part of Britain and was besieged by a great host of Britons in a field called Merke. And he heard St. Andrew speak to him in this manner: \"Unghus, Unghus, here I, Christ's apostle, promise you help and succor. When you have overcome your enemies with my help, you shall give this deed of your heritage in alms to God Almighty and in worship of St. Andrew. And the sign of the cross went before his host, and on the third day he had victory and so returned home again. And because he was uncertain which city he should give to St. Andrew, he fasted for three days. He and his men prayed to St. Andrew that he would show him what place he would choose. And one of the wardens who kept the body of St. Andrew in Constantinople was warned in his sleep: \"Go to a place where an angel will lead you.\" And so he came to Scotland with seven companions to the top of a hill named Ragmund. The same hour, heaven shone brightly and. The king of Picts was brought to a place called Carceuan, where many sick men were healed. The king Regulus, the monk of Constantinople, arrived with the relics of St. Andrew. A church was founded in honor of St. Andrew, the head of all churches in the land of Picts, now Scotland. Pilgrims came from all lands to this church. Regulus was its first abbot and gathered monks, and the tenth part of the land that the king had assigned him, he distributed in various places among abbeys.\n\nIreland, that is Ireland, was incorporated and well-known to that land from olden times. Therefore, I will tell of the size and nature of that land, its deficiencies, and the first inhabitants of it. I will also describe the manners of the men of that land, its wonders, and the worthiness of its saints.\n\nIreland is the last of the islands. Ireland is the western and northern part of one island of Spain that was Hermionus' brother. For these two brothers gained and conquered that land. It is also called Hibernia, of the river Hiberus that is in the western end of Spain, and that land is called Scotland, for the Scots dwelt there before they came to the other Scotland that belonged to Britain. Therefore, it is written in the Martyrology, \"In Scotland, Saint Bride was born, and that was in Ireland.\" This land has three days sailing to the south of Spain, and on its eastern side more Britain than that, in the western side it has the endless Ocean, and to the north it has Iceland for three days sailing. Solinus\n\nThe sea between Britain and Ireland is full of great waves and currents year-round, so that men seldom sail there.\n\nIreland is the largest island after Britain, stretching northward from Brendan's hills to the land of Columbus and containing eight days' sail. Journeys every journey of forty miles, and from Devlin to Patrick hills and to the sea on that side, are four journeys. Ireland is now nearer in the middle than in the north, except that Ireland is shorter northward than Britain. Britain is also longer southward. The land is not plain but full of mountains, hills, woods, marshes, and moors. The land is soft, rainy, windy, and low by the sea side, and hilly and sandy within. Solinus. There is great abundance of noble pasture and of lease. Therefore, the beasts must be driven out of their pasture, even by the Gerald men of that land commonly, and strangers often have a perilous flux because of the moisture of the air. The flesh of swine is unhealthy. Men of that land have no fire but only the fever ague, and that seldom. Therefore, the health and cleanliness of that land and the freedom from poison is worth all the wealth and riches of trees, herbs, spices, rich clothes, and precious stones. In these lands, the stones can heat and cool that which is within them. In these matters, it is sufficient. In this land there are more cows than oxen, more pasture than corn, more grass than seed. There is great abundance of samon, lampreys, eels and other sea fish, of herons, cranes, peacocks, curlews, sparrowhawks, goshawks, and gentle falcons. There are wolves and cunning mice. There are adders, bloodsuckers, and efts that do no harm. There are little birds with scanty bodies and very hardy and strong. There are bernacles birds, which grow wonderfully upon trees, as if not nature-made against kind. Men of religion eat bernacles on feast days because they are not engendered with flesh. But I think they err for this reason: if a man had eaten of Adam's flesh, he had eaten flesh; and yet Adam was not engendered by father and mother. But that flesh came wonderfully from there, and so does this flesh come wonderfully from the tree. In this land is plenty of honey and milk of wine and vinegar. Solinus and Isidorus wrote that Ireland has no bees. It is known that there are none. It is no wonder that Bede said so, for he never saw that land himself, but some man told him such tales. There is also found a stone called Saxagonus and is called Iris, as it were the rainbow. If that stone is held against the sun at noon, it shall shape a rainbow. There is also found a stone called gagates and white margery pearls. Where corn grows are small and unencountered by human hand. Reserved men. All beasts are smaller there than in other lands. There is a scarcity of all manner of fish not born in the sea. There lack uncivilized falcons, gyrfalcons, partridge, nightingales, and pies. There also lack roe, buck, and weasels, and other venomous beasts. Therefore some feign and that favorably that St. Patrick cleansed that. The land of worms and venomous beasts, but it is more probable and more skillful that this land was from the beginning always without such worms. For venomous beasts and worms die there immediately if men bring them there from other lands. And also venom and poison brought there from other lands lessen their malice as soon as it passes. In the middle of the sea, the powdered earth of that land cast and sown in other lands drives away worms. Therefore, if a turf of that land is put around a worm, it kills him or makes him thrill the earth to escape away. In that land, cocks crow little before day. So, the first crowing of cocks in that land and the third in other lands are like far before the day.\n\nGeraldus says that Casera Norse's niece feared the flood and fled with three men and fifty women into that Ilonde and dwelt there first the last year before Noah's flood. But afterward, Bartholomew the Serene, the son of Japhet Noah's son, came there with his three sons. by Happe or by Craft, in the year after Noah's flood, they dwelt there and increased to the number of nine thousand men. And afterward, due to the stench of a certain river, they all died, saving one Ruanuz who lived for five thousand and five hundred years until Saint Patrick's time. He informed the holy man of the aforementioned men and of all their doings and deeds.\n\nThe third time, Nimeth emerged from Scythia with his four sons and dwelt there for two hundred years and fifteen. And at last, of his descendants, by various misfortunes of wars and famine, they were completely destroyed, and the land lay waste for two hundred years after.\n\nThe fourth time, five dukes, brothers, named Gandius, Genandus, Saganduis, and Ruthforsaid, successors of Nimeth, came out of Greece and occupied that land and divided it into five parts. Each party contained twenty-two hundred towns. A candrede is a district that contains a hundred towns. They set a stone in the middle of the land as it were in the navel and beginning of five kingdoms. At last, Slauius was there. Five times this nation was weak, the fifth time being when this land was in a state of feebleness. Four noble men, the kings sons, came out of Spain with sixty ships in total. Two of the worthiest of these four brothers were named Hiberus and Hermon. They divided the land between them. However, the agreement was broken between them, and Hiberus was made a slave. Then Hermon became king of all that land. From Hermon's time to the first Patriks, there were 301 kings of that nation. They were called Hibermences and Hibernians, named after Hiberus or the river Hiberus in Spain. They were also called Gaetuli and Scots. One Gaetulian named Gaetelus, who was also Phenius, could speak many languages. After the languages were made at Nemorus' tower, he married a Scotta Phawes' daughter. From these dukes came the Hibermences. Ireish language was called Gaelic, as if a language gathered from all languages and tones. At last, Belinus, king of Britain, had a son named Gurguentius. This Gurguentius came out of Denmark at the Isles of Orkneys. He found men there called Basclenses, who had come from Spain. These men prayed and begged for permission to dwell there. The king sent them to Ireland, which was then wide and waste. He ordered and sent with them dukes and captains of his own. It seems that Ireland should long belong to Britain by right of old time, from the first Saint Patrick to Felimidius, the kings' time, 1400 years. In Felimidius' time, Turgesius, duke and captain of Norway, brought men from Norway and occupied that land. He made deep ditches and castles, single, double, and triple, and many strongly walled wards. Many of them still stand whole. But Irishmen care not for castles, for they take wood for castles and moats for castle ditches / But at last Turgesius died by cunning ways of women / and Englishmen say that Gurmundus conquered Ireland and made these ditches, and make no mention of Turgesius / and Irishmen speak of turgesius and know not of Gurmundus Therefore it is to be wete that Gurmundus had conquered Britain and dwelt there / and sent Turgesius with great strength into Ireland to conquer that land / and because Turgesius was captain and leader of that voyage and journey, therefore Irishmen speak much of him as a noble man who was seen in that land and known / At last when Gurmundus was slain in France / Turgesius loved the king's daughter of Ireland / and her father begged Turgesius that he would send her to the low country with fifteen maidens / And Turgesius promised to meet her there with fifteen of the noblest men that he had / and held a covenant and thought no guile / but fifteen young men in women's clothing came instead. short swerdes vnder her clothes / & fille on Turgesius & slowe him right\nthere and so he was traitoursly slayne after he had regned xxx. yere / Not longe after thre brethern Amelanus Siracus & Iuorus come in to Irlond with hir men oute of Norwey as it had ben for soue of pees and of marchandyfe and duellid by the see sides by assente of Irisshmen / that were alway ydle as poules knyghtes / And the Norwayes bilded thre citees / Deuelin Waterford and lymerich and encreced and after wexe rebell ayenst men of that londe and brought first sparthes in to Irlond / So fro Turgesi{us} tyme vnto Rotheriks tyme kyng of Connaccia that was the last that was kyng of all the londe were xvij. kynges in Irlonde And so the kynges that regned in Irlonde from the first hermons tyme vnto the laste Rotheriks tyme were in all an C. lxxxj. kynges y\u2022 were not crouned nethir enoynted ne by lawe of heritage / but by myght maistrye and by strength of armes The seconde harry kyng of englond made this Rotherik subgete the yere of kyng Harry's age was forty, and of his reign eighteen. In the year our Lord 1571.\n\nSolinus says that men of this land are strange, house-less, and great fighters. They account right and wrong as one thing, and are single in clothing, scarcely clothed, cruel of heart, angry of speech, and drink the first blood of slain men, then wipe their faces with it, and pay them with flesh and fruit instead of food and milk instead of drink. They engage in much playing, idleness, hunting, and traveling, but little in their childhood they are harshly nourished and fed, and they are unfeminine in manners and clothing. They wear breeches and hose made of wool, and narrow hoods that stretch a cubit over the shoulders behind, and foldings instead of mantles and cloaks. They use no saddles, boots, or spurs when they ride, but they drive their horses with a goad in the end of the goad instead of bits with trenches and reins, and they use bridles that let them rein in. They do not mount their horses to eat their food. They fight unarmed and naked in body, with two darts and javelins, and with broad spears they fight with one hand. These men abandon tilling of the land and keep pasture for beasts. They use long herds and long locks hanging down behind their heads. They use no craft of flax, wool, or metal, nor the marching dice. But they give themselves to idleness and sloth, and consider roasting as a pleasure and freedom as riches.\n\nScotland, the daughter of England, uses harp timbre and talent. However, the Irish are skillful in two kinds of musical instruments of mustard, in the harp and timbre that is armed with wire and brass strings. In these instruments, though they play hastily and swiftly, they make right merry armies and melodies with thick twangs and notes, and begin from the beginning and play secretly under dim son, and then turn again to the same, so that the greatest part of the craft hides the craft, as it would seem, as though the craft so hid itself. These men should be ashamed if they took these vows: they pay no tithes, they marry unlawfully, they spare not their eyes, but the brother wedded the brother's wife. They are busy betraying neighbors and others. In their lands, they share spoils instead of statues and fight against those who trust them most. These men are variable and unsteadfast traitors. Whoever deals with them needs to be more wary of guile than of craft or pesky things, of malice than of knighthood. They have such manners that they are not strong in war or battle, nor true in peace. They become false brothers to those they betray in the brotherhood and holy kinship. Each one drinks another's blood when it is shed. They love somewhat her notice and her preference, who suck the same milk that they did when they were children. And they pour out their brothers, cousins, and other kin, and despise their kin while they live. Among them, their evil customs have endured for so long that they have gained mastery over them, turning treason into a kind of nature. And among those who dwell among them, aliens and men from foreign lands, hardly anyone is free from their treason. Among them, there are many men who urinate sitting and women standing. In that land, there are many men whose bodies and limbs are poorly formed. For in their limbs, they lack the benefit of nature. Therefore, none are better shaped than those who are well shaped there, and none are worse shaped than those who are poorly shaped. Nature, skillfully hurt and defiled by wicked living, brings forth such foul forms and poorly shaped beings that, with unlawful mingling and evil living, they so wickedly defile kind and nature. In this land and in Wales, old women and women were accustomed and are still said to shape themselves in likenesses. In this island, hares are taken for milk for their neighbors' kin and steal their milk. Hares are often pursued by hounds, who mistakenly believe they are hares. Some, through the craft of necromancy, fatten swine to be red in color and sell them in markets and fairs. However, as soon as these swine pass any water, they transform into their own kind, whether it be straw, hay, or thorns. These swine cannot be kept for more than three days in the form of swine. Among these wonders and others, it is reported that in the farthest end of the world, new marvels and wonders often occur. As though nature played with greater love secretly and bore monstrosities in the midst, therefore in this island there are many gruesome wonders and marvels.\n\nMany men say that in the northern part of Ireland is the land of life. In that land, no man may die, but those who are old and afflicted with great sickness are born again into the next land and die there. There is another island in Ireland. that no woman there may bear a child but yet she may conceive. There is an island in which no dead body may rot in Ultonia. That isle is divided in two. In one part, there is great disturbance and discomfort of demons. In the other part, there is great liking and comfort of holy angels. There is also St. Patrick's purgatory, which was shown to him in a vision to confirm his preaching and learning when he preached to the unbelievers of sorrow and pain that evil men should suffer for their wicked works, and of joy and bliss that good men shall receive for their holy deeds. He tells that whoever suffers the pains of purgatory if it is enjoined upon him for penance, he shall never suffer the pains of hell, but he dies finally without repetance of sin. Truly, no man may be saved but if he is truly repentant whatever penance he does, and every man that is truly repentant at the end. his life's end / shall surely be saved / though he never visited St. Patrick's purgatory. There is an island in Connacht, Salo, in the see of Connacia, consecrated by St. Brandan. There, no bodies are buried but are kept outside and rot. In Mononia is a well. Whoever washes himself with that well's water, he will grow hair on his head. There is another well in Ultonia. Whoever washes in it, he will never grow hair afterward. There is a well in Monstra or Mononia. If anyone touches that well immediately, great rain will fall in the entire province, and it will never cease until a priest, a chaste maiden, sings a mass in a chapel nearby and blesses the water. And with milk of a cow from that place, sprinkle the well, and reconcile it in this strange manner. At Glindalcan, around the oratory of St. Keynan, grow apples as if they were apple trees. And they are very healthful, saving more fish therein. In this country, there is a river that runs for three miles in length and fifteen in breadth. The River Bann flows out of this lake into the North Ocean. It is said that this lake was formed in this way: In ancient times, there were wicked men in this land. The well in this land was held in great reverence in olden times and was always covered. If it were left uncovered, the well would rise and drown the entire land. One day, a woman went to the well to fetch water while her child wept in the cradle. She left the well uncovered. The well then rose up so quickly that it drowned the woman and her child, and the entire land became a lake and a fishpond. To prove that this is true, when the weather is clear, fishermen in the water see round towers and high-shaped structures at the bottom of the water, resembling the steeples and churches of that land, in the northern part of Ireland, in the region of Ossory. Every six years, at the request of a holy Abbot, two such occurrences take place. A man and a woman must be exiled and shaped into likenesses of wives, and remain outside for seven years. At the end of seven years, if they are still alive, they return home and regain their own shape. Then, another couple takes their place for the next seven years. There is a lake in this land: if a pole or tree is thrown into it and part of the shaft or pole remains in the water, that part will turn to iron, and the part that remains above water will remain in its own kind. There is also a lake that turns hashals into ash and ash into hashals. This is in Ireland.\n\nBirds, called certaines, are friendly to mankind and come willingly into their hands. However, if men harm or wrong them, they fly away and do not return. The water then becomes bitter and stinks. The one who did the wrong shall not start a fire without wretch and misfortune unless he makes amends. R. Saint Patrick, while preaching in Ireland, labored and studied to convert wicked men who lived like beasts due to fear of penances. Some of these men refused to be converted, but wanted to learn about the great pains and bliss he spoke of. Saint Patrick prayed to God Almighty, and Jesus Christ appeared to him in a wild place, showing him a pit. Christ told him that if a man was truly repentant and steadfast in belief, and entered this pit and stayed for a day and a night, he would see the sorrows and pains of evil men, and the joys and bliss of good men. Christ then vanished from Patrick's sight. Patrick built a church there, installed Chanons as its regulators, and enclosed the pit with a wall. It is now in existence. The church yard at the end of the church, and firmly situated with a strong door. No one should enter without leave of the bishop or the prior of the place. Many men went in and came out again during Patrick's time and told of pains and joy they had seen, and of the marvels they witnessed there yet. Because of this, many men turned and were converted to right belief. Also, many men went in and never came out. In King Stephen's time, King of England, a knight named Owen went to St. Patrick's purgatory and came back and dueled ever after during his life in the abbey of Ludensis, which is of the Order of Cistercians. He told many wonders that he had seen in St. Patrick's purgatory. The place is called St. Patrick's purgatory, and the church is named Reglis. No one is enjoined to go to that purgatory, but advised that he should not enter there but take upon himself other penance. And if a man has avowed and is stable and willing to remain there, he shall first god to the bishop, and he will be sent with lures to the prior of the purgatorium. He shall be housed and led to the door of purgatory with procession and litany. And yet he shall be counselled to leave it. And if he is steadfast and willing to enter, the door shall be opened, and he shall be blessed and go in on God's name. He shall hold forth his way, and the door shall be firmly shut until the next day. And when the time is, the prior shall come and open the door. If the man has come, he is bedded into the church with procession, and there he shall remain for fifteen days, fasting.\nGiraldus notes that, just as men of this nation are angrier and more hasty to take revenge while they are alive, so saints and holy men of this land are more wretched than saints of other lands. Clerks of this land are chaste and say many prayers and do great abstinence daily. They drink all night long. It is accounted a miracle that lechery does not reign there as wine does. And those who are evil of this land are not evil-doers. them being the worst of all others / There are good men among them, but they are few / The best prelates of that country are slow in correcting transgressions / and quick in contemplation, not in preaching God's word / Therefore, all the saints of that land are confessors and no martyr among them / and no wonder / for all the prelates of this land are chosen out of monasteries into the clergy / and done as monks should / What clerks and prelates should do is unknown to them / therefore, when it was put against the bishop of Cashel how it might be that so many saints are in Ireland and never a martyr among them all since the men are so shrewd and so angry / and the prelates so reckless and slow in correcting transgressions / The bishop answered feebly and said / our men are shrewd and angry enough towards themselves / but to God's servants they never lay a hand but do them great reverence and worship. Englishmen come into this land who can make martyrs. wanted to use that craft / R / The bishop said because King Henry the Second had recently come into Ireland, fresh after the martyrdom of St. Thomas of Canterbury. In this land in Wales and Scotland, there were beautiful and statues with crooked heads and other such things for relics, in great reverence and worship. So that men of this land feared more to swear upon any of these relics and gold statues than upon the gospel. The chief of all such relics is the holy staff, that is at Downpatrick. With this staff, they say the first saint Patrick drove the worms out of Ireland. Augustine de Ciociarius, the seventh Bishop of Canterbury. If men ask how it may be that various kinds of beasts came and were born between male and female in these islands after Noah's flood, Men suppose that such beasts swam into the islands first, and then into others. Or else men, when sailing to the islands, brought such beasts with them for love of hunting or angels brought them at God's command. almighty command brought such beasts into islands or the earth brought them forth first, fulfilling the God's commandment that commanded the earth to bring forth grass and quick beasts. Here ends the description of Britain, which contains England, Wales, and Scotland, and because Ireland is under the rule of England and has so continued since olden times, therefore I have placed its description after that of Britain, which I have taken from Policronicon. And because it is necessary for all Englishmen to know the properties, commodities, and marvels of them, therefore I have set them in print according to the translation of Creuasa. This by me, William Carton, on the eighteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord God M.C.C.C.LXXX, and the twentieth year of the reign of King Edward the Fourth.", "creation_year": 1480, "creation_year_earliest": 1480, "creation_year_latest": 1480, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"}
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