diff --git "a/Physiology.jsonl" "b/Physiology.jsonl"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/Physiology.jsonl"
@@ -0,0 +1,1830 @@
+{"question": "Action potential is produce by", "exp": "(A) Sodium Influx # Action potential is due to opening of Na+ channels causing \"Na+ influx\"> As the membrane potential is increased, sodium ion channels open, allowing the entry of sodium ions into the cell. This is followed by the opening of potassium ion channels that permit the exit of potassium ions from the cell.> Inward flow of sodium ions increases the concentration of positively-charged cations in the cell and causes depolarization, where the potential of the cell is higher than the cell's resting potential.> Sodium channels close at the peak of the action potential, while potassium continues to leave the cell.> Efflux of potassium ions decreases the membrane potential or hyperpolarizes the cell.> For small voltage increases from rest, the potassium current exceeds the sodium current and the voltage returns to its normal resting value, typically -70 mV.> However, if the voltage increases past a critical threshold, typically 15 mV higher than the resting value, the sodium current dominates.> This results in a runaway condition whereby the positive feedback from the sodium current activates even more sodium channels. Thus, the cell \"fires,\" producing an action potential", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sodium Influx", "opb": "Sodium Efflux", "opc": "Potassium Influx", "opd": "Potassium Efflux", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "4c6e43c0-1894-4858-b91c-0f78d0c5f813", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "While doing sigmoidoscopy, if the rectum is inflated with a gas increased peristalsis is seen in", "exp": "Increase in intrarectal pressure initiates defecation reflex, so peristalsis increases in distal colon Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 499", "cop": 3, "opa": "Whole colon", "opb": "Proximal colon", "opc": "Distal colon", "opd": "Whole intestine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "23232c91-cde1-471c-b7dd-a7521ac9d30d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NN Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are present on", "exp": "Nicotinic receptors are subdivided into those found at the; neuromuscular junction (NM) CNS and autonomic ganglia (NN) The NN receptors are comprised of only a and b subunits. Each a subunit has a binding site for acetylcholine, and binding of an acetylcholine molecule to each of them induces a conformational change in the protein so that the channel opens. NN receptors in the brain are located presynaptically on glutamate-secreting axon terminals Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Myocardium", "opb": "Motor endplates", "opc": "presynaptic glutamate-secreting axon terminals", "opd": "Neuromuscular junction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "f33cc1d5-1d6b-4ede-8e0a-a116c1f64d08", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following is an example of a primarily inhibitors amino acid", "exp": "Glycine is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord, where it paicipates in a variety of motor and sensory functions. Glycine is also present in the forebrain, where it has recently been shown to function as a coagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspaate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:64,65,66", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glutamate", "opb": "Aspaate", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Somatostatin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "a821f91c-57e7-435b-970e-b34092c6af43", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neutrophil hypomotility syndrome is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Defective actin polymerization", "opb": "Deficiency of leukocyte integrins", "opc": "Defect in free radical production", "opd": "Absence of actin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b86f226f-a899-4890-873d-969225ca57ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gastrocolic reflex is related to", "exp": "The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is one of a number of physiological reflexes controlling the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition:443,444,445", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pendular movement", "opb": "Colonic stasis", "opc": "Mass peristalsis", "opd": "Segmental movement", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e708ce1d-d48f-45a2-b434-49a25390a228", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During the cardiac cycle the opening of the aortic valve takes place at", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Beginning of systole", "opb": "End of isovolumetric contraction", "opc": "End of Diastole", "opd": "End of diastasis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b6eb02d-0399-47ce-b848-64515b55c282", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secretions of GIT are controlled by", "exp": "Secretions of GIT are controlled by the Meissner plexus. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition Pgno: 460", "cop": 4, "opa": "Myenteric plexuses", "opb": "Auerbach plexuses", "opc": "Meissner plexuses", "opd": "Extrinsic nerve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "dd33afdb-d58b-46ac-9994-9f3a3d367ba1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Platelet function tested by", "exp": "(A) Bleeding time # Most important screening tests of the primary hemostatic system are> Bleeding time (a sensitive measure of platelet function), and a platelet count.> Latter correlates well with the propensity to bleed. The normal platelet count is 150,000 to 450,000/mL of blood. As long as the count is > 100,000/mL, patients> are usually asymptomatic and the bleeding time remains normal.> Platelet counts of 50,000 to 100,000/mL cause mild prolongation of the bleeding time; bleeding occurs only from severe trauma or other stress.> Patients with platelet counts 50,000/pL have easy bruising, manifested by skin purpura after minor trauma and bleeding after mucous membrane surgery. Patients with a platelet count 20,000/pL have an appreciable incidence of spontaneous bleeding, usually have petechiae, and may have intracranial or other spontaneous internal bleeding", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bleeding time", "opb": "Prothrombin time", "opc": "Clot retraction test", "opd": "Thrombin time", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2e3b4631-b3f6-4daf-84ff-a668a532e8ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maroteaux Lamy syndrome characterized by deficiency of", "exp": "Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome is mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, caused due to deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine (arylsulphatase B).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Beta Galactosidase", "opb": "Beta Glucuronidase", "opc": "Arylsulfatase B", "opd": "Iduronate sulfatase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5cbce652-f8ba-4c4c-92f4-e7c107d1821f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tidal volume in a normal man at rest is", "exp": "Normal tidal volume is 500 ml Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:324,325,326", "cop": 1, "opa": "0.5 L", "opb": "1L", "opc": "1.5 L", "opd": "2 L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "bf1dbd96-c9df-4340-b81b-ff01e7bb4387", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood pressure is defined as the product of", "exp": "Blood pressure = Cardiac output  x Total peripheral resistance", "cop": 4, "opa": "Systolic pressure x pulse", "opb": "Diastolic pressure x pulse rate", "opc": "Pulse pressure x pulse rate", "opd": "Cardiac output x peripheral resistance", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d46ae7b6-0c7b-4432-976c-29afa48ca543", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Each hemoglobin contains", "exp": "Hemoglobin is a globular molecule made up of four subunits. Each subunit contains a heme moiety conjugated to a polypeptide. Heme is an iron-containing porphyrin derivative. The polypeptides are referred to collectively as the globin poion of the hemoglobin molecule. There are two pairs of polypeptides in each hemoglobin molecule. Reference: Ganong's review of Medical Physiology; 25th ed; Page: 557", "cop": 4, "opa": "2 polypeptide chains with 2 heme", "opb": "4 polypeptide chains with 2 heme", "opc": "2 polypeptide chains with 4 heme", "opd": "4 polypeptide chains with 4 heme", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "489e126a-d7b3-4fa1-ace6-22ac8ffd7450", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myenteric plexus is present in", "exp": "The myenteric plexus ( Auerbach&;s plexus), is situated between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers.The submucous plexus ( Meissner&;s plexus) is present between the middle circular layer and mucosa.Collectively these neurons constitute the enteric nervous system.It is also referred to as the \" LITTLE BRAIN \"(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 448)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Muscularis externa", "opb": "Submucosa", "opc": "Mucosa", "opd": "Serosa", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "9a6887c5-37a4-4af8-910b-e25935d74e0f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Airway resistance", "exp": "If the air flow becomes turbulent during rapid respiration, the energy required to move the air is greater than when the flow is laminar.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Is increased if the lungs are removed and inflated with saline.", "opb": "Does not affect the work of breathing.", "opc": "Is increased in paraplegic patients.", "opd": "Is increased in asthma.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "88a78386-a003-4a21-a700-256ffcb338e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least clearance is for among these", "exp": "Glucose is completely reabsorbed in proximal tubules. So its clearance is zero.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Inulin", "opc": "Urea", "opd": "Creatinine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b8b6cb77-cdd4-4633-a890-ee94c0feb74c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Functions of limbic systema) Emotionb) Memoryc) Higher functiond) Planned motor activity", "exp": "Main function of the limbic system is generation of emotions and the responses to those emotions, such as sexual behaviour, feeding behaviour, autonomic response, fear/rage, punishment/reward, memory, learning, vegetative and endocrine functions of hypothalamus.", "cop": 2, "opa": "ab", "opb": "abc", "opc": "acd", "opd": "bcd", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eca14ea4-fbcb-4fd2-bcf8-1669b7ebce4f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The half life of plasma albumin is approximately", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "7 days", "opb": "20 days", "opc": "60 days", "opd": "90 days", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c1fbcdc9-13e4-4560-aeca-33e03a45b05b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Consolidation of long term memory", "exp": "C i.e. Hippocampus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypothalmus", "opb": "Amygdala", "opc": "Hippocampus", "opd": "Thalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "30533176-2b9f-48f6-b902-66b8f9635e29", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The fibers from the contralateral nasal hemiretina project to the following layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus", "exp": "Look at figure 12-17 trace the nasal field of one eye it goes to layers 1,4,6 on contralateral side. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;23rd edition; pg:194", "cop": 3, "opa": "Layers 2,3 & 5.", "opb": "Layers 1,2 & 6.", "opc": "Layers 1,4 & 6.", "opd": "Layers 4,5 &6.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "98fcac00-a064-4f9a-9593-f40e65cafbb6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The best test for GFR is with", "exp": "Properties of Inulin\n-        Easily filtered by kidney\n-        Not absorbed by kidney\n-        Not secreted by kidney\n-        Not metabolized by kidney\n-        Not synthesized by kidney\n-        Non-toxic\n-        Easily measurable\nThus it is the best substance to use for measurement of GFR.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inulin", "opb": "Hippuric acid", "opc": "Creatinine", "opd": "PAH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b4df42b6-25fd-4b19-a4ce-df12a8fd8bef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ovum is released due to", "exp": "Ovulation-the discharge of a secondary oocyte from the Graafian follicle; in an adult woman, this normally occurs at intervals of about28 days and alternates between the two ovaries. As a rule, only one secondary oocyte is produced, but occasionally ovulation produces two or more; if more than one subsequently become feilized, the result may be multiple bihs, such as twinsEstrogen levels peak towards the end of the follicular phase. This causes a surge in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This lasts from 24 to 36 hours, and results in the rupture of the ovarian follicles, causing the oocyte to be released from the ovary the oviduct.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "FSH", "opb": "LH", "opc": "Prolactin", "opd": "HCG", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "0dc38ea6-216b-4c27-9cb9-e28b3cd4cf74", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If a single spinal nerve is cut, the area of tactile loss is always greater than the area of loss of painful sensation, because", "exp": "Ans. (c) Degree of overlap of fiber carrying tactile sensation is much less(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.160)The degree of overlap of fibers carrying pain is much greater than tactile sensationSo, the area of tactile loss is always greater for tactile sensation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tactile information is carried by myelinated fast conduction fiber", "opb": "Tactile receptors adapt quickly", "opc": "Degree of overlap of fibers carrying tactile sensation is much less", "opd": "In the primary sensory cortex tactile sensation is represented on a larger area", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "a30258d2-af5c-4b39-ad6b-33c9458490ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gap junctions are found in", "exp": "Gap junction forms tunnels that join the cytoplasm of two cells. They permit the substance to pass from one cell to adjacent cells. It also helps in propagation of action potential from one cell to another. (REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Intestine", "opb": "Brain", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Cardiac muscles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "69ae9637-7099-4363-9434-4ac4b77e1b4f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The plasma clearance value of glucose in a diabetes mellitus patient will be", "exp": "Ans. (d) Greater than zero(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.678)Diabetes mellitus is characterized by renal glycosuria. Glucose appears in urine. So, plasma clearance of glucose is greater than zero", "cop": 4, "opa": "Zero", "opb": "Equal to that of inulin clearance", "opc": "Greater than that of PAH clearance", "opd": "Greater than zero", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "8e1b3cef-83b1-4e52-85e8-7ce5db92f4d9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CO2 retention is seen in", "exp": "CO2 retention seen in ventilatory failure Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Carbon monoxide poisoning", "opb": "Respiratory failure", "opc": "High altitude", "opd": "Ventilatory failure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "56bc95c2-7f13-417e-909c-dd2d61f785cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The motivational — affect component of pain is carried by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Paleospinothalamic tract", "opb": "Neospinothalamic tract", "opc": "SpinoreticuLar tract", "opd": "Dorsal spinocerebellar tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "da661768-9614-41d7-8e8b-afc8a2deaf28", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Skeletal muscle use the", "exp": "The entry of glucose into skeletal muscle is increased during exercise in the absence of insulin by causing an insulin-independent increase in the number of GLUT 4 transpoers in muscle cell membranes.(REF.GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 23rd EDITION page no.331)", "cop": 4, "opa": "GLUT-1 transpoer", "opb": "GLUT-2 transpoer", "opc": "GLUT-3 transpoer", "opd": "GLUT-4 transpoer", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b6ee0f5b-c7fa-4b3b-baf0-796b2fc0a1e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Macula densa is a pa of", "exp": "The thick end of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle reaches the glomerulus of the nephron from which the tubule arose and nestles between its afferent and efferent aerioles. Specialized cells at the end form the macula densa, which is close to the afferent and paicularly the afferent aeriole. The macula, the neighboring lacis cells, and the renin-secreting juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent aeriole form the juxtaglomerular apparatus.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,23rd edition, page: 641", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pct", "opb": "Dct", "opc": "Renal aeriole", "opd": "Glomerulus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "522b352f-ee1d-45cc-92a1-3f3ffc790c11", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inracellular concentration of K+ is", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., 150 meq/L o Intracellular K+ concentration - 150 meq/Lo Extracellular K+ concentration - 4.5 - 5 meq/LComponentExtracellular fluid (ECF) (meq/1)Intracellular fluid (ICF) (meq/l)Na+K+C1-HCO3-Mg+2Ca+2PO4-21425.5103281[?]22[?]5414150410580 0001 75Protein (organic anion)5 (2g%)40 (16g %)", "cop": 4, "opa": "5.5meq/L", "opb": "15meq/L", "opc": "28meq/L", "opd": "150meq/L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cell Physiology and Intercellular Connections", "id": "d2532b55-29aa-4f4e-a1b8-af03abb25723", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best vehicle for oxygen is", "exp": "97% of oxygen in blood combines with Hb and presence of Hb increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood 70 fold.3% of blood os transpoed in dissolved form.ie 100 ml of pure blood contains 0.3ml of oxygen dissolved in plasma.Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 241,242", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hb solution", "opb": "Whole blood", "opc": "Plasma", "opd": "Dissolved", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "3b918564-45b7-4a92-af5a-5c6aa3e8fff9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pacemaker of respiration", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Dorsal nuclear group", "opb": "Apneustic centr", "opc": "Pnemotaxic centre", "opd": "Pre Botzingeer complex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "62e9a497-1543-483f-a702-8078a01476a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Depolarisation of atria on ECG is seen as", "exp": "P wave shows atrial depolarizationQRS complex shows ventricular depolarization T wave shows ventricular repolarizationST segment represents the duration from the end of ventricular depolarization to the beginning of ventricular repolarizationRef: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha,2nd edition, page no. 136", "cop": 1, "opa": "P-wave", "opb": "QRS complex", "opc": "T-wave", "opd": "ST segment", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "861535a0-60bf-4bd3-aa89-2bade99829d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The approximate composition of proteins in cell membrane is", "exp": "The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) envelops the cell and is a thin, pliable, elastic structure only 7.5 to 10 nanometers thick. It is composed almost entirely of proteins and lipids. The approximate composition is proteins, 55 percent; phospholipids, 25 percent; cholesterol, 13 percent; other lipids, 4 percent; and carbohydrates, 3 percent.(Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 2 The Cell and Its Functions)", "cop": 2, "opa": "75%", "opb": "55%", "opc": "25%", "opd": "13%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "68192495-4120-4c26-8094-b770ba1a46b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The blood pressure regulatory system that is labeled as a buffer system is", "exp": "Baroreceptor system opposes either increases or decreases in aerial pressure, it is called a pressure buffer system, and the nerves from the baroreceptors are called buffer nerves.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 221", "cop": 1, "opa": "Baroreceptor", "opb": "Chemoreceptor", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "CNS ischemic response", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "03116128-cd45-484a-aafc-b11f4f50b82a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Actin&;s active site is covered by", "exp": "Tropomyosin molecules are long filaments located in the groove between the two chains in the action. In resting muscle, troponin I is bound to actin and tropomyosin and covers the sites wheremyosin heads interact with actin. The thick filaments, which are about twice the diameter of the thin filaments, are made up of myosin. Troponin is Ca2+-binding protein involved in contraction of skeletal muscle. Additional structural proteins that are impoant in skeletal muscle function include desmin. Desmin adds structure to the Z lines in pa by binding the Z lines to the plasma membrane(REF.GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY -23rd EDITION. Page No-94,96)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myosin", "opb": "Tropomyosin", "opc": "Troponin", "opd": "Desmin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "fba09810-1ec2-42eb-ac7e-639165e0fe29", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Group A nerve fibers are most susceptible to", "exp": "Pressure on a nerve can cause loss of conduction in large diameter motor,touch& pressure fibre ( ie group A fibre) ,while pain sensation (group c fibre) remains relatively intact. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology;25th edition; pg: 95.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pressure", "opb": "Hypoxia", "opc": "Local anaesthetics", "opd": "Temperature", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "de9424da-a70f-42bb-bb16-4349692eb223", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Flare' in Triple response is mediated by", "exp": "Lewis Triple response includes wheal, flare and red reaction.\nHistamine when released causes capillary dilatation due to precapillary sphincter relaxation resulting in red reaction. Due to the dilatation, the gap between endothelial cells is widened, which leads to increased permeability and allows extravasation of fluid resulting in wheal. Axon reflex mediates arteriolar dilatation resulting in flare.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Axon reflex", "opb": "Arteriolar dilation", "opc": "Histamine release", "opd": "Local hormones", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8af60f74-1790-45a1-b626-791e0f990be3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A negatively charged molecule is filtered with more difficulty compared to a positive one because", "exp": "Functionally, the glomerular membrane permits the free passage of neutral substances up to 4 nm in diameter and almost totally excludes those with diameters greater than 8 nm. However, the charges on molecules, as well as their diameters, affect their passage into Bowman's capsule. The negatively charged sialoproteins on the filtering membrane make it difficult for the negative paicles to pass through. The total area of glomerular capillary endothelium across which filtration occurs in humans is about 0.8 m 2Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, page no: 640", "cop": 1, "opa": "Presence of negatively charged sialoproteins on the filtering membrane", "opb": "Negatively charged molecules are larger", "opc": "Positively charged proteins on filtering membrane", "opd": "Urine is acidic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "b415d049-d56d-4441-822f-b86c3a4ccb3f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inverse stretch reflex", "exp": "Golgi tendons organs are encapsulated stretch receptors located in the tendons that causes muscle relaxation when the tension becomes great enough. Golgi tendon organs, unlike the spindles, are in series with the muscle fibers. The tendon organ, like the primary receptor of the muscle spindle, has both a dynamic response and a static response Stretch reflex is monosynaptic while inverse stretch reflex is a disynaptic with a single interneuron inseed between the afferent and efferent limbs The spindle detects muscle length and changes in muscle length, whereas the tendon organ detects muscle tension Afferent for stretch receptor Ia, while for inverse stretch reflex: Ib", "cop": 3, "opa": "Occurs when muscle length changes", "opb": "Is a monosynaptic reflex initiated by activation of the Golgi tendon organ", "opc": "Is a disynaptic reflex activated on change in tension", "opd": "Uses type II afferent fibres from the Golgi tendon organ", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "5f9d936f-8398-4576-a4ec-69abfe3a3b44", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "5 g mannitol was injected intravenously. 40% of mannitol is excreted. After equilibrium, plasma concentration of mannitol is 30 mg%. Calculate extracellular fluid volume.", "exp": "The volume of water in different compament can be measured by volume of distribution principle (indicator dilution principle). Where v = Volume of fluid Q = Quantity of indicator given C = Concentration of the indicator e = The amount of indicator which has either been lost or metabolized 30 mg% = 30 mg/ 100 mL = 300 mg/ L = 0.3g/L Quantity of mannitol excreted = 5 * 40/100 = 2 g ECF volume = 5 - 2 / 0.3 = 3 / 0.3 = 10 L", "cop": 1, "opa": "10 L", "opb": "14 L", "opc": "18 L", "opd": "24 L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Body fluid compaments", "id": "ca122412-2dda-4bf3-88fb-e94cbd62cb93", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Descending motor tract responsible for rapid skilled movements.", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' i.e., Rubrospinal tract o Pyramidal (corticospinal) tract and extrapyramidal tracts concerned with the muscles of the trunk and proximal portion of limbs (Le., the muscle mainly concerned with the postural control) occupy anterior white column of spinal cord and terminate in the medial ventral horn on the medial group of intemeurons. These tracts are collectively called medial pathways. Medial pathways include ventral (anterior) corticospinal tract, vestibulospinal tracts, reticulospinal tract and rubrospinal tract.o On the other hand, descending tracts concerned with distal muscles of the limb (i.e., those muscles which mediate fine skilled movements(A1 13)) occupy lateral white column and are called lateral pathways. Lateral pathways include lateral corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tracts.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anterior corticospinal tract", "opb": "Rubrospinal tract", "opc": "Vestibulospinal tract", "opd": "Reticulospinal tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Neural Tracts", "id": "2fc16ed5-9269-4a8b-9a84-533b51a2d92b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dysmetria", "exp": "Dysmetria refers to a lack of coordination of movement typified by the undershoot or overshoot of intended position with the hand, arm, leg, or eye. It is a type of ataxia. It is sometimes described as an inability to judge distance or scale. The actual cause of dysmetria is thought to be caused by lesions in the cerebellum or by lesions in the proprioceptive nerves that lead to the cerebellum that coordinate visual, spatial and other sensory information with motor control. Damage to the proprioceptive nerves does not allow the cerebellum to accurately judge where the hand, arm, leg, or eye should move. There are two types of cerebellar disorders that produce dysmetria, specifically midline cerebellar syndromes and hemispheric cerebellar syndromes. Midline cerebellar syndromes can cause ocular dysmetria, Hemispheric cerebellar syndromes cause dysmetria in the typical motor sense that many think of when hearing the term dysmetria. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 780,781,782", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cerebellum", "opb": "Cerebrum", "opc": "Basal ganglia", "opd": "Premotor coex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "d6e0ad00-4e92-4437-afe3-80a0167e6d7e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pancreatic juice rich in water & electrolytes, poor in enzymes are secreted by", "exp": "The pancreatic juice contains enzymes that are of major impoance in digestion. Its secretion is controlled in pa by a reflex mechanism and in pa by the gastrointestinal hormones secretin and cholecystokinin(CCK). Secretion of pancreatic juice is primarily under hormonal control. Secretin acts on the pancreatic ducts to cause copious secretion of a very alkaline pancreatic juice that is rich in HCO3-and poor in enzymes. The effect on duct cells is due to an increase in intracellular cAMP. Secretin also stimulates bile secretion. CCK acts on the acinar cells to cause the release of zymogen granules and production of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes but low in volume. Its effect is mediated by phospholipase C.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGYKIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMANPAGE NO:435,436", "cop": 1, "opa": "Secretin", "opb": "Cholecystokinin", "opc": "Pancreatozymin", "opd": "Gastrin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "017ae212-dd95-4323-8033-a5e71537c462", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Find out chronaxie and rheobase from the graph given below", "exp": "Rheobase is the minimum stimulus strength that will produce a response. It corresponds to 0.3V Chronaxie is the minimum time duration for which a stimulus doubles the rheobase. Double the rheobase is 0.6V which corresponds to 0.2 msec.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chronaxie 0.2 msec; rheobas 0.3V", "opb": "Chronaxie 0.3V; rheobase 0.2 msec", "opc": "Chronaxie 0.3V; rheobase 0.6V", "opd": "Chronaxie 0.2 msec; rheobase 0.6V", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "648f490e-d030-4e4c-97ae-8aa32d40c026", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary cause for the development of shock following hemorrhage is", "exp": "Hemorrhage is the most impoant cause of hypovolemic shock. There will be reduction in the venous return leading to a fall in cardiac output and BP. The severity of shock depends upon the rapidity of blood loss. Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 3rd edition, page no. 204", "cop": 2, "opa": "Marked vasodilation", "opb": "Decreased blood volume", "opc": "Inadequate output by the hea", "opd": "Obstruction to blood flow", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "55584ae2-dffe-4c1d-bf3b-75e122d937ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by", "exp": "Ans. (b) Type II pneumocytes(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.630)Surfactant is synthesized, secreted, and recycled by alveolar type II cells", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type I pneumocytes", "opb": "Type II pneumocytes", "opc": "Clara cells", "opd": "Bronchial epithelial cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "5bc2a5fc-513d-47b5-a715-b0468db7d583", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a cell adhesion molecule", "exp": "Spectrin is a peripheral proteinAdhesive glycoproteins and adhesion receptors are structurally diverse molecules variously involved in cell-to-cell adhesion, linking cells to the ECM, and the interactions between ECM components. Prototypical adhesive glycoproteins include fibronectin (a major component of the interstitial ECM) and laminin (a major constituent of basement membrane). Integrins are representative of the adhesion receptors, also known as cell adhesion molecules(CAMs); the CAMs also include immunoglobulins, cadherins, and selectins.Ref: Robbin&;s; 9th edition; Chapter 1; The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease", "cop": 4, "opa": "Integrin", "opb": "Selectin", "opc": "Cadherin", "opd": "Spectrin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "185f4901-0a9d-43f2-9ebc-c23add6d3ae1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The daily production of CSF is", "exp": "(A) 550 ml# Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)> Total volume of CSF is 150 mis.> Daily production is 550 mls/day so the CSF turns over about 3 to 4 times per day.> CSF is formed by the choroid plexus (50%) and directly from the walls of the ventricles (50%).> CSF flows through the foramens of Magendie & Luschka into the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord.> It is absorbed by the arachnoid villi (90%) and directly into cerebral venules (10%).> Normal intracerebral pressure (ICP) is 5 to 15 mmHg.> Rate of formation of CSF is constant and is not affected by ICR> Absorption of CSF increases linearly as pressure rises above about 7 cms H20 pressure.> At a pressure of about 11 cms H20, the rate of secretion & absorption are equal.", "cop": 1, "opa": "550 ml", "opb": "1000 ml", "opc": "50 ml", "opd": "100 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "a8290f8b-14e7-423c-9de2-e21cb836259b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bernoulli's principle states", "exp": "Ans. (a) Sum of kinetic energy of flow and pressure energy is constantRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.571Velocity of blood flow (kinetic energy) and the pressure (potential energy) are interrelated by the Bernoulli's principleBernoulli's principle#States that \"The sum of the kinetic energy of flow and the potential energy--is constant\"#According to the principle, the greater the velocity of flow in a vessel, the lower the#lateral pressure distending its walls to keep the total energy of the system constant", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sum of kinetic energy of flow and pressure energy is constant", "opb": "Low tones producing maximal stimulation at apex of cochlea", "opc": "Magnitude of the sensation felt is proportionate to the intensity of stimulus", "opd": "Force of contraction is proportional to the stretch of cardiac muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "6db89580-4985-4093-bc59-e81da957b943", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pontine transection leads to", "exp": "Ans. (d) Decreased muscle tone(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.242)Pontine transection leads to the loss of effects of Pontine reticulospinal tractNormal function of pontine reticulospinal tract - mediate excitatory effects. Excites gamma motor neurons to muscle spindles that maintains toneSo, there is decreased muscle tone", "cop": 4, "opa": "Decerebrate rigidity", "opb": "Decorticate rigidity", "opc": "Increased muscle tone", "opd": "Decreased muscle tone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "99e3a638-a4a8-4553-a4ba-a0ec3c161f84", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Rapid infusion of insulin causes", "exp": "B i.e. Hypokalemia Insulin promotes the transpo of K+ (potassium) and phosphate (PO4) into cells leading to hypokalemia and hypophosphatemiaQ, (i.e. L K+ & . Effect of Insulin on K+ and PO43- - Insulin increases the transpo of potassium (K+) from plasma into cells by stimulating the Na+-K+ - ATPase pumps in cell membranes of muscle, liver and adipocytes. This results in lowering of plasma (extracellular) K+ concentration i.e. hypokalemiaQ. - Infusions of insulin (and glucose) significantly lower the plasma K+ levels in normal individuals and are used for temporaty relief of hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure, waiting for dialysis. - Hypokalemia often develops when patients with diabetic acidosis are treated with insulin. - Insulin induces rapid entery of glucose into cells, a process which is followed by phosphorylation reaction in glycolytic pathway, lowering the intracellular concentration of inorganic phosphate, and therefore promotes phosphate (P03-4) entry into cells. This is how insulin 1/t hypophosphatemia (decrease plasma /ECF PO43-)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyper kalemia", "opb": "Hypokalemia", "opc": "Hypernatremia", "opd": "Hyponatremia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7630fa7a-184e-4a54-861e-84904137eabf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Final stage of acid production by parietal cell", "exp": "(B) H+-K+ ATPase pump > Gastric parietal cells are highly specialized for their unusual task of secreting concentrated acid. The cells are packed with mitochondria that supply energy to drive the apical H+,K+-ATPase, or proton pump, that moves H+ ions out of the parietal cell against a concentration gradient of more than a million-fold. At rest, the proton pumps are sequestered within the parietal cell in a series of membrane compartments known as tubulovesicles. When the parietal cell begins to secrete, on the other hand, these vesicles fuse with invaginations of the apical membrane known as canaliculi, thereby substantially amplifying the apical membrane area and positioning the proton pumps to begin acid secretion. The apical membrane also contains potassium channels, which supply the K+ ions to be exchanged for H+, and Cl- channels that supply the counterion for HCI secretio. The secretion of protons is also accompanied by the release of equivalent numbers of bicarbonate ions into the blood-stream, which are later used to neutralize gastric acidity once its function is complete.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Adenylate cyclase", "opb": "H+-K+ ATPase pump", "opc": "Calcium", "opd": "Ach", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "df18f3af-33db-4a7c-bf23-185bc0a8bce1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of vasopressin", "exp": "Vasopressin- a hormone secreted by cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior pituitary for release as necessary; it stimulates contraction of the muscular tissues of the capillaries and aerioles, raising the blood pressure, and increases peristalsis, exes some influence on the uterus, and influences resorption of water by the kidney tubules, resulting in concentration of urine.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-303", "cop": 3, "opa": "Absorption of water in PCT", "opb": "Absorption of water in loop of Henle", "opc": "Absorption of water in collecting duct", "opd": "Absorption of Na+ in PCT", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "ef0cc94b-8ca0-4db8-bf78-106c483fd125", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most specific test to detect blood stains is", "exp": "Spectroscopic test is the most specific for blood stains. Tests for blood stains Spectroscopy tests can give information about what chemical compounds and elements are present in a sample, whether ceain types of degradation have occurred in a sample, the amount and type of crystallinity present in the sample, to name a few uses. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 4, "opa": "Benzidine test", "opb": "Teichmann's test", "opc": "Ohotoluidine test", "opd": "Spectroscopic test", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "59537765-d880-4eb3-888a-fc3b14f71e35", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A man not able to digest carbohydrate will be deficient in", "exp": "Amylase helps in digestion of carbohydrates Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 426,427,428", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipase", "opb": "Amylase", "opc": "Pepsin", "opd": "Trypsin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "d63fccee-aefe-4aff-8c5c-587542483cbc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pressure diuresis is due to", "exp": "As the pressure rises urine volume output is increased. This increased urinary output is the phenomenon of pressure diuresis. When GFR autoregulation is impaired, as often occurs in kidney disease, increases in aerial pressure can cause much larger increases in the GFR. The second effect of increased renal aerial pressure that raises urine output is that it decreases the percentages of the filtered loads of sodium and water that are reabsorbed by the tubules. The mechanisms responsible for this effect include a slight increase in peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure, especially in the vasa recta of the renal medulla, and a subsequent increase in the renal interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. A third factor that contributes to the pressure natriuresis and pressure diuresis mechanisms is reduced angiotensin II formation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decrease in GFR", "opb": "Increase in peritubular hydrostatic pressure", "opc": "Increase in Aldosterone", "opd": "Increase in angiotensin II", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8c115249-b8f2-4bc7-bf71-15e32e753f8c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common site of ectopic pheochromocytoma is", "exp": "Pheochromocytoma is a chromaffin cell tumor commonly located at adrenal medulla. Ectopic pheochromocytoma (EP) is considered as pheochromocytomalocated at extra-adrenal site, which usually lies at para-aoic region Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bladder", "opb": "Filum terminale", "opc": "Celiac plexus", "opd": "Organ of Zuckerkandl", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b6cd9d07-4d7d-4d36-92e2-f7aa2561d296", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Scotty Dog Sign is seen in", "exp": "The Scottie dog sign refers to the normal appearance of the lumbar spine when seen on oblique radiographic projection. On oblique views, the posterior elements of the veebra form the figure of a Scottie dog with: the transverse process being the nose. the pedicle forming the eye. Ref essential ohopaedic maheshwari and mhaskar 6/e p240", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spondylolysis", "opb": "Fracture femur", "opc": "Sarcoidosis", "opd": "Osteosarcoma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "502c69f1-5752-4612-8175-6233f6e8f1ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Motilin is secreted by cells ina) Stomachb) Duodenumc) Pancreasd)  Liver", "exp": "Motilin secreted by\n-        M cells of duodenal mucosa (Main)\n-        Stomach\n \n-        Colon", "cop": 2, "opa": "ac", "opb": "ab", "opc": "ad", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0422a27-2fd3-4737-b346-5bbd55756fdc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is", "exp": "Glutamate is the chief excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glycine", "opb": "Acetylcholine", "opc": "Aspartate", "opd": "Glutamate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "600b7a15-5c7e-4eb4-9392-50022bf4c648", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glomerular filtration barrier does not permit", "exp": "Glomerular filtration barrier - it has: - Glomerular capillary - has endothelial cells which are fenestrated Basement membrane Layer of epithelial cells (podocytes) Characteristics of the filtration barrier: - Has high filtration rate. Capillary endothelium is perforated by thousands of small holes called fenestrae. The basement membrane contains negatively charged sialo proteins; they repel negatively charged plasma proteins. Glomerular capillary has epithelial cells, these cells are not continuous but have long footlike processes (podocytes). Podocytes are separated by filtration slit pores, through which the filtrate moves. The epithelial cells also have negative charge. Pores of glomerular capillary are thought to be about 4 - 8 mm. (40- 80 angstroms) Filtration is both size selective & charge selective.", "cop": 3, "opa": "4000 daltons", "opb": "400 daltons", "opc": "40000 daltons", "opd": "40 daltons", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2018", "id": "1661b2c6-5633-41e5-8d44-89d9591c3d67", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Long term potentiation means", "exp": "(A) Enhancement of signal transmission# LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP): a long-lasting strengthening of the response of a postsynaptic nerve cell to stimulation across the synapse that occurs with repeated stimulation and is thought to be related to learning and long-term memory.> Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously.> It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength.> As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory> NMDA receptor-dependent LTP exhibits several properties, including input specificity, associativity, cooperativity, and persisience.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enhancement of signal transmission", "opb": "Increased number of receptors", "opc": "Increased number of neurons", "opd": "Increased muscle tone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "5eed4503-aa75-4be8-a1e6-eb59a99c505b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ovarian follicles at bih in ovary are", "exp": "An ovarian follicle is a roughly spheroid cellular aggregation set found in the ovaries. It secretes hormones that influence stages of the menstrual cycle. Women begin pubey with about 200,000 to 400,000 follicles, each with the potential to release an egg cell (ovum) at ovulation for feilization. These eggs are developed only once every menstrual cycle.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-403", "cop": 1, "opa": "2 million", "opb": "7 million", "opc": "10 million", "opd": "20 million", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "c0b8503f-dad0-401d-b48f-a82e8bd4b3c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increase in threshold level on applying subthreshold, slowly rising stimulus is known as", "exp": "Accommodation- Slow rising subthreshold stimulus failing to produce action potential even when the normal threshold levels are reached. This occurs because of inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels. \nAdaptation- Persistent application of suprathreshold stimulus fails to generate repetitive firing.\nRefractoriness- A stimulus to the nerve does not elicit a response.\nElectrotonus- When a current is passed through electrodes kept on the surface of a nerve, current passes through it resulting in a change in membrane potential and development of electrotonic potential.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Adaptation", "opb": "Accomodation", "opc": "Refractoriness", "opd": "Electrotonus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dbf8d220-04ef-469c-8832-cff23be102cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brain blood supply", "exp": "-        Brain blood supply - 750ml/min OR 55ml/100gm/min OR 13.9% of cardiac output", "cop": 1, "opa": "55 ml/100 gm/min", "opb": "400 ml/100gm/min", "opc": "100 ml/100gm/min", "opd": "200 ml/100gm/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eed7f22c-7b8e-4a89-bfb9-743ad1deb8ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Melatonin is", "exp": "(A) Serotonergic # Melatonin is synthesized by pineal parenchymal cells and secreted by them into the blood and CSF.> It is synthesized from serotonin by N-acetylation and O-methylation.> Formation and metabolism of Melatonin: Tryptophan; 5-Hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) N-Acetyl -5-methoxytryptamine < (Melatonin) N-Acetyl-Serotonin metabolism 6-Hydroxymelatonin (in Liver) & other metabolites (in brain)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Serotonergic", "opb": "Dopaminergic", "opc": "Adrenergic", "opd": "Estrogenic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "b41e40cf-f785-4f57-899e-d8367c29459c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Uni directional flow of a nerve impulse is at", "exp": "In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 675,676,677", "cop": 1, "opa": "Synapse", "opb": "Axon", "opc": "Dendrites", "opd": "Node of Ranvier", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "0a5dcb7f-29fb-48f0-90ce-94806f358323", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The commonest cause of primary amenorrhea with ambiguous genitalia in a female with 46XX chromosome", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e. 21-hydroxylase deficiency Primary amenorrhoea with virilization (ambiguous genitalia) in females is seen in21 hydroxylase def.11 hydroxylase def17-hydroxylase def. does not cause virilization. It causes in females- Primary amenorrhoea and failure of development of secondary sexual characteristics.\"21-hydroxylase and 11-hydroxylase deficiencies are common; the former accounts for 90-95% of the cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and the latter accounts for all but 1% of the remaining cases.\"Also know this*Congenital adrenal hyperplasiaIs commonly caused by there 4 enzyme deficiencies.21 hydroxylase def. (Complete)21 hydroxylase def. (Partial)11 hydroxylase def.17 hydroxylase def.21 hydroxylase def. Complete (Salt loosing virilizing)*Hypotension*Virilization (& Precocious puberty in males)*21 hydroxylase def. partial (Simple virilizing)*Normal B.P.*Virilization* (& Precocious puberty in males)*11 hvdroxvlase def.Hypertension*Virilization* (& Precocious puberty in males)*17 hvdroxvlase def. hypertension*Hypertension*No virilization in females*Primary amenorrhoea and failure of development of sec. sec. characteristics in females*Male hermaphrodites*", "cop": 1, "opa": "21 hydroxylase def.", "opb": "17 hydroxylase def.", "opc": "11 hydroxylase def.", "opd": "Desmolase hydrolase def.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Sex Hormones", "id": "4c20fcac-d635-4093-94ee-a4d8693ffea1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In human being, the least useful physiological response to low environmental temperature is", "exp": "Thermoregulation in humans is an impoant aspect of homeostasis. In thermoregulation, body heat is generated mostly in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and hea, and in contraction of skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid and cold climates. For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from evolution and behavioral mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations.Shivering - Muscles can also receive messages from the thermoregulatory center of the brain (the hypothalamus) to cause shivering. This increases heat production as respiration is an exothermic reaction in muscle cells. Shivering is more effective than exercise at producing heat because the animal (includes humans) remains still. Vasoconstriction - Aerioles carrying blood to superficial capillaries under the surface of the skin can shrink (constrict), thereby rerouting blood away from the skin and towards the warmer core of the body. This prevents blood from losing heat to the surroundings and also prevents the core temperature dropping fuher. This process is called vasoconstriction. Thyroxine - An iodine-containing hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, that increases the rate of cell metabolism.Piloerection - The minute muscles under the surface of the skin called arrector pili muscles (attached to an individual hair follicle) contract (piloerection), lifting the hair follicle upright. This makes the hairs stand on end, which acts as an insulating layer, trapping heat.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology-24th edition, page no-318", "cop": 4, "opa": "Shivering", "opb": "Vasoconstriction", "opc": "Release of thyroxine", "opd": "Piloerection", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "5c3905ef-5e69-4a08-b4cf-f609b30e7020", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Centriole is absent in", "exp": "(Liver) (37-Ganong 23rd), Centrioles in hepatocytes cellular and molecular life sciences vol-24, Number 11, 1157-59, DOI 10; 1007/BFO 214785Centrioles which are small cytoplasmic bodies of about 150-200 nm in diameter and 300-350 nm in length concerned with organization in the spindle during cell division have rarely been reported in adult mammalian liver cellsCENTROSOMES - Near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic aniimal cells is a centrosome. The centrosome is made up of two centrioles and surrounding amorphous pericentriolar material* The centrosomes are microtubule - organizing centers (MTOCs) that contain y- tubulin* Centrioles are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell divisions (10.K. Sembulingum 5th)* If there is no centriol in the cell, the cell cannot divide. Neurons of postnatal life have no centrioles hence they cannot divide; hence in the post natal life no new neuron formation can occur. But throughout life, death of individuals neurons continue Hence in old age, there is considerable loss of brain mater (8- S.K chaudhari 6th)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Spleen", "opc": "Intestine", "opd": "Kidney", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "9289f230-4d28-4346-876b-6e623410f295", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Loss of recognition of object by its feel seen with lesion of", "exp": "(D) Fasciculus cuneatus > Fasciculus cuneatus ends in nucleus cuneatus, conscious proprioception carries out.> Carries crude touch, pressure & position vibration> Fibres from fasciculus cuneatus also end in cerebellum.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fasciculus gracilis", "opb": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "opc": "Anterior column", "opd": "Fasciculus cuneatus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "e8d7f897-9bf3-48df-a968-153c62b5dd9b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common site a spontaneous rupture of esophagus is", "exp": "MC site: left posterolateral side of the distal esophagus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cricopharyngeal junction", "opb": "Cardioesophageal junction", "opc": "Mid esophagus", "opd": "After the crossing of arch of aoa", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8901a6b2-204d-441e-87cb-2ff0d2a1e7bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epinephrine action in liver", "exp": "Epinephrine markedly stimulates glycogen breakdown in muscle and, to a lesser extent, in the liver. The liver is more responsive to glucagon, a polypeptide hormone that is secreted by the a cells of the pancreas when the blood-sugar level is low Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:419,420,421", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glycolysis", "opb": "Lipolysis", "opc": "Glycogenolysis", "opd": "Gluconeogenesis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "35cc3246-ed6b-499e-8c54-b686145f3046", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac output increase in exercise by", "exp": "Ans: a (Increase in HR) Ref: Ganong 22nd ed/ p.632, 633In muscular exercise there is increase in sympathetic activity resulting in increased cardiac contractility and heart rate. Rise in heart rate is the major event that occur in normal individuals compared to increase in contractility, remember Cardiac output = HR X Stroke volumeTherefore, cardiac output increases in normal individuals at the cost of increase in heart rate.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increase in heart rate", "opb": "Increase in preload", "opc": "Increase in afterload", "opd": "Sympathetic stimulation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "37b62d71-729f-4f23-af67-67dbaedbc574", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vitamin B12 intrinsic factor absorption occurs in", "exp": "Most of the vitamins are absorbed in the upper small intestine, but vitamin B12 is absorbed in the ileum.Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor and the complex is absorbed across the ileal mucosa.Vitamin B12 and folate absorption are Na+ independent.Other vitamins are absorbed by carriers that are Na+ cotranspoers.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 458)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Ileum", "opc": "Jejunum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "da0009e4-46b1-421f-aa47-86d95139e8da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nernst potential of Na+ is", "exp": "Equilibrium potential of ions is calculated by NERNST EQUATION. For Na, it is +60 mV to +55mV approximately (REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY -23rd EDITION. Page No-7)", "cop": 2, "opa": "94", "opb": "61", "opc": "-64", "opd": "-94", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "1ddc270d-5c02-4077-8fb1-b284e9e94df3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lacis cells are located at", "exp": "The thick end of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle reaches the glomerulus of the nephron from which the tubule arose and nestles between its afferent and efferent aerioles. Specialized cells at the end form the macula densa, which is close to the afferent and paicularly the afferent aeriole .The macula, the neighboring lacis cells, and the renin-secreting juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent aeriole from the juxtaglomerular apparatus.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,23rd edition, page: 641", "cop": 1, "opa": "JGA", "opb": "Proximal tubule", "opc": "Distal tubule", "opd": "Loop of henle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "0e80e852-938d-4ded-a9d1-ec8eb47ff649", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Discharge from Baroreceptors cause inhibition of", "exp": "Baroreceptor stimulation results in the activation of two mechanisms.\n1.    Stimulation of cardiovagal inhibitory centre - Nucleus ambiguous- Leads to Bradycardia.\n2.    Inhibition of vasomotor centre - Rostral ventrolateral medulla- Leads to decreased BP.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Caudal ventrolateral medulla", "opb": "Rostral ventrolateral medulla", "opc": "Nucleus of tractus solitarius", "opd": "Nucleus ambiguus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "316fada1-64e2-43c5-a8d4-74d2f201aa0c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Siuins are associated with", "exp": "Siuins are a family of proteins that play a role in aging by regulating cellular health. They're responsible for critical biological functions like DNA expression and aspects of aging. However, siuins can only function in the presence of NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme found in all living cells Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:534,535,536", "cop": 3, "opa": "Memory", "opb": "Vision", "opc": "Metabolism", "opd": "Olfaction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "36f8c8ef-a21c-4cdd-8363-79cdf5fde82b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coagulation factor VII is", "exp": "Factor VII (EC 3.4.21.21, blood-coagulation factor VIIa, activated blood coagulation factor VII, formerly known as proconvein) is one of the proteins that cause blood to clot in the coagulation cascade. It is an enzyme of the serine protease class. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:146,147,148", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thromboplstin", "opb": "Accalerin", "opc": "Proconvein", "opd": "Antihaemophilic factor", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "40f6dc19-2e9d-4fff-952e-64f4f4032c7d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BRD4 is required for stimulating kinase activity of", "exp": "Ans: A P-TEFBBromodomain-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRD4 gene.The C-terminal domain of BkD4 has been implicated in promoting gene transcription through interaction with the transcription elongation factor P-TEFb.", "cop": 1, "opa": "P-TEFB", "opb": "HEXIMI", "opc": "HOX-B", "opd": "TSKsnRNA", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "31514ba1-47b3-42a7-8e03-08a2847715fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "1 cells of duodenum secrete", "exp": "Enteroendocrine cells (EEC) secrete key gastrointestinal (GI) hormones such as gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and ghrelin that are involved in nutrient sensing pathways and are often implicated in GI pathology. EEC is also known as I cells. Ref: www.pshysoc.org", "cop": 3, "opa": "Secretin", "opb": "Gastrin", "opc": "CCK", "opd": "Motilin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b8df17a0-11b8-4762-99a3-c73ba56935f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased BP & decreased hea rate is seen in", "exp": "Cushings reflex is a special type of CNS ischemic response. The cause is raised intracranial tension. When blood flow to the VMC is decreased., it suffers from ischemia. The VMC is stimulated leading to vasoconstriction and increase in BP. There is simultaneous stimulation of cardioinhibitory center by sinoaoic reflex mechanism. ie REFLEX hypeension is associated with bradycardia. Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 164", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hemorrhage", "opb": "High altitude", "opc": "Raised intracranial pressure", "opd": "Anemia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8d25d061-0ab3-4ee2-8eaa-85a25f7967a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal cardiac index is", "exp": "Experiments have shown that the cardiac output increases approximately in propoion to the surface area of the body. Therefore, cardiac output is frequently stated in terms of the cardiac index, which is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area. The average human being who weighs 70 kilograms has a body surface area of about 1.7 square meters, which means that the normal average cardiac index for adults is about 3 L/min/m2 of body surface area. Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:245 clinical impoance useful marker of how well the hea is functioning as a pump by directly correlating the volume of blood pumped by hea with body suface area. Normal range is 2.6 to 4.2 L/min/m2 CI less than 2.2L/min/m2 is seen in cardiogenic shock.", "cop": 1, "opa": "3.2", "opb": "2.8", "opc": "2.4", "opd": "4.4", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "dcab83bd-2163-4aef-a8bd-09215454872c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "At the end of the isometric relaxation phase", "exp": "At the end of Isovolumetric relaxation, the intraventricular pressures drop to less than the atrial pressure resulting in the opening of Atrioventricular valves Ref : Ganong 25th ed/page 539", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrioventricular valves open", "opb": "Atrioventricular valves close", "opc": "Corresponds to \"C\" wave in JVP", "opd": "Corresponds to T wave in ECG", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "672edecf-407b-4689-9dbb-0cfe4b16c22c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intestinal absorption is faster for", "exp": "Ans. (a) Hexoses(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.477)Hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atomsD-glucose, D-galactose, and D-fructose are hexosesAbsorption is fastest and best for glucose", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hexoses", "opb": "Disaccharides", "opc": "Oligosaccharides", "opd": "Polysaccharides", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "0eb82293-f625-438c-85ae-2618db3c774e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HC1 secretion in gastric phase is increase by", "exp": "Acid in the antrum inhibits gastrin secretion, paly by a direct action on G cells and paly by release of somatostatin, a relatively potent inhibitor of gastrin secretion. Th effect of acid is the basis of a negative feedback loop regulating gastrin secretion. Increased secretion of the hormone increases acid secretion, but the acid then feeds back to inhibit fuher gastrin secretion. REFERENNCE ; GANONGS REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 24TH EDITION", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pepsinogen", "opb": "CCK", "opc": "Gastrin", "opd": "Secretin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "a2d35b82-594f-49aa-b50c-96e2d649f378", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vasopressin is secreted by", "exp": "Supraoptic nucleus (nucleus supraopticus) one just above the lateral pa of the optic chiasm; many of its cells are neurosecretory in function and project to the neurohypophysis, where they secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and, to a lesser extent, oxytocin; other cells are osmoreceptors that stimulate ADH release in response to increased osmotic pressure.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition;", "cop": 1, "opa": "Supraoptic", "opb": "Preoptic", "opc": "Paraventricular", "opd": "Posterior nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "64ff9683-71c7-4677-aa9e-4aba66ad7bac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plasma volume is measured by", "exp": "Plasma volume is measured using dyes like Evans blue that bind specifically to plasma proteins. It will not diffuse into the interstitium. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 62)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inulin", "opb": "Evans blue", "opc": "Mannitol", "opd": "D2O", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "578fe72a-2a0c-4152-8f4c-9f163b589e2d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'D' cells of stomach secrete", "exp": "Somatostatin, the growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone originally isolated from the hypothalamus, is secreted as a paracrine by D cells in the pancreatic islets and by similar D cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa. It exists in tissues in two forms, somatostatin 14 and somatostatin 28, and both are secreted. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of gastrin, VIP, GIP, secretin, and motilin. Its secretion is stimulated by acid in the lumen, and it probably acts in a paracrine fashion to mediate the inhibition of gastrin secretion produced by acidRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 447", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hcl", "opb": "Pepsinogen", "opc": "Somatostatin", "opd": "Histamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "ddbfff33-b33f-4ed1-bd44-0f37b1fe9c9f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Area number for Somatosensory' area include", "exp": "1, 2 & 3 (Description: Brodman's areas of Cerebral cortex)", "cop": 2, "opa": "4 & 6", "opb": "1, 2 & 3", "opc": "5 & 7", "opd": "16 & 18", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "00c1d629-8e46-481a-95fa-111a18c8346a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Affiliation refers to", "exp": "Affiliation orders are legal documents declaring that a man is the father of a child under question.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Paternity dispute", "opb": "Divorece case", "opc": "Rape", "opd": "Adultery", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "94a7e841-b185-4735-ab86-917cdbcf37de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The given graph likely depicts", "exp": "The curve is shifted downward and to the right (compliance is decreased) by pulmonary edema and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive restrictive airway disease in which there are stiffening and scarring of the lung. The curve is shifted upward and to the left (compliance is increased) in emphysema. Reference: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology; 25th edition; Page no: 630", "cop": 1, "opa": "Emphysema", "opb": "Interstitial lung disease", "opc": "Normal study", "opd": "Kyphosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "1bb03245-5a9d-4432-af1b-2c354980f0f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of hypothalamus is", "exp": "(B) Involved in thirst and water control > Suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus and pineal gland have role in controlling circadian rhythm in mammals,> Motor activity is controlled by motor cortex and cerebellum,> Sexual behavior in animal is controlled by Amygdala> Hypothalamus has well documented role in water and thirst control (supra optic nucleus)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Alone or only organ which controls, circadian rhythm", "opb": "Involved in thirst and water control", "opc": "Involved in motor function", "opd": "Related with sexual behaviour in animals", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "6f0493c7-2344-4a42-9fd3-2468dd91ec90", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inhibin b hormone has effect on", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Sertoli cells", "opb": "FSH", "opc": "Seminiferous tubules", "opd": "Spermatogenesis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8e544f12-446a-4456-8ad2-068c93e29762", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fine touch is detected by", "exp": "Merkel&;s discs are concerned with perception of touch, therefore called tactile receptors. Besides touch sensibility, these receptors also respond to changes in texture, slow vibrations, and sustained pressure. They form the expanded tips and encapsulated endings respectively on the sensory nerve terminals of A fibres. Merkel&;s discs are rapidly adapting receptors. This is why we do not feel our clothes once they are put on.Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ruffini's nerve ending", "opb": "Krausse's bulb", "opc": "Pacinian corpuscle", "opd": "Merkels disc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "4aa44d07-bb62-461a-a204-db57907ae89f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stimulation of proximal cut end of vagus causes", "exp": "Stimulation of proximal cut vagus nerve produces apnoea Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:370,371,372", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apnea", "opb": "| HR", "opc": "|BP", "opd": "#NAME?", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "77fa315b-ef27-461a-a0ec-3967b827983e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Equilibrium potential of calcium is", "exp": "Applying the Nernst equation to external and internal calcium concentrations of 2.5 mM and 0.0001 mM, respectively, results in an equilibrium potential of +134 mV as shown below. (Ref: www.cvphysiology.com)", "cop": 4, "opa": "-32mV", "opb": "+65mV", "opc": "-95mV", "opd": "+130mV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b5b938f2-91e8-48b6-8d5c-486f7600c92c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tidal volume is calculated by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Inspiratory capacity minus the inspiratory reserve volume", "opb": "Total lung capacity minus the reserve volume", "opc": "Functional residual capacity minus residual volume", "opd": "Vital capacity minus expiratory reserve volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f09cd233-5e9f-4a2f-a40e-858ebace4559", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ventero lateral cordotomy for relief of pain in right lower limb due to cutting", "exp": "Left Lateral spinothalamic tract carries pain fibre from right leg. And ventrolateral cordotomy leads to cut of lateral spinothalamic tract. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:177", "cop": 2, "opa": "Left ventral spinothalamic tract", "opb": "Left lateral spinothalamic tract", "opc": "Right ventral spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Right lateral spinothalamic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "65c875f5-7b2e-47ef-a91d-630498069ca0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slow wave sleep associated with", "exp": "Slow wave sleep events (Stage 3 & 4 NREM)\n-        Somnambulism\n-        Night terrors\n-        Nocturnal enuresis\n-        Bruxism\n-        Sleep talking\n-        Delta rhythm- Deep sleep (Stage 3 & 4 NREM)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dreams", "opb": "Cardiac arrhythmia", "opc": "Penile intumescence", "opd": "Delta activity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cf0b183b-ecb9-4c0c-b47e-c52f95d08c6f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Proprioception sensation is carried by", "exp": "Medial lemniscal system or Dorsal column system carries sensation of Fine touch, two-point discrimination, vibrates, Proprioception, Stereognosis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anterior spinothalamic tract", "opb": "Medial lemniscal system", "opc": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Spino lemniscal system", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d058adaf-700c-4187-a6cf-2436c59b6d4f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transducin is required for", "exp": "Ans. (d) Vision(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p. 178)The G protein coupled receptor in rods is called \"Transducin''Role of transducin is to activate the enzyme phosphodiesterase that degrades cGMP", "cop": 4, "opa": "Smell", "opb": "Hearing", "opc": "Taste", "opd": "Vision", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "4d161931-0c29-4a55-ac49-2fb678067e1b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sensory receptors for pain are", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Pacinian corpuscles", "opb": "End organs of Ruffini", "opc": "End bulbs of Krause", "opd": "Free nerve endings", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2fde4356-ea9a-4af0-afde-d10fc14dd986", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Daily water loss in sweat during high activities", "exp": "Maximum water loss as sweat is 50 ml /min Sweating is an impoant body temperature regulator mechanism Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:45", "cop": 1, "opa": "50-100ml", "opb": "200-400ml", "opc": "500-700ml", "opd": "1000- 1200ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "2031c135-f612-4d89-b2d6-5cba8e7972a9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lens derives nutrition from", "exp": "Lens being an avascular structure receives its nutrition from the aqueous like glucose salts, etc, by diffusion processRef: Parsons diseases of the eye; Under the heading lens", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vitreous", "opb": "Aqueous", "opc": "Optic aery", "opd": "Ophthalmic aery", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "00cb04ae-97ba-4b21-bb5f-786ac9857b93", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Projections from substantia nigra pars compacta to striatum releases", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "GABA", "opb": "Dopamine", "opc": "Glutamate", "opd": "Aspartate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2e32ec5e-de83-43a2-8083-33c825936ad9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal AV nodal delay is", "exp": "There is a delay of another 0.09 second in the A-V node itself before the impulse enters the penetrating poion of the A-V bundle, where it passes into the ventricles. A final delay of another 0.04 second occurs mainly in this penetrating A-V bundle, which is composed of multiplemallasciclesassing through the fibrous tissue separating the atria from the ventricles. Thus, the total delay in the A-V nodal and A-V bundle system is about 0.13 second. This delay, in q addition to the initial conduction delay of 0.03 second from the sinus node to the A-V node, makes a total delay of 0.16 second before the excitatory signal finally reaches the contracting muscle of the ventricles.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:125", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.16 sec", "opb": "0.13 sec", "opc": "0.09 sec", "opd": "0.03 sec", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "59662dba-be65-43b8-a3a4-735bbc5286b1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Evacuation of the urinary bladder and stool with profuse sweating is a feature of", "exp": "When even a relatively minor noxious stimulus is applied to the skin it may activate autonomic neurons and produce evacuation of the bladder and rectum, sweating, pallor, and bp swings in addition to withdrawal response. This distressing mass reflex can sometimes be used to give paraplegic patients a degree of bladder and bowel control. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;23rd edition; pg:250", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mass reflex", "opb": "Positive suppoive reaction", "opc": "labyrinthine righting reflex", "opd": "Stretch reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "c52512ea-1bd0-44bd-b965-eb246baf4b11", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caseous necrosis in granuloma not found in", "exp": "Caseous necrosis is found in the centre of foci of tuberculous infections.(Ref: Textbook of Pathology HARSH MOHAN 6th Edition page no.45)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tuberculosis", "opb": "Leprosy", "opc": "CMV", "opd": "Wegener's granulomatosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "8bf3376c-495d-4d7e-8712-bdd9c9ad5be9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inspiratory depth is halted by", "exp": "The pneumotaxic center, also known as the pontine respiratory group (PRG), is a network of neurons in the rostral dorsal lateral pons. It consists of the subparabrachial nucleus and the medial parabrachial nucleus. It is considered an antagonist to the apneustic center, which produces abnormal breathing during inhalation. It limits inspiration. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:370,371,372", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumotaxic centre", "opb": "Apneustic centre", "opc": "Inspiratory centre", "opd": "Expiratory centre", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "13b6e541-aa69-4b50-b4d6-9af50cbb8aa9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In blood, bilirubin is with", "exp": "Bilirubin formed by the destruction of RBCs is free or unconjugated bilirubin.It is lipid soluble and bound to albumin(protein conjugation),which prevents it's excretion by the kidneys in urine. Ref.Text book of physiology by AK Jain 7th edition page no.79", "cop": 1, "opa": "Protein", "opb": "Steroid", "opc": "Vitamin", "opd": "Carbohydrates", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "77acc49b-997d-4a2c-8396-1899270e7221", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The rapid depolarization in cardiac muscle is due to", "exp": "(B) Na++ # Resting membrane potential of individual mammalian cardiac muscle cells is about -90 mV (interior negative to exterior). Stimulation produces a propagated action potential that is responsible for initiating contraction. Depolarization proceeds rapidly, and an overshoot is present, as in skeletal muscle and nerve, but this is followed by a plateau before the membrane potential returns to the baseline. In mammalian hearts, depolarization lasts about 2 ms, but the plateau phase and repolarization last 200 ms or more. Repolarization is therefore not complete until the contraction is half over. With extracellular recording, the electrical events include a spike and a later wave that resemble the QRS complex and T wave of the ECG. As in other excitable tissues, changes in the external K+ concentration affect the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle, whereas changes in the external Na+ concentration affect the magnitude of the action potential. Initial rapid depolarization and the overshoot (phase 0) are due to opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels similar to that occurring in nerve and skeletal muscle. Initial rapid repolarization (phase 1) is due to closure of Na+ channels. The subsequent prolonged plateau (phase 2) is due to a slower but prolonged opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Final repolarization (phase 3) to the resting membrane potential (phase 4) is due to closure of the Ca2+ channels and K+ efflux through various types of K+ channels. Voltage-gated Na+ channel in cardiac muscle has two gates--an outer gate that opens at the start of depolarization at a membrane potential of -70 to -80 mV; and an inner gate that then closes and precludes further influx until the action potential ends (Na+ channel inactivation). Slow Ca2+ channel is activated at a membrane potential of-30 to -40 mV. There are three types of K+ channels that proc jce repolarization. The first produces a transient, early outward current (lTO) that produces an early incomplete repolarizai on. Second is inwardly rectifying, ie, at plateau potentials it allows K+ influx but resists K+ efflux, and only at lower membrane potentials does it permit K+ efflux. Current it produces is called lKr. The third type is a slowly activating (delayed rectifying) type that produces a current called IKs. The sum of IKr and IKs is a small net outward current that increases with time and produces repolarization", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ca++", "opb": "Na++", "opc": "K++", "opd": "Mg++", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "b40d71d9-9706-4a4d-a97f-ddf7555dbf04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mydriasis is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Relaxation of ciliary muscle", "opb": "Relaxation of radial muscle", "opc": "Contraction of ciliary muscle", "opd": "Contraction of radial muscles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "63ba30e1-ee12-43a7-bbef-9d606e55a75a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Saccharin test is done to assess", "exp": "(A) Ciliary function # SACCHARIN TEST for nasal mucociliary clearance> A simple test of nasal mucociliary clearance is to place a small particle of saccharin approximately 1 cm behind the anterior end of the inferior turbinate.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ciliary function", "opb": "Blood sugar", "opc": "Bronchial secretion", "opd": "Kidney function", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Smell and Taste", "id": "8ab93192-e94b-43b8-9838-6bc9ef34166c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "UMN includes", "exp": "Upper motor neuron- Pyramidal cells, corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract, extrapyramidal tracts.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyramidal cells", "opb": "Peripheral nerves", "opc": "Anterior horn cells", "opd": "Glial cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "392e6ccf-3b93-4409-9218-030b727eb95c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In infants, defecation often following meal. The cause of colonic contraction in this situation is", "exp": "Ans. (d) Gastrocolic - reflex(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.504)Distension of the stomach by food - causes contractions of the rectum leading to defecation. This reflex is called gastrocolic reflex", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gastroileal reflex", "opb": "Enterogastric reflex", "opc": "Increased circulation levels of CCK", "opd": "Gastrocolic - reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "84c95020-ec8d-43fa-98f6-39052ed4585e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Evacuation of the urinary bladder and stool with profuse sweating is a features of", "exp": "(Mass reflex) (210-Ganong 22nd) (683-84-Guyt 11th) (250-Ganong 23rd)MASS REFLEX - In chronic spinal animals, afferent stimuli irradiate from one reflex centre to another when even a relatively minor noxious stimulus is applied to the skin, if may irradiate to autonomic centres and produce evacuation of the bladder and rectum, sweating, pallor and blood pressure swings in addition to the withdrawl response* This distressing mass reflex can sometimes be used to give paraplegic patients a degree of bladder and bowel. They can be trained to initiate urination and defecation by stroking or pinching their thighs thus producing an intentional mass reflex.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mass reflex", "opb": "Positive supportive reaction", "opc": "Labyrinthine righting reflex", "opd": "Stretch reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "154d8d70-c1d6-4c02-8d67-37c62491faca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ovulation is primarily caused by preovulatory surge of", "exp": "Estrogen levels peak towards the end of the follicular phase. This causes a surge in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This lasts from 24 to 36 hours, and results in the rupture of the ovarian follicles, causing the oocyte to be released from the ovary the oviduct.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-406", "cop": 2, "opa": "Estradiol", "opb": "Luteinizing hormone", "opc": "Progesterone", "opd": "Follicle stimulating hormone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "652159dd-397b-4d00-bd84-183279a4d2ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During cardiac cycle opening of the aoic valve takes place at", "exp": "At the end of the Isovolumetric contraction, aoic and pulmonary valves open so that the ventricles can eject blood into the aoa and pulmonary trunk Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 540", "cop": 2, "opa": "Beginning of systole", "opb": "End of isovolumetric contraction", "opc": "End of diastole", "opd": "End of diastasis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "d32ac2bf-7dff-4221-8821-394d6297e695", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GIT pacemaker is located", "exp": "Peristalsis is a reflex response that is initiated when the gut wall is stretched by the contents of the lumen, and it occurs in all pas of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum. The stretch initiates a circular contraction behind the stimulus and an area of relaxation in front of it. When the meal is present, the enteric nervous system promotes a motility pattern that is related to peristalsis but is designed to retard the movement of the intestinal contents along the length of the intestinal tract to provide time for digestion and absorption. Except in the esophagus and the proximal poion of the stomach, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has spontaneous rhythmic fluctuations in membrane potential between about -65 and -45 mV. This basic electrical rhythm (BER) is initiated by the interstitial cells of Cajal, stellate mesenchymal pacemaker cells with smooth muscle-like features that send long multiply branched processes into the intestinal smooth muscle. In the stomach and the small intestine, these cells are located in the outer circular muscle layer near the myenteric plexus; in the colon, they are at the submucosal border of the circular muscle layer. In the stomach and small intestine, there is a descending gradient in pacemaker frequency, and as in the hea, the pacemaker with the highest frequency usually dominates.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMANTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO:469,470", "cop": 2, "opa": "Esophagus", "opb": "Stomach", "opc": "Duodenum", "opd": "Jejunum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "a06bc56b-4f13-40f7-8e03-3fb51948aa4f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal intrapleural pressure at the start/beginning of inspiration is ………………………………. cm of H20", "exp": "The intrapleural pressure becomes more negative at the end of inspiration and less negative at expiration. \nIt ranges between -3 and -6 mmHg. At the beginning of inspiration, the pressure is -3.8mmHg (-5 cm of water), and at the end of inspiration (beginning of expiration), it is -6mmHg ( -8 cm of water). \nThe elasticity of lung and rib cage causes it to recoil and thus creating the negative pressure. \nThe lymphatic drainage of the pleural fluid also creates a negative pressure.", "cop": 2, "opa": "–7.5", "opb": "–5.0", "opc": "–2.0", "opd": "–0.5", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b27a2c19-9464-4b2e-9d13-649330c52b9f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "I cells of duodenum secrete", "exp": "In addition to its secretion by I cells in the upper intestine, CCK is found in nerves in the distal ileum and colon.\nIt is also found in neurons in the brain, especially the cerebral cortex, and in nerves in many parts of the body.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Secretin", "opb": "Gastrin", "opc": "CCK", "opd": "Motilin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ad52fab3-ad89-48c8-a953-1c879add0dc2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pantothenic acid is associated with following moiety", "exp": "Pantothenic acid is called vitamin B5 It is ised to synthesis co enzyme A in body Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:20,21,22", "cop": 1, "opa": "coenzyme A", "opb": "Carboxyl", "opc": "Hydroxyl", "opd": "H+", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "cc767573-2be8-4ca3-bb2e-40b371119c69", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heme is conveed to bilirubin mainly in", "exp": "Heme is conveed to bilirubin by the macrophages of reticuloendothelial system. (Mainly in the spleen, but also in the liver and bone marrow). The tissue macrophage system includes the following phagocytic cells: * In bone marrow - lining of blood sinuses (littoral cells) * In liver - intervals along vascular capillaries (Kupffer cells) * In spleen - in the pulp * In lymph nodes - line the lymphatic paths The destruction of RBCs occur mostly in the capillaries of spleen as they have very thin lumen. Because of this, spleen is called the graveyard of RBCs.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Bone marrow", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ce5998b4-15fa-4e4c-b319-9b531044e2f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "QRS complex indicates", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Atrial repolarization", "opb": "Atrial depolarization", "opc": "Ventricular repolarization", "opd": "Ventricular depolarization", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dd4b38c0-fbdc-417d-b2c5-371fdc000e90", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The total volume of CSF is", "exp": "In humans, the volume of CSF is about 150 mL and the rate of CSF production is about 550 mL/d. Thus the CSF turns over about 3.7 times a day.(Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition)", "cop": 3, "opa": "50 ml", "opb": "100 ml", "opc": "150 ml", "opd": "275 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "d8fb2dc9-49c1-497e-a93b-2c5071259a92", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sarcomere is the area between", "exp": "The area between two adjacent Z lines is called a sarcomere.(REF TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO-38)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Two consecutive 1 bands", "opb": "Two adjacent Z lines", "opc": "A band and I band", "opd": "Two H zones", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "d9932d8e-a65c-49e4-80e7-9c9fb099afc1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Seoli cell feedback mechanism involves", "exp": "Inhibin is one of several proteins that paicipate in differentiation and growth. Two glycoproteins, inhibin A and inhibin B, are secreted by Seoli cells in the testis and granulosa cells in the ovary, inhibiting FSH secretion by direct action on the pituitary.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-427", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased LH", "opb": "Decreased FSH", "opc": "Decreased TRH", "opd": "Decreased CRH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "8484aaa4-e9aa-4cfd-a967-75b1f2a3aada", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parvocellular pathway carries signal for detection of", "exp": "From the Lateral geniculate Nucleus (LGN), a magnocellular pathway (from layers 1 and 2) and a parvocellular pathway (from the rest of the layers) project to the visual coex. Parvocellular Pathway Magnocellular pathway Receive input entirely from type X retinal ganglion cells, trasmit color. Formed by Y ganglion cells, project to magnocellular layers of LGN Convey accurate point-to-point spatial information Color blind, transmitting only black- and white information Terminate in layer 4 C of primary visual coex Terminate in layer 4 C of primary visual coex Moderate velocity of conduction Rapidly conducting pathway Carries signals for color vision, texture, shape , and fine details Carrie signals for detection of movement, depth, and flicker Ref: Guyton and Hall 13th edition Pgno: 663", "cop": 1, "opa": "Color contrast", "opb": "Luminous contrast", "opc": "Temporal frequency", "opd": "Saccadic eye movements", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "6d673832-5718-45e0-9047-639d63b36a6b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The period of conditioning of sperms before fertilization is known as", "exp": "Ans. c (Capacitation). (Ref. Ganong Physiology 22nd ed. 427; Human Embryology by IB Singh)# As fully formed spermatozoa pass through male genital passages they acquire motility (in epididymis) and undergo maturation.# Capacitation is a period of conditioning in the female reproductive tract that lasts for 7 hours. Much of this conditioning, which occurs in the uterine tube, entails epithelial interactions between the sperm and mucosal surface of the tube. During this time a glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed from the plasma membrane that overlies the acrosomal region of the spermatozoa. Only capacitated sperm can pass through the corona cells and undergo the acrosome reaction.# Process by which spermatid becomes spermatozoan is known as spermiogenesis (Spermatogenesis).# Formation of spermatozoa in stages in wall of seminiferous tubules of testis is Spermatogenesis.# The stages are: Spermatogonia (44 XY) >> primary spermatocytes (44 XY) >> secondary spermatocytes (22 X/Y) >> spermatid (22 XY).", "cop": 3, "opa": "Spermeation", "opb": "Spermiogenesis", "opc": "Capacitation", "opd": "Spermatocytosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "ba0b42c3-85c5-4201-b589-1d4d645d751c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Net Filtration pressure in glomeruli of kidney", "exp": "Net Filtration pressure in glomeruli of kidney- 10-15mmHg", "cop": 3, "opa": "5–10 mm of Hg", "opb": "0–5 mm of Hg", "opc": "10–15 mm of Hg", "opd": "20–25 mm of Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1eebbdf2-91c8-4489-a771-18c45d57e46d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Absorption of glucose in the intestine is by(2018)", "exp": "The transpo of glucose and galactose depends on Na+ in the intestinal lumen; a high concentration of Na+ on the mucosal surface of the cells facilitates sugar influx into the epithelial cells while a low concentration inhibits sugar influx into the epithelial cells. Because the intracellular Na+ concentration is low in intestinal cells (as it is in other cells), Na+ moves into the cell along its concentration gradient. Glucose moves with the Na+ and is released in the cell (Figure 26-2). The Na+ is transpoed into the lateral intercellular spaces, and the glucose is transpoed by GLUT2 into the interstitium and thence to the capillaries. Thus, glucose transpo is an example of secondary active transpo the energy for glucose transpo is provided indirectly, by the active transpo of Na+ out of the cell. Ref:- Ganong, pg num:- 478", "cop": 2, "opa": "Primary active transpo", "opb": "Secondary active transpo", "opc": "Facilitated diffusion", "opd": "Simple diffusion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "11493ae6-7641-4b91-999a-4949d7cb747b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The mechanism that protects normal pancreas from autodigestion is", "exp": "If the proteolytic enzymes are not released in inactive form, they can cause autodigestion of the pancreas itself.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Secretion of biocarbonate", "opb": "Protease inhibitors present in plasma", "opc": "Proteolytic enzymes secreted in inactive form", "opd": "The resistance of pancreatic cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9179eefe-f2b2-4e7d-b8f4-1a424afc7625", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Temperature change (Arrows) in Graph of Menstrual cycle is due to", "exp": "Progesterone (Description: Temperature increase of 0.5 degrees Post Ovulation is due to Progesterone)", "cop": 4, "opa": "LH", "opb": "FSH", "opc": "Estrogen", "opd": "Progesterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Sex Hormones", "id": "2a1b7254-629e-44a2-b327-28077eacea2e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum absorption of water takes place in", "exp": "Ascending limb of the loop of Henle and an early segment of distal tubule is impermeable to water. Maximum of filtered water (60-70%) is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, with or without Vasopressin. This is independent of the fluid and electrolyte status of the body.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "opb": "Distal convoluted tubule", "opc": "Collecting duct", "opd": "Loop of Henle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1389a8d5-2eda-4977-a257-51a96fd36f80", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Action of calmodulin isa) Ca2+ dependentb) Through calmodulin dependent kinasesc) Through cAMP dependent kinasesd) Through cGMP dependent kinases", "exp": "Calcium and calmodulin forms a complex which activates myosin kinase that phosphorylates myosin head. Myosin kinase is a muscle phosphorylase.", "cop": 4, "opa": "ac", "opb": "a", "opc": "ad", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c7c3bcb2-4b2f-411d-b239-66f0847d3d80", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sperm acquires motility in", "exp": "The seminiferous tubules of the testes are the staing point for the process, where spermatogonial stem cells adjacent to the inner tubule wall divide in a centripetal direction--beginning at the walls and proceeding into the innermost pa, or lumen--to produce immature sperm. Maturation occurs in the epididymis Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:625,626,627", "cop": 3, "opa": "Seminal vesicle", "opb": "Testes", "opc": "Epididymis", "opd": "Ejaculatory duct", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "9cce6778-f2c6-46f1-ac5d-61366f5644e9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Purkinje cells are inhibitory for", "exp": "Deep cerebellar nuclei are initially excited by sensory afferents but a fraction of a second later they are inhibited by Purkinje cell output Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 250", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deep cerebellar nuclei", "opb": "Climbing fibers", "opc": "Basket cell", "opd": "Mossy fibers", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3a6411d8-37d0-4434-a79e-e1ed808fe88b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemoglobin first appears in", "exp": "Hb synthesis sta in the stage of intermediate normoblast and then its content increase rapidlyRef: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 edition page No:106", "cop": 1, "opa": "Early normoblasts", "opb": "Intermediate normoblasts", "opc": "Late normoblasts", "opd": "Reticulocytes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ab0ff19f-27a4-4451-b573-a2c5c32be1ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "First change of improvement, noted after iron therapy is initiated", "exp": "12-24 hr Replacement of intracellular iron enzymes; subjective improvement; decreased irritability; increased Appetite 36-48 hr Initial bone marrow response; erythroid hyperplasia 48-72 hr Reticulocytosis, peaking at 5-7 days 4-30 days Increase in hemoglobin level 1-3 mo Repletion of stores", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased irritability", "opb": "Reticulocytosis", "opc": "Increase in serum iron levels", "opd": "Replenishment of iron stores", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "28da67cb-cbc5-4611-8012-a81e62ac7d9c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Predominant ion in saliva is", "exp": "During saliva production, K+ and Hco3- are secreated of which Hco3- >>  K+ secreted.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Potassium", "opb": "Sodium", "opc": "Bicarbonate", "opd": "Chloride", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d1350fed-0537-4206-b5f0-88f3f357d636", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to following changes in blood", "exp": "A rise in aerial PCO2 stimulates the RVLM Neurons located near the pial surface of the medulla in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are the central chemoreceptors Carbon dioxide can cross the blood-brain barrier easily and rapidly and causes changes Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 562 CO2diffuses readily into CSFand is immediately hydrated to form H2CO3.H2CO3 dissociates to form H+ and HCO3-. So blood pCO2 influences the pH of CSF", "cop": 1, "opa": "|PC02", "opb": "|PC02", "opc": "|H+", "opd": "|PO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "27271910-6336-4d48-93ed-5f1f595803ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "S.A. node acts as a pacemaker of the hea because of the fact that it", "exp": "Some cardiac fibers have the capability of self-excitation, a process that can cause automatic rhythmical discharge and contraction. This capability is especially true of the fibers of the hea 's specialized conducting system, including the fibers of the sinus node. For this reason, the sinus node ordinarily controls the rate of beat of the entire heaRef: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 123", "cop": 4, "opa": "Is capable of generating impulses spontaneously", "opb": "Has rich sympathetic innervations", "opc": "Has poor cholinergic innervations", "opd": "Generates impulses at the highest rate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b68c1cc8-f46f-48b4-99bc-ebaaa58bdbf6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Enterohepatic circulation is necessary for the secretion of", "exp": "Bile is made up of the bile acids, bile pigments, and other substances dissolved in an alkaline electrolyte solution that resembles pancreatic juice. About 500 mL is secreted per day. Some of the components of the bile are reabsorbed in the intestine and then excreted again by the liver (enterohepatic circulation). In addition to its role in digestion and absorption of fats (Chapter 27), bile (and subsequently the feces) is the major excretory route for lipid-soluble waste products.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 482", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bile", "opb": "Internal Juice", "opc": "Pancreatic Juice", "opd": "Gastric Juice", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "dc5f327b-a5aa-4ef0-a573-7c28366cf0ff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In anemia the concentration of 2,3 DPG is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased", "opb": "Increased", "opc": "A or B", "opd": "Not changed", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2ebdf84e-bb0b-4548-a606-5df2fa294c21", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In humans, effective renal blood flow is", "exp": "625Measure of Effective Renal Plasma Flow (ERPF):Is through PAH clearance In normal adult is about 625 ml/minuteHowever, PAH underestimates the effective renal plasma flow by about 10%.Therefore, actual renal plasma flow is about 700 ml/min.", "cop": 3, "opa": "425", "opb": "525", "opc": "625", "opd": "725", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11e6e7fa-0174-436e-850c-e7963cb2f40e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Broca's area is concerned with", "exp": "Broca's area or areas 44, 45 is a region in the frontal lobe with functions linked to speech production. Broca's area also plays a significant role in language comprehension. Lesions involving the Broca's motor speech area results in motor aphasia, also known as Broca's aphasia. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 841,842,843", "cop": 1, "opa": "Word formation", "opb": "Comprehension", "opc": "Repetition", "opd": "Reading", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "f71881ad-0aae-4349-9765-7d5ac91ee873", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Masculine or feminine features most directly depend on", "exp": "Ans. d (Serum testosterone levels). (Ref. Ganong, Physiology, 21st ed., 420)TestosteroneSource Testis (Leydig cells), adrenalPotency DHT> testosterone > androstenedioneTargets Skin, prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis, liver (MH-2000)Functions1.Differentiation of wolffian duct system into internal gonadal structures. 2.Secondary sexual characteristics and growth spurt during puberty. 3.Required normal spermatogenesis. 4.Anabolic effects on muscle size, RBC production 5.Increases libido# Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5 a-reductase, which is inhibited by finasteride. FunctionsAndrogen binding protein (ABP)Ensures that testosterone in seminifierous tubule is high.Inhibininhibits FSHTestosteroneDifferentiates male genitalia, has anabolic effects on protein metabolism, maintains gametogenesis, maintains libido, inhibits GnRH, and fuses epiphyseal plates in bone.FSHSertoli cells >> function >> sperm production (spermiogenesis)LHLeydig cell", "cop": 4, "opa": "Amygdala", "opb": "Genetic makeup", "opc": "Hypothalamic outflow", "opd": "Serum testosterone levels", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "51832ad2-c857-4fda-bfa3-926bda6fe3af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intubation induced laryngeal spasm can not be prevented by", "exp": "Promethazine can increase the chances of reflex disturbances.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Local anaesthesia spray", "opb": "Fentanyl", "opc": "Diltiazem", "opd": "Promethazine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "42305a54-ad95-4b6d-9feb-34c87134d2e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve depolarization is due to", "exp": "When sodium ion enters a cell the potential goes positive side and this is depolarization phase. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 26)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Opening of sodium channels", "opb": "Opening of chloride channels", "opc": "Opening of potassium channels", "opd": "Opening of calcium channels", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "7be6355b-99e9-405a-a23e-b7c32559bb4c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve fibers involved in proprioception", "exp": "Ans. (a) Type A fiber(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.94)Erlanger and Gasser classified nerve fibers in to three types A, B and C based on their diameter, degree of myelination and conduction velocities.The classification is for both sensory and motor nerve fibers. The classification is as follows,Fiber TypeMyelin Present or AbsentDiameter(um)Conduction Velocity (m/s)FunctionsA aMyelinated12-20 (Largest)70-120 (Highest)Proprioception; somatic motorA bMyelinated5-1230-70Touch, pressureA gMyelinated3-615-30Motor to muscle spindlesA dMyelinated2-512-30Pain, temperatureBMyelinated<33-15Preganglionic autonomicC, dorsal rootUnmyelinated0.4-1.2 (Smallest)0.5-2 (lowest)Pain, temperatureC, SympatheticUnmyelinated0.3-1.30.7-2.3Postganglionic sympathetic", "cop": 1, "opa": "Type A fiber", "opb": "Type B fiber", "opc": "Type C fiber", "opd": "Type IV fiber", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "ac8d5001-df4c-411f-bda3-e34c30b49041", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slow waves are maximum in", "exp": "Among the given options, slow waves are maximum in the ileum. The rate of slow waves in ileum is 8/min. Slow waves or Basic Electric rhythm(BER) refers to the spontaneous rhythmic fluctuation in membrane potential of the GI smooth muscles (betwee -65mV and -45mV). These are initiated by the interstitial cells of Cajal. Other options The rate of slow waves in the stomach is 4/min and in the colon, it varies between 2 to 6/min. Rate of Basal electric rrhythm in various regions Segment Rate of BER Stomach 4/min Duodenum 12/min Distal ileum 8/min Cecum 2/min Sigmoid 6/min Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical physiology 26th edition Pgno: 486", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Ileum", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Rectum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8355acad-afac-4232-8487-ad5fae4e6809", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slow waves/ BER are in increasing order in the following pas of GIT", "exp": "\"Waves occur 3-4 times per minute in the stomach. In the small intestine, there is an average of 12 BER cycles/min in the proximal jejunum, declining to 8/min in the distal ileum. The frequency of the wave increases along the colon, from about 2/min at the ileocecal valve to 6/min at the sigmoid.\"", "cop": 4, "opa": "Jejunum > Sigmoid colon > Stomach", "opb": "Jejunum < Sigmoid colon < Stomach", "opc": "Stomach > Sigmoid colon > Jejunum", "opd": "Stomach < Sigmoid colon < Jejunum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "18719546-2b3b-4ac2-af06-69d2d0b4ed43", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The principle that is the spinal cord dorsal roots are sensory and the ventral roots are motor is known as", "exp": "In the spinal cord fact that the dorsal roots are sensory and the ventral roots are motor is called Bell-Magendie law. The anterior spinal nerve roots contain only motor fibers and posterior roots only sensory fibers and that nerve impulses are conducted in only one direction in each case. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:672,673,674", "cop": 2, "opa": "Laplace's law", "opb": "Bell-Magendie's law", "opc": "Frank Starling's law", "opd": "Weber-Fechner's law", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "01133cec-f487-40eb-9617-7378b504bd9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Earliest change in iron deficiency anaemia is", "exp": "Ferritin is a blood cell protein that contains iron. A ferritin test helps your doctor understand how much iron your body is storing. If a ferritin test reveals that your blood ferritin level is lower than normal, it indicates your body's iron stores are low and you have iron deficiency Ref:guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:118,119,120", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased serum iron", "opb": "Decreased serum ferritin", "opc": "Decreased TIBC", "opd": "Decreased hemoglobin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "f4165cf1-bb89-4ade-9df1-5f2ba7cd0faa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose sympo occurs with", "exp": "Glucose transpo in the intestine is associated with sodium transpo Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:429,430,431", "cop": 1, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Ca++", "opd": "Cl-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "bb37e3a9-a1d9-466e-b666-34cb86ba5118", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In blood bilirubin is with", "exp": "Bilirubin is bound to protein for transportation in blood.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Protein", "opb": "Steroid", "opc": "Vitamin", "opd": "Carbohydrates", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ddde3082-8272-4d7b-93b6-b3ba1ff6cf59", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nucleus gracilis and Nucleus cuneatus are the first synapses for", "exp": "(A) Dorsal columns > Primary afferent neurons are located in dorsal root ganglion cells, and fibers (group II) ascend ipsilaterally and coalesce in the fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus.> And these two fasciculi form the dorsal columns of the spinal cord and ascend the length of the spinal cord to nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus of the medulla.> The Fasciculus gracilis consists of fibres from sacral and lumbar region and Fasciculus cuneatus receives its fibres from thoracic and cervical.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dorsal columns", "opb": "Ventral spinothalamic tract", "opc": "Dorsa lateral tract", "opd": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "541bc9e6-264a-4584-ae55-77f91c8229be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iron is actively absorbed in", "exp": "Active absorption of iron occurs in duodenum & proximal jejunum. In stomach absorption of alcohol (20%) & drugs like aspirin takes place. In large intestine, absorption of acids and bases, water, remainder of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) i.e. remaining because not already absorbed in the small intestine takes place. The function of ileum is mainly to absorb VitaminB12 & bile salts. Ref: Guyton,11e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Duodenum and proximal jejunum", "opc": "Large intestine", "opd": "Ileum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "244b310e-edc1-404e-a24a-6c3def6d13bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "While walking or standing posture is maintained by", "exp": "The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other pas of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:780,781,782", "cop": 3, "opa": "Basal ganglia", "opb": "Hypothalamus", "opc": "Cerebellum", "opd": "Amygdala", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "b8d4249c-df1c-4363-9283-4598962facd2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The node of Ranvier is seen in", "exp": "Nodes of Ranvier are periodic gaps in the myelin sheath on the axon.\nA neuron is a functional unit (the basic unit of nervous tissue).\nIt is specialized for the function of reception, integration and transmission of information in the body,\nThe basic structure of the neuron is best studied in a spinal motor neuron,\nThis cell has a ‘cell body (soma)' with 5-7 small processes called ‘dendrites'.\nThere is a long process called ‘axon’ that originate from “axon hillock (A thickened area of cell body from which axon originates)”.\nThe first portion of the axon is called “initial segment”.\nIn a motor neuron, the axon hillock and the initial segment of axon have the lowest threshold for excitation", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cell body", "opb": "Axons", "opc": "Dendrites", "opd": "Terminalbutons", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4ba7221b-dbd5-47f1-9b3a-1d98660e8da4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person's electrocardiogram (ECG) has no P wave, but has a normal QRS complex and a normal T wave. Therefore, his pacemaker is located in the", "exp": "The absent P wave indicates that the atrium is not depolarizing. Therefore, the pacemaker cannot be in the sinoatrial (SA) node. Because the QRS and T waves are normal, depolarization and repolarization of the ventricle must be proceeding in the normal sequence. This situation can occur if the pacemaker is located in the atrioventricular (AV) node. If the pacemaker were located in the bundle of His or in the Purkinje system, the ventricles would activate in an abnormal sequence (depending on the exact location of the pacemaker) and the QRS wave would have an abnormal configuration. Ventricular muscle does not have pacemaker propeies.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sinoatrial (SA) node", "opb": "Atrioventricular (AV) node", "opc": "Bundle of His", "opd": "Purkinje system", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "ECG", "id": "399e64ba-228d-458c-8d3b-fa0f80ca17e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pubarche is due to", "exp": "Pubarche refers to the first appearance of pubic hair at pubey. Pubarche is one of the physical changes of pubey and can occur independently of complete pubey Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:636,637,638", "cop": 4, "opa": "GH", "opb": "Prolactin", "opc": "Estrogen", "opd": "Testosterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f78592e5-251b-4263-9224-ecab0ae5d136", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The conversion of short term memory to long term memory is done in", "exp": "The conversion of short term memory to long term memory is done in hippocampus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hippocampus", "opb": "Cerebrum", "opc": "Cerebellum", "opd": "Medulla", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11eacf9d-4eca-43dd-9695-dc6615d1a9ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS neurons is", "exp": "GABA and Glycine are the chief inhibitory neurotransmitters in CNS.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glutamate", "opb": "Aspartate", "opc": "Gamma-amino butyric acid", "opd": "Taurine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a93b1dab-0716-4d5f-b73a-d51f3bd2aedf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most important stimulant for bile secretion is", "exp": "Bile salts are the most important cholerectic or the substance that increases bile secretion. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the most important cholagogue or substance that increases gallbladder contraction.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cholecystokinin", "opb": "Secretin", "opc": "Bile acid", "opd": "Bile salt", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0fc268e7-930a-43eb-a01a-b39d13add120", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Largest amounts of prostaglandins are seen in", "exp": "Largest amounts of prostaglandins are seen in seminal fluidEach seminal vesicle is a touous, loculated tube lined with a secretory epithelium that secretes a mucoid material containing an abundance of fructose, citric acid, and other nutrient substances, as well as large quantities of prostaglandins and fibrinogen.Prostaglandins are believed to aid feilization in two ways: (1) by reacting with the female cervical mucus to make it more receptive to sperm movement and (2) by possibly causing backwards, reverse peristaltic contractions in the uterus and fallopian tubes to move the ejaculated sperm toward the ovariesGuyton 13e pg: 1020", "cop": 1, "opa": "Seminal fluid", "opb": "CSF", "opc": "Blood", "opd": "Urine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "105d51f0-888f-4db2-8594-aabaf918c472", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mean circulatory filling pressure is", "exp": "When hea pumping is stopped by shocking the hea with electricity to cause ventricular fibrillation or is stopped in any other way, flow of blood anywhere in circulation ceases a few seconds later. Without blood flow the pressure everywhere in circulation become equal. This equilibrated pressure level is called mean circulatory filling pressureRef: Guyton and Hall, Textbook of medical physiology, 2ndSouth Asia Edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Difference between systemic and pulmonary aerial pressure", "opb": "Difference between central venous pressure and central aerial pressure", "opc": "Mean atrial pressure", "opd": "Aerial pressure taken at the point when hea stops beating", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "81f06e0e-8a0e-4fe3-acd5-6410126c41ae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During diastole, arterial pressure is maintained by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Elastic recoil of aorta", "opb": "Musculature of arteries", "opc": "Constriction of capillaries", "opd": "Contraction of left ventricle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7d82f68a-0eca-45b1-8416-517eda2b1d63", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If one of your nerves is compressed and this leads to paresthesia for sometime, the type of nerve fibre affected most probably is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "A alpha", "opb": "A delta", "opc": "C", "opd": "B", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "da5c698f-49e8-4db8-860b-88e63b24be8c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Direction of sound is differentiated by", "exp": "Ans. (d) Inferior colliculus(Ref: Kandel, Principle of Neural Sciences, 5th ed, p.697)All auditory pathways ascending through the brain stem converge in inferior colliculusHelps in localization of sound and the direction from which the sound comes", "cop": 4, "opa": "Auditory cortex", "opb": "Medial geniculate body", "opc": "Lateral geniculate body", "opd": "Inferior colliculus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "320a17f1-662e-4338-9888-c27480154497", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sucrose space is about", "exp": "The sucrose gap technique is used to create a conduction block in nerve or muscle fibers. A high concentration of sucrose is applied to the extracellular space, which prevents the correct opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels, increasing resistance between two groups of cells. It was originally developed by Robe Stampfli for recording action potentials in nerve fibers, and is paicularly useful for measuring irreversible or highly variable pharmacological modifications of channel propeies since untreated regions of membrane can be pulled into the node between the sucrose regions Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:475,476,477", "cop": 2, "opa": "9 L", "opb": "14 L", "opc": "28 L", "opd": "40 L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "38585e0e-7275-4caf-9a2a-d8f3e24d1081", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The difference between skeletal and smooth muscle contraction and relaxation is/area) Troponin (+ve)b) Myosin light chain kinasec) Ca2+d) Actine) Myosin", "exp": "Troponin is absent in case of smooth muscles but present in skeletal muscles.\n \nMyosin light chain kinase is involved in case of smooth muscle contraction, but not in skeletal muscles.", "cop": 3, "opa": "ac", "opb": "a", "opc": "ab", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8f75487-690a-4d4d-aab0-76a713597b1e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Total body water is", "exp": "In the average young adult male, 18% of the body weight is protein and related substances, 7% is mineral, and 15% is fat. The remaining 60% is water.(REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 23rd EDITION page no.2)", "cop": 4, "opa": "40% of body weight", "opb": "20% of body weight", "opc": "10% of body weight", "opd": "60% of body weight", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "aa1e5ee8-1bbd-40ba-8f78-d30088285f20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person with eyes closed & mind wondering will have the following wave in", "exp": "(A) a-waves # Alpha Rhythm> In adult humans who are awake but at rest with the mind wandering and the eyes closed, the most prominent component of Ihe EEG is fairly regular pattern of waves at a frequency of 8-12 Hz and an amplitude of 50-100 pV when recorded from the scalp> This pattern is the alpha rhythm.> It is most marked in the parieto-occipital area.", "cop": 1, "opa": "a-waves", "opb": "b-waves", "opc": "d-waves", "opd": "t-waves", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "1e090da8-2146-4fe4-be3e-d23b0eee00f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During regulatory volume decrease, many cells will increase", "exp": "K+ is the major intracellular ion; efflux of K+ will produce an osmotic flow of water out of the cell. Water exit will lead to a decrease in cell volume.An influx of Na+ and synthesis of sorbitol do not occur during this process because both processes would increase intracellular osmolytes and drive water into the cell, increasing cell volume.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Their volume", "opb": "Influx of Na+", "opc": "Efflux of K+", "opd": "Synthesis of sorbitol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "25d2e14d-a1e6-43fe-b255-ad7becd560ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kupffer cells are a type of", "exp": "Macrophages (Kupffer Cells) in the Liver Sinusoids.ln the liver sinusoids, lined with tissue macrophages called Kupffer cellsRef: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 459", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dendritic cells", "opb": "Maqrophages", "opc": "B cells", "opd": "T cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ab3f4223-3617-46c0-816c-8a2caefe6800", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "After a meal rich in carbohydrate, insulin secretion is stimulated by", "exp": "D i.e. GLP-1 (7-36) amide", "cop": 4, "opa": "CCK", "opb": "Serotonin", "opc": "VIP", "opd": "GLP-1 (7-36) amide", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2a7735f0-9fb9-4afa-bd54-fb71354238c9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Entropion is", "exp": "Entropion is a condition in which the lower eyelid turns inward, rubbing against the eye. Entropion occurs most commonly as a result of aging. Infection and scarring inside the eyelid are other causes of entropion.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inversion of eyelid", "opb": "Inversion of eyelashes", "opc": "Eversion of eyelid", "opd": "Eversion of eyelashes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4f285c2b-a96c-4018-b19c-55f9211cf281", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CSF pressure is mainly regulated by", "exp": "Lumbar CSF pressure is normally 70 to 180 mm H2O. Up to pressures well above this range, the rate of CSF formation is independent of intraventricular pressure. However, absorption is propoional to the pressure Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:571", "cop": 2, "opa": "Rate of CSF formation", "opb": "Rate of CSF absorption", "opc": "Cerebral blood flow", "opd": "Venous pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "6c2fde77-cde4-4ef5-b06f-7e3b2ca7ea42", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nissl's bodies located intracytoplasmic are in", "exp": "Nissl bodiesLarge granular bodies that stain with basic dyes, forming the reticular substance of the cytoplasm of neurons, composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free polyribosomes.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Perikaryon of neuron", "opb": "Smooth muscle", "opc": "Skeletal muscle", "opd": "Cardiac muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "aa01c524-434f-40b8-a0a7-f9f17ba4eecb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most important function of albumin in body is", "exp": "Osmotic pressure is determined by the number of molecules dissolved in a fluid rather than by the mass of these molecules. Therefore, when corrected for number of molecules rather than mass, the following chart gives both the relative mass concentrations (g/dl) of the different types of proteins in normal plasma and their respective contributions to the total plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Πp).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oncotic pressure", "opb": "Drug transport", "opc": "Toxic transport", "opd": "Coagulation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f28531b-2eac-47fe-9f19-1c96703d1a3c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mechanism of analgesia is bya) Nociceptin stimulationb) Nocistatin stimulationc) Anandamide receptorsd) Nicotinic & cholinergic receptors", "exp": "Nocistatin stimuli inhibit nociceptors and produce analgesia.\nAnandamide (a cannabinoid) produces analgesic effect by binding to CB1 receptors.\nAcetylcholine and nicotinic cholinergic receptors (subunits α4 and β 2) are involved in regulation of pain.", "cop": 4, "opa": "abc", "opb": "acd", "opc": "abd", "opd": "bcd", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b83fae1e-8d8c-4d9b-ad2f-f8e32d0dc2e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nitric oxide is produced in", "exp": "Nitric oxide is formed from Arginine, released from endothelial cells and acts through cGMP to cause vasodilation. \nIt is also believed to be involved in gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation by acting as a neurotransmitter.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Endothelium", "opb": "Plasma", "opc": "Platelets", "opd": "Serum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ade3d88c-6adf-4902-9fff-8cc6cb0e7694", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most important buffer in RBC is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "O2Hb + Na hemoglobinate", "opb": "O2Hb + K hemoglobinate", "opc": "H2CO3 + KHCO3", "opd": "H2CO3 + NaHCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2fa93feb-edea-42da-80fe-9464dfd73f5c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sequence of vesicle transpo is", "exp": "B i.e. ER-+Cis-+Trans--+Cell membrane Golgi apparatus serves as a unique soing & packing deviceQ, that receives newly synthesized proteins, all containing signal or transit peptide from endoplasmic retinaculum. It rejects proteins with no signal or transit peptide without processing and that remain as cytoplasmic protein. Golgi complex (apparatus) / Dictyosome It is a collection of smooth membrane enclosed sacs (cisterns) that are stalked like dinner plates, usually near the nucleus. It has membrane similar to those of smooth ER. It is usually composed of ..4 stalked layers of 6 sacs in each apparatus It is a polarized structure with a cis (proximal) and trans (distal) sidesQ", "cop": 2, "opa": "ER -3 Trans --> Cis -3 lysosome", "opb": "ER --> Cis --> Trans --> Cell membrane", "opc": "ER --> Lysosome --> Trans --> Cis", "opd": "Cis -3 ER --> Trans --> Cell membrane", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c080a112-ffb3-4075-b4b2-9c1413c1e974", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Circulatory shock is an example of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypoxic Hypoxia", "opb": "Stagnant Hypoxia", "opc": "Histotoxic Hypoxia", "opd": "Anemic Hypoxia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b19dc1c0-79b4-4377-a423-81c7257737e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sperms acquire motility in", "exp": "Sperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly through the female reproductive tract. the ability to move forward is acquired in the epididymis Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-422", "cop": 2, "opa": "Testis", "opb": "Epididymis", "opc": "VAS deferences", "opd": "Seminal vesicles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "57c4ff64-5d63-4b1b-83fe-fbf2b4ffeaaa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shivering is controlled by", "exp": "Temperature Regulation Center: hypothalamic temperature regulation center acts as both a very sensitive sensory center (sensing brain temperature) and as an integration center, to maintain core temperature. Action: Compares input information on brain temperature (very sensitive) and skin temperature (less sensitive) with some \"Reference\" value or temperature (\"Set Point\"), and adjusts effectors to maintain actual temperature at the reference value (negative feedback loop). Fever: 1. Mechanism: Most common fevers are due to an increase in temperature regulation set point, due to agents called \"pyrogens\" pyrogen => hypothalamic set point increase 2. Pyrogenic Agents bacterial endotoxin bacterial debris antigen-antibody complexes neoplastic disease mechanical tissue trauma etc. 3. Body Temperature Changes a. Onset: actions to raise body temperature b. Termination: actions to lower temperature Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number 856,857,858", "cop": 2, "opa": "Medulla", "opb": "Hypothalamus", "opc": "Thalamus", "opd": "Basal ganglia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "77b2b9df-07f9-4e82-ab6f-1ff2721e115e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The site of action of vasopressin is", "exp": "Vasopressin (ADH) Increasing the water permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology; 24th edition; page no: 698", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ascending limb of loop of Henle", "opb": "Descending limb of loop of Henle", "opc": "Distal tubule", "opd": "Proximal tubule", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "997433d1-b962-4078-85ec-c8abd329d64a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In muscle cells, resting membrane potential is equal to the isoelectric potential of", "exp": "The isoelectric potential of Cl- is -70mV and of K+ is -90mV.\nAccording to ‘Ganong’ and ‘Principles of Medical Physiology’, the actual measured RMP of a nerve fibre is -70mV rather than the calculated value of -90mV. \nSo in nerve fibres, the RMP is equal to or closer to the isoelectric potential of Cl-.\nWhereas in muscle cells, the RMP is -90mV, which is equal to the isoelectric potential of K+.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "Cl-", "opc": "K+", "opd": "Mg++", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e3bbb17f-e7e4-4b6c-ac2a-6ae6f10deb50", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least reabsorption out of", "exp": "Reabsorption the flow of glomerular filtrate from the proximal tubule of the nephron into the peritubular capillaries, which allows the selective passage of ceain substances (glucose, proteins, sodium) back into the circulation. Urea is least reabsorbed as it is excreted out. Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology; 24th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Urea", "opc": "Na+", "opd": "HCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "5971e3f9-2359-46a0-beb3-88841ab9b9ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Generator area in a nerve cell is", "exp": "The first poion of the axon is called the initial segment. The Initial segment in spinal motor neurons, the initial node of Ranvier in cutaneous sensory neurons is a site where propagated action potentials are generated.(Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cell body", "opb": "Initial segment", "opc": "Axon", "opd": "Dendrites", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "a4c14d59-53a9-417d-a451-433bf93a0a64", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Insulin mediated glucose uptake occurs through", "exp": "D i.e. GLUT-4", "cop": 4, "opa": "GLUT-1", "opb": "GLUT -2", "opc": "GLUT- 3", "opd": "GLUT -4", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "03728e73-1c20-4993-a66b-3814bdce0b06", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Decreased ability to smell is", "exp": "(B) Hyposmia # Hyposmia: Hyposmia is a state of decreased sensation of smell> Disorders of the Sense of Smell: Transport losses - Rhinitis, polyps/neoplasms of nasal cavity Sensory losses - Drugs, radiation therapy, toxin exposure Neural losses - Alps, alcoholism, Alzheimer's, Kallman syndrome, hypothyroidism etc.,> Treatment: There is no proven treatment for sensorineural olfactory losses. Fortunately, spontaneous recovery often occurs.> Zinc and vitamin therapy (especially with vitamin A) are advocated by some.> Profound zinc deficiency can produce loss and distortion of the sense of smell but is not a clinically important problem except in very limited geographic areas", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anosmia", "opb": "Hyposmia", "opc": "Phantosmia", "opd": "Hyperosmia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "05f7ffbf-14cd-4582-898d-0beaf5eae2da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coronary blood flow regulated by", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Local muscle action and reflexesRegulation of coronary blood flow mainly occurs by chemical regulation through autoregulation.Regulation of coronary blood flowRegulation of coronary flow occurs by two mechanisms : ?1) Chemical regulation (Autoregulation)Regulation of coronary blood flow occurs through local intrinsic regulation, i.e., autoregulation, most likely through the production of vasodilating metabolites in response to minimal degree of ischemia. The vasodilatory chemical stimuli are low PO2, High PCO2, H+, K+, lactic acid, ADP AMP and adenosine. Chemical regulation (autoregulation) of coronary blood flow is far more impoant than neural regulation.2) Neural regulationCoronary aeries are supplied by autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Coronary aeries have both alpha and beta sympathetic (adrenergic receptors), with the beta receptors predominating. Beta receptor stimulation produces vasodilation whereas alpha receptor stimulation produces vasoconstriction. There are relatively few parasympathetic (vagal) fibers supplying the coronary aeries. The direct effect of these fibers is vasodilatation; But indirect effect causes vasoconstriction and predominates. Indirect effect is the result of decrease in formation of vasodilator metabolites due to decrease in hea rate and cardiac contractility.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sympathetic adrenergic system", "opb": "Sympathetic cholinergic system", "opc": "Local muscle action and reflexes", "opd": "Parasympathetic system", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "610db696-bb1e-4678-bd47-0fbffaf5229f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If a single spinal nerve is cut, the area of tactile loss is always greater than the area of loss of painful sensations, because", "exp": "Receptor field overlapping is lowest for temperature. Tactile receptor fields overlap higher than temperature. Highest overlapping is for pain. Temperature < Touch < Pain.\nSo the inverse will be true for loss of sensation. Loss of sensation highest in Temperature since it has no overlapping.  And the loss of sensation will be lowest for pain.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tactile information is carried by myelinated fast conducting fibres", "opb": "Tactile receptors adapt quickly", "opc": "Degree of overlap of fibres carrying tactile sensation is much less", "opd": "In the primary sensory cortex tactile sensation is represented on a larger area", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "80cb4d85-235c-46a0-865b-6d16d7c8ec6e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intrinsic factor is secreted by", "exp": "The substance intrinsic factor, essential for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum, is secreted by the parietal cells along with the secretion of hydrochloric acid. -G cells of antrum of stomach secrete hormone gastrin whose primary actions include stimulation of gastric acid secretion & stimulation of growth of gastric mucosa. -Pepsinogen secreting cells(peptic cells of oxyntic glands) secrete pepsinogen(proenzyme) which is conveed to pepsin (active form) by action of HCl.Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that regulates protein digestion. -The pyloric glands secrete mainly mucus for protection of the pyloric mucosa from the stomach acid. They also secrete the hormone gastrin. Reference: Guyton,11e", "cop": 3, "opa": "G-cells", "opb": "Pepsinogen secreting cells", "opc": "Parietal or oxyntic cells", "opd": "Pyloric glands", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "ea8c5802-e10c-4cab-98f3-0a64ca500531", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sleep center is located in", "exp": "Ans. (c) Hypothalamus(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.273)Preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus particularly ventrolateral preoptic nucleus promotes sleep", "cop": 3, "opa": "Basal ganglia", "opb": "Medulla", "opc": "Hypothalamus", "opd": "Cerebellum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "2ac4d63d-aa05-4a96-b59d-57cea1052363", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Role of bile salts", "exp": "The bile salts have a number of impoant actions: they reduce surface tension and, in conjunction with phospholipids and monoglycerides, are responsible for the emulsification of fat preparatory to its digestion and absorption in the small intestine. They are amphipathic, that is, they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains; one surface of the molecule is hydrophilic because the polar peptide bond and the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are on that surface, whereas the other surface is hydrophobic. Therefore, the bile salts tend to form cylindrical disks called micelles. Their hydrophilic poions face out and their hydrophobic poions face in. Above a ceain concentration, called the critical micelle concentration, all bile salts added to a solution form micelles. Lipids collect in the micelles, with cholesterol in the hydrophobic center and amphipathic phospholipids and monoglycerides lined up with their hydrophilic heads on the outside and their hydrophobic tails in the center. The micelles play an impoant role in keeping lipids in solution and transpoing them to the brush border of the intestinalepithelial cells, where they are absorbedREF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMANTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO:439,440", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vit B12 absorption", "opb": "Formation of lipid bilayer", "opc": "Emulsification of lipids", "opd": "Fatty acid degradation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "c5f64442-ab27-4f65-8e32-ff91c8f94bd7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "K+ homeostasis in human is", "exp": "Electrolytes are substances that dissociate in solution and have the ability to conduct an electrical current. These substances are located in the extracellular and intracellular fluid. Within the extracellular fluid, the major cation is sodium and the major anion is chloride. The major cation in the intracellular fluid is potassium. These electrolytes play an impoant role in maintaining homeostasis. In this aicle, the etiology, signs, symptoms, and treatments for imbalances of these three electrolytes are reviewed. Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e pg58", "cop": 1, "opa": "Most of the K+ are intracellular", "opb": "Most of the K+ are extra cellular", "opc": "An essential electrolyte for different organ function", "opd": "Actively secreted in the distal tubule", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "0d90f433-6913-4a1e-967d-9412efe5d045", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acidophils of the anterior pituitary secrete", "exp": "Acidophils of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secrete growth hormone and prolactin. Basophils secrete TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH. Cells of Anterior pituitary Ref: Guyton and Hall 13th edition Pgno: 940", "cop": 1, "opa": "GH", "opb": "TSH", "opc": "ACTH", "opd": "FSH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "fa66973f-54ab-40ef-b148-584f93c5b618", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary motor area for shivering is", "exp": "Functions of Hypothalamus\n-        Thermoregulation- Preoptic region\n\nAnterior hypothalamus- Heat response​\nPosterior hypothalamus- Cold response\n\n-        Satiety centre- ventromedial nucleus\n-        Feeding centre- Lateral nucleus\n-        Circadian rhythm- Suprachiasmatic nucleus\n-        Sleep\n-        Sex drive-  Anterior hypothalamus, Posterior hypothalamus.\n-        Hypophysis regulation", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cerebrum", "opb": "Red nucleus", "opc": "Ventromedial anterior hypothalamus", "opd": "Dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e01348c4-7625-4732-832b-ee8e80c9ea46", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A lesion of the ventrolateral part of the spinal cord will lead to the loss (below the level of the lesion) of", "exp": "Sensations carried by the posterior column\n-        Proprioception, Vibration, kinesthesia, fine touch.\nSensations carried by the anterolateral column\n-        Temperature, pain (lateral) and crude touch (anterior)\nCrossing over of fibers occurs in case of the anterolateral system.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pain sensation on the ipsilateral side", "opb": "Proprioception on the contralateral side", "opc": "Pain sensation on the contralateral side", "opd": "Proprioception on the ipsilateral side", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "92c2776c-56d3-407c-970d-974c15543b15", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Skeletal framework of a cell is maintained by", "exp": "It is a pa of cytoskeleton Microtubules are major components of the cytoskeleton. They are found in all eukaryotic cells, and they are involved in mitosis, cell motility, intracellular transpo, and maintenance of cell shape. Microtubules are composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits assembled into linear protofilaments. Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e p22", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nucleus", "opb": "Microtubules", "opc": "Ribosomes", "opd": "Mitochondtia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "2101d308-accc-439c-bfcb-c73f05b8eec7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vomiting centre is situated in the", "exp": "Vomiting refers to the forceful expulsion of contents from stomach and intestine. Vomiting centre is situated in the reticular formation of medulla oblongata near the vagal nucleus. Vomiting may be initiated by either activation of vomiting centre or by an activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone. It may be activated directly or through afferents: Direct activation of the vomiting centre Afferent impulses activating vomiting centre. Sequence of mechanical events of vomiting: Pre-ejection phase Retching phase Ejection phase Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:442,443,444", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypothalamus", "opb": "Amygdala", "opc": "Rons", "opd": "Medulla", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "5cfbd927-2229-4276-9c69-7f28dc54ae9b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ductal development of breast is caused by", "exp": "Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens in females that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone, estradiol, and estriol Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 636,637,638", "cop": 1, "opa": "Estrogen", "opb": "Progesterone", "opc": "Prolactin", "opd": "hCG", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "5eb54daf-9dfc-47c1-a548-423529e515ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Malignant pustule' is", "exp": "A congested edematous ulcer area with central necrosis and surrounding black ischar and satellite lesions is called \"malignant pustule\".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anthrax ulcer", "opb": "Proliferating rodent ulcer", "opc": "Malignant melanoma", "opd": "Marjolin's ulcer", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e73b290f-4b22-4a0a-99f4-dee3f22d3bfe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myelin contains protein to lipid ratio as", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "1:01", "opb": "2:01", "opc": "3:01", "opd": "1:04", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "024240e8-307c-4958-8696-9ee6cb81165b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secretion of estrogen is maximum at", "exp": "Estrogen is a generic term for any of the estrus-producing compounds (female sex hormones), including estradiol, estriol, and estrone. Called also estrogenic hormone. In humans, the estrogens are formed in the ovary, adrenal coex, testis, and fetoplacental unit, and are responsible for female secondary sex characteristic development, and during the menstrual cycle, act on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for feilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 405", "cop": 4, "opa": "Just before menopause", "opb": "At pubey", "opc": "At menstruation", "opd": "Before ovulation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "5ef2e1e1-d023-4f4b-b9e5-db960a1c364f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Left ventricular systole corresponds", "exp": "Left ventricular systole corresponds to atrial diastole Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:199,200,201", "cop": 4, "opa": "ST segment in ECG", "opb": "Right ventricular diastole", "opc": "P wave in ECG", "opd": "Atrial diastole", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6361aeb4-a46c-4c0b-ac0a-aa47a5e61149", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Venodilation in most of the tissue due to", "exp": "(Decreases O2 tension): Ref: Mechanisms of clinical signs - Google Books Result books.google.co.in/books?isbn=072958075xMark Dennis, William Talbot Bowen, Lucy Cho - 2012 - MedicalLivedo Reticularis is essentially increased visibility of the venous plexus of the skin. Venodilatation of the vessels and deoxygenation of blood in the plexus are two main factors. In general venodilatation is caued by altered autonomic nervous system function; circulating factors that cause Venodilation; or in response to local hypoxia. Venodilation allows more venous blood to be present in engorged venules, making them larger and easier to see through the skin. Deoxygenation is principally caused by decreased cutaneous perfusion which can be as a result of decreased arteriolar inflow (may be due to vasopasm due to cold, ANS activity, arteriolar thrombosis or increased blood viscosity); or decreased venous outflow (may be due to venous thrombosis, increased blood viscosity)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decrease O2 tension", "opb": "Decrease K+ concentration", "opc": "Acidic H+", "opd": "Increased CO2 concentration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "bfa34be2-972e-4ecb-a833-40804186d01f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least absorption out of the following through the kidney is for", "exp": "Urea is minimally absorbed. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:491,492,493", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Urea", "opc": "Na", "opd": "HCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "e1a5b51b-0f3c-445e-b73f-0b023fae9248", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The ECG change seen in hyperkalemia is", "exp": "Hyperkalemia (plasma K+ +-7.0 meq/L). The PR and QRS intervals are within normal limits. Very tall, slender peaked T waves are now present. Hyperkalemia (plasma K+ +-8.5 meq/L). The QRS complex is broad and slurred and the QRS interval has widened to 0.2 s. The T waves remain tall and slender Fuher elevation of the plasma K+ level may result in ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 504", "cop": 1, "opa": "Narrowing of the QRS complex", "opb": "Increased amplitude of P waves", "opc": "Narrowing and peaking of T waves", "opd": "Ventricular arrhythmias", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "eb13766a-30cc-4aed-b10c-819cf5b169ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best absorbable monosaccharide", "exp": "End products of carbohydrate digestion are monosaccharides,most impoant of which is GLUCOSE . maximum rate of glucose absorption from intestine is about 120 gm/hour Ref.Textbook of physiology by AK Jain 7th edition page no.264", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Mannose", "opc": "Fruetose", "opd": "Lactose", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "643c1c53-01cb-4e0e-b891-0ac5dc4f19f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased oxygen delivery to tissues in response to increased CO2 is", "exp": "The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr: hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:353,354,355", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bohr effect", "opb": "Haldane effect", "opc": "Hamburger effect", "opd": "Chloride shift", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "6c4901c1-a146-4e46-b8bf-2a851464b4e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parasympathetic stimulation of the hea accompanied by a withdrawal of sympathetic tone to most of the blood vessels of the body is characteristic of", "exp": "The fight-or-flight response and exercise are characterized by the increased sympathetic tone and decreased parasympathetic tone.The diving response is associated with increased parasympathetic and sympathetic tone.The cold pressor response is characterized by increased sympathetic activity to the hea and blood vessels.Emotional Fainting--Vasovagal Syncope: An interesting vasodilatory reaction occurs in people who experience intense emotional disturbances that cause fainting. In this case, the muscle vasodilator system becomes activated and, at the same time, the vagal cardioinhibitory center transmits strong signals to the hea to slow the hea rate markedly. The aerial pressure falls rapidly, which reduces blood flow to the brain and causes the person to lose consciousness. This overall effect is called vasovagal syncope. Emotional fainting begins with disturbing thoughts in the cerebral coex.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 18 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Aerial Pressure", "cop": 2, "opa": "The fight-or-flight response", "opb": "Vasovagal syncope", "opc": "Exercise", "opd": "The diving response", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "84eca670-8d01-4d4d-a517-1883894df02b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intracellular receptors are found in", "exp": "Receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones are located inside target cells , in the cytoplasm or nucleus , function as ligand dependent transcription factors ....Being lipids, steroid hormones enter the cell by simple diffusion across plasma membrane whereas thyroid hormones enter by facilitated diffusion. Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e p887-888", "cop": 3, "opa": "Insulin", "opb": "Glucagon", "opc": "Coicosteriods", "opd": "Growth hormone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "31e4bcdc-2d7f-455c-b8d8-2563495d93c7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The depth of respiration is controlled by", "exp": "Pneumotaxic center limits inspiration by inhibiting Apneustic center Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 65", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumotaxic center", "opb": "Posterior medulla", "opc": "Apneustic center", "opd": "Pons", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "b8084909-011e-41b8-983a-bd1960c2de6d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Urine concentrating ability of the kidney is increased by", "exp": "Countercurrent mechanism is a system in the renal medulla that facilitates concentration of the urine as it passes through the renal tubules.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 687", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased medullary hyperosmolarity", "opb": "Increase in RBF", "opc": "Reduction of medullary hyperosmolarity", "opd": "Increase in GFR", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "f13a74c3-dc74-4134-a219-0dc36840172c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Seoli cell secrets", "exp": "Androgen binding protein is a protein secreted by testicular Seoli cells along with inhibin and mullerian inhibiting substance. Androgen binding protein probably maintains a high concentration of androgen in the seminiferous tubules.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 421", "cop": 1, "opa": "Androgen binding protein", "opb": "Testosterone", "opc": "LH", "opd": "FSH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "d4f8ccc1-bb25-4209-a951-725d03dd72ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An action potential is initiated at the Axon Hillock or ­Initial segment of the neuron because", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Threshold for Excitation is lowest", "opb": "Neurotransmitter is released at this site", "opc": "It is an unmyelinated segment", "opd": "Has lowest concentration of voltage gated sodium channels", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b98b4b39-fe76-4626-9d3e-2432b5f05059", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Autosomal varient of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is due to defect in", "exp": "Another cause of diabetes insipidus is inability of the kidneys to respond to vasopressin (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). Two forms of this disease have been described. In one form, the gene for the V2 receptor is mutated, making the receptor unresponsive. The V2 receptor gene is on the X chromosome, thus this condition is X-linked and inheritance is sex-linked recessive. In the other form of the condition, mutations occur in the autosomal gene for aquaporin-2 and produce nonfunctional versions of this water channel, many of which do not reach the apical membrane of the collecting duct but are trapped in intracellular locations. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,23rd edition, page: 668", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aquaporin 2", "opb": "Angiotensin I receptor", "opc": "Angiotensin II receptor", "opd": "VIP receptors", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "dfd61c61-2d7f-4bc5-877c-04ac9b253984", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Appetite is increased by", "exp": "Ans. (d) Ghrelin(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.485)Ghrelin#Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide secreted primarily by oxyntic gland area of the stomach#Major Functions of ghrelin are,It increases the appetite (orexinergic)Increases gastric motilityIncreases secretion of gastric acid,Increases adipogenesisIncreases insulin secretionIncreases growth hormone#Ghrelin levels peak just before food intake begins (fasting state)#Plasma levels of ghrelin are low in obese persons#Ghrelin levels are high in anorexia nervosa", "cop": 4, "opa": "Leptin", "opb": "GLP", "opc": "Peptide YY", "opd": "Ghrelin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "ee20c438-4d4b-4eab-9371-f17ade2a8ff7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arterial O2 content is reduced in one of the following ­", "exp": "Arterial PO2/ Dissolved oxygen is normal in anemic hypoxia, but the arterial oxygen content is low. Whereas, in Hypoxic hypoxia, both are low. In case of stagnant hypoxia/ischemic hypoxia and histotoxic hypoxia, both are normal.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stagnant hypoxia", "opb": "Anemic hypoxia", "opc": "Histotoxic hypoxia", "opd": "Ischemic hypoxia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f6e6a85f-7fad-4b49-a754-108b27feb0aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Initiating event of Endotoxic shock", "exp": "The receptor for the endotoxin in humans is the TLR-4 located on the surface of antigen presenting cells. b. Binding to the receptor activates a cascade of enzymatic reactions which finally leads to the activation of the genes for the proinflammatory cytokines. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e p465", "cop": 3, "opa": "Endothelial injury", "opb": "Peripheral vasodilata on", "opc": "Cytokinin action", "opd": "Decreased pumping of hea", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a392e117-7ff1-4eea-9b94-f37f5f399cf6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type I Glomus cells of peripheral chemoreceptors have", "exp": "O2 sensitive K+ channel is present in Type I Glomus cell.", "cop": 4, "opa": "CO2 sensitive K+ channels", "opb": "O2 sensitive Cl– channel", "opc": "CO2 sensitive Cl– channel", "opd": "O2 sensitive K+ channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "80c1402f-a6a1-4054-815c-7b9a274dd8dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The only excitatory neuron in the cerebellar coex is", "exp": "Granular cells are the only excitatory cells of cerebral coex, use glutamate as neurotransmitter, their axons from parallel fibres Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 248", "cop": 4, "opa": "Purkinje cell", "opb": "Basket cell", "opc": "Golgi cell", "opd": "Granular cell", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "7f26e00a-69d0-4596-bc9f-daeffbf9f460", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Melatonin is secreted by", "exp": "Retinohypothalamic fibers synapse in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and there are connections from the SCN to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord that project to the superior cervical ganglion. Postganglionic neurons project from this ganglion to the pineal gland that secretes melatonin. The cyclic activity of SCN sets up a circadian rhythm for melatonin release. This rhythm is entrained to light/dark cycles by neurons in the retina.(Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypothalamus", "opb": "Adrenal coex", "opc": "Pineal gland", "opd": "Melanocytes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "c046a9ea-a21b-426d-8c17-96acd31b6321", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Extrafiisal fibre innervated by", "exp": "Extrafusal fibers are innervate by A-alfa motor neurons They are myelinated and fast conducting Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:769,770,771", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ia", "opb": "lb", "opc": "Aa", "opd": "Ass", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "3c18e974-271f-4cae-86c2-9d36ffd055c7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The per cent of fluid present in arterial system is", "exp": "(A) 85% > An average value is 3500 mL (5% of the body weight of a 70 kg man, assuming unit density)approx.70%-80%.", "cop": 1, "opa": "85%", "opb": "15%", "opc": "30%", "opd": "50%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "8377266f-e8f6-409f-ab22-e8e7cf4bb1d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Severe HTN cut off is", "exp": "Ans. D >170 mm HgRef: Harrison's, 19th ed. pg. 1616Guidelines for threshold values between normal and high blood pressure Clinic measurement (mm Hg)Home measurement (mm Hg)Optimal control<140/85<130/80Mild hypertension140-150/90-100135-145/85-95Moderate hypertension150-170/100-110145-165/95-105Severe hypertension>170/110>165/105The question mentioned was severe hypertension, however if the grading of hypertension is asked, then answer must be according to this table:BP classificationSystolic mm HgDiastolic, mm HgNormal<120and <80Pre-hypertension120-129<80Stage 1 HTN130-13980-89Stage II HTN>140>90Isolated systolic HTN>140and <90", "cop": 4, "opa": ">140 mm Hg", "opb": ">150 mm Hg", "opc": ">160 mm Hg", "opd": ">170 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "cead8ae9-5647-49aa-a2c0-007047691abe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major poion of coronary blood flow occurs during", "exp": "The pressure inside the left ventricle is slightly higher than in the aoa during systole. Flow occurs in the aeries supplying the subendocardial poion of the left ventricle only during diastole, although the force is sufficiently dissipated in the more superficial poions of the left ventricular myocardium to permit some flow in this region throughout the cardiac cycle.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 611", "cop": 2, "opa": "Systole", "opb": "Diastole", "opc": "Not related to phases", "opd": "It is variable", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "4a86b3b0-844a-4948-865a-57ea22f44d68", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gastric employing is rabid with", "exp": "Isotonic raline causes most rapid gastric emptying among food substances > proteins > fats.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Carbohydrates", "opb": "Fals", "opc": "Proteins", "opd": "Isotonic salime", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "69e67546-0c89-4171-ab7c-6749e40262c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most of the neurons in the Autonomic Nervous System are", "exp": "Ans: a (cholinergic) Ref: Ganong 22nd ed/ p.226Most of the neurons in ANS are cholinergic.Autonomic Nervous System:Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres have a long course.Parasympathetic postganglionic fibres have a short course. This is because the parasympathetic ganglions are located near the tissues it supplies.Each preganglionic axon diverges to an average of 8 or 9 postganglionic neurons.Preganglionic: Postganglionic = 1:8 or 9.Conduction speed in different fibres:* Autonomic preganglionic axons are B type* Autonomic postganglionic axons are C type* Conduction speed A>B>CPreganglionic fibres are myelinated, whereas, postganglionic fibres are unmyelinated.Cholinergic neuronso All preganglionic neuronso Parasympathetic postganglionic neuronso Sympathetic postganglionic neurons which innervate sweat glands and vessels in skeletal muscles.Remaining sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic or noradrenergic.Types of nerve fibresFibre typeFunctionsA alphaProprioception; somatic motorA betaTouch, pressureA gammaMotor to muscle spindlesA deltaPain, coId, touchBPreganglionic autonomicC- Dorsal rootPain, temperature, some mechano- reception, reflex responsesC - SympatheticPostganglionic sympathetic Relative susceptibility of nerve fibres Most susceptibleIntermediateLeast susceptibleHypoxiaBACPressureABCLocal anaestheticsCBA", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cholinergic", "opb": "Adrenergic", "opc": "Noradrenergic", "opd": "Dopaminergic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "3b2982df-d351-4c30-b91f-0c5667923076", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcium initiates a skeletal muscle contraction by", "exp": "During excitation-contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle fiber, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (not the sarcolemma) and binds to troponin (not tropomyosin or myosin). The binding of calcium to the troponin causes the troponin to shift the position of the tropomyosin to which it is attached, thus uncovering the actin binding sites for binding with myosin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Binding to tropomyosin", "opb": "Being released primarily from the sarcolemma during an action potential", "opc": "Binding to troponin", "opd": "Covering action binding sites", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "fdb85f95-51c1-40b9-9da7-9ce858451b84", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lobe of civilization", "exp": "(A) Frontal lobe", "cop": 1, "opa": "Frontal lobe", "opb": "Parietal", "opc": "Temporal", "opd": "Occipital", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "23268e0a-54db-4bf3-8db1-05eb09765403", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In caissons disease pain in joint is because of", "exp": "In Caisson’s disease, the gas embolism is caused by nitrogen that expands in the tissues and passes to the circulation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nitrogen bubble", "opb": "Oxygen bubble", "opc": "Carbon monoxide", "opd": "Air in joint", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b505ea5a-9dbc-45e6-a9f1-5bdb19650ea4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plateau of cardiac action potential is due to", "exp": "Ans. c (Opening of voltage-activated slow calcium channels) (Ref. Ganong Physiology 22nd/pg. Chapter 29).In contrast to skeletal muscle:1. Cardiac muscle action potential has a plateau, which is due to Ca2+ influx2. Cardiac nodal cells spontaneously depolarize, resulting in automaticity3. Cardiac myocytes are electrically coupled to each other by gap junctions# Slow influx of calcium is responsible for the plateau phase of the action potential.Myocardial action potentialPhase 0Rapid depolarizationRapid sodium influx; these channels automatically deactivate after a few msPhase 1Early repolarizationEfflux of potassiumPhase 2PlateauSlow influx of calciumPhase 3Final repolarizationEfflux of potassiumPhase 4Restoration of ionic concentrationsResting potential is restored by Na+/K+ ATPase; there is slow entry of Na+ into the cell decreasing the potential difference until the threshold potential is reached, triggering a new action potential.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Opening of voltage-activated fast sodium channels", "opb": "Opening of voltage-activated potassium channels", "opc": "Opening of voltage-activated slow calcium channels", "opd": "Opening of voltage- activated calcium -sodium channels.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "410cb66b-521f-46e3-a2f2-46ef345b8b95", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Surfacant is made up of", "exp": "Dipalmitoylphoshatidylcholine is a phospholipid which along with proteins acts as surfactant.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fibrin", "opb": "Mucoprotein", "opc": "Phospholipids", "opd": "Fibrinogen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2d8d1081-4804-4a86-9092-0571f8ff37ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In an adult man weighing 70kgs, the extracellular fluid volume will be about", "exp": "Body water varies from 45-75% of body weight. The intracellular component of body water accounts for about 40% of body weight and the extracellular component constitute 20% of body weight. Hence 20% of 70 equals to 14L approximately. (REF TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL P G N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO 61)", "cop": 3, "opa": "42L", "opb": "25L", "opc": "14L", "opd": "12L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "054affe6-b978-40d1-856e-67144a44352a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diuresis produced by alcohol is due to", "exp": "Diuresis- increased formation and secretion of urine. Diuresis occurs in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and acute renal failure.Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that increases water permeability of the kidney&;s collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels in the plasma membrane of collecting duct cells. It also increases peripheral vascular resistance, which in turn increases aerial blood pressure. It plays a key role in homeostasis, by the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:- 311", "cop": 4, "opa": "Decreased tubular reabsorption", "opb": "Increased glomerular filtration rate", "opc": "Osmotic diuresis", "opd": "Inhibition of ADH secretion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "7575a6b3-6642-4be2-a8a0-ab69a433adbd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The best indicator of cystic fibrosis is", "exp": "A positive sweat test (i.e., a sweat chloride level greater than 60 mEq/L) is diagnostic of cystic fibrosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "A positive family history of cystic fibrosis", "opb": "The presence of digital clubbing", "opc": "A sweat test with a chloride concentration of 70mEq/L", "opd": "Bronchiectasis on a chest x-ray", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e8d900bf-5241-45f1-8891-52d42165b540", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Main site of peripheral vascular resistance is", "exp": "Arterioles are the chief site of vascular resistance.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pre-Capillary arterioles", "opb": "Pre-Capillary sphincters", "opc": "Capillaries", "opd": "Windkessel vessels", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e4a1287-6095-42b6-86bd-ec47c013f83f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "D20 (Deuterium oxide) is used to measure volume of", "exp": "B i.e. Total body water", "cop": 2, "opa": "Blood", "opb": "Total body water", "opc": "Extracellular fluid", "opd": "Intracellular fluid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "83cd2a34-241e-4c31-8f45-2c540b0e4204", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Juxtaglomerular apparatus lies in relation to;", "exp": "The proximal pa of the distal tubule comes in contact with the afferent aeriole. This complex of cells is called Juxtaglomerular apparatus. It lies in relation to glomerulus, and is made up of: Juxtaglomerular cells in afferent aeriole, Macula densa of the DCT, Agranular Polkissen or 'Lacis' cells situated in the angle created by the entrance and exit of afferent and efferent aerioles. Note: If the question asked is: \"JG cells lie in close relation with.....\" and the options include ascending pa of DCT or descending pa of DCT, the answer would be ascending pa of DCT.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "opb": "Ascending loop of Henle", "opc": "Descending loop of Henle", "opd": "Glomerulus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Excretory System (Kidney, Bladder) Acid-Base Balance", "id": "d5c47ba7-49be-483c-8f29-ba7a4aaf888c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Characteristic feature of cells of collecting duct are", "exp": "Features of collecting duct cells :\n\nNo brush border\nNo carbonic anhydrase in lumimal membrane\nHas 'tight' tight junction\nPara cellular transport not possible", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pressure of brush border", "opb": "Pressure of carbonic anhydrase in lumimal membrane", "opc": "It has leaky tight junction", "opd": "Para cellular transport not possible", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f7cc3b7e-dc74-4ed7-8b7e-c5cc9d0510db", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transcellular fluids are present in", "exp": "Transcellular fluid is part of ECF present in body cavities \nEg:Pleural fluid, pericardial fluid.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Body cavitites", "opb": "Plasma", "opc": "Interstitial space", "opd": "Intranuclear space", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c35f6b3-bd00-44ce-a09e-341e0be4a76a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve Fibres innervating sweat glands release the following at their endings", "exp": "(B) Acetylcholine > Sympathetic cholinergic system serves two important function.> Sweat gland: Secretion of sweat> Vasodilation in skeletal Muscles: A part of the neurons to blood vessels in skeletal muscles are anatomically sympathetic secrete acetylcholine. Simulation of this system of neurons produces vasodilatation in skeletal muscles.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Noradrenaline", "opb": "Acetylcholine", "opc": "Dopamine", "opd": "Histamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "650d7011-a238-4edc-af50-2f35771da677", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose is reabsorbed in", "exp": "Ans. a (PCT). (Ref. Ganong, Physiology, 21st/pg.713; Table 38-6.)PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT) - \"Workhorse of the nephron\".# Reabsorbs all of the glucose, inorganic phosphate, Cl, lactate and amino acids and most of the bicarbonate, sodium, and water.# Secretes ammonia, which acts as a buffer for secreted H\\Transport Proteins Involved in the Movement of Na+ and Cl Across the Apical Membranes of Renal Tubular Cells.SiteApical TransporterFunctionProximal tubuleNa+/ glucose CTNa+ uptake, glucose uptake Na+/ Pi CTNa+ uptake, Pi uptake Na+ amino acid CTNa+ uptake, amino acid uptake Na+/lactate CTNa+ uptake, lactate uptake Na+/H+ exchangerNa+ uptake, H extrusion Cl-/base exchangerCl- uptakeThick ascending limbNa+-K4-2CINa+ uptake, Cl uptake, K+ uptake Na+/H+ exchangerNa+ uptake, H+ extrusion K+ channelsK+ extrusion (recycling)Distal convoluted tubuleNaCI CTNa+ uptake, Cl uptakeCollecting ductNa+ channel (ENaC)Na+ uptake", "cop": 1, "opa": "PCT", "opb": "DCT", "opc": "Loop of Henle", "opd": "Collecting tubules", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "cc7bb33b-b3a7-47fc-8685-672e34259347", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The major prostanoid synthesized in kidney is", "exp": "PGE2 is the major prostanoid synthesized in the kidney. It is secreted by: RMICs (Renal Medullary Interstitial cells) Macula densa Cells in the collecting ducts. Prostacyclin (PGI2) and other prostaglandins are secreted by the aerioles and glomeruli. Renal Medullary interstitial cells (RMICs) and are specialized fibroblast-like cells which are major site of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin synthase (PGES) expression. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 26th editon Pgno: 662", "cop": 2, "opa": "PGE1", "opb": "PGE2", "opc": "PGI2", "opd": "PGF2-alpha", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "af0e5b55-2b19-4a6f-97b8-5963c04af964", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transcription refers to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "the process where an mRNA is used as a template for protein production.", "opb": "the process where a DNA sequence is copied into RNA for the purpose of gene expression.", "opc": "the process where DNA wraps around histones to form a nucleosome.", "opd": "the process of replication of DNA prior to cell division.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "120f1690-6de5-4b27-a002-8b652d163e66", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cerebral blood supply", "exp": "The average cerebral blood flow in young adults is 54 mL/100 g/minRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 575", "cop": 1, "opa": "55 ml/100 gm/min", "opb": "400 ml/100 gm/min", "opc": "100 ml/100 gm/min", "opd": "200 ml/100 gm/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "1085eb55-6581-435c-8f63-060e8d7d65b1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood pressure in the right ventricle", "exp": "Right atrium- 2mmHg\nRight ventricle- 25mmHg\nPulmonary artery- 25/8 mmHg\nLeft atrium- 5mmHg\nLeft ventricle- 120 mmHg\nAorta- 120/80 mmHg", "cop": 1, "opa": "25 mmHg", "opb": "80 mmHg", "opc": "95 mmHg", "opd": "120 mmHg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "61769fb9-772a-421d-b9ef-14c2f7f946fa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Satiety center is located at", "exp": "Ans. (a) Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.308)Feeding center - lateral nucleus of hypothalamusSatiety center - ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus", "opb": "Dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus", "opc": "Peritrigonal area", "opd": "Lateral nuclei", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "c4679c0c-2a62-417c-8191-c3fe24ed428e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The per cent of Free or Ionized Calcium in the body is", "exp": "(C) 50% # IONIZED CALCIUM:> Total calcium consists of free or ionized calcium (50%), calcium bound to protein (40-45%), principally albumin and calcium complexed to anions (5-10%), E.g. citrate, lactate, bicarbonate. Total calcium level does not give an indication of what is available at the cellular level.> Ionized calcium (iCa) is the form of calcium that is readily available to cells, and measurement of iCa is a more accurate reflection of the physiological calcium state.> Measurement of ionized calcium requires instrumentation with ion-specific electrodes. Unlike total calcium, ionized calcium is unaffected by albumin concentration, but it is affected by acid-base balance.> Acidosis (decreased pH) increases iCa, where as Alkalosis (increased pH) decreases iCa.> The pH of blood, serum or plasma changes rapidly with storage (usually decreases with refrigeration and increases with freezing), therefore iCa is unstable in stored blood samples.", "cop": 3, "opa": "10%", "opb": "25%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "75%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "b9a96019-81d6-48d2-af1c-d0bf6ede0e91", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In clinical practice, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is estimated using the plasma clearance value of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Inulin", "opb": "PAH", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "Creatinine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dc663f31-eabe-48ff-bf77-5580a52bf735", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Used for measuring GFR", "exp": "GLOMERULAR FILTRATION\nGlomerular Membrane (GBM)\nThe barriers through which filtration has to take place\n\nGlomerular endothelial cell layer: (Fenestrated capillary with a gap of 70-90 nm in between endothelium cells)\nBasement membrane: A gel-like acellular meshwork of glycoproteins and proteoglycans.\nVisceral epithelial layer of Bowman’s capsule:\n\ni) The visceral epithelial cell is called a podocyte.\nii) Each podocyte has many foor processes, which interdigitate to form filtration slits.\niii) The slits are approximately 25 nm wide and each is closed by an extremely thin processes called slit diaphragms which bridge the slits between the pedicels.\niv) Slit diaphragms are widened versions of the tight junctions and adhering junctions.\nv) Slit diaphragm is composed of several proteins, including nephrin (NPHS1), NEPH-1, podocin (NPHS2), a-actinin 4 (ACT), and CD2-Ap.\nGlomerular Membrane Permeability Depends on\n\nSize of particle: Neutral substances which are < 4 nm are freely filtered; > 8 nm are not filtered. Between 4 nm and 8 nm, the permeability is inversely proportional to the diameter.\nCharge of the particle: Since the filtration membrane are negatively charged, filtration of positively charged particles is facilitated whereas negatively charged particles are repelled.\nElectron microscopy demonstrates presence of an-ionic sites (negative charge) in all three layers of GBM\n\nMeasuring GFR (mGFR): to detect early damage\n\nClearance of exogenous substances: Inulin, iohexol, 51 CR-EDTA, 125I-iothalamate, 99m Tc-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA)\n\n- Evaluation: Precise and accurate, but costly, time-consuming.\n\nClearance of endogenous blood substances\n\n - Serum creatinine: Insufficiently sensitive for detection of chronic renal disease (CRD)\n- Creatinine clearance: No longer recommended due to errors in urine collection\nException: Patients with highly abnormal muscle mass or vegetarian diet\n- Serum cystatin C: More sensitive than serum creatinine for detection of GFR reduction in the range 70-40; better than creatinine in children.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inulin", "opb": "PAH", "opc": "Hippurate", "opd": "D2O", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa4e7151-6b22-4e92-aa34-7ec1f7c8f2c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Trapezoid body is associated with", "exp": "Ans: a (Auditory pathway) Ref: IB Singh 6th ed/p. 107Trapezoid body is concerned with auditory pathway.Auditory Pathway:First order neurons start from the spiral ganglion and end in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei.From there, the second order neurons end in superior olivary nucleus of both sides. Some fibres do not relay in superior olivary nucleus, instead go through the Trapezoid body.From both the trapezoid body and superior olivary nuclei, the fibres pass through the lateral lemniscus, to reach the inferior colliculus.From there, it goes to the medial geniculate body and is projected to superior temporal gyrus. Note:-Fibres arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus pass through the trapezoid body.Some fibres arising from the dorsal cochlear nucleus does not pass through the trapezoid body and project directly into the superior colliculus.Superior olivary nucleus receives fibres from both cochlea (bilateral).Fibres from both dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleireach superior olivary nucleus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Auditory pathway", "opb": "Visual pathway", "opc": "Touch pathway", "opd": "Pain pathway", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "436bb59d-e42e-43c4-b081-c7dce7dca047", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sympathetic stimulation on the bronchus causes", "exp": "(A) Bronchial dilatation", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bronchial dilatation", "opb": "Bronchial constriction", "opc": "Increased secretion of glands into bronchi", "opd": "No effect", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "747f5bee-c159-49ef-8a44-8c36537a6ceb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential of nerve is equal to equilibrium potential of", "exp": "B i.e. Chloride ion", "cop": 2, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "Cl-", "opc": "K+", "opd": "HCO3-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0180702b-6b64-4fa2-8238-739c8d94e34b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "pH of urine is", "exp": "Thats the normal ph of urine. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 503,504,505", "cop": 3, "opa": "7.10 - 7.40", "opb": "3 - 3.5", "opc": "4 - 6.5", "opd": "6.5 - 7.10", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "b3fd7b54-ef41-42d0-bd97-2b41b6d2e065", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The vanity of mesencephalic brain vesicle is", "exp": "The cerebral aqueduct, (aqueductus mesencephali, mesencephalic duct, syln aqueduct, or aqueduct of Sylvius), is within the midbrain. It contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and connects the third ventricle to the fouh ventricle, located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 841,842,843", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lateral ventricle", "opb": "Third ventricle", "opc": "Fouh ventricle", "opd": "Cerebral aqueduct", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "566353c6-e5e9-481a-b179-19b79e391add", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Auditory processing of spoken language is done by", "exp": "Ans. (b) Temporal lobe(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.291)Part of the temporal lobe concerned with auditory processing of spoken language is called Planum temporale. It is larger in left hemisphere", "cop": 2, "opa": "Parietal lobe", "opb": "Temporal lobe", "opc": "Occipital lobe", "opd": "Frontal lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "37774f08-27b4-463e-a8df-5fbaead42627", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lower esophageal sphincter", "exp": "Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) The resting pressure is about 20 mm Hg. Basal tone regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic nerves, and hormones. A significant fraction of this basal tone is mediated by vagal cholinergic fibers (contraction of LES). Hence, options A & B are not correct. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the sphincter causes the LES to contract. Relaxation LES occurs in response to primary peristalsis in the esophagus is mediated by VIP and NO. Contraction of the diaphragm or increased intra-abdominal pressure will increase the pressure in LES. Option C is not correct.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Has no tonic activity", "opb": "Has a tone which is provided by the sympathetic system", "opc": "Relaxes on increasing abdominal pressure", "opd": "Relaxes ahead of the peristaltic wave", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal System", "id": "284f618d-35a2-44c0-b747-ea1fa11fab8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Starling's law of the heart", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Does not operate in the failing heart", "opb": "Does not operate during exercise", "opc": "Explains the increase in cardiac output that occurs when venous return is increased", "opd": "Explains the increase in cardiac output when the sympathetic nerves supplying the heart stimulated", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6bd77364-2eef-4b25-abf9-ce51ae1478d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The duration of atrial systole is", "exp": "The duration of each of the hea sounds is slightly more than 0.10 second, with the first sound about 0.14 second and the second about 0.11 second. Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 119", "cop": 3, "opa": "0.80 second", "opb": "0.57 second", "opc": "0.11 second", "opd": "0.44 second", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2ad9e3aa-d231-47e0-96a5-19c34fac127f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prothrombin time is useful for", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Detection of clot retraction", "opb": "Platelet count", "opc": "In hemophilia", "opd": "For evaluation in a patient taking anticoagulant drugs", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6eae2107-af53-4501-9290-e0c32b93c549", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ventilation perfusion ratio is maximum at", "exp": "Ventilation perfusion ratio is maximum at the apex of the lung Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 332,333,334", "cop": 3, "opa": "Posterior lobe of lung", "opb": "Middle lobe", "opc": "Apex of lung", "opd": "Base of lung", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "ea8d93a0-659d-4f1e-803d-ee55766cbfeb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Area number for Motor area include", "exp": "4 & 6 {Description: Bradman's areas of Cerebral cortex)", "cop": 1, "opa": "4 & 6", "opb": "1, 2 & 3", "opc": "5 & 7", "opd": "16 & 18", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Miscellaneous Nervous System", "id": "c77b8255-f7ad-4191-8fe6-955799542e7b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The anterior pituitary is mainly composed of the following secretory cells", "exp": "Hormone - secreting cells of the human anterior pituitary gland. Cell Type hormones Secreted percentage of Total secretory Cells Somatotrope Growth hormone 50 Lactotrope Prolactin 10-30 Coicotrope ACTH 10 Thyrotrope TSH 5 Gonadotrope FSH, LH 20 ACTH, adrenocoicotropic hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Somatotrope", "opb": "Lactotrope", "opc": "Thyrotrope", "opd": "Coicotrope", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrine System", "id": "67b3f947-5acb-4702-a6c5-6c2b29e7ce79", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pain and temperature in the thalamus is controlled by the nucleus", "exp": "Ventroposterior medial nuclei receive trigeminothalamic afferents and relay to postcentral gyrus. \nVentroposterior lateral nuclei receive spinothalamic (Pain and temperature) and medial lemniscus afferents and relays to the cerebral cortex.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ventroposterior Medial", "opb": "Ventroposterior lateral", "opc": "Ventral anterior", "opd": "Ventral lateral", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "58ebcd26-861b-4b88-bacf-8b46e6cda356", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mitral and periglomerular cells are seen in", "exp": "Ans. (b) Olfactory bulb(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.217)Olfactory bulb has got special synaptic units called olfactory glomeruli where four types of cells are seen namely,#Mitral cells#Tufted cells#Granule cells#Periglomerular cells", "cop": 2, "opa": "Medulla", "opb": "Olfactory bulb", "opc": "Primary visual cortex", "opd": "Geniculate body", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "48a34f28-3ee4-42ec-a8ab-21f8c98b7796", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thrombosthenin is a", "exp": "Thrombasthenin, platelet contractile proteins contract and help in clot retraction 48 hours after injury. The contractile protein of platelets is, responsible for clot retraction, platelet aggregation, and release of ADP and other biologic amines essential to platelet function.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Coagulation factor", "opb": "Contractile protein", "opc": "A thrombosis promoting protein", "opd": "A protein regulating platelet production", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "e6b8eaf7-7b98-4e0b-9cff-74cfb523b4c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inner hair cells depolarise due to", "exp": "K+ channals on stereocilia are linked by elastic filaments Displacement of cilia opens or closes potassium channals K+entry causes depolarization and causes voltage gated calcium channels to open Clacium triggers release of neurotransmitters Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:722,723,724", "cop": 1, "opa": "K+influx", "opb": "Na influx", "opc": "Kefflux", "opd": "Voltage gated ca channels", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "2447e38d-420e-44dd-927e-8c7ebc1d640f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thyroid hormone acts through receptors present on", "exp": "Thyroid hormoneEither of two hormones, thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3, secreted by the follicles of the thyroid gland. They act on receptors in tissues throughout the body to increase the production of cellular proteins, the metabolic rate, and the activities of the sympathetic nervous system.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 341", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cell membrane", "opb": "Cytoplasmic membrane", "opc": "Nuclear membrane", "opd": "DNA", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b4c06080-2636-49ce-ace7-9e2d1b4b314e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GFR increases ifa) Efferent arteriole constrictsb) Efferent arteriole dilatesc) Afferent arteriole constrictsd) Afferent arteriole dilates", "exp": "Increase in glomerular hydrostatic pressure increases the filtration, whereas decrease in glomerular osmotic pressure or increase in bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure decreases the filtration.\n \nSimilarly, when afferent arterioles constrict, there is less flow to the glomerulus and less glomerular hydrostatic pressure, consequently less filtration. Whereas, when efferent arterioles constrict, there is increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus resulting in increased filtration.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ad", "opb": "c", "opc": "ac", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "87476dc7-d0ea-49af-b0c5-7d5154a46fe2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "2nd Most Common Hb in adult is", "exp": "a 2 ss 2 is the most abundant Hb in adult About 2.5% of the hemoglobin is hemoglobin A2, in which b chains are replaced by d chains (a2d2) which is second most abundant Hb in adult humanRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 522", "cop": 3, "opa": "a 2 ss 2", "opb": "a 2 g 2", "opc": "a 2 d 2", "opd": "ss 2 g 2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "18d60b30-03a5-4bed-bce7-1365fcd2f702", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In circulatory system, the highest velocity of blood flow is in the", "exp": "In circulatory system, the highest velocity of blood flow is in the aoa. The velocity of blood flow is inversely propoional to vascular cross-sectional area. v=Velocity F= Blood flow through the area A= Vascular cross sectional area Aoa has the least cross sectional area (4.5 cm2) and capillaries have the maximum cross sectional area (4500 cm2). Thus, under resting conditions, the velocity is highest in aoa and least in capillaries. Ref: Guyton and Hall 13th edition Pgno: 169-170", "cop": 1, "opa": "image_question", "opb": "image_question", "opc": "image_question", "opd": "image_question", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "3f656f2b-acd1-4e40-9919-e1868dd7bad5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "First change observed in distal part, of a cut nerve is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Axonal degeneration(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.89)Axonal degeneration is the earliest to occur followed by degeneration of myelin sheathMacrophages and Schwann cell clear the debris following degenerationThe neurolemma of the nerve fiber doesn't degenerate and remains as a hollow tube", "cop": 1, "opa": "Axonal degeneration", "opb": "Sprouting", "opc": "Myelin degeneration", "opd": "Schwann cells proliferation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "9504cbd3-5ffc-4997-89d0-7208d10faa13", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oxygen affinity decreases in", "exp": "Factors that shift O2- Hb dissociation curve to right - ie. Decrease O2 affinity with Hb: |ed in H+ cone. (|pH, Bohr effect) |ed CO2 (|O2, Hypoxic condition) |ed in temperature. |ed DPG. Factors that shi O2-Hb dissocia on curve to the left side ie. increase the O2 affinity with Hb Just reverse of the right shift |in temperature (Hypothermia) |in pH (7.6) | HbF (fetal Hb) CO poisoning", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypoxia", "opb": "Hypothermia", "opc": "HbF", "opd": "Increase in pH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "8da99ca3-b8e0-451b-a583-dad5b6a44503", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum voluntary ventilation is", "exp": "The maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the largest volume of gas that can be moved into and out of the lungs in 1 min by voluntary effo. The normal MVV is 125 to 170 L/min.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 593", "cop": 4, "opa": "25 L/min", "opb": "50 L/min", "opc": "100 L/min", "opd": "150 L/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "b8033106-6e07-4673-8210-c0f848b2070f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In cases of hypercapnia there is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased pH of blood", "opb": "Decreased pH of blood", "opc": "Remains same", "opd": "Increased oxygen concentration in blood", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1da50831-22f7-475f-b056-acca56763cd6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Appreciation of shape and size of an object placed in hand is lost in the lesion of", "exp": "Stereognosis is the perception of the form and nature of an object without looking at it. Normal persons can readily identify objects such as keys and coins of various denominations. This ability depends on relatively intact touch and pressure sensation and is compromised when the dorsal columns are damaged.Within the dorsal columns, fibers arising from different levels of the cord are somatotopically organized. Specifically, fibers from the sacral cord are positioned most medially and those from the cervical cord are positioned most laterally. This arrangement continues in the medulla with lower body (eg, foot) representation in the gracilus nucleus and upper body (eg, finger) representation in cuneate nucleus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tractus cuneatus", "opb": "Tractus gracilis", "opc": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Spino reticular tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "21a98212-f160-4f76-a11e-55627943e6f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In echocardiography pulses of of ultrasonic waves are admitted at a frequency of", "exp": "In echocardiography pulses of ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 2.25 megahez are admitted from a transducer that also functions as a receiver as a receiver to detect waves reflected back from various pas of the hea. Ref:page no 347 Textbook of physiology Volume 1 AK Jain 7th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "1 megahez", "opb": "2 megahez", "opc": "20 Hez", "opd": "2000 Hez", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "973d9741-d390-4e46-a970-ab67fef511f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Surfactant production is accelerated by", "exp": "Ans. (b) Glucocorticoids(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.631)Surfactant Production is Accelerated by:GlucocorticoidsThyroid hormonesThyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)ProlactinEpidermal growth factor (EGF)Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thyroxine", "opb": "Glucocorticoids", "opc": "Carbamazepine", "opd": "Iodine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "11863d8a-1cd6-456c-99d7-c15be303569c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Swinging flashlight' test can be helpful to elicit", "exp": "The relative afferent pupillary defect(RAPD) - Marcus Gunn pupil- can be elicited with the swinging flashlight test.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Argyll Robeson pupil", "opb": "Adie's tonic pupil", "opc": "Marcus Gunn pupil", "opd": "Subtle inequality in pupil size", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "14d9227b-5fd2-4b1e-a918-20b12c1cf836", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myelin is stained by", "exp": "Bielschowsky staining is done for the detection of myelin. The Bielschowsky technique is a silver staining method used in histochemistry for the visualization of nerve fibers, including multipolar interneurons in the cerebellum. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 4, "opa": "Wahin Starry", "opb": "Von Kossa", "opc": "Romanowski stain", "opd": "Bielschowsky staining", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "04f89d65-3a69-48bf-a367-47442c892bd4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Testosterone production is mainly contributed by", "exp": "Testosterone- the principal male sex hormone (androgen) that is produced by Leydig&;s cells of the testes in response to luteinizing hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It is also produced by the adrenal coex in both males and females. Its chief function is to stimulate the development of the male reproductive organs, including the prostate, and the secondary sex characters, such as the beard. It encourages growth of bone and muscle and helps maintain muscle strength.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-423", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leydig cells", "opb": "Seolie cells", "opc": "Seminiferous tubules", "opd": "Epididymis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "22b51606-5545-4e06-90de-5d5c4882e470", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "SA node acts as a pacemaker of the heart because of the fact that it", "exp": "SA node acts as the pacemaker of heart because the impulses generated here is having the fastest rate.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Is capable of generating impulses spontaneously", "opb": "Has rich sympathetic innervations", "opc": "Has poor cholinergic innervations", "opd": "Generates impulses at the highest rate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8344614f-813a-451e-b9e4-51d590b5dcba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Visceral pain", "exp": "In addition to being poorly localized, unpleasant, and associated with nausea and autonomic symptoms, visceral pain often radiates or is referred to other areas.", "cop": 3, "opa": "shows relatively rapid adaptation.", "opb": "is mediated by B fibers in the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves.", "opc": "is poorly localized.", "opd": "resembles \"fast pain\" produced by noxious stimulation of theskin.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bf069866-d019-42b7-bdf3-d3dbd1bd0f83", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a DNA molecule adenine always forms a linkage with", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Guanine", "opb": "Cytosine", "opc": "Thymine", "opd": "Uracil", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e53e89a9-4efe-4e0a-88a5-c81018560822", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If one of your nerves is compressed and this leads to paraesthesia for some time, the type of nerve fiber affected is probable", "exp": "The velocity of conduction through a nerve fiber is directly proportional to the thickness of the axon.\nThickest and fastest is A fibers. Among A fibers, the thickest is Aα. Hence the maximum affected by pressure will be Aα.", "cop": 1, "opa": "A α", "opb": "A δ", "opc": "C", "opd": "B", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "70f04bcd-6556-4db7-9450-1c1d3c03bb43", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Massage and the application of liniments to painful areas in the body relieves pain due to", "exp": "Massage and liniments application causes a tactile stimulus which is transmitted by Aβ fibers which are large myelinated fibers. This causes stimulation of enkephalinergic inhibitory interneurons through the collaterals, thus inhibiting the pain sensation through the spinothalamic tract.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stimulation of endogenous analgesic system", "opb": "Release of endorphins by the first order neurons in the brain stem", "opc": "Release of glutamate and substance P in the spinal cord", "opd": "Inhibition by large myelinated afferent fibres", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bbe98280-248a-47f0-8af5-fb13dc8b17db", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter in sweat gland", "exp": "sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter in sweat glands is Ach Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology, 23rd edition Page no:134", "cop": 4, "opa": "Epinephrine", "opb": "Nor- epinephrine", "opc": "Serotonine", "opd": "Acetylcholine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "fedcb3de-ac32-4531-9a12-f58d24bfbba3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The important feature of 2,3 disphosphoglycerate includes", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Higher concentration in adult blood", "opb": "Contribution to Bohr effect", "opc": "Increased affinity of O2 to haemoglobin", "opd": "Associated with foetal blood to promote oxygenation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e3e23d61-e08f-432c-b8b3-24147f5e00b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Associative learning", "exp": "In associative learning, the organism learns about the relation of one stimulus to another.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:290.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Associated with consciousness", "opb": "Includes skills and habits", "opc": "Relation of one stimulus to another", "opd": "Facilitation of recognition of words", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9bf4f6a3-d2eb-41f4-be9d-39d95223b514", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "From the left ventricular pressure volume loop calculate Ejection fraction", "exp": "Ejection fraction = Stroke volume / End diastolic volume = (130-60) /13 =0.538 =53.8%", "cop": 1, "opa": "54%", "opb": "58%", "opc": "60%", "opd": "65%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "1defb22b-f252-4a46-a793-10bf576cc567", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The longest transit time in GIT is seen in", "exp": "The longest transit time is seen in the colon. Average Transmit Time Segment Transit time Esophagus 2-3 seconds Stomach 2-5 hours Small intestine 3-6 hours Caecum 4 hours First third of colon 6 hours Second third of colon 9 hours Sigmoid colon 12 hours Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 26th edition pgno: 493-494", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Ileum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "3f004b2c-43c8-497b-b6f0-c403a54a5e09", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In low blood pressure, the kidney secretes", "exp": "(Renin): Ref: 245-SL, 245-G (670- Ganong 23rd)RENIN: - is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the granular cells (Juxtaglomerular cells) of juxtaglomerular apparatusSecretion of renin is stimulated by four factors1. Fall in arterial blood pressure2. Reduction in the volume of extracellular fluid3. Increased sympathetic activity4. Decreased load of sodium and chloride in macula densaVasopressin (ADH) secreted by mainly by (supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamusVasoprossin secretion increasedVesopressin secretion decreased* Increased effective osmotic pressure of plasma* Decreased extracellular fluid volume* Pain, emotion, stress exercise* Nausea and vomiting* Standing* Clofibrale, carbamazepine* Angiotensin II* Decreased effective osmotic pressure of plasma* Increased extracellular fluid volume* Alcohol", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cortisol", "opb": "ADH", "opc": "Aldosterone", "opd": "Renin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "6646b697-2b79-47e0-a26f-66aafc9bbb1f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transducin is a protein found in", "exp": "Transducin (Gt) is a protein naturally expressed in veebrate retina rods and cones and it is very impoant in veebrate phototransduction. It is a type of heterotrimeric G-protein with different a subunits in rod and cone photoreceptors. Light leads to conformational changes in rhodopsin, which in turn leads to the activation of transducin. Transducin activates phosphodiesterase, which results in the breakdown of cGMP. The intensity of the flash response is directly propoional to the number of transducin activated. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 742,743,744", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glomerulus", "opb": "Retina", "opc": "Skeletal muscle", "opd": "Adrenal medulla", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "a365c111-ce0f-410f-a73a-0dc7223b554c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Role of growth hormone in spermatogenesis", "exp": "Growth hormone (as well as most of the other body hormones) is necessary for controlling background metabolic functions of the testes. Growth hormone specifically promotes early division of the spermatogonia themselves; in its absence, as in pituitary dwarfs, spermatogenesis is severely deficient or absent, thus causing infeility.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Late division of spermatocytes", "opb": "Early division of spermatogonia", "opc": "Formation of acrosome", "opd": "Stimulation of Seoli and Leydig cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "8d6d73e3-eec3-4bb2-9bc4-4c848200e7ae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antegrade peristalsis is due to", "exp": "* Peristalsis can be defined as a motor pattern of the gut organ musculature that can propel content into the anal (antegrade peristalsis) or oral (retrograde peristalsis) direction * Impulses travelling orad activate ascending contraction * Neurotransmitters here are acetylcholine, substance P, and neurokinin A. * Impulses travelling caudad activate descending relaxation * Neurotransmitters here are VIP, NO, and PACAP (pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide). Ref:- Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract Sixth Edition; pg num:- 368", "cop": 4, "opa": "Serotonin", "opb": "Ach", "opc": "Substance P", "opd": "VIP", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "55f41d33-28f3-43ee-b0c9-56c92120f7d4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brain perfusion means", "exp": "MAP is the average blood pressure during one cardiac cycle and can be directly measured through invasive hemodynamic monitoring or can be calculated as the systolic blood pressure, plus two times the diastolic blood pressure, divided by three. The normal range of MAP is 70 to 100 mm Hg. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:813,814,815", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mean aerial pressure - Intracranial pressure", "opb": "Mean aerial pressure + Intracranial pressure", "opc": "Mean aerial pressure - CVP", "opd": "Mean aerial pressure + CVP", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "2afa6e6b-6108-4be7-bbbb-dea4bd805ebc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Within the endocrine system, specificity of communication is determined by", "exp": "Hormones produce their effects on target cells by interacting with specific receptors. Hormone binding to its receptor generally initiates a cascade of events that lead to biological effects in the target cells.", "cop": 3, "opa": "The chemical nature of the hormone", "opb": "The distance between the endocrine cell and its target cell(s)", "opc": "The presence of specific receptors on target cells", "opd": "Anatomical connections between the endocrine and target cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b606a13d-d70e-4b13-bacf-26f890844925", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Growth is not modified by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Growth hormone / corticotrophin", "opb": "Vasopressin", "opc": "Insulin", "opd": "Prolactin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "485bcd95-51ec-4c67-a50e-16af4cdb1506", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lifespan of platelets and neutrophils is respectively", "exp": "Erythrocytes 120 days\nPlatelets 8-9 days\nNeutrophils 5 days", "cop": 1, "opa": "8-9 days and 5 days", "opb": "120 days and 5 days", "opc": "5 days and 120 days", "opd": "5 days and 8-9 days", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "690b18f5-9b88-461c-89cc-a79d45d55b78", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Episodic hypeension is a feature of", "exp": "Classic triad: Headache + Diaphoresis+ Palpitation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Carcinoid tumor", "opb": "Insulinoma", "opc": "Pheochromocytoma", "opd": "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5a2a4115-f381-4d10-a3ab-9ca6da93e27f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Number of neurons in enteric nervous system", "exp": "The ENS consists of some 100 million neurons, one-thousandth of the number of neurons in the brain, and about one-tenth the number of neurons in the spinal cord. The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:442,443,444", "cop": 1, "opa": "100 million", "opb": "10 million", "opc": "l million", "opd": "l lakh", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "56224d07-d4ff-49fc-8b50-330c4d486b6c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Decreased basal metabolic rate is seen in", "exp": "The remaining options utilise energy. Basal metabolic rate and obesity The basal metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75% of the daily calorie expenditure by individuals. It is influenced by several factors. BMR typically declines by 1-2% per decade after age 20, mostly due to loss of fat-free mass, although the variability between individuals is high. Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e pg843", "cop": 1, "opa": "Obesity", "opb": "Hypehyroidism", "opc": "Feeding", "opd": "Exercise", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "4a5a1278-2ae8-4808-8548-29acfb03ef49", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ist urge of micturition comes at", "exp": "When 100-150 millilitres (3.5-5 ounces) of urine accumulate, the first sensations of a need to void are felt. The feeling increases in intensity as more urine accumulates, and it becomes uncomfoable at a bladder volume of 350-400 millilitres. Impulses from the pelvic nerves mediate the sensations of bladder filling, painful distension, and the conscious need to urinate. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:519,520,521", "cop": 2, "opa": "50ml", "opb": "150ml", "opc": "250ml", "opd": "350ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "1bcebfdf-78dd-4ac4-a05b-3c08746c59ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lowest recurrence rate in duodenal ulcer treatment is seen with", "exp": "For the management of PUD,vagotomy is sometimes combined with antrectomy (removal of the distal half of the stomach) to reduce the rate of recurrence. Reconstruction is performed with gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I) or gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II). Ref surgery Srb p1178", "cop": 2, "opa": "Highly selective vagotomy", "opb": "Truncal vagotomy", "opc": "Truncal vagotomy and antrectomy", "opd": "Truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f078289e-5ef8-4fbd-9976-c76ffa30a5e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thrombopoietin is produced by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Monocytes", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Megakaryocyte", "opd": "Megakaryoblast", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cfe58861-dd50-4cb5-9d06-0db55ebbff69", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Elasticity of the corneal layer of skin is due to the presence of", "exp": "B i.e. Keratin The elasticity, stability and integrity of stratum corneum of skin is due to disulfide cross linkages between the keratin moleculesQIn the stratum corneum layer, keratohyaline granules are present. These granules form protein profilaggrin, which is degraded into filaggrin (filament aggregating protein), as granular cells transform to keratinized corneum cells. Filaggrin is a hyaline rich protein which functions as interfilamentous glue to aggregate and align the keratin filaments in keratinized cells. Keratohyaline also contain cysteine rich proteins, whose disulfide bonds contribute to the chemical ineness and strengh of the keratinized layer.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Keratin", "opc": "Lysine", "opd": "Cysteine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ac2c254e-2ac2-490f-8177-ebf0688993c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most accurate measurement of extracellular fluid volume (ECF) can be done by using", "exp": "Ans. (c) Inulin(Ref: Guyton, 13th ed/p.309)Inulin - Gold standard substance for ECF measurementOther indicators used in ECF measurement are,#Sucrose#Mannitol#Sodium Thiosulphate", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sucrose", "opb": "Mannitol", "opc": "Inulin", "opd": "Aminopyrine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "5cf3d507-0ac7-46d2-8fef-847bf329de26", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Receptors for thyroid hormone are located in", "exp": "Ans. b (Nucleus). (Ref. Ganong Physiology 22nd/pg. Chapter 1 and Figure 1-35)Thyroid hormones enter cells, and T3 binds to thyroid receptors (TR) in the nuclei. T4 can also bind, but not as avidly. The hormone-receptor complex then binds to DNA via zinc fingers and increases or in some cases decreases the expression of a variety of different genes that code for enzymes which regulate cell function. Thus, the nuclear receptors for thyroid hormones are members of the superfamily of hormone-sensitive nuclear transcription factors.There are two human TR genes: an a receptor gene on chromosome 17 and a b receptor gene on chromosome 3. By alternative splicing, each forms at least two different mRNAs and therefore two different receptor proteins. TRb2 is found only in the brain, but TRal, TRa2, and TRbl are widely distributed. TRs bind to DNA as monomers, homodimers, and heterodimers with other nuclear receptors, particularly the retinoid X receptor (RXR).MECHANISM OF ACTION OF STEROID AND THYROID HORMONESTypeCharacteristic HormonesDisease states due to impairment of receptor functionIntracellular ReceptorsTranscription regulatory proteinsGlucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estradiol, androgens, progesterone, triiodothyronine, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, retinoic acidTesticular feminization and other androgen resistance syndromes; cortisol resistance; vitamin D-dependent rickets type II; thyroid hormone resistance; estrogen resistanceMembrane receptorsSeven transmembrane domain receptorsLH, TSH, parathyroid hormone, epinephrine, somatostatin, vasopressin,glucagon, angiotensin II, FSH, prostaglandins, serotoninPseudohypoparathyroidism, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, malepseudohermaphroditism due to mutations of the LH receptor, Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasiaProtein tyrosine kinasesInsulin, insulin-like growth factor- 1, platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factorDiabetes mellitus with profound insulin resistanceGuanylate cyclaseGrowth hormone, prolactin, cytokines, nerve growth factorLaron dwarfismGrowth hormone prolactin familyAtrial natriuretic peptide Also Know:The differentiation of adipocytes requires the action of a nuclear receptor protein--in the same family as the receptors for thyroid hormone, vitamin A, and vitamin D--known as PPAR# Nuclei:# Microtubules:# Active zones:# Clear vesicles:# Granulated vesicles:Contain steroid receptorsAssociated with kinesinContain syntaxinContain acetylcholineContain catecholamines", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cell membrane", "opb": "Nucleus", "opc": "Cytoplasm", "opd": "DNA strands", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "ed3a89c4-e76e-4ec5-8734-8018a8e103a9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myelin sheath in CNS is produced by", "exp": "Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are involved in myelin formation around axons in the CNS and peripheral nervous system respectively. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 80.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oligodendrocyte", "opb": "Schwann cell", "opc": "Microglia", "opd": "Macroglia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3757d845-e48b-47f1-8970-cc47827826c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The usual voltage of alpha rhythm is", "exp": "Alpha waves are neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8-12 Hz arising from the synchronous and coherent (in phase or constructive) electrical activity of thalamic pacemaker cells in humans. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 818,819,820", "cop": 3, "opa": "5 mv", "opb": "10 mv", "opc": "50 mv", "opd": "100 mv", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "7c6863be-5c1c-456e-a61e-43e020a49b05", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Biological clock of brain is located in", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Suprachiasmatic nucleus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Preoptic nucleus", "opb": "Lateral nucleus", "opc": "Suprachiasmatic nucleus", "opd": "Supraoptic nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "37033126-c04e-452c-a27b-db940e5284c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The frequency of beta waves (per sec) in EEG is", "exp": "D i.e. 13-30", "cop": 4, "opa": "0-4", "opb": "7-Apr", "opc": "13-Jul", "opd": "13-30", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bd0d5e1a-4c7d-42ca-b0b1-0bf2ac2f798a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "‘A’ wave in Electro Retinogram corresponds to the activity", "exp": "The electroretinogram (ERG) is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity generated by neural and non-neuronal cells in the retina in response to a light stimulus. The electrical response is a result of a retinal potential generated by light-induced changes in the flux of trans retinal ions, primarily sodium and potassium. \nA-wave: initial corneal-negative deflection, derived from the cones and rods of the outer photoreceptor layers.\nThis wave reflects the hyperpolarization of the photoreceptors due to the closure of sodium ion channels in the outer segment membrane. Absorption of light triggers the rhodopsin to activate transducin, a G-protein. This leads to the activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cGMP PDE) eventually leading to a reduction in the level of cGMP within the photoreceptor. This leads to closure of the sodium ion channels resulting in a decrease of inwardly directed sodium ions, or a hyperpolarization of the cell. The a-wave amplitude is measured from the baseline to the trough of the A-wave.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rods and cones", "opb": "Pigment epithelium", "opc": "Ganglion cell layer", "opd": "Nerve fibre layer", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0bf0a75d-6fcc-438e-af15-64d19af94d48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Testosterone is produced in Leydig cells in fetus due to", "exp": "Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone (androgen) that is produced by Leydig&;s cells of the testes in response to luteinizing hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It is also produced by the adrenal coex in both males and females. Its chief function is to stimulate the development of the male reproductive organs, including the prostate, and the secondary sexcharacters, such as the beard. It encourages growth of bone and muscle and helps maintain muscle strength.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-423", "cop": 2, "opa": "FSH", "opb": "ssHCG", "opc": "Coisol", "opd": "Estrogen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "4f204012-577c-46f4-9876-9990e919d561", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The volume in lungs at the time of full relaxation of lungs is", "exp": "Functional residual capacity: Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration (RV + ERV). Around 2400 mlRef: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 593", "cop": 1, "opa": "FRC", "opb": "Tidal volume", "opc": "Inspiratory reserve volume", "opd": "Expiratory reserve volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "51f98645-c74e-4593-9086-c38e87565743", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sleep waves in the hippocampal area are", "exp": "Sleep waves and brain areas\n-        Alpha rhythm- Parietal and occipital lobe\n-        Beta rhythm- Frontal lobe\n-        Theta rhythm- Hippocampus (Mammals other than human), Cortex (Human)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Delta", "opb": "Theta", "opc": "Beta", "opd": "Alpha", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b1e3eab8-1552-45bf-9646-1e8f61a68882", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ECF volume assessment can be done most accurately by", "exp": "Indicators used for fluid volumes\n1.       Total body water (TBW)- Deuterium Oxide D2O, Tritium oxide, Aminopyrine, Antipyrine\n2.       ECF- Inulin, Sucrose, Mannitol, Sodium thiosulphate, Na22\n3.       Plasma volume- Evan’s blue, radioactive iodine labelled serum albumin (I125)\n \n4.       Blood cell volume- Cr51 labelled RBC\nThe most accurate indicator for ECF volume assessment is Inulin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sucrose", "opb": "Mannitol", "opc": "Inulin", "opd": "Aminopyrine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9520ace7-dbaf-454e-8c9c-10f7cedc50bb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Weight of 1 cc of air at normal pressure and temperature", "exp": "Ans: a (0.001297g)Weight of 1 cc of air at normal temperature and pressure is 0.001297g", "cop": 1, "opa": "0.001297g", "opb": "0.002345g", "opc": "0.004g", "opd": "1.OOOg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "da31fbd9-9d62-434e-bb35-a65788f41565", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential of a neuron is", "exp": "In neurons, the resting membrane potential is usually about - 70mV, which is close to the equilibrium potential for K+. Because there are more open K+channels than Na+ channels at rest Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology;25th edition; pg: 90", "cop": 3, "opa": "-9mV", "opb": "-50mV", "opc": "-70mV", "opd": "-100mV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "80e6faab-60ec-42f1-9ab2-09a339cad8f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nucleus of basal ganglia", "exp": "Ans. (c) Caudate(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.243)Basal ganglia nuclei are,#Caudate and Putamen#Globus pallidus#Substantia nigra#Subthalamic nucleus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dentate", "opb": "Thalamus", "opc": "Caudate", "opd": "Red nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "0ed8062c-b58a-4a22-b7c4-3d599693d6ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to left in", "exp": "When blood becomes slightly acidic wit PH decreasing from normal value of 7.4 to 7.2, the O2 - Hb curve shifts on an average about 15% to right. A shift in O2-Hb curve to right occurs in response to increased blood CO2 and hydrogen ions. Decreased blood temperature shifts the curve to left In normal BPG in blood shifts curve slightly to right all the time. In hypoxic condition, the level of BPG increases and shifts curve to right even faher.Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by Guyton and Hall,2nd South Asia Edition, page no.373,374", "cop": 3, "opa": "Metabolic acidosis", "opb": "Hypercapnia", "opc": "Hypothermia", "opd": "Increased 2-3 DPG levels", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "f22bd8b2-963a-4e18-a1f9-a23fa8e0f3b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carbon monoxide effect on O2 dissociation curve is", "exp": "Carbon monoxide (CO) combines with hemoglobin at the same point on the hemoglobin molecule as does O2; it can, therefore, displace O2 from the hemoglobin, thereby decreasing the O2-carrying capacity of blood. Fuher, it binds with about 250 times as much tenacity as O2.The presence of HbF and carbon monoxide (CO) shift the curve to the left, increasing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 41; Transpo of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids", "cop": 2, "opa": "Shift to right", "opb": "Shift to left", "opc": "No change", "opd": "Linear curve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "c1927c06-067a-45de-9107-695e4a7d1415", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Initiation of impulse starts in", "exp": "(B) Axon hillock + initial segment # Neuron:- Neuron generally have four important zones:> There is a Receptor, or Dendritic zone, where multiple local potential changes generated by synaptic connections are integrated (i.e. Non conducted local potentials are integrated in the receptor zone)> A site where propagated action potential are generated (initial segment in spinal motor neurons, the initial node of Ranvier in cutaneous sensory neurons)> An axonal process that transmits propagated impulses to the nerve endings and (iv) The nerve endings, where action potential cause the release of synaptic transmitters# Nissl bodies (granules): -- are small basophilic granules, membranous organelles containing ribosomes; present through out the cell body (soma, or perikaryon) except in axon hillock (from where axon arises); flow into the dendrites but not into axon; they are stained with basic dyes (E.g.. Methylene blue, thioneine or cresyl violet)> During fatigue or injury of neuron, these bodies fragment and disappear by a process called chromatolysis; within 48 hours of section of the nerve the Nissl substance begins to disintegrate into a fine duct - chromatolysis).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Axon", "opb": "Axon hillock + initial segmen", "opc": "Cell body", "opd": "Dendritic tree", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "b96292f4-e4e9-4345-8bac-6e13d6f48e6c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Relaxation of mesangial cells is responsible for", "exp": "Mesangial cells are specialized cells around blood vessels in the kidneys, at the mesangium. They are specialized smooth muscle cells that function to regulate blood flow through the capillaries,Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 673", "cop": 2, "opa": "Absorption of glucose", "opb": "Maintenance of blood flow", "opc": "Osmotic gradient in medulla", "opd": "Secretion of uric acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "509646a3-7002-411c-880d-81526377a187", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vital capacity is sum of", "exp": "Ans. a (Inspiratory reserve volume, Tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume) (Ref Ganong 23rd/593)Ganong 23rd/Fig. 35-7:# VC = 4700 ml = ERV + TV + IRVRespiratory volumes and capacities for an average young male.MeasurementTypicalDefinitionRespiratory volumes1Tidal volume (TV)500 mlAmount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during relaxed quiet breathing2Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)3000 mlAmount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort3Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)1200 mlAmount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort4Residual volume (RV)1200 mlAmount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; keeps alveoli inflated between breaths and mixes with fresh air on next inspirationRespiratory Capacities5Vital capacity (VC)4700 mlAmount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration (ERV + TV + IRV); used to assess strength of thracic muscles as well as pulmonary function6Inspiratory capacity (1C)3500 mlMaximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration (TV + IRV)7Functional residual capacity (FRC) 2400 mlAmount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration (RV + ERV)8Total lung capacity (TLC)5900 mlMaximum amount of air the lungs can contain (RV + VC)Additional Educational points# In a healthy normal adult male, FVC is approximately 5.0 L, FEV, is approximately 4.0 L, and thus, the calculated FEV1/ FVC is 80%.# Obstructive disorders result in a marked decrease in both FVC and FEV1/FVC, whereas restrictive disorders result in a loss of FVC without loss in FEV1/FVC.# FEV1/FVC for obstructive (42%) versus restrictive (90%) patients defines the hallmark measurements in evaluating these two diseases.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inspiratory reserve volume, Tidal volume and Expiratory reserve volume", "opb": "Tidal volume, Inspiratory reserve volume and Residual volume", "opc": "Expiratory reserve volume, Inspiratory reserve volume and Residual volume.", "opd": "Residual volume, Inspiratory volume, and Expiratory reserve volume.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "f447b721-2310-4147-963e-adfe65842b23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Respiratory minute volume of lung is", "exp": "Respiratory minute volume of the lung is 6 litres Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:324,325,326", "cop": 1, "opa": "6 L", "opb": "4 L", "opc": "500 mL", "opd": "125 L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "22eb3dd5-1b57-42bf-8549-6a09d84b1757", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A marker of Golgi apparatus is", "exp": "Golgi apparatus is a collection of membrane-enclosed sacs. They are directed at proper glycosylation of proteins and lipids. (REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 24 EDITION, PAGE NO - 46)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Galactosyl transferase", "opb": "Acetyl CoA synthetase", "opc": "Pyruvate kinase", "opd": "Malonyl CoA", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "f4c0d039-042f-4ae1-a2b0-55416038c619", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sour taste is mediated by", "exp": "Salt ⇒ mediated by Na+ selective channel (ENaC)\nSour ⇒ mediated by H+ ions permeable to ENaCs\nBitter, sweet, umami ⇒ mediated by G-protein coupled receptors", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na+ selective channel (ENac)", "opb": "G - protein coupled receptors", "opc": "H+ ions permeable to ENaCs", "opd": "Glutamate receptors", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "88a0c6f0-2351-4df8-8c7d-a1fde0e9e066", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inhibition of myenteric plexus results in", "exp": "Two major networks of nerve fibers are intrinsic to the gastrointestinal tract: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus), between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers, and the submucous plexus (Meissner's plexus), between the middle circular layer and the mucosa. Collectively, these neurons constitute the enteric nervous system. The myenteric plexus innervates the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers and is concerned primarily with motor control, whereas the submucous plexus innervates the glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells, and submucosal blood vessels and is primarily involved in the control of intestinal secretion.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, SCOTT BOITANO, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SUSAN BARMANTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO:448", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyperacidity", "opb": "Diarrhea", "opc": "Decreased gut motility", "opd": "Increased secretions", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "95c08a05-6649-41d1-8fe5-905be2a4d0b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following change is noted during exercise", "exp": "During strenuous exercise, the body&;s heat production may exceed 1000 W. Some of the heat produced is stored, raising body core temperature by a few degrees. Rises in body temperature are sensed by central and skin thermoreceptors and this sensory information are processed by the hypothalamus to trigger appropriate effector responses. Other sensory inputs from baroreceptors and osmoreceptors can modify these responses.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Blood flow to brain increases with increase in mean systolic blood pressure", "opb": "Body temperature increases", "opc": "Lymphatic flow from muscle decreases", "opd": "Blood flow to muscles increase after half a minute", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "4b40369a-dfb6-454a-8a1e-ae0c31cac16a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best denotes airway resistance", "exp": "The maximal expiratory flow at 50 % of the forced vital capacity (MEF50) is the flow where half of forced vital capacity (FVC) remains to be exhaled . It corresponds to the forced expiratory flow at 50 % (FEF50) and correlates highly with the maximum mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75 %) Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:326,327,328", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vital Capacity", "opb": "Mid respiratory flow rates", "opc": "FEV1", "opd": "Total volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "f296305f-effe-4975-b56e-7b5fb1839880", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulmonary vasoconstriction is caused by", "exp": "Prostacyclin, alpha 2 stimulation, and Histamine are potent vasodilators.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 563", "cop": 3, "opa": "Prostacyclin", "opb": "Alpha-2 stimulation", "opc": "Hypoxia", "opd": "Histamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "0c82a080-207d-4bd9-a362-af46049a33c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Flocculo nodular lobe has direct connection with", "exp": "Flocculonodular lobe is also called as vestibulocerebellum. Fibers doesn’t have to project to deep nuclei from here. The efferents from this lobe are sent directly to the vestibular nuclei in the brain stem.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Red nucleus", "opb": "Inferior olivary nucleus", "opc": "Vestibular nucleus", "opd": "Dentate nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "32628840-b993-4a3c-bac0-5a347d27d117", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cushing phenomenon is", "exp": "Cushing reflex (also referred to as the vasopressor response, the Cushing effect, the Cushing reaction, the Cushing phenomenon, the Cushing response, or Cushing's Law) is a physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad of increased blood pressure Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Low BP and high hea rate", "opb": "High BP and hea rate", "opc": "Low BP and low hea rate", "opd": "High BP and low hea rate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "15ded6a5-7742-4afc-b006-f35cda9cce25", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reason for hyperosmolarity is", "exp": "Hyperosmolarity in the interstitium of kidney is due to activity of na+k+2cl- pump at the ascending limb of loop of henle Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page:480,481,482", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased glomerular capillary pressure", "opb": "Decreased absorbtion of Na+ in PCT", "opc": "Increased activity of Na+ K+ 2cl- ATPase in loop", "opd": "Decreased activity of Na+ K+ ATPase in loop", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "ccd94fbc-2c47-4288-b128-8a38c67e52b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The regeneration of nerve fibres is possible in the\nperipheral nervous system than the central nervous system because", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Presence of neurilemmal sheath in peripheral nerve", "opb": "Presence of neurilemmal sheath in central nervous system", "opc": "The absence of myelin sheath in the central nervous system", "opd": "Disturbed vascular supply", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b970b69d-fa20-4890-be0d-b0b9791fe879", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Beta HCG is secreted by", "exp": "In molecular biology, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblast, a component of the feilized egg, after conception. Following implantation, the syncytiotrophoblast gives rise to the placenta.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-414", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ovary", "opb": "Pituitary", "opc": "Corpus luteum", "opd": "Placenta", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "34984002-d5ba-43ac-810d-7067cc12fce0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Food in stomach", "exp": "Enterochromaffin cells", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enterochromaffin cells", "opb": "Adrenal medulla", "opc": "Adrenal coex", "opd": "Thyroid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "522c19c0-43ec-4266-b376-369c394f3f76", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neocerebellum is concerned with", "exp": ". Neocerebellum comprises of remaining pas of the posterior cerebellum viz., the declive, tuber and the lateral ansiform and paramedian lobules. The neocerebellum receives information from the cerebral coex and pons. It occupies the more lateral regions of the cerebellar coex. It is concerned with skilled voluntary movements. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 780,781,782", "cop": 2, "opa": "Eye movements", "opb": "Motor planning", "opc": "Equilibrium", "opd": "Motor execution", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "44b79388-1bde-4fcc-9d45-fd9c3cdb948a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Source of calcium for smooth muscle contraction", "exp": "Ca2+ plays a prominent role in the initiation of contraction of smooth muscle. Depending on the activating stimulus, Ca2+increase can be due to influx through voltage- or ligand-gated plasma membrane channels, efflux from intracellular stores through the RyR, efflux from intracellular stores through the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) Ca2+channel, or a combination of these channels.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Influx into intracellular store through IP3 receptor Ca2+ channel", "opb": "Efflux through voltage - gated Ca2+ channel", "opc": "Efflux through ligand - gated Ca2+ channel", "opd": "Combination of influx of Ca2+ through voltage - gated, ligand gated Ca2+channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5e2c834e-56e8-4bf0-ac8d-1ec1ddaf8212", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose transpo occur with the help of following ion in absorption in gut region", "exp": "Glucose is absorbed into the epithelial cells lining the mucous membrane of the small intestine from their brush border surface by an active transpo mechanism Sodium co-transpo mechanism. Binding of glucose & Na+ to carrier protein: The carrier protein in cell membrane has 2 binding sites, one for sodium & another for glucose.It is called sodium-dependent glucose transpoer-I. The conformational change in the carrier protein occurs only when the binding sites are occupied by the sodium & glucose present in the gut lumen forming the sodium- glucose - carrier complex. Ref: Medical Physiology, Indu Khurana", "cop": 1, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Ca+", "opd": "CI-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "798fd268-a21d-4847-8b6e-cac0e9626903", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Epicritic perception of pain occurs at the level of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Thalamus", "opb": "Area 3, 1, 2", "opc": "Areas 5, 7", "opd": "Pulvinar", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e5e017a0-2f53-4392-9722-956936faed9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Refractory period is minimum for", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "A alpha", "opb": "A beta", "opc": "A delta", "opd": "C fibers", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f2396cca-1664-4b1a-a9df-b1c76b293367", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary respiratory regulatory centre is located at", "exp": "The respiratory centers are located in the medulla oblongata and pons, which are pas of the brainstem. The respiratory centers are divided into four major groups, two groups in the medulla and two in the pons. The two groups in the medulla are the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group. The two groups in the pons are the pneumotaxic center also known as the pontine respiratory group, and the apneustic center. The Inspiratory center (Dorsal respiratory group) -Location: Dorsal poion of medulla -Nucleus: Nucleus tractus solitarius. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:370,371,372", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dorsal medulla", "opb": "Aponeurotic centre", "opc": "Pneumotaxic center", "opd": "Ventral medulla", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "d1735984-db7a-4f1f-b196-357960ebd4ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Endolymph in ear equivalent to", "exp": "The inner ear (labyrinth) is made up of two pas, one within the other. The bony labyrinth is a series of channels in the Petros poion of the temporal bone. Inside these channels, surrounded by a fluid called perilymph, is the membranous labyrinth. This membranous structure more or less duplicates the shape of the bony channels. It is filled with a K+rich fluid called endolymph, and there is no communication between the spaces filled with endolymph and those filled with perilymph.Reference: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no; 205", "cop": 1, "opa": "ICF", "opb": "Lymph", "opc": "CSF", "opd": "Blood", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "5fe69891-b8af-401f-8be5-362e055f649d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Decompression sickness is seen ina) Diverb)  Pilotc)  Mountaineerd)  Long distance drivers", "exp": "Sudden decrease in atmospheric pressure results in gas embolism. This is seen in sudden ascent in aircraft, sudden ascent from deep sea etc. This is known as Caisson’s disease or decompression sickness.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ab", "opb": "ac", "opc": "bc", "opd": "cd", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5bb1a81e-115d-4580-83dc-8cf6e56fb1cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Drinking can be induced by", "exp": "(B) Osmotic stimulation of supraoptic nucleus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus", "opb": "Osmotic stimulation of supraoptic nucleus", "opc": "Lesions in the paraventricular nucleus", "opd": "Neuronal lesion of the preoptic nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "80a56339-511a-47a5-b511-6e40e0e5ca5e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Estrogen is secreted during pregnancy, mostly by", "exp": "Estrogens, in females, are produced primarily by the ovaries, and during pregnancy, the placenta. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the ovarian production of estrogens by the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. Some estrogens are also produced in smaller amounts by other tissues such as the liver, adrenal glands, and the breasts. These secondary sources of estrogens are especially impoant in postmenopausal women. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-365", "cop": 1, "opa": "Maternal ovary", "opb": "Fetal ovary", "opc": "Pituitary", "opd": "Hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "ddb0d136-069d-4fde-ad41-4c21dafe8d2f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Serious complication of prolonged sitting posture", "exp": "There is mounting evidence that prolonged cramped sitting in connection with long lasting air travel increases risk to DVT of the leg which prolongs to pulmonary embolism Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:236,237", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dysanythmia", "opb": "Hypotension", "opc": "Nerve paralysis", "opd": "Venous embolism", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "8ac29593-cc10-48ce-9038-cd2b81dc5218", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If the plasma concentration of a freely filterable substance is 2 mg/mL, GFR is 100 mL/min, urine concentration of the substance is 10 mg/mL, and urine flow rate is 5 mL/min, we can conclude that the kidney tubules", "exp": "Reabsorbed 150 mg/minThe filtered load of the substance is P x GFR = 2 mg/mL x 100 mL/min = 200 mg/min. The rate of excretion is UxV=10 mg/mL x5 mL/min = 50 mg/min. Hence, more substance X was filtered than was excreted, and the difference, 200 mg/min - 50 mg/min = 150 mg/min, gives the rate of tubular reabsorption of substance X.(Note : amount or quantity = volume x concentration)Ref: Ganong - Review of Medical Physiology 23rd Ed Page 888", "cop": 1, "opa": "Reabsorbed 150 mg/min", "opb": "Reabsorbed 200 mg/min", "opc": "Secreted 50 mg/min", "opd": "Secreted 150 mg/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "ffa1c0b0-8798-4058-904f-d68a7f32fb49", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A man cannot digest carbohydrate. The enzyme deficient is", "exp": "Amylase: The Impoance of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are one of the three major food groups needed for proper nutrition. Amylase is the digestive enzyme needed to digest carbohydrates.50-60% of carbohydrates are digested by amylases. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:426,427,428", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lipase", "opb": "Amylase", "opc": "PepsifiBY", "opd": "Trypsin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "d7651ae0-ecc9-422c-82e6-c7fee795561f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Destruction of zona glomerulosa will deplete", "exp": "The zona glomerulosa makes up 15% of the mass of the adrenal gland; the zona fasciculata, 50%; .and the zona reticularis, 7%. All three coical zones secrete coicosterone, but the active enzymatic mechanism for aldosterone biosynthesis is limited to the zona glomerulosa, whereas the enzymatic mechanisms for forming coisol and sex hormones are found in the two inner zones. Fuhermore, subspecialization occurs within the inner two zones, the zona fasciculata, secreting mostly glucocoicoids and the zona reticularis, secreting mainly sex hormones. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,23rd edition, page: 338", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aldosterone", "opb": "Coisol", "opc": "Testosterone", "opd": "Catecholamines", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "bace6563-9852-45e3-bf59-e335080d3ca5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sympathetic stimulation causes", "exp": "Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction in all blood vessels except those in skeletal muscles. And causes pupillary dilatation, bronchial smooth muscle dilation, relaxation of detrussor muscle of bladder Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:556", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pupillary constriction", "opb": "Contraction of bladder detrusor", "opc": "Bronchial smooth muscle contraction", "opd": "Vasoconstriction of skin and mucus membranes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "221dd726-1292-4255-82a3-b05d6275a204", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Massive splenomegaly is least likely to occur in", "exp": "Thrombocytosis is defined as a platelet count greater than 400 x 109/L. ... The presence of chronic thrombocytosis, thrombohemorrhagic complications, microvascular symptoms, or splenomegaly ors the diagnosis of primary thrombocytosis. Spleenomegaly is least likely to occur. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 2, "opa": "CML", "opb": "Primary thrombocytosis", "opc": "PCV", "opd": "Primary myelofibrosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "814e693a-2e5d-4ac1-94b7-4514c4042f4b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Conversion of Prothrombin to thrombin requires", "exp": "In the presence of tissue phospholipids (PL) and calcium ions, activated Factor X (Xa) combines with Factor Va to form prothrombin activator which initiates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.Factor V, X, and XII are activated and involved in other steps of intrinsic pathway.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 23rd edition, page: 533", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ca++", "opb": "Va, Ca++", "opc": "V, X, Ca++", "opd": "X, V, XII, & Ca++", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2d65cdab-d825-4b06-a122-57c6a37bd38b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The percentage of body water is greater in", "exp": "In a 70 ­kilogram adult man, the total body water is about 60 percent of the body weight, or about 42 liters. This percentage depends on age, gender, and degree of obesity. As a person grows older, the percentage of total body weight that is fluid gradually decreases. This decrease is due in part to the fact that aging is usually associated with an increased percentage of the body weight being fat, which decreases the percentage of water in the body.\nBecause women normally have a greater percentage of body fat compared with men, their total body water averages about 50 percent of the body weight. In premature and newborn babies, the total body water ranges from 70 to 75 percent of body weight. Therefore, when discussing “average” body fluid compartments, we should realize that variations exist, depending on age, gender, and percentage of body fat.\nReference: GUYTON AND HALL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, THIRTEENTH EDITION(INTERNATIONAL EDITION ) page no 306", "cop": 1, "opa": "Males than in females", "opb": "Children than in adults", "opc": "Obese than in lean individuals", "opd": "Old than in young objects", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b8be0f4c-baf3-4e81-8350-7d6f35a42eb1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During voiding (iv) pressure in bladder is", "exp": "Voiding is the process of expelling fluids from the body in the urine.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 694", "cop": 1, "opa": "25-30 mmHg", "opb": "50-70 mmHg", "opc": "70-100 mmHg", "opd": ">100 mmHg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "dca5df12-89da-4205-ae9d-aa2d6745967d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most potent stimulus for bile secretion is", "exp": "Bile is secreted in two stages by the liver: (1) The initial portion is secreted by the principal functional cells of the liver, the hepatocytes; this initial secretion contains large amounts of bile acids, cholesterol, and other organic con-stituents.  It is secreted into minute bile  canaliculi that originate between the hepatic cells. (2)  Next,  the  bile  flows in the canaliculi toward the interlobular  septa,  where  the  canaliculi  empty into terminal bile ducts and then into progressively larger ducts, finally reaching the hepatic duct and common bile duct.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cholecystokinin", "opb": "Gastrin", "opc": "Secretin", "opd": "Bile acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b5183db9-6f38-489f-9e63-66fba7cdb60b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Exocytosis is by", "exp": "Ans: d (Expulsion) Ref: Ganong 22nd ed/p. 28-30Exocvtosis:-Vesicles containing the material for export are targeted to the cell mem-brane, where they bond via the vsnare/ t-snare arrangement.The area of fusion then breaks down, leaving the contents of the vesicle outside and the cell membrane intact.This is a Ca2+ dependant process.Thus, there is a net increase in the surface area of the cell as the cytoplas-mic sides of two membranes fuse.Endocvtosis:-The process by which cells take up large molecules. In endocytosis, two non cytoplasmic sides of membranes fuse. Endocytotic vesicles are generated when segments of the plasma membrane invaginate, enclosing a minute volume of extracellular fluid and is contents. The vesicle then pinches off as the fusion of plasma membranes seal the neck of the vesicle at the original site of invagination.There are two general types of endocytosis:-a) Phagocytosisb) PinocytosisPhagocvtosis:-Involves ingestion of large particles such as viruses, bacteria, cells or debris.Occurs only in specialized cells such as macrophages and granulocytes.Pinocvtosis:-Property of all cellsIt is a cellular uptake of fluid and fluid contents.It is of two types:-Fluid phase pinocytosis is a non selective process in which the uptake of a solute is simply proportionate to its concentration in the surrounding extracellular fluid.Absoipti ve pinocytosis is a receptor mediated selective process primarily responsible for the uptake of mac- romolecules. The vesicles formed dur-ing absorptive pinocytosis are derived from invagination (pits) that are coated on the cytoplasmic side with a Filamentous material.In many systems, Clathrin is the filamentous material. For e.g., LDL is internalised by means of coated pits containing the LDL receptors.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Engulfment", "opb": "Cell destruction", "opc": "Multiplication of cell organelles", "opd": "Expulsion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "4c6533e0-1b46-4347-b36c-ab248298bbb8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is", "exp": "Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD), or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a benign and self-limited disease that mainly affects young women. Patients present with localized lymphadenopathy, fever, and leukopenia in up to half of the cases.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kimura disease", "opb": "Kikuchi disease", "opc": "Hodgkin's disease", "opd": "Castleman's disease", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ae229c51-781c-4cb7-a93c-1eb1d851b37f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mass movements of the colon would be abolished by", "exp": "Auerbach's plexus which is located between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer is the one which controls local GI motility Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 497", "cop": 4, "opa": "Extrinsic denervation", "opb": "Distension of colon", "opc": "Gastrocolic reflex", "opd": "Destruction of Auerbach's plexus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "f1937fa6-dc53-45f4-95ae-67aa59f0e6cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Heliotrope rash' over face is seen in", "exp": "Dermatomyositis a. Heliotrope erythema and oedema of the periorbital skin are seen in dermatomyositis, b. Dermatomyositis is a well established cutaneous marker of interval malignancy. c. About 10% of all patients of dermatomyositis have an underlying malignancy. d. The most common malignancies associated with dermatomyositis are Lung, Ovary, breast, GIT and lymphoprol iterative disorders.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Systemic sclerosis", "opb": "Dermatomyositis", "opc": "Systemic lupus erythematosus", "opd": "Rheumatoid ahritis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "521095cd-26b7-45ad-b688-2d2355415336", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Appreciation of shape and size of an object placed in the hand is lost in the lesion of", "exp": "Ans. (b) Tractus cuneatus(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.168)Appreciation of shape and size of an object placed in the hand is a function of Tractus cuneatus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tractus gracilis", "opb": "Tractus cuneatus", "opc": "Lateral spinathalamic tract", "opd": "Spino - reticular tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "990ac4a8-fc89-421a-823c-3e2b0841b57f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gastric secretion of H+ ions", "exp": "Gastric parietal cells are highly specialized for their unusual task of secreting concentrated acid. The cells are packed with mitochondria that supply energy to drive the apical H, K-ATPase, or proton pump, that moves H+ ions out of the parietal cell against a concentration gradient of more than is terminated after the meal moves from the stomach into the small intestine. Gastric parietal cells are highly specialized for their unusual task of secreting concentrated acid. The cells are packed with mitochondria that supply energy to drive the apical H, K-ATPase, or proton pump, that moves H+ ions out of the parietal cell against a concentration gradient of more than a million-fold. At rest, the proton pumps are sequestered within the parietal cell in a series of membrane compaments known as tubulovesicles. When the parietal cell begins to secrete, on the other hand, these vesicles fuse with invaginations of the apical membrane known as canaliculi, thereby substantially amplifying the apical membrane area and positioning the proton pumps to begin acid secretion. The apical membrane also contains potassium channels, which supply the K+ ions to be exchanged for H+, and Cl- channels that supply the counterion for HCl secretion. The secretion of protons is also accompanied by the release of equivalent numbers of bicarbonate ions into the bloodstream, are later used to neutralize gastric acidity once its function is complete.Reference: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 434", "cop": 2, "opa": "Is by chief cells", "opb": "Is regulated in pa by number of H+pumps", "opc": "Is enhanced by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors", "opd": "Occurs in exchange for luminal Na+ ions", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "06788cb4-93c4-4d47-8767-7bd5e740e20a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "White fibres are present in", "exp": "Muscles that react rapidly are composed mainly of \"fast\" (Type 2, white Muscle) fibres with only small numbers of the slow variety.Conversely, muscles that respond slowly but with prolonged contraction are composed mainly of \"slow\" fibres (Type 1, Red Muscle).Fast fibres have fewer mitochondria than do slow fibres, also because oxidative metabolism is secondary. A deficit of red myoglobin in fast muscle gives it the name white muscle.Guyton 13e pg:83", "cop": 2, "opa": "Calf muscles", "opb": "Extraocular muscle", "opc": "Back muscles", "opd": "Hip muscles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "7dc7fefc-1fed-460d-b85a-b0ce020a0d77", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pressure on carotid sinus cause", "exp": "Ans. (b) Reflex bradycardiaRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.590The definition of Baroreflex is - \"Whenever blood pressure increases, baroreceptors increase their discharge and send their impulse to medulla which ultimately decreases the blood pressure and decreases heart rate (reflex bradycardia)\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyperapnea", "opb": "Reflex bradycardia", "opc": "Tachycardia", "opd": "Dyspnea", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "9e320ab9-03f2-4f08-b939-e3faae176d8c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sympathetic stimulation has following effect on insulin release", "exp": "Sympathetic stimulation decreases the release of insulin Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:610,611,612", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stimulation", "opb": "Inhibition", "opc": "Inhibition followed by stimulation", "opd": "No effect", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "da5fe51b-16fe-4dc8-83d2-d7357745b467", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Respiratory burst in neutrophils occurs due to", "exp": "When the cell membrane-bound enzyme NADPH oxidase is activated, with the production of toxic oxygen metabolites. The combination of the toxic oxygen metabolites and the proteolytic enzymes from the granules makes the neutrophil a very effective killing machine. Activation of NADPH oxidase is associated with a sharp increase in O2 uptake and metabolism in the neutrophil (the respiratory burst) and generation of O2- by the following reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2O2+ - NADP+ + 2H++ 2O2- O2- is a free radical formed by the addition of one electron to O2.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page no: 64", "cop": 1, "opa": "NADPH oxidase", "opb": "NADP oxidase", "opc": "FADH2 oxidase", "opd": "FAD", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "896036b6-8658-4e92-8268-2ac5103794ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Autoregulation means", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Maintains the blood flow", "opb": "Vary with change in pressure", "opc": "Regulated by local metabolites", "opd": "Well developed in the skin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "648dac50-8521-4e1d-a455-d39003728143", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Apparent mineralocoicoid excess is d/t", "exp": "D i.e. 11 13 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Apparent mineralocoicoid excess is d/t inhibition or absence of /V hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2Q AME syndrome & 11 HSD type 2 Invitro (in lab), the mineralocoicoid receptor has much higher affinity for glucocoicoids than the glucocoicoid receptor does, & glucocoicoids are present in large amount in body (vivo). But binding of glucocoicoids to mineralocoicoid receptor (& so production of mineralcoicoid effects by glucocoicoids) is prevented by presence of 11 3 hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase tye 2 enzyme in mineralocoicoid sensitive tissues. This enzyme leaves aldosterone untouched, but conves coisol to coisone & coicosterone to its 11 oxy derivatives. These 11 oxy derivatives do not bind to receptor. If 11 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 is congenitally absent or inhibited by prolonged ingestion of licorice (containing glycyrrhetinic), coisol has marked mineralocoicoid effects resulting in apparent mineralocoicoid excess (AME syndrome. Patient with AME have clinical picture of hyper aldosteronism because coisol is acting on their mineralo coicoid receptors, & their plasma aldosterone levels and plasma rennin activity is low.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sgk gene", "opb": "CYP 11B2", "opc": "CYP11A,", "opd": "11-13 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5eea2717-7529-4acd-ace9-ecb9ba5e55bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood in the splanchnic area during exercise is decreased due to", "exp": "During exercise, there is vasodilation in the skeletal muscles and myocardium, whereas in the splanchnic area, the sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction. This results in diversion of more blood to the skeletal muscles and myocardium.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Venoconstriction with decreased blood flow", "opb": "Venodilation with decreased blood flow", "opc": "Venodilation with increased blood flow", "opd": "Venodilation with normal blood flow", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e965e79-6225-41e7-a4c9-e4c8d9d2613e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reflex responsible for tachycardia during right atrial distension is", "exp": "Reflex resposible for tachycardia during right atrial distension is Bainbridge reflex. Atrial Reflex Control of hea rate: The Bainbridge Reflex The stretch recceptors of the atria that elicit the Bainbridge reflex transmit their afferent signals through the vagus nerve nerves to the medulla of the brain. Then efferent signals are transmitted back through vagal and sympathetic nerves to increase hea rate and strength of hea conntraction. Bezold-Jarisch Reflex: Activation of chemosensitive vagal C fibers in the cardiopulmonary region (eg,, Juxta capillary ragion of alveoli, ventricles, atria, great veins, and pulmonary aery) causes profound bradycardia, hypotension and a brief period of apnea followed by rapid shallow breathing. Cushing Reflex: When ICP is increased, the blood supply to RVLM neurons is compromised. The local hypoxia and hypercapnia causes an increase in discharge from the neurons, producing hypeension, bradycardia and irregular respiration. The resultant rise in systemic aerial pressure tends to restore the blood flow to the medulla. REF: Guyton and Hall 13th edition PGno: 223", "cop": 4, "opa": "image_question", "opb": "image_question", "opc": "image_question", "opd": "image_question", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3835d1fa-11be-492b-aaa3-f2e013062126", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Relaxation of skeletal muscle occurs by", "exp": "Once the calcium ions have been released from the sarcoplasmic tubules and have diffused among the myofibrils, muscle contraction continues as long as the calcium ion concentration remains high. However, a continually active calcium pump located in the walls of the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps calcium ions away from the myofibrils back into the sarcoplasmic tubules. This pump can concentrate the calcium ions about 10,000-fold inside the tubules. In addition, inside the reticulum is a protein called calsequestrin that can bind up to 40 times more calcium. Ref: Guyton 13th ed, p 94", "cop": 4, "opa": "Removal of Acetylcholine from synaptic cleft", "opb": "Closure of nicotinic cholinergic receptor", "opc": "Binding of calcium with troponin", "opd": "Removal of sarcoplasmic calcium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "2b7c3285-8658-47d8-8fa0-6bae29d0aedb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Post prandial motility is maximum in", "exp": "Post prandial motility is maximum in sigmoid colon followed by transverse colon.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Transverse colon", "opb": "Rectum", "opc": "Descending colon", "opd": "Sigmoid colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a8f933d5-1222-44c9-bedc-da1a033281b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ETHER DAY is celebrated on", "exp": "Ether Day,\" Friday 16 October 1846 marks the first successful demonstration of the inhalation of ether vapour as a means of overcoming pain of surgery by the dentist William Thomas Green Moon Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e 561", "cop": 2, "opa": "20-Oct", "opb": "16-Oct", "opc": "20-Nov", "opd": "16-Nov", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e81871b7-1d9c-4836-832c-8031e85d5944", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "SAN acts as a pacemaker of the heart because of the fact that it", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Is capable of generating impulses spontaneously", "opb": "Has rich sympathetic innervations", "opc": "Has poor cholinergic innervations", "opd": "Generates impulses at the highest rate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "03e685fb-31e0-48bb-8377-b4c536c06239", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chyme is formed by", "exp": "Stomach the semifluid, homogeneous, creamy or gruel- like material produced by action of the gastric juice on ingested food in the stomach Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition page number:395,396,397", "cop": 2, "opa": "Esophagus", "opb": "Stomach", "opc": "Duodenum", "opd": "Jejunum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "57b107cd-5082-40c8-9b69-e1202442570f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The overdrive mechanism observed during hyperventilation is due to", "exp": "The ventral respiratory group contributes to the extra respiratory drive (overdrive mechanism) During quiet breathing: Expiration is a passive process and the neurons from the ventral respiratory group remain almost totally inactive during quiet respiration. Unlike the dorsal respiratory group (DRG; dorsal group of neurons), VRG (the ventral group of neurons) doesnot appear to paicipate in the basic rhythmic oscillations that control respiration. Extra-respiratory drive(overdrive mechanism) : When the reapiratory drive for increased pulmonary ventilation becomes greater than normal, for example, during exercise, respiratory signals spill over to VRG from DRG. So, VRG contributes to the extra respiratory drive (overdrive mechanism). The neurons of VRG contribute to both inspiration and expiration; especially, they are impoant in providing powerful expiratory signals to the abdominal muscles during very heavy expiration. Dorsal Respiratory group Ventral Respiratory group Location Nucleus Tractus Solitarius in medulla Nucleus Retro Ambigualis in medulla Function Inspiratory ramp signals- stimulates inspiration Inactive during quiet breathing; Active during forced expiration. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition Pgno: 645-657", "cop": 4, "opa": "image_question", "opb": "image_question", "opc": "image_question", "opd": "image_question", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "1fd0ace7-c27b-409f-b317-d65c9f6f4f51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Urgent reversal of warfarin therapy can be done by administration of", "exp": "Fresh frozen plasma Oral anticoagulants should be stopped 7 days prior to elective surgery. But during emergency rapid reversal can be done with vitamin K a day before surgery or with fresh frozen plasma on the day of surgery.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cryoprecipitate", "opb": "Platelets", "opc": "Fresh frozen plasma", "opd": "Packed red blood cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d8ec676e-4387-4b4d-86d0-ce05ff1e98e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ability to perceive shape and size is lost due to the lesion of", "exp": "Though both tractus cuneatus & tractus gracilis are correct, since it is a single answer question, the best answer would be tractus cuneatus, as we commonly use hands to recognize size and shape of objects, more than the foot.\nSomatosensory cortex lesion- proprioception and tactile sensations are lost while pain and temperature sensations are preserved. \nTractus cuneatus- formed by fasciculus cuneatus (spinal cord) and nucleus cuneatus (medulla). Pass through the lateral portion of the dorsal column. \nCarries sensations of the dorsal column- proprioception and tactile sensations from the upper part of the body.\nTractus gracilis- formed by fasciculus gracilis (spinal cord) and nucleus gracilis (medulla). Pass through a medial portion of the dorsal column. \nCarries sensations of the dorsal column- proprioception and tactile sensations from the lower part of the body.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tractus gracilis", "opb": "Tractus cuneatus", "opc": "Spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Spinoreticular tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8ebd7e33-cf68-4985-ac70-630a1ced38af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increase in threshold level on applying subthreshold, slowly rising stimulus is k/a", "exp": "Neural accommodation. Neural accommodation or neuronal accommodation occurs when a neuron or muscle cell is depolarised by slowly rising current (ramp depolarisation) in vitro Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 543,544,545", "cop": 2, "opa": "Adaptation", "opb": "Accomodation", "opc": "Refractoriness", "opd": "Electrotonus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "01b0bdbe-6496-43ed-b013-c2a663710c08", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "While getting blood pressure tested patient repos abnormal feeling in fingeips followed by involuntary spasm of fingers likely patient has", "exp": "Trousseaus sign can be seen in hypocalcemic tetany. There is spasm of muscles of upper extremity that causes flexion of wrist and thumb with extension of the fingers. It can be produced by occluding the circulation for a few minutes with a blood pressure cuff.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 24th edition.Pg no.382", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hysterical spasms", "opb": "Pressure spasm of muscles due to reuropaxia", "opc": "Hypocalcemic tetany", "opd": "Ischemic muscle spasms", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "a39a8a58-ea4a-4cc1-9817-6c21c37f6c6d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following facilitates synaptic transmission of neurotransmitter", "exp": "Hypocalcemia facilitates synaptic transmission.\nHypercalcemia, hypoxia, Botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin acidosis inhibits synaptic transmission.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypocalcemia", "opb": "Botulinum toxin", "opc": "Acidosis", "opd": "Hypoxia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "87ccc5f8-d9d5-47c6-b39a-9777b372e4d9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Depolarization of the ventricular muscles starts at", "exp": "A. i.e. (Left side of the interventricular septum) (549- Ganong 22nd) (492- Ganong 23rd)* In humans - depolarization of the ventricular muscle starts at the left side of the interventricular septum** and moves first to the right across the midportion of the septum. The wave of depolarization then spreads down the septum to the apex of the heart* Depolarization initiated in the SA node spreads radially through the atria then converges on the AV node.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Left side of the inventricular septum", "opb": "Right side of the septum", "opc": "Apex of the heart", "opd": "AV groove", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "c51f358f-8a67-453c-8a8d-9ab2da928c23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A Patient with increased BP and decreased hea rate is likely to have", "exp": "Cushing's reflex , is a physiological nervous system response to increased intra cranial pressure.Results in cushings triad - increased BP, irregular breathing and bradycardia. Usually seen in terminal stages of head injury . It can also be seen after iv administration of epinephrine. In head injury- CPP=MAP-ICP. CPP- cerebral perfusion pressure. MAP- Mean aerial pressure. ICP- intra cranial pressure Head injury causes increased ICP thus lowering CPP causing ischemia. When ICP approaches the level of mean systemic pressure , cerebral perfusion falls . Bodys response to fall in cerebral perfusion is raise systemic blood pressure and dialate cerebral vessels which increases cerebral blood volume and increases ICP followed by lowering CPP.And causes a vicious cycle. When aerial pressure lowers , a reflex called CNS ischaemic response is initiated by the hypothalamus . Hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system causing peripheral vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output. This increases aerial pressure and cerebral blood flow is restored. This response stimulates the baroreceptors in the carotid bodies thus slowing the hea rate drastically- bradycardia(baroreceptor reflex -refer image) 2) Marey's law- Explained by barereceptor reflex States that' hea rate is inversely propoional to blood pressue '(but not the vice versa) . Bainbridge reflex- infusion of saline or blood --- increased venous filling of atria--- stimulation of tachycardia producing atrial receptor(TPAR)---tachycardia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased ICT", "opb": "Deep sea diving", "opc": "Brain tumor", "opd": "Head tumor", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "831f336a-fe91-45ce-a809-44fecf9efe01", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transection of medullary pyramids results in", "exp": "(B) Positive Babinski sign > Transection of brainstem at supoerior border of pons result in marked spasticity & decerebrate rigidity> Forced grasping is a primitive reflex indicating frontal lobe lesion.> The corticospinal and corticobulbar system is primary pathway for initiation of skilled voluntary movements.> Lesions of ventral corticospinal tracts produce axial muscle deficits, causing of difficulty with balance, walking and climbing.> Damage to lateral corticospinal tract in humans produces the 'Babinski sign' dorsi flexion of great toe and fanning of the other toes when the lateral aspect of sole of foot is scratched.> Except in infancy, the normal response to this stimulation is plantar flexion in all toes.> Babinski sign is believed to be a flexor withdrawal reflex, that is normally held in check by lateral corticospinal system", "cop": 2, "opa": "Forced grasping", "opb": "Positive Babinski sign", "opc": "Atrophy of distal musculature", "opd": "Hypotonia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "99887803-ab98-4817-b8c5-ffa1ba113fd5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperophy is", "exp": "Hyperophy is an increase in size of parenchymal cells resulting in enlargement of the organ or tissue, without any change in the number of cells.REF. Textbook of Pathology HARSH MOHAN 6th Edition page no.55", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase in cell number", "opb": "Increase in cell size", "opc": "Decrease in cell number", "opd": "Decrease in cell size", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "094be5fa-c4ee-4f41-ad1a-a14e4f3b1f06", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vanilloid receptors are activated by", "exp": "Vanilloid receptors are VR 1 and VRL 1 for painful temperature.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pain", "opb": "Vibration", "opc": "Touch", "opd": "Pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "63c28766-4743-4aa0-aef4-5d8942d328d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Na+ uptake at basolateral surface of apical cells is by", "exp": "Ans. is 'a' i.e., Active transpo", "cop": 1, "opa": "Active transpo", "opb": "Passive transpo", "opc": "Diffusion", "opd": "Osmosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "18cfd27d-3bc5-4ad7-ac62-017a391f28dd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myentric plexus is present in", "exp": "Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layer lies the Auerbach plexus/ Myenteric plexus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Muscularis externa", "opb": "Submucosa", "opc": "Mucosa", "opd": "Serosa", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b647bcfd-0a82-4b4e-b87a-2d29fbce576a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypehyroid state is characterized by", "exp": "People with hypothyroidism often have no or only mild symptoms. Numerous symptoms and signs are associated with hypothyroidism, and can be related to the underlying cause, or a direct effect of having not enough thyroid hormones. Hashimoto's thyroiditis may present with the mass effect of a goiter (enlarged thyroid gland). Symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism Symptoms Signs Fatigue Dry, coarse skin Feeling cold Cool extremities Poor memory and concentration Myxedema (mucopolysaccharide deposits in the skin) Constipation, dyspepsia Hair loss Weight gain with poor appetite Slow pulse rate Shoness of breath Swelling of the limbs Hoarse voice Delayed relaxation of tendon reflexes In females, heavy menstrual periods (and later light periods) Carpal tunnel syndrome Abnormal sensation Pleural effusion, ascites, pericardial effusion Poor hearing Delayed relaxation after testing the ankle jerk reflex is a characteristic sign of hypothyroidism and is associated with the severity of the hormone deficit Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:567,568,569", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased protein synthesis", "opb": "Decreased glycolysis", "opc": "Lipolysis", "opd": "Increased cholestrol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "94dd0108-2e1e-47f6-b677-a9af92698312", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood pressure in right ventricle", "exp": "Peak pressures in theright ventricles is about 25 mm HgRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:508", "cop": 1, "opa": "25 mmHg", "opb": "80 mmHg", "opc": "95 mmHg", "opd": "120 mmHg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ece49a74-395a-47c5-a4c2-4d5b885e6b6c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transcytosis occurs in", "exp": "In transcytosis, vesicles undergo Endocytosis on one side of a cell and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side of the cell. Transcytosis is mostly seen in capillaries but also seen in M cells of intestine, osteoclasts,neurons (Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology)", "cop": 1, "opa": "M cells of intestine", "opb": "Neuroglia", "opc": "Pneumocytes", "opd": "Axonlemma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "081d214a-8fce-45ea-bc24-bda98c0d2efc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neurophysiological defects present in right lobe involvement are A/E", "exp": "C i.e. Dyscalculia - Categorical (dominant) hemisphere (ie left lobe in most cases) is responsible for sequential - analytic processes such as language (understanding language, verbal memory, motor speech, written & spoken language) and mathematical ability. Therefore lesions of left (dominant) side produce aphasias (receptive & expressive), dyslexia and dyscalculia. - Representational (non dominant mostly right) hemisphere is responsible for visuo-spatial orientation & musical (a) awareness. Its lesion causes anosognosia and dysgraphia. Cerebral Dominance or Complementary Specialization of Hemisphere", "cop": 3, "opa": "Visuospatial defect", "opb": "Anosognosa", "opc": "Dyscalculia", "opd": "Dysgraphia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6669e9bf-49e7-4c7e-ab24-9bcdd041c578", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Clay Shovel's fracture involves", "exp": "Clay shoveller's fracture' is an avulsion of the spinous process of C6, C7 or T1 caused either by rotation of the upper trunk when the cervical spine is relatively fixed or, less commonly, as the result of a direct blow.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Spinous process", "opb": "Lamina", "opc": "Pedicle", "opd": "Body", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d7df7327-9595-4070-8aa8-5313efbb5a8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stimulation of medial portion of vasomotor centre results in", "exp": "Ans. d). Decreased cardiac output. (Ref. Ganong Physiology 23rd/Chapter 33)Inflation of the lungs causes vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. This response is mediated via vagal afferents from the lungs that inhibit vasomotor discharge. Pain usually causes a rise in blood pressure via afferent impulses in the reticular formation converging in the RVLM.VASOMOTOR CONTROL# Spinal reflex activity affects blood pressure, but the main control of blood pressure is exerted by groups of neurons in the medulla oblongata that are sometimes called the vasomotor area / center.# Neurons that mediate increased sympathetic discharge to blood vessels and the heart project directly to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral gray column (IML) of the spinal cord.# On each side, the cell bodies of these neurons are located near the pial surface of the medulla in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). They contain PNMT, but it appears that the excitatory transmitter they secrete is glutamate rather than epinephrine.# When vasoconstrictor discharge increases, arteriolar constriction also increases and blood pressure rises.# Venoconstriction and a decrease in the stores of blood in the venous reservoirs usually accompany these changes, although changes in the capacitance vessels do not always parallel changes in the resistance vessels. Heart rate and stroke volume are increased because of activity in the sympathetic nerves to the heart, and cardiac output is increased.# Control of heart activity bx vasomotor center:# Lateral portions of vasomotor center transmit excitatory impulses through sympathetic fibers and increases heart rate and contractility.# Medial portion of vasomotor center- Lies in apposition to dorsal motor nuclei of vagus nerves- Transmits parasympathetic impulses through the vagus nerves to the heart to decrease heart rate. Vasomotor center can also decrease heart rate.Factors Affecting the Activity of the Vasomotor Area in the MedullaDirect stimulationCO2 and hypoxiaExcitatory inputsFrom cortex via hypothalamus.From pain pathways and muscles.From carotid and aortic chemoreceptorsInhibitory inputsFrom cortex via hypothalamus.From lungs.From carotid, aortic, and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased peripheral resistance", "opb": "Increased blood pressure", "opc": "Increased heart rate", "opd": "Decreased cardiac output", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "c4feb6fe-9971-4baa-9082-94df1b2dec48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hormone acting on nuclear receptors", "exp": "Thyroid Hormones Increase Gene Transcription in the Cell Nucleus The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine cause increased transcription by specific genes in the nucleus. To accomplish this, these hormones first bind directly with receptor proteins in the nucleus; these recep- tors are activated transcription factors located within the chromosomal complex, and they control the function of the gene promoters, as explained in Chapter 3. Two impoant features of thyroid hormone function in the nucleus are the following: 1. They activate the genetic mechanisms for the forma- tion of many types of intracellular proteins--probably 100 or more. Many of these are enzymes that promote enhanced intracellular metabolic activity in viually all cells of the body. 2. Once bound to the intranuclear receptors, the thyroid hormones can continue to express their control functions for days or even weeks. Hormones That Act Mainly on the Genetic Machinery of the Cell Steroid Hormones Increase Protein Synthesis Another means by which hormones act--specifically, the steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal coex, ovaries, and testes--is to cause synthesis of proteins in the target cells. These proteins then function as enzymes, transpo proteins, or structural proteins, which in turn provide other functions of the cells. The sequence of events in steroid function is essen- tially the following: 1. The steroid hormone diffuses across the cell membrane and enters the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds with a specific receptor protein. 2. The combined receptor protein-hormone then diffuses into or is transpoed into the nucleus. 3. The combination binds at specific points on the DNA strands in the chromosomes, which activates the tran- scription process of specific genes to form mRNA. 4. The mRNA diffuses into the cytoplasm, where it pro- motes the translation process at the ribosomes to form new proteins. To give an example, aldosterone, one of the hormones secreted by the adrenal coex, enters the cytoplasm of renal tubular cells, which contain a specific receptor protein often called the mineralocoicoid receptor. Therefore, in these cells, the sequence of events cited earlier ensues. After about 45 minutes, proteins begin to appear in the renal tubular cells and promote sodium reabsorption from the tubules and potassium secretion into the tubules. Thus, the full action of the steroid hormone is characteristically delayed for at least 45 minutes--up to several hours or even days. This is in marked contrast to the almost instantaneous action of some of the peptide and amino acid-derived hormones, such as vasopressin and norepinephrine. Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology edtion 12 pg 891", "cop": 2, "opa": "Calcitonin", "opb": "Thyroxine", "opc": "Glucocoicoids", "opd": "Vasopressine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "16a999c8-5a0a-4e53-b85f-e4d20b0528e9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vomiting center is located at", "exp": "(A) Area postrema # Chemoreceptor cells in the medulla initiate vomiting when they are stimulated by certain circulating chemical agents.> Chemoreceptor trigger zone cells are located in Area postrema, a V-shaped band of tissue on the lateral walls of the fourth ventricle near the apex.> Swallowing, coughing, sneezing, gagging, and vomiting are also reflex responses integrated in the medulla oblongata.> Vomiting is another example of the way visceral reflexes integrated in the medulla include coordinated and carefully timed somatic as well as visceral components.> Vomiting centre in the reticular formation of the medulla really consists of various scattered groups of neurons in this region that control the different components of the vomiting act.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Area postrema", "opb": "Amygdala", "opc": "Pons", "opd": "Hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "1d4d6ce5-2641-4996-90a1-62ed3075b064", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stimulant for gastric emptying is", "exp": "Distention of the stomach is the major and the only natural stimulus known to increase gastric emptying. The basic pattern of gastric emptying is propoional to the square root function of a volume of a meal. Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 353", "cop": 4, "opa": "Secretin", "opb": "CCK", "opc": "Gastrin", "opd": "Distension", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "422b4f8c-38c7-47f6-88ea-e4427f9c004d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Auditory receptors are found in", "exp": "(Organ of corti) (175- Ganong 22th) (911 - K- Sembulingum 4th) (211-12- Ganong 23rd)AUDITORY PATHWAY* Receptors - The hair cells in the organ of corti are the receptors of the auditory sensations* First order neurons - are the bipolar cells. The bipolar cells form the spiral ganglion situated in the modiolus of cochlea* Second order neurons - are the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei present in the medulla- oblongata* Third order neurons - are in the superior olivary nucleus of the lateral lemniscus* Cortical auditory centers are in the temporal lobe of cerebral cortex*** Cortical auditory centres are concerned with perception of auditory impulses, analysis of pitch and intensity of sound and determination of source of sound.Visual receptors - Rods and cones , which are present in the retina of eye form the visual receptors.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Semicircular canal", "opb": "Organ of corti", "opc": "Ear ossicles", "opd": "Tympanic membrane", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "a197b3e2-78c0-473a-88bd-56c429142f90", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential of neurons is about", "exp": "A membrane potential results from separation of positive and negative charges across the cell membrane. In neurons, the resting membrane potential is usually about –70 mV, which is close to the equilibrium potential for K+", "cop": 4, "opa": "+60mv", "opb": "+70mv", "opc": "-60mv", "opd": "-70mv", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "86ea0b0f-b82b-4b60-a066-d45ab1ec0d20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The oxygen buffer function of hemoglobin is related to", "exp": "Acid and base shifts in the blood are largely controlled by three main buffers in blood: (1) proteins, (2) hemoglobin, and (3) the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system. Plasma proteins are effective buffers because both their free carboxyl and their free amino groups dissociate. The second buffer system is provided by the dissociation of the imidazole groups of the histidine residues in hemoglobin. In the pH 7.0-7.7 range, the free carboxyl and amino groups of hemoglobin contribute relatively little to its buffering capacity. However, the hemoglobin molecule contains 38 histidine residues, and on this basis--plus the fact that hemoglobin is present in large amounts--the hemoglobin in blood has six times the buffering capacity of the plasma proteins. In addition, the action of hemoglobin is unique because the imidazole groups of deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) dissociate less than those of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), making Hb a weaker acid and therefore a better buffer than HBO.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page no: 614", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dissociation curve shape", "opb": "Haldane effect", "opc": "Bohr effect", "opd": "Respiratory exchange ratio", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "029d351a-0fbc-4323-9199-5b52021005cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pseudodementia is commonly seen in", "exp": "Pseudodementia is forgetfulness that is one of the symptoms of depression and pt has insight in pseudodementia. Pseudodementia (otherwise known as \"depression-related cognitive dysfunction\") is a condition where mental cognition can be temporarily decreased. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Depression", "opb": "Hysteria", "opc": "Phobia", "opd": "Hypochondriasis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "bb5a4ad3-bc09-406d-a602-574a035269f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ther term \"Milieu interior\" was given by", "exp": "The internal environment in which the body cells survive is called milieu interieur coined by the French physiologist Claude Bernard. (Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.62)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Knut Schmidt-Nielsen", "opb": "George Baholomew", "opc": "Claude Bernard", "opd": "Walter Cannon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "788787bb-bbc6-49ef-9216-aa007171ef98", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Salivary amylase is activated by", "exp": "Both salivary and pancreatic α -amylases are activated by Cl–", "cop": 4, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "HCO3-", "opd": "Cl-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b48fcefc-35a5-47f3-aeb4-38814762ecaf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Growth hormone secretion is decreased by", "exp": "Growth hormone (GH) any of several related polypeptide hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that directly influences protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth; their secretion is in pa controlled by the hypothalamus. It is used pharmaceutically as somatrem and somatropin. Called also somatotrophin, somatotropin, and somatotrophic or somatotropic hormone.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-327", "cop": 3, "opa": "Exercise", "opb": "Stress", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "Glucagon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "4996cca9-7ddc-4e3d-bab0-763b2d837192", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erythropoiesis in gestation age takes place in", "exp": "In the first 2 months of gestation yolk, sac is the main site of Erythropoiesis(mesoblastic stage) Ref: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 page No:104 In early weeks of embryonic life, primitive nucleated red cells are producedin yolk sac. During middle trimester of gestation-liver (also spleen,lymph nodes in reasonable numbers) During last month of gestation and after bih- exclusively in the bone marrow", "cop": 1, "opa": "Yolk sac", "opb": "Placenta", "opc": "Amniotic sac", "opd": "Chorion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "4613787f-287a-4959-8484-4bbb091580ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential of muscle fibre is", "exp": "The resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle is about –90 mV. The action potential lasts 2 to 4 ms and is conducted along the muscle fiber at about 5 m/s.\nGanong 23 rd ed, pg 96", "cop": 4, "opa": "-60mv", "opb": "-70mv", "opc": "-80mv", "opd": "-90mv", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "73279334-a869-4935-91ba-6902f58e213c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Surfactant is made up of", "exp": "Ans. (c) Phospholipids(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.630)Composition of surfactantSurfactant lipidsSurfactant proteins* Account for approximately 90% of surfactant (phospholipids)Major surfactant lipids are,* Dipalmotoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) - Lecithin- most abundant component of surfactant* Phospthatidylglycerol* Account for approximately 10% of surfactantMajor surfactant proteins are,* Surfactant protein-A (SP-A)* Surfactant protein-B (SP-B)* Surfactant protein-C (SP-C)* Surfactant protein-D (SP-D)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fibrin", "opb": "Mucoprotein", "opc": "Phospholipids", "opd": "Fibrinogen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "fdb525f8-9726-4087-af26-8963e1cd3122", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ABC transpoer", "exp": "P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreted as P- gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is an impoant protein of the cell membrane that pumps many foreign substances out of cells. More formally, it is an ATP-dependent efflux pump with broad substrate specificity. It exists in animals, fungi, and bacteria and likely evolved as a defense mechanism against harmful substances. (Ref: <a href=\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "P glycoprotein", "opb": "Membrane sparing", "opc": "Channel", "opd": "Adenylyl cyclase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "6f374ad8-44d7-4191-b4e9-e7d767912ff4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "While doing sigmoidoscopy, if the rectum is inflated with gas, increased peristalsis is seen in", "exp": "Defecation reflex - When the rectum is distended, a reflex propulsive movement from descending colon to rectum occurs. Along with that, the internal anal sphincter relaxes. The same happens when the rectum is distended by gas.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Whole colon", "opb": "Proximal colon", "opc": "Distal colon", "opd": "Whole intestine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3042f0da-122d-4adc-93ff-3c27ce44a1e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal daily excretion of uric acid ranges from", "exp": "Uric acid the end product of purine metabolism or oxidation in the body. It is present in blood in a concentration of about 5 mg/100 ml and is excreted in the urine in amounts of a little less than 1 g per day.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 13", "cop": 4, "opa": "10 to 30 mg", "opb": "50 to 70 mg", "opc": "100 to 300 mg", "opd": "500 to 700 mg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "842cbeb9-ee96-4bce-9022-a34a61775e19", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osmoreceptors are located in", "exp": "Osmoreceptors are sensory receptors present in supraoptic nucleus. Hypothalamus regulates the water balance of the body through osmoreceptors by controlling water loss. The increased plasma osmolality stimulates the osmoreceptors in supraoptic nucleus. The stimulated neurons of supraoptic nucleus send impulses to the posterior pituitary gland to secrete ADH. ADH reaches tge kidney tubules through blood and causes increased absorption of water from collecting ducts of the kidneys. Thus water loss is decreased. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:559,560,561", "cop": 1, "opa": "Supraoptic nuclei", "opb": "Paraventricular nuclei", "opc": "Anterior hypothalamus", "opd": "Lateral hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "a3e162b7-c097-4e52-b231-04316590ee01", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pacemaker potential occurs due to", "exp": "Pacemaker potential occurs due to\n\nOpening of slow type funny Na+ channel\nOpening of transient, rapid T-type Ca2+ channel\nEarly closure of K+ channel", "cop": 1, "opa": "Opening of transient, rapid T-type Ca2+ channel", "opb": "Opening of K+ channel", "opc": "Closure of Ca2+ channel", "opd": "Closure of funny Na+  channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "188f8340-1816-43dc-82f7-eea0fd43ad58", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The Windkissel effect is seen in", "exp": "The Windkissel effect is seen in large elastic vessels. The aoa, the pulmonary aery, and their major branches have a large amount of elastin in their walls. Hence, they have a high elastic recoil effect. This propey of elastic recoil is called windkessel effect (windkessel is a German for the elastic reservoir) This recoil of the vessels that have been stretched during systole helps to propel the blood forward during diastole thus maintaining a continuous flow throughout the cardiac cycle. Types Features Windkessel Aoa and large aeries Abundant elastic tissues in the inner and external elastic lamina Shows elastic recoil (Windkessel effect) when stretched Resistance Vessels Aerioles Have a less elastic tissue and lot of smooth muscle (maximum wall thickness to lumen ratio) Major site of resistanceto blood flow Exchange Vessels Capillaries Donot have smooth muscles, consist of single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane. Site exchange of nutrients,, water and gases. Types Continuous -brain, retina (have tight junctions) Fenestrated-glomeruli, choroid plexus Sinusoidal-liver,spleen Blood flow regulation is by contraction and relaxation of the aerioles and precapillary sphincter. Capacitance Vessels Venules and veins Thin-walled , easily distensible (maximum percentage of blood volume) Shunt Vessels AV anastomoses Have thick muscular walls with rich innervation Found in- finger tips, ear lobes Ref: Berne and Levy Physiology 7th edition Pgno: 351", "cop": 1, "opa": "image_question", "opb": "image_question", "opc": "image_question", "opd": "image_question", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2eb13634-ceaa-47db-b5e4-941da7d7ede0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A/E one results in increased secretion of Renin", "exp": "C i.e. Decreased amount of Na+ in PCT", "cop": 3, "opa": "Renal ischaemia", "opb": "Decreased amount of Na+ in DCT", "opc": "Decreased amount of Na+ in PCT", "opd": "Narrowing of afferent aerioles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce7a9636-a7b1-4dad-8332-1e3a8843e761", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Feilization most commonly takes place at", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Infundibulum", "opb": "Ampulla", "opc": "Isthmus", "opd": "Interstitium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "NEET Jan 2020", "id": "a52cfb2b-f2f9-41f3-a387-87ff03c1aad5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muscle spindle detects", "exp": "Muscle spindles are sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle. They convey length information to the central nervous system sensory neurons. Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e pg 71", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tension", "opb": "Length", "opc": "Proprioception", "opd": "Stretch", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "0df429b9-806a-44e3-bf8d-160272db03e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gastric emptying sequence into the duodenum", "exp": "Food rich in carbohydrate leaves the stomach in a few hours. Protein-rich foods leave more slowly and emptying is slowest after a meal containing fat. \nHyperosmotic contents in duodenum decrease gastric emptying. \nCCK is also an inhibitor of gastric emptying", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fat > protein > carbohydrate", "opb": "Fat < carbohydrate < protein", "opc": "Protein < fat < carbohydrate", "opd": "Protein > fat > carbohydrate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9be785f1-496f-4dba-90e1-3a59ca2e4597", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Venterolateral cordotomy for relief of pain in right lower limb due to cutting", "exp": "Sensations carried by the posterior column\n-        Proprioception, Vibration, kinesthesia, fine touch.\nSensations carried by the anterolateral column\n-        Temperature, pain (lateral) and crude touch (anterior)\nCrossing over of fibers occurs in case of the anterolateral system.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Left ventral spinothalamic tract", "opb": "Left lateral spinothalamic tract", "opc": "Right ventral spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Right lateral spinothalamic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b95a227-3e08-4e4a-8967-67d51c211809", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose mediated insulin release is mediated through", "exp": "Ans. (a) ATP dependent K+ Channels(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.43l)Glucose mediated insulin release is mediated through ATP dependent K+ ChannelsATP sensitive potassium channel contains the binding site for sulfonylurea group of oral hypoglycemic drugs", "cop": 1, "opa": "ATP dependent K+ Channels", "opb": "cAMP", "opc": "Carrier modulators", "opd": "Receptor phosphorylation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "0a865c30-5fe9-49d7-8818-6b7eb01fa18e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Paial pressure of O2 at atmospheric pressure of 760 mm of Hg", "exp": "Paial pressure of oxygen at atmospheric pressure is 160 mm HG Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:311,312,313", "cop": 2, "opa": "76 mm of Hg", "opb": "160 mm of Hg", "opc": "120 mm of Hg", "opd": "140 mm of Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "d3eef45f-cb57-47e8-a5cf-b1c7434ee075", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Feed forward control system is employed during the regulation of", "exp": "Ans. (c) Temperature(Ref: UMP, 4th ed/RL Bijlani p.12)There is a control system in our body when no stimulus is required but still the system ANTICIPATES and makes corrective changes. Such a system is called Feed forward or Anticipatory or Adaptive ControlExamples of feed forward controlTemperature control - Thermoregulatory responses are initiated by hypothalamus BEFORE the changes in environmental temperature have succeeded in changing the body's core body temperatureCephalic phase of gastric secretion- Just thinking about food increases gastric acid productionThinking about exercise itself increases heart rate & respiratory rateRole of cerebellum in motor coordination", "cop": 3, "opa": "Blood volume", "opb": "pH", "opc": "Temperature", "opd": "Blood pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "3425ba05-bb6e-400a-9f7a-0f12e1d21a34", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Renin is secreted by", "exp": "Ans. (d) Juxtaglomerular apparatus(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.672)Juxtaglomerular cells synthesize, store and release an enzyme called renin", "cop": 4, "opa": "PCT", "opb": "DCT", "opc": "Collection duct", "opd": "Juxtaglomerular apparatus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "cd03b645-481d-4036-82b4-3d60c4f5ca16", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kinemyography is used for", "exp": "Kinomyography is used to moniter the neuromuscular functions In anesthesia neuromuscular blockage is monitered by this technique Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of Medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 76,77,78", "cop": 2, "opa": "Monitoring of exercise capacity", "opb": "Monitoring of neuromuscular function", "opc": "Monitoring of muscle spindle activity", "opd": "Monitoring of CSF pressure changes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "05a86a3a-b9cc-4822-88db-5c53417a7921", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The reward or pleasure center is present in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Ventral tegmental area", "opb": "Ventromedial medulla", "opc": "Magnus raphe nucleus", "opd": "Locus coeruleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b9cb73f1-12e0-40ae-83b7-353755006713", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Delusion in delirium are", "exp": "Delusion are only for sho time so transient in nature. It is the most characteristic feature of the delision. But they may be frightening in nature. So option A is the best answer.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Transient", "opb": "Frightening", "opc": "Self reference", "opd": "Nihilistic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3f2ed5fb-f8eb-4092-a2b3-4a1a622c0b62", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The parvocellular pathway from lateral geniculate body to visual coex carries signals for detection of", "exp": "Parvocellular pathway carries signal for detection of colour vision, texture, shape, fine detail. Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 193", "cop": 1, "opa": "Colour contrast", "opb": "Luminance contrast", "opc": "Temporal frequency", "opd": "Saccadic eye movements", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "ec83aa72-5f4f-4087-b5cb-3e16a4704d1a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Centre for anxiety, fear and emotions is", "exp": "Amygdala is the centre for anxiety, aggression, fear and emotions", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nucleus accumbens", "opb": "Hippocampus", "opc": "Entorhinal cortex", "opd": "Amygdala", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "407cdae6-58b5-47c5-acd8-417c929481b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Source of progesterone during normal menstrual cycle", "exp": "Progesterone is a steroid sex hormone that is the principal progestational agent; it plays a major pa in the menstrual cycle. During the maturation of the secondary oocyte (ovum), estrogen, the principal female sex hormone, is produced at a high rate. At ovulation estrogen production is sharply reduced, and the ovary then creates within itself a special endocrine structure called the corpus luteum whose sole function is to produce progesterone.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-401", "cop": 1, "opa": "Corpus luteum", "opb": "Stroma", "opc": "Surface epithelium of ovary", "opd": "Seoli cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "7bf42c76-012d-45bb-9393-05ed8d03ebd9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aldosterone mainly acts upon", "exp": "Aldosterone is the main mineralocoicoid hormone secreted by the adrenal coex, the principal biological activity of which is the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by promoting the retention of sodium (and, therefore, of water) and the excretion of potassium; the retention of water induces an increase in plasma volume and an increase in blood pressure. Its secretion is stimulated by angiotensin II.Aldosterone is mineralocoicoid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal coex; its major action is to facilitate potassium exchange for sodium in the distal renal tubule, causing sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen loss.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-364", "cop": 4, "opa": "PCT", "opb": "Loop of Henle", "opc": "Glomerulus", "opd": "Distal renal tubule", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "3459c81b-950e-4596-8423-c26050f76ff1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A gamma nerve diameter is", "exp": "A delta fibre diameter is 3-6 um. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 89; table 4-1.", "cop": 3, "opa": "13-20", "opb": "13-Apr", "opc": "6-Mar", "opd": "0.2-1.0", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "e9e25ba7-26eb-41fc-8a08-8581ce7a27f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Von Willebrand factor is produced by", "exp": "Von Willebrand factor is produced by platelets and endothelial cells Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 565", "cop": 2, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Platelets", "opc": "Lungs", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "baebb6f0-5853-4998-83b1-a12599acaa65", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Poiseuille's law is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "F = (PA – PB) πr4/8nL", "opb": "F = (PA x PB) πr4/8nL", "opc": "F = (PA + PB) πr4/8nL", "opd": "F = (PA / PB) πr4/8nL", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f21fbe2a-dcf3-4023-966b-2ef886c90503", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pacemaker regulating the rate of respiration", "exp": "The pre-Botzinger complex (preBotC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventral respiratory group of the medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of the respiratory rhythm in mammals Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:370,371,372", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pneumotaxic centre", "opb": "Dorpal group of nucleus", "opc": "Apneustic centre", "opd": "Pre-Botzinger complex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "2a353930-9bf0-4f7b-afc2-07a8a92d2b27", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Serum prolactin levels are highest", "exp": "Normaladult serum PRL levels are about10-25 mg/Linwomenand10-20 mg/L in men. PRL secretion is pulsatile, with the highest secretory peaks occurring during rapid eye movement sleep. Peak serum PRL levels (up to 30 mg/L) occur between 4:00 and 6:00 a.m. The circulating half-life of PRL is about 50 min.", "cop": 1, "opa": "REM sleep", "opb": "24 hrs after paurition", "opc": "1 hr after running", "opd": "When Estrogens are high", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "NEET Jan 2020", "id": "12eda98b-b6c7-476c-8f15-391c58d07c66", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac output is determined by", "exp": "Cardiac o/p=stroke volume*Hea rate Therefore cardiac o/p is collectively regulated by Stroke volume and Hea rate Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 514", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ratio of organ to total peripheral resistance", "opb": "Mean stroke volume", "opc": "Mean BP", "opd": "Contractility of hea", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "4a8ea45a-a23f-4549-889f-7b25e6924b4c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iron is absorbed actively in the", "exp": "Most of the iron is absorbed in the upper pa of the small intestine: - Duodenum and adjacent jejunum contain most of the iron suitable for absorption. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Duodenum", "opc": "Terminal ileum", "opd": "Proximal ileum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "5d4c62d8-7637-48ca-85c5-d7edcdba27dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal AV delay of 0.1 seconds is due to", "exp": "AV nodal fibers are small and have lesser gap junctions. This leads to AV nodal delay and slower conduction speed.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Decrease in amplitude of firing", "opb": "Resistance offered by myocytes", "opc": "Decrease in number of gap junctions", "opd": "Lack of tight junctions", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9042886c-907c-4e85-aab3-9d0b92ca5b16", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In mature erythrocytes the major available anion is", "exp": "In mature erythrocytes the major available anion is ClRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 523", "cop": 2, "opa": "Haemoglobin", "opb": "Chloride", "opc": "Bicarbonate", "opd": "Diphosphoglycerate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "83cdb140-0204-4b60-9ddd-bc3a2ed5ed29", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Visceral noxious stimuli is mediated by", "exp": "Group C nerve fibers are one of three classes of nerve fiber in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The C group fibers are unmyelinated and have a small diameter and low conduction velocity. They include Postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and nerve fibers at the dorsal roots (IV fiber). These fibers carry sensory information. Damage or injury to nerve fibers causes neuropathic pain. Capsaicin activates C fibers Vanilloid receptors, giving chili peppers a hot sensation.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 89", "cop": 4, "opa": "A alpha", "opb": "A bita", "opc": "A y", "opd": "C", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "576c61cd-0554-4a62-88b2-180a69509c02", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Longest transit time in GIT is seen in", "exp": "The transit time for Cecum- 4hrs, the first third of the colon -6hrs, the second third of the colon-9hrs, sigmoid colon-12hrs Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 499", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Ileum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "388feda4-8526-4cc5-b872-e82f003a33ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The quantity of water lost in expired air each 24 hrs is about", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "200 ml", "opb": "350 ml", "opc": "600 ml", "opd": "800 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bc419ec2-18d5-454f-8362-1e9cfa6e2e0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following special sense has no relay in hypothalamus", "exp": "(D) Smell .> Axons from the olfactory sensory neurons converge in the olfactory bulb to form tangles called glomeruli (singular glomerulus). Inside the glomerulus, the axons contact the dendrites of mitral cells and several other types of cells.> Mitral cells send their axons to a number of brain areas, including the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, the medial amygdala, and the entorhinal cortex.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vision", "opb": "Hearing", "opc": "Taste", "opd": "Smell", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Smell and Taste", "id": "099da293-63e6-4892-8d60-0096b5d2b554", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fuel for sperm motility", "exp": "Ans. (b) Fructose", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Fructose", "opc": "Fatty acids", "opd": "Prostatic acid phosphatase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "da9e7667-4288-4174-a64e-dc3b0fe498ff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Renal threshold value for glucose is", "exp": "D. i.e. (180 mg%) (297-K- sembulingam 4th) (650- Gan 23rd) (710-711 - Ganong 22nd)* The renal threshold for glucose, the arterial blood level at which glycosuria (glucose inurine) is reached when the glucose concentration in venous plasma is usually about 180 mg /dL, but it may be higher if the glomerular filtration is low.* Tm value for glucose is 380 mg/minute in men 300 mg/min in women.* The predicted renal thresholdfor glucose would be approx 300 mg%. However, the actual renal threshold for glucose is about 200mg% of arterial plasma or 180 mg% of venous plasma (537-A.K. Jain 3rd).", "cop": 4, "opa": "100 mg%", "opb": "120 mg%", "opc": "150 mg%", "opd": "180 mg%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "f8285bd6-486b-4f06-9111-1dcd958be708", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NO is secreted by", "exp": "Nitric oxide, known as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), is biosynthesized endogenously from L-arginine, oxygen, and NADPH by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Reduction of inorganic nitrate may also serve to make nitric oxide. The endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels uses nitric oxide to signal the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, thus resulting in vasodilation and increasing blood flow. Nitric oxide is highly reactive (having a lifetime of a few seconds), yet diffuses freely across membranes. These attributes make nitric oxide ideal for a transient paracrine (between adjacent cells) and autocrine (within a single cell) signaling molecule.(Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 405)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Endothelium", "opb": "Endoderm", "opc": "Ectoderm", "opd": "Bones", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "947ecabb-995c-48c0-a54c-268cede985bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Circadian rhythm is controlled by", "exp": "(A) Suprechiasmatic nuclei # CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS:> Most if not all living cells plants and animals have rhythmic fluctuations in their function that are about 24 hours in length - i.e., they are circadian.> Most of the cells in the body have circadian rythms.> In liver these are all other cells the rhythms are entrained by the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), one on either side, above the optic chiasm.> Have rhythmic fluctuations in their function that are about 24 hours in length--ie, they are circadian (L circa \"about\" + dia \"day\").> Normally they become entrained, ie, synchronized to the day-night light cycle in the environment.> If they are not entrained, they become progressively more out of phase with light-dark cycle because they are longer or shorter than 24 hours.> These nuclei receive information about the light-dark cycle via a special neural pathway, retinohypothalamic fibers that pass from the optic chiasm to the SCN.> Efferents from the SCN initiate neural & humoral signals that entrain a wide variety of well-known circadian rhythms. These include the rhythms in the secretion of ACTH and other pituitary hormones, the sleep-wake cycle, activity patterns, and the secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin.> Neurons in the SCN discharge rhythmically when removed from the body and cultured in vitro.> Genes in these neurons are activated diurnally, and their protein products enter the cytoplasm, where they modify cell function and thus neuronal discharge.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Suprechiasmatic nuclei", "opb": "Raphe nuclei", "opc": "Thlamus", "opd": "Red nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "7cec88ca-a6f8-453c-8478-d739b89e1428", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Harmone associated with satiety is", "exp": "α-MSH (α- Melanocyte Stimulating Harmone) is associated with satiety.\nOrexin, Ghrelin, Neuropeptide-Y is associated with increased appetite.", "cop": 1, "opa": "α-MSH", "opb": "Orexin", "opc": "Ghrelin", "opd": "Neuropeptide-Y", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "27f7637a-f4ee-4ba2-a19c-ef10250fe0f7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During 3rd month of gestation, hematopoiesis occurs in", "exp": "From 3rd month of gestation liver and spleen become main site of hematopoiesis-Hepatic phaseSpleen makes smaller contribution compared to liverRef: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 edition page No:104", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Thymus", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Bone marrow", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "37ff30f9-4e3f-4a92-8f35-b255bfb8e736", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Highest conduction rate in m/s is observed in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "SA node", "opb": "AV node", "opc": "Bundle of His", "opd": "Purkinje system", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1d08577-38a4-444d-99b0-29ad1d6870b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Functions of cytoplasmic enzymes of RBC", "exp": "Cytoplasmic enzymes of RBC are capable of metabolizing glucose and forming small amounts of adenosine triphosphate. Other functions of the enzymes: (1) Maintain the pliability of the cell membrane(2) Maintain membrane transpo of ions, (3) Keep the iron of the cells&; hemoglobin in the ferrous form rather than ferric form, and (4) Prevent oxidation of the proteins in the RBCs.Reference: Guyton Physiology; 13th edition; Page: 451", "cop": 1, "opa": "Maintain pliability of the cell membrane", "opb": "Prevents membrane transpo of ions", "opc": "Keeps the iron of the cells' hemoglobin in the ferric form rather than ferrous form", "opd": "Causes oxidation of the proteins in the RBCs", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b9c5d65c-8e0d-4c97-828d-33f7d3068a95", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tinel sign is indicative of", "exp": "Tinel's sign : It records regeneration of nerve by Tapping on the nerve course from distal to proximal direction, tingling sensation is felt at the sprouting nerve ends till the distal course of the nerve (law of Projection)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Axonal conduction", "opb": "Diffuse axonal injury", "opc": "Axon degeneration", "opd": "Muscle ischaemia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "97f216ae-84dc-4897-a3dc-8f4585a8e1cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CO2 is primarily transported in the arterial blood as", "exp": "CO2 in blood is mainly carried as bicarbonates.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dissolved CO2", "opb": "Carbonic Acid", "opc": "Carbamino-hemoglobin", "opd": "Bicarbonate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "dcdbb013-7d31-4b51-b613-7bef3cdea824", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In the stomach, H+ ions are secreted in exchange for", "exp": "H+-K+ ATPase is present in stomach.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Ca+", "opd": "Cl-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "90e3b13c-d27a-4f2b-b40f-9be3c149f68b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heat loss from the body depends mostly on", "exp": "The major factor effecting heat loss from the body are environmental conditions Radiation is the most common way by which heat is lost o the external environment Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:856,857,858", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thermoregulatory centre", "opb": "Warming of air during inspiration", "opc": "Environmental temperature", "opd": "Radiation and evaporation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "1134d2b3-aa4d-45fd-96cc-915b93c06ed7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cyanosis does not occur in severe anaemia because", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin production", "opb": "Oxygen carrying capacity of available haemoglobin is increased", "opc": "Critical conc. Of Hb required to produce cyanosis is reduced", "opd": "Oxygen haemoglobin curve shift to right", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5d32b122-2506-4493-b7f5-c2aebb19be0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In human body, the action of surfactant is done by", "exp": "Dipalmitoylphoshatidylcholine is a phospholipid which along with proteins acts as surfactant.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sugar & salt", "opb": "Soap & water", "opc": "Lipid and protein", "opd": "Base and lipid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "87937ac9-a18c-4495-8341-be4fe4bb2886", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Group B nerve fibres are situated in", "exp": "Types of nerve fibers\nfibers are fast fibers.\n-        Aα- Somatic motor to extrafusal fibers of muscle spindle, proprioception\n-        Aβ- Kinesthetic, pressure and touch\n-        Aγ- Motor to intrafusal fibers of muscle spindle\n-        Aδ-  Pain, temperature, touch and pressure\n-        B fibers- Autonomic preganglionic (Myelinated)\n-        C fibers- Pain, temperature, autonomic postganglionic (mainly sympathetic)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Muscle spindles", "opb": "Fibres carrying pain sensation", "opc": "Preganglionic autonomic fibres", "opd": "Post ganglionic autonomic fibres", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c64b5e94-de01-4a94-9e1f-76aa06b00807", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In the following diagram closure of Aoic valves if indicated by alphabet", "exp": "At the end of DE segment which denotes slow ejection phase, ventricular systole ends and intraventricular pressure drops to less than the pressure in the aoa, at this point aoic valves close to prevent the backflow of blood into the left ventricle from aoa, this also produces S2 Ref : Ganong 25th ed/page 540", "cop": 2, "opa": "A", "opb": "D", "opc": "C", "opd": "B", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5d5dc97a-003a-4652-8fc7-c1cd16fc8ac6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal pH of human semen", "exp": "Normal pH range of semen is: 7.35-7.50Ref: Ganong Review to medical physiology edition. 23 pg No:405", "cop": 3, "opa": "7", "opb": "7.2", "opc": "7.4", "opd": "7.8", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "11b53d26-97ad-49be-82ad-7f4648f45ba3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Impulse generated in the tastebuds of the tongue reach the cervical cortex via the", "exp": "A. i.e. (Thalamus) (189- Ganong 22nd) (224- Ganong 23rd)* All the afferent from the tongue, both of taste and general sensibility, travel along the same pathway to the thalamus and sensory cortex.TASTE PATHWAYS - Receptors for taste sensation are the type III cells of taste bud's* Third order neurons are in the posteroventral nucleus of the thalamus. The axons from the third order neurons project in to parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex* Taste center in the opercular insular cortex i.e. in lower part of post central gyrus* Recently Umami a fifth taste sense has been added to the four classical taste modalities {sweat, salt, sour and bitter.) This taste is pleasant and sweat but differs from the standard sweet taste.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thalamus", "opb": "Dorsal roots of the first cervical spinal nerve", "opc": "Hypoglossal nerve", "opd": "Lingual nerve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "5ec2c216-b51d-47b0-b207-a85cb60cc6ff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Herring Breuer reflex is an increase in", "exp": "The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex, named for Josef Breuer and Ewald Hering, is a reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lung. Pulmonary stretch receptors present on the wall of bronchi and bronchioles of the airways respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:365,366,367", "cop": 2, "opa": "Duration of inspiration", "opb": "Duration of expiration", "opc": "Depth of inspiration", "opd": "Depth of expiration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "99bef4db-600b-4846-8f10-069a7db26b8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen due to", "exp": "Ans is 'a' i.e. Decreased 2, 3 DPG concentration The unique feature of fetal hemoglobin is that it has higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.O2 saturation of the maternal blood in the placenta is so low that the fetus might suffer hypoxic damage if fetal redCells did not have a greater O2 affinity than adult red cells.This difference in O2 affinity between the two is because, fetal hemoglobin binds to 2, 3 DPG less effectively than adult hemoglobin.Binding of 2-3, DPG to the hemoglobin decreases its affinity for oxygen i.e., it shifts the O2dissociation curve to right.HbF reacts less with 2, 3 -DPG and so is able to bind O2 more tenaciously, accounting for the left shifted O2 dissociation curve at birth.Concentration of fetal hemoglobin at birth HbF - 70-80 % of total hemoglobin HbA - 30% of total hemoglobin", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased 2, 3 DPG concentration", "opb": "Reduced pH", "opc": "Increased release of carbon dioxide", "opd": "Oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to right", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Blood: RBCs, Anemia, and Polycythemia", "id": "079bb653-5190-44ee-be4c-5ea26d210094", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Contraction of muscle can be caused by", "exp": "The process by which the contraction of muscle is brought about is a sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments. STEPS INCLUDE: Discharge of motor neuron.Release of transmitter (acetylcholine) at motor end-plateIncreased Na+ and K+ conductance in end-plate membraneGeneration of end-plate potential.Inward spread of depolarization along T tubulesRelease of Ca2+ from terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum and diffusion to thick and thin filaments Formation of cross-linkages between actin and myosin and sliding of thin on thick filaments, producing movement.(REF.GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY -23rd EDITION. Page No-100)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Release of noradrenaline", "opb": "Release of acetylcholine", "opc": "Release of serotonin", "opd": "Release of histamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "f26946e0-ff0c-4f88-ba01-dcca6ed6f6ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Air crescent\" sign is seen in", "exp": "\"Air crescent\" sign is seen in fungal ball or aspergilloma in a tubercular cavity. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e 765", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hydatid cyst", "opb": "Aspergillosis", "opc": "Tuberculosis cavity", "opd": "Amoebic liver abscess", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c8c2a6a1-1966-41e6-8163-d9c8ffcdec3e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A man working under conditions of high temperature should increase his intake of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "NaCl", "opb": "Iron", "opc": "Vitamin D", "opd": "Phosphates", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ae711fd7-8eec-46b0-84bd-9274dda18b67", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcium is stored in", "exp": "Calcium is stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum in the skeletal and cardiac muscles Calcium plays a major role in muscle contraction Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 85 ,86,87", "cop": 2, "opa": "T tubule", "opb": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Terminal cistern", "opd": "Golgi apparatus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "db974ac8-ebaf-4223-abda-946f7bca43b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Memory needed for repetitive skills is", "exp": "Implicit memory is subdivided into 4 types. Procedural memory includes skills and habits, which once acquired becomes unconscious and automatic. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:290.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Declarative", "opb": "Semantic", "opc": "Explicit", "opd": "Implicit", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "671b90ac-9ea5-45b0-bb7d-24ad4d2868bc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Peristalsis of ureter depends on", "exp": "D i.e. Pacemaker activity in smooth muscles of renalcalycesWalls of renal calyces & pelvis contain specialized smooth muscle with inherent pacemaker activityQ. Urine flowing from collecting duct into renal calyces stretches it and increases their inherent pacemaker activity which inturn initiates peristaltic contractionsQ that spread to renal pelvis & then downwards along the length of ureter.Walls of ureter contain smooth muscle and are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves as well as by intramural plexus of neurons. As with other smooth muscles, peristaltic contractions in ureter are enhanced by parasympathetic stimulation & inhibited by sympathetic stimulationQ", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sympathetic flow", "opb": "Parasympathetic flow", "opc": "Sympathetic and Parasympathetic flow", "opd": "Pacemaker in smooth muscle of renal calyces", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f5765f96-d1c0-4b8d-afd3-489f967d0b54", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The diameter of Type C fibers is", "exp": "Unmyelinated fibers carrying pain, itch, temperature, and crude touch sensations (0.5 to 2 micrometers in diameter; they are type C fibers in the generalclassification).Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 47 Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information", "cop": 4, "opa": "13-20mm", "opb": "4-13mm", "opc": "3-6mm", "opd": "0.5-2mm", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "fa1f44c9-6867-43d0-9df9-ca853def32af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The principal site of acidification of urine is", "exp": "The cells of the proximal and distal tubules secrete hydrogen ions. Acidification also occurs in the collecting ducts. The reaction that is primarily responsible for H+ secretion in the proximal tubules is Na+-H+ exchange. Na is absorbed from the lumen of the tubule and H is excreted. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:504,505,506", "cop": 2, "opa": "Loop of henle", "opb": "Collecting duct", "opc": "DCT", "opd": "PCT", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "b8f4e987-6e3e-4c4c-a914-3997b355e3f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for O2 due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased 2,3 DPG concentration", "opb": "Reduced pH", "opc": "Increased release of CO2", "opd": "Oxygen dissociation curve shifted to right", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eff6dcec-8f5e-4e63-a5a7-3d4dd1958636", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most diffusible ion across the membrane is", "exp": "The resting membrane potential is close to the Nernst potential for K+, the ion to which the membrane is most permeable. .", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cl-", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Na+", "opd": "Urea", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "28a36680-cfac-4378-a0a6-dd44310500ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The parvocellular pathway, from die lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual coex, carries signals for the detection of", "exp": "From the lateral geniculate nucleus, a magnocellular pathway and a parvocellular pathway project to the visual coex. The parvocellular pathway, from layers 3-6, carries signals for color vision, texture, shape, and fine detail. The parvocellular pathway also carries color opponent data to the deep pa of layer 4.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty-Third Edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Movement, depth and flicker", "opb": "Color vision, shape and fine details", "opc": "Temporal frequency", "opd": "Luminance contrast", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "740236f0-00dd-4551-9561-2cc39417b088", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chemoreceptor reflex primarily causes", "exp": "Peripheral aerial chemoreceptors in the carotid and aoic bodies have very high rates of blood flow. These receptors are primarily activated by a reduction in paial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), but they also respond to an increase in the paial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and pH. Chemoreceptors exe their main effects on respiration; however, their activation also leads to vasoconstriction. Central chemoreceptors - rise in blood pressure causes a reflex decrease in hea rate the aerial baroreceptors. This is why bradycardia rather than tachycardia. Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 593", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mild tachycardia, vasodilation", "opb": "Bradycardia, vasoconstriction", "opc": "Mild tachycardia, vasoconstriction", "opd": "Bradycardia, vasoconstriction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "356f266c-9a77-47c4-bb7f-07d4eb679628", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The transition temperature of lipid bilayers of the cell membrane is increased by", "exp": "The temperature at which the crystalline or gel-like state of membrane structures turns into fluid-like the state is known as Transition temperature. Higher the transition temperature, lower the fluidity of the membrane. The transition temperature is increased maximum by the more saturated fatty acids which interact with each other through their long chains strongly and results in lesser fluidity.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Saturated fatty acids", "opc": "Hydrocarbons", "opd": "Unsaturated fatty acids", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "092b3fa1-816e-4bd4-969e-e1674a9ecde4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Breast milk has more............. in comparison to cow&;s milk", "exp": "CONSTITUENTS BREAST MILK COW&;S MILKProteins 11 gm/L 33 gm/LNon protein 0.3 gm/L 0.32 gm/LLipid 35 gm/L 35 gm/LCarbohydrates70 gm/L 50 gm/L Lactose 62 gm/L50 gm/L Nitrogenous oligosaccharides 8 gm/L0Minerals2 gm/L 8 gm/LCalcium 0.33 gm/L1 gm/LPhosphorus 0.15 gm/L1 gm/LIron 0.4-1.5 mg/L0.3-0.5 mg/L Vitamin C60 mg/L20 mg/LVitamin D50 Ul25 UI Energy 720 kcal650 kcal", "cop": 2, "opa": "Minerals", "opb": "Lactose", "opc": "Proteins", "opd": "Lipid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "02d82d73-c4f5-42ea-a43e-e697150ec4fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "3rd hea sound is d/t", "exp": "A soft, low-pitched third sound is heard about one-third of the way through diastole in many normal young individuals. It coincides with the period of rapid ventricular filling and is probably due to vibrations set up by the inrush of blood. Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page:542 first sound-beginning of systole- Causes- sudden closure of av valves. Rapid increase in tension in the ventricular muscles during isometric contraction acting on filled ventricles. Turbulence created in the blood due to ventricular contraction. second sound-end of clinical systole - closure of semilunar valves. Rush of blood into the ventricles due to opening of AV valves contributes. Third sound- vibration setup in the ventricle during the early period of rapid ventricular filling. fouh sound- causes-atrial contraction. Vibration setup within the ventricle due to inflow of blood produced by atrial systole.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Closure of av valve", "opb": "Closure of aoic valve", "opc": "Mid diastolic flow in the ventricle", "opd": "Atrial contraction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b50fc191-fd1d-4485-9f1d-0bf4dea9283e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Clamping of the carotid aeries below (proximal) the carotid sinus is likely to produce", "exp": "Ans. a. Increased HR & BPDue to increased vasomotor center activity.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increase in blood pressure and increase in hea rate", "opb": "Decrease in blood pressure and decrease in hea rate", "opc": "Increase in blood pressure and decrease in hea rate", "opd": "Decrease in blood pressure and increase in hea rate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "72d4a279-7d3b-404d-8f97-2cca3b0e6532", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Menopausal hot flushes occur due to", "exp": "Hot flashes (also known as hot flushes) are a form of flushing due to reduced levels of estradiol.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-400", "cop": 2, "opa": "FSH secretion", "opb": "Decrease in estrogen", "opc": "Increase in estrogen", "opd": "Increase in progesterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "3053d581-e5bb-4092-a8d0-9b99a800bbca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In the stomach, H+ ions are secreted in exchgHjjii for", "exp": "H+ ions are generated inside parietal cells from metabolic CO2 & H2O present in cell in the presence of enzyme carbonic anhydrase. -The enzyme accelerates the formation of H2CO3 which dissociates to release H+ & HCO3-. -The H+ ions generated are then secreted into the lumen of the canaliculi in exchange for K+ by a primary active transpo mediated by a H+-K+-AT Pase pump. Ref: Medical Physiology, Indu Khurana", "cop": 2, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Gar", "opd": "CT", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "066df58c-b465-457e-b31c-c8c7b0cd6c50", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Outer membrane action potential is maintained by influx of", "exp": "Outer membrane action potential is maintained by influx of K+ Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:66,67,68", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "Mg3+", "opc": "K+", "opd": "CA2+", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "6788ddc6-a882-4a1f-83f8-1d64e851902f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Eagle effect is seen in", "exp": "Some microbes demonstrate a curious response to b-lactam antibiotics known as Eagle-effect. Eagle-effect positive enterococci exhibit their greatest bactericidal response to penicillins at a concentration just above the MIC of the antibiotic, as concentration of P is increased above this value,bactericidal effect against enterococci is decreased. It is their unusual resistance to antibiotics - single outstanding characteristics.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Staphylococcus aureus", "opb": "Enterococcus faecalis", "opc": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "opd": "Streptococcus pyogenes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f2db40c1-af54-46de-b99e-d95888936cd9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Left lobe is responsible for", "exp": "D i.e. Written and Spoken Language", "cop": 4, "opa": "Appreciation of Music", "opb": "Spatial orientation", "opc": "Visual Stimuli Processing", "opd": "Written and Spoken Language", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fee5b3ba-9d36-4c33-8f9a-01e0325da3da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Measurement of anatomic dead space is by", "exp": "The anatomic dead space can be measured by analysis of the single-breath N2 curves. From mid-inspiration, the subject takes as deep a breath as possible of pure O2, then exhales steadily while the N2 content of the expired gas is continuously measured. The initial gas exhaled (phase I) is the gas that filled the dead space and that consequently contains no N2. This is followed by a mixture of dead space and alveolar gas (phase II) and then by alveolar gas (phase III). The volume of the dead space is the volume of the gas expired from peak inspiration to the midpoion of phase II.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 600", "cop": 3, "opa": "O2 breath test", "opb": "Helium dilution test", "opc": "N2 breath test", "opd": "PCO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "41462516-e407-41b2-aef1-bd6f1bf31300", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Surfactant synthesis stas after about", "exp": "Surfactant is synthesized and secreted by Type II alveolar epithelial cells, also called pneumocytes, which differentiate between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation in the human Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:312,313,314", "cop": 2, "opa": "26 weeks of foetal life", "opb": "20 weeks of foetal life", "opc": "30 weeks of foetal life", "opd": "18 weeks of foetal life", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "0a09a25b-2a3d-44c5-b25b-dd69cb63c94c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal acid level in stomach is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "300-400 m Eq", "opb": "100-200 m Eq", "opc": "20-40 m Eq", "opd": "15-20 m  Eq", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "37a500bd-86ff-4403-9964-5914ba0eb0d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential of Myocytes is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "-90 mV", "opb": "-70 mV", "opc": "-50 mV", "opd": "-60 mV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2212103c-de1e-4003-a080-80f640735f0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Elimination of waste product from a normal person requires minimal amount of urine of", "exp": "Ans. (b) 500 ml(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.685)A normal 70kilogram human must excrete about 600mOsm of solute every dayWe know that the maximum concentrating ability of kidney is 1200mOsmSo, the minimal volume of urine that must be excreted is 600/1200=0.5L/day or 500 ml/dayThis 500 ml/day is needed to excrete 600mOsm of solute", "cop": 2, "opa": "100 ml", "opb": "500 ml", "opc": "100 ml", "opd": "2000 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "845b9f13-1a89-446c-9de0-d7bea045ef0f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pacemaker regulating the rate of respiration is", "exp": "Pre-Botzinger complex initiates the respiratory rhythm, consists of six group of neurons that functions as \"central pattern generator \" for initiation of respiration. Located in the ventrolateral medulla. Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 655", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pneumotaxic centre", "opb": "Nucleus tractus solitarius", "opc": "Apneustic centre", "opd": "Pre-Botzinger complex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "1f99c538-2e6a-4200-b83f-993db74ce662", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vestibulo ocular reflex concerned with", "exp": "Flocculonodular lobe is phylogenetically the oldest pa of cerebellum has vestibular connections and is concerned with equilibrium and eye movements ie vestibulo ocular reflex.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:257.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Archicerebellum", "opb": "Neocerebellum", "opc": "Floculomodular lobe", "opd": "Occipital lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "e829aa2c-d260-4a59-a2a3-3bf39766a77c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In renal glycosuria, the renal threshold for glucose", "exp": "A i.e., LowTranspo Maximum (T.)For most substance that are actively reabsorbed or secreted there is a maximum rate at which the solute can be transpoedQ ofter k/a transpo maximum. This limit is d/t saturation of specific transpo system.Tm for kidney in practice is less than calculated value (i.e.,threshold of substance is less than its Tm) because, not all nephrons have the same Tm and some of the nephron excrete substance before others have reached their TmQ. It is impoant to know that overall Tm of substance for kidney is reached when all nephrons have reached their capacity to reabsorb or secrete that substance.Tm for glucose in normal adult is - 375 mg/minQ, whereas its filtered load is only 125mg/min (GFR x Plasma glucose = 125 ml/min x 1 mg/ml). With large increase in plasma glucose &/or GFR, which increase the filtered load above 375 mg/min, the excess glucose filtered is not reabsorbed & passes into urine. However, even when the plasma glucose concentration rises above 200 mg/100m1 (2mg/m1) (so filtered load is 250 mg/min, which is less than Tm), a small amount of glucose appears in urine. This is known as threshold of glucose. So renal threshold of substance is the plasma level at which it first appears in urine in more than the normal minute volumes.Substances that do not exhibit Tm Substances that are passively reabsorbed do not demonstrate Tm, because their rate is determined by electrochemical gradient, permeability, & time that solute remains within tubule eg. are urea, chlorideQ, water Some actively transpoed substance also have electrochemical gradient- time transpo. e.g. is Na reabsorption in PCTQ. However in DCT (where epithelium has much tighter junction & so transpoing only small amounts of Na+) sodium reabsorption exhibits Tm.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Low", "opb": "High", "opc": "Same", "opd": "Greatly increased", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "efdc7b99-9b6b-464e-9868-c0104781ec8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The repolarization phase of an action potential is due to", "exp": "There is a decrease in sodium permeability (inactivation of the sodium channels) and a delayed increased in potassium permeability during the repolarization phase of the action potential. The pump plays no direct role in the action potential.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increasing sodium permability and increasing potassium permeability", "opb": "Increasing sodium permeability and decreasing potassium permeability", "opc": "Decreasing sodium permeability and an immediate increasing potassium permeability", "opd": "Decreasing sodium permeability and a delayed increase potassium permeability", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "eb83c582-bffd-435a-a77d-3248c3d7a23d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac output is increased in", "exp": "Conditions that increase cardiac output exercise Anxiety Emotion and excitement Increased environmental temperature After eating Pregnancy Conditions that decrease cardiac output standing from lying posture Excessive sweating. Conditions that do not change cardiac output sleep Mild to moderate change in environmental temperature Ref: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GK PAL VOLUME 2 PAGE 788", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sleep", "opb": "Pregnancy", "opc": "Sitting", "opd": "Standing", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "dae0aee1-8c61-4427-a213-d94b8c8e564f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "On spirometry decreased fevl normal FVC, increased TLC , decreased DLco2 diagnosis is", "exp": "(B) (Emphysema) (431 -A-K-Jain 5th (735-sembulingam 6th (653-Davidson 224)How to interpret respiratory function abnormalities AsthmaChronic bronchitisEmphvsemaPulmonary fibrosisFEV1|||||||VC||-|||FEV1/VC|||-/|TL co--||||K co-/|-|-/|TLC-/|||||RV-/|||||(RV=Residual Volume; see text for other abbreviations)Bronchial Asthma -Residual volume andfunctional residual capacity (FRC) are increased* There is reduction in1. Tidal volume2. Vital capacity3. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEVj)4. Alveolar ventilation5. Partial pressure of oxygen in blood* Carbon dioxide accumulates, resulting in acidosis, dyspnea and cyanosisDiffusing capacity (DLco) useful for assessing disease affecting the alveolar-capillary bed or pulmonary vascular (1591-92-H 17th)A. Decreased DLco1. Interstitial lung disease2. Emphysema3. Pulmonary vascular disease (recurrent pulmonary emboli or primary pulmonary hypertension)B. Increased DLco1. Congestive heart failure2. Alveolar haemorrhage in good pasture syndromePulmonary compliance increased in express the distensibility (expensibility) of the lung and chest wall)* Emphysema* Ageing* Increased surfactants (|surface tension)* Dead space measured by- Nitrogen washout method* Measurement of functional Residual capacity (FRC)A. Open circuit method-Nitrogen washout methodB. Closed circuit method- Helium Dilution Technique* Diffusion capacity of lung Is measured by- carbon monoxide method", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bronchial asthma", "opb": "Emphysema", "opc": "Respiratory muscle paralysis", "opd": "Pulmonary fibrosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "09e42fcc-3a15-4677-b8eb-e5ebc5fe4b52", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Main organ for biological clock is", "exp": "Hypothalamic control of circadian rhythm: A large number of physiologic rhythms ( body temperature, sleep-wakefulness, coisol secretion among a host of others ) in the body run to a cyclic pattern that is approximately 25 hours long. These rhythms are entrained to 24 hours due to environmental signals such as light and darkness. These signals are called zeitgebers. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is believed to be responsible for the rhythmicity of these circadian cycles(Ref: Guyton & Hall Textbook of medical physiology- a south Indian edition 2014 pg no: 812)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Thalamus and pons", "opb": "Thyroid and eyes", "opc": "Cerebellum and medulla", "opd": "Hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "e2bbb6ca-c774-436a-8cb8-29a58e3d89b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ICG angiography is primarily indicated in", "exp": "We recommend ICG with some enthusiasm for identifying feeder vessels in age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascular membranes, chronic central serous retinopathy, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, vasculitis, acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e 643", "cop": 2, "opa": "Minimal classical CNV", "opb": "Occult CNV", "opc": "Angioid streaks with CNV", "opd": "Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3ba31c0e-5f59-410c-a3ec-0ce6619c9078", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heschl's gyrus in the brain contains", "exp": "Answer: c) Primary auditory cortex.* Area 41 is the primary auditory cortex; area 42 is the associative (secondary) auditory cortex.* Together, these areas are referred to as Heschl's gyrus.* They receive input (via the auditory radiations) from the medial geniculate.* The surrounding temporal cortex (area 22) is the auditory association cortex. In the posterior part of area 22 (in the posterior third of the superior temporal gyrus) is Wernicke's area, which plays an important role in the comprehension of language.* The remaining temporal areas are multimodal association areas.BRODMANN AREA* Primary motor. A- precentral gyrus -Area 4* Premotor area- Area 6* Primary visual area-Area 17* Visual association area- Area 18,19* Primary auditory area - Area 41* Auditory association area- Area 22 (Wernicke's Area), Area 42,* Frontal eye field- Area 8 & 6* Broca's area- Area 44* Primary sensory area- -Area 3,1,2* Somato sensory association area (posterior parietal cortex)- area 5,7", "cop": 3, "opa": "Parietal association cortex", "opb": "Wernicke's area", "opc": "Primary auditory cortex", "opd": "Medial frontal cortex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "7ea86958-a1ae-4c1a-afac-e8f1ac423715", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Core body temperature is closest to", "exp": "(A) Rectal [Ganong22-251; 19th*-239/# Rectal temperature is representative of the temperature at the core of the body and varies least with changes in environmental temperature. Oral temperature is normally 0.5 degC lower than the rectal temperature, but it is affected by many factors, including ingestion of hot or cold fluids, gum-chewing, smoking, and mouth breathing.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rectal", "opb": "Surface", "opc": "Oral", "opd": "Axillary", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "1aa765c3-e49f-4418-b41a-1776e9bbffe3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "&;V' wave in JVP is due to", "exp": "The V wave mirrors the rise in atrial pressure before the tricuspid valve opens during diastole.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 25th edition.Pg no. 542", "cop": 4, "opa": "Atrial contraction", "opb": "Mitral valve closure", "opc": "Atrial relaxation", "opd": "Tricuspid valve closure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "e3721bd2-9e8c-44c4-81aa-dbb144209837", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In cardiac cycle, opening of mitral valve occurs at the", "exp": "At the end of isovolumetric relaxation, when right atrial pressure becomes more than right ventricle, mitral valve opens.", "cop": 3, "opa": "End of isovolumetric contraction", "opb": "Beginning of isovolumteric relaxation", "opc": "End of isovolumetric relaxation", "opd": "Beginning of isovolumetric contraction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b7ace95a-10fa-4dee-85ce-763c2841464d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Respiration stops in the last stage of expiration, in forced expiration because of", "exp": "There is dynamic compression of the small airways during forceful expiration.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Respiratory muscle fatigue", "opb": "Collapse of alveoli", "opc": "Dynamic compression of airways", "opd": "Breaking effect of inspiratory muscles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b3210a58-b71c-4a64-970b-80678aeef55d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Total lung capacity depend on", "exp": "Lung compliance TLC is the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible inspiratory effo. TLC = IRV +TV + ERV+RV Q= IC + RV Q", "cop": 3, "opa": "Size of airway", "opb": "Closing tidal volume", "opc": "Lung compliance", "opd": "Residual volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "eccb49f5-f46b-4eb2-b25a-57e8f60acaf6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Greatest stimulator for ADH secretion", "exp": "Antidiuretic hormone is the hormone secreted by cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior pituitary for release as necessary; it stimulates contraction of the muscular tissues of the capillaries and aerioles, raising the blood pressure, and increases peristalsis, exe some influence on the uterus, and influences resorption of water by the kidney tubules, resulting in concentration of urine. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-313", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperosmolarity", "opb": "Hyponatremia", "opc": "Hypotension", "opd": "Hypovolemia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "8eb70912-1e00-4f4b-854f-18a81847ed9e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The blobs of the visual coex are associated with", "exp": "The visual coex has six layers. The axons from the LGB neurons end on pyramidal cells in layer 4 which in turn project primarily to more superficial layers (layers 2 and 3). These layers contain &;clusters&; of cells, called blobs which contain high concentration of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase. These are concerned with colour vision.Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ocular dominance", "opb": "Orientation", "opc": "Color processing", "opd": "Saccadic eye movements", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "36dc9822-7a53-4289-87ff-49044fe36dd9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve fibres involved in proprioception", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Type A fibre", "opb": "Type B fiber", "opc": "Type C fiber", "opd": "Type IV fiber", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3ac373c2-edbd-4b8a-ac2c-cdc46f3026f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum potassium ions secretion is seen in", "exp": "Saliva Maximum potassium secretion are: (1) Colon & rectum = 85 meq/l (2) Saliva = 25 meq/l (3) Others = 5 meq/l Now if we look at the total secretions: Colonic secretions = 200 ml/day so Potassium = 17 meq/day Salivary secretions = 2 litres/day so potassium = 50 meq/day Others = 5-6 litres/day so potassium = 25-30 meq/day But since colon excretes body fluids and saliva secretes body fluids: Max daily potassium secretion is Saliva Max daily potassium excretion is Colon. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 400,401,402", "cop": 1, "opa": "Saliva", "opb": "Gastric secretions", "opc": "Jejunal secretions", "opd": "Colonic secretions", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "a7745197-7b0c-4fee-af31-963e6e2523eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tone of LES is maintained by", "exp": "Acetylcholine and tachykinins are involved in the LOS contraction acting through acetylcholine M3 and tachykinin NK2 receptors. Nitric oxide can also be involved in the regulation of LOS contraction. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:443,444,445", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acetyl choline", "opb": "Dopamine", "opc": "Serotonine", "opd": "VIP", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "ad738c6f-a99f-48d9-83ba-3798232dc868", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phantom limp sensation are best described by", "exp": "Ans. (d) Law of projection(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.171)Law of projection:This law states that \"No matter where a particular sensory pathway is stimulated along its course to the cortex, the conscious sensation produced is referred to the location of the receptor\"This law explains phantom pain wherein Some of these patients may complain of pain and proprioceptive sensations in the absent limb following amputation", "cop": 4, "opa": "Weber Fechner law", "opb": "Power law", "opc": "Bell-Magendie law", "opd": "Law of projection", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "2887fff7-b273-44d5-b569-d57636acc1bb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In cell membrane, on the basis of mass, proteins and lipids are present at a ratio of", "exp": "According to 'Principles of Medical Physiology', \"The cell membrane contains proteins and lipids in 50:50 ratios. This refers to the ratio of their masses and not numbers\".", "cop": 2, "opa": "1:02", "opb": "1:01", "opc": "2:01", "opd": "4:01", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "229cb1fe-bc07-407d-bebd-6139dc93ee07", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "5 percent dextrose is", "exp": "Dextrose is a white soluble sweet-tasting crystalline solid that is the dextrorotatory isomer of glucose, occurring widely in fruit, honey, and in the blood and tissue of animals. Formula: C6H12O6. Also called: grape sugar or dextroglucose. Administering a 5% sugar solution peri- and postoperatively usually achieves a good balance between starvation reactions and hyperglycemia caused by sympathetic activation. D5W (5% dextrose in water), which consists of 278 mmol/L dextroseRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypotonic", "opb": "Isotonic", "opc": "Normotonic", "opd": "Hypeonic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "cfb74677-4075-4821-81c6-ea742582423f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HCI Secretion in gastric phase is increases by", "exp": "Ans. (c) Gastrin(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.457)Three major factors that increase gastric acid secretion are,#Histamine - paracrine factor (released from a nearby ECL cell)#Gastrin - Endocrine factor (Released by G cells into blood that reaches parietal cells)#Acetylcholine - Neurocrine factor (released by vagal nerve endings)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pepsinogen", "opb": "CCK", "opc": "Gastrin", "opd": "Secretin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "7bdd149e-93d3-434c-8632-c9213991030a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice", "exp": "Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice and may occur in up to 15% to 25% of hospitalized patients.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyponatremia", "opb": "Hypocalcemia", "opc": "Hypernatremia", "opd": "Hypokalemia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3a1ce1d2-cc88-492d-adc5-f680a6fca636", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lysozymes are found in", "exp": "Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles formed from Golgi complex. They are released at the site of inflammation to digest cellular debris. (REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Eukaryotes", "opb": "Prokaryotes", "opc": "Plants", "opd": "Bacteriophage", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b407bd29-44d0-48c4-8205-f2cef33f394b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nonshivering thermogenesis is due to", "exp": "Non-shivering thermogenesis occurs in brown adipose tissue (brown fat) that is present in all eutherians (swine being the only exception currently known). Brown adipose tissue has a unique uncoupling protein (thermogenin, also known as uncoupling protein 1) that allows the uncoupling of protons moving down their mitochondrial gradient from the synthesis of ATP, thus allowing the energy to be dissipated as heat. It is due to norepinephrine. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:885,886,887", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acetylcholine", "opb": "Norepinephrine", "opc": "Dopamine", "opd": "Serotonin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "57ddfa79-cb34-48cd-9ec1-f87c9331e8b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The main site of bicarbonate reabsorption is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Proximal convoluted tubule(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.679)Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs,2/3rd (67%) of filtered sodium chloride (NaCl)2/3rd (67%) of filtered water2/3rd (67%) of filtered potassium (K+)2/3rd (67%) of filtered urea70 % of filtered calcium80 % of Filtered phosphate and bicarbonate100% of filtered glucose and amino acids", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "opb": "Distal convoluted tubule", "opc": "Cortical collecting duct", "opd": "Medullary collecting duct", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "d0ac4a53-e91e-48d4-b5e5-595b4faa2030", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iodine uptake is seen in the following organs", "exp": "Ans. B Thyroida. Iodine Trapping (Iodine pump)b. Iodide uptake is a critical first step in the thyroid hormone synthesis by the thyroid.c. Iodide uptake from circulation, is mediated by Na+/I- symporter (NIS), which is expressed at the basolateral membrane of the thyroid follicular cells. It is an example of secondary active transport.d. The rate of iodide trapping by the thyroid is influenced by several factors, the most important being the cone of TSH (i.e. TSH stimuliltes iodide uptake)e. Low Level of NIS are also present in the salivary glands, lactating breast and placenta.f. \"The salivary glands, the gastric mucosa, the placenta, the ciliary body of the eye, the choroid plexus. And the mammary glands also transport iodide against a concentration gradient but their uptake is notg. affected by TSH. Diiodotyrosine is formed in mammary tissues but T4 and T3 are not\".h. Low Iodine levels increase the amount of NSI and stimulate uptake, whereas high iodine levels suppress NIS expression and uptake.i. Excess iodide transiently inhibits thyroid iodide organification, a phenomenon known as theWOLFF-CHAIKOFF-EFFECT.Another iodide transporter, PENDRIN, is located on the apical surface of thyroid cells and mediates iodine EFFLUX into the lumen. Mutation of the PENDRIN gene causes Pendred syndrome , a disorder C/B a. defective organification of iodide b. goiter, and c. SN deafness.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ovary", "opb": "Thyroid", "opc": "Parathyroid", "opd": "Adrenal gland", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Thyroid", "id": "36531a23-c4c7-4451-a594-eb2658196f9d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myoglobin binds with", "exp": "Myoglobin is specialized for sustained muscular contraction. It has only one heme group and does not show Bohr effect.", "cop": 1, "opa": "1 mol of oxygen per mol", "opb": "2 mol of oxygen per mol", "opc": "3 mol of oxygen per mol", "opd": "4 mol of oxygen per mol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "1749393d-c1b1-4354-b687-4cd2e91e7cd8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thirst is activated bya) Increased Angitension II levelb) Extracellular hyperosmolarityc) Increaed ANP levelsd)  Increased Renin levels", "exp": "When plasma osmolarity increases, the Osmoreceptors are activated which results in increased thirst. Similarly, when hypovolemia occurs, Renin-Angiotensin mechanism gets activated which causes increase in Angiotensin II that stimulates the satiety centre.", "cop": 3, "opa": "acd", "opb": "bcd", "opc": "abd", "opd": "ab", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e8fc5cb7-c898-470a-bf91-935f9812f24c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least amount of co2 is in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Anatomical dead space-end inspiration phase(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.630)Anatomical dead space containing atmospheric air at the end of inspiration will have the least amount of CO2 - because atmospheric air has negligible CO2 Anatomical dead space-end expiration phase: Here alveolar gas rich in CO2 occupies the Anatomical dead space dead space areaAlveolar air contains a mixture of O2 from the inspired air and CO2 which is continuously added to it to exhale out", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anatomical dead space-end inspiration phase", "opb": "Anatomical dead space-end expiration phase", "opc": "Alveoli-end inspiration phase", "opd": "Alveoli-end expiration phase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "b434efbb-e427-445f-84e6-8041f9d67f6a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secretin is secreted by", "exp": "Secretin is secreted by 'S' cells that are located deep in the glands of the mucosa of the upper portion of the small intestine (especially, in the mucosa of duodenum and jejunum). On liberation into portal venous blood via systemic circulation, it reaches pancreatic tissue to stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice.\nNote: Secretin is secreted in duodenum, but acts on duct cells of pancreas to stimulate alkaline pancreatic juice secretion.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Pancreas", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Stomach", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d2e7105e-6a59-444a-a85b-288c2a1bcf75", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Striatum damage affects priming", "exp": "Implicit memory is subdivided into 4 types. Procedural memory includes skills and habits, which one acquired become unconscious and automatic. Priming is facilitation of recognition of words or objects by prior exposure to them. Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 290", "cop": 1, "opa": "Procedural memory", "opb": "Sho term memory", "opc": "Long term memory", "opd": "Explicit memory", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "2646edf5-8673-4dbe-b0bf-4cdf36be73ff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Binding of O2 to hemoglobin reduces its affinity for CO2 by", "exp": "Haldane effectBecause deoxyhemoglobin binds more H+ than oxyhemoglobin does and forms carbamino compounds more readily, binding of O2 to hemoglobin reduces its affinity for CO2The decrease in O2 affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls is called the Bohr effect and is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)CHLORIDE SHIFT: Because the rise in the HCO3- content of red cells is much greater than that in plasma as the blood passes through the capillaries, about 70% of the HCO3- formed in the red cells enters the plasma. The excess HCO3- leaves the red cells in exchange for Cl- Ref: 23rd Edition of Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology page no: 612", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bohr's effect", "opb": "Haldane effect", "opc": "Chloride shift", "opd": "Ohm's effect", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "faba6a6f-4f32-4388-8e1b-092a3f7dfe6e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thrombosthenin is a/an", "exp": "Ans. is 'b' is Contractile protein Thrombosthenin is a contractile protein found within platelets. It helps the platelets to contract during clot formation.Other contractile proteins found within platelets are-Actin andMyosin molecules", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thrombosis preventing protein", "opb": "Contractile protein", "opc": "Coagulation protein", "opd": "Protein for regulating platelets production", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Blood: Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation", "id": "9f4edd48-42e7-4209-bf31-c11aa636fe47", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Citrate is a useful anticoagulant because of its ability to", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Buffer basic groups of coagulation factors", "opb": "Bind factor XII", "opc": "Bind vitamin K", "opd": "Chelate calcium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "11857710-a446-4c08-a611-a53451aedf04", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulmonary circulation differs from systemic circulation", "exp": "Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), also known as the Euler-Liljestrand mechanism, is a physiological phenomenon in which small pulmonary aeries constrict in the presence of alveolar hypoxia (low oxygen levels). Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 354,355,356", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pulmonary vasodilatation in hypoxia", "opb": "Pulmonary vasoconstriction in hypoxia", "opc": "Decreased blood volume during systole", "opd": "Increased basal vasoconstrictor tone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "af045adb-e5ca-4687-8958-3e3f8e58cd63", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prolactin is synthesized in", "exp": "Prolactin- a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the growth of breast tissue and stimulates and sustains milk production in postpaum mammals, and shows luteotropic activity in ceain mammals. Called also lactogenic hormone and mammotropin.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-416", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pituitary", "opb": "Hypothalamus", "opc": "Pineal gland", "opd": "Thalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "908fadda-1c1d-4614-a4a8-a4fdfdcfbee1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Starling’s law of the heart", "exp": "Starling pointed this out when he stated that the “energy of contraction is proportional to the initial length of the cardiac muscle fiber” (Starling’s law of the heart or the Frank–Starling law ).\nFor the heart, the length of the muscle fibers (ie, the extent of the preload) is proportional to the end-diastolic volume.\nThe relation between ventricular stroke volume and end diastolic volume is called the Frank–Starling curve.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Does not operate in the failing heart.", "opb": "Does not operate during exercise.", "opc": "Explains the increase in heart rate produced by exercise.", "opd": "Explains the increase in cardiac output that occurs when venous return is increased.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d1ef2ef1-3c11-4bf9-b1ab-503f1ee6149d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal intraabdominal pressure is", "exp": "The abdomen behaves as a hydraulic system with a normal IAP of about 5-7 mmHg, and with higher baseline levels in morbidly obese patients of about 9-14 mmHg. Measuring IAP the bladder in the supine position is still the accepted standard method, but in patients in the semi-recumbent position (head of the bed elevated to 30 degrees and 45 degrees ), the IAP on average is 4 and 9 mmHg, respectively. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology", "cop": 1, "opa": "0-8mmHg", "opb": "10-15mmHg", "opc": "15-20mmHg", "opd": "20-26mmHg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "25af2f3e-4ee9-4c09-a96f-8028c47755fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum pressure in right ventricle seen is", "exp": "Peak pressures in the left and right ventricles are about 120 and 25 mm Hg, respectively.Reference: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology; 25th edition; Page no: 538", "cop": 2, "opa": "2mmHg", "opb": "25mmHg", "opc": "80mmHg", "opd": "120mmHg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "e9307ca1-b143-4203-a1a4-a81132ff69ff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The enzyme primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the periphery is", "exp": "Three different deiodinases act on thyroid hormones: D1, D2, and D3. All are unique in that they contain the rare amino acid selenocysteine, with selenium in place of sulfur, which is essential for their enzymatic activity. D1 is present in high concentrations in the liver, kidneys, thyroid, and pituitary. It appears primarily to be responsible for maintaining the formation of T3 from T4 in the periphery. D2 is present in the brain, pituitary, and brown fat. D3 is also present in the brain and in reproductive tissues. It acts only on the 5 position of T4 and T3 and is probably the main source of 3 in the blood and tissues.", "cop": 1, "opa": "D1 thyroid deiodinase", "opb": "D2 thyroid deiodinase", "opc": "D3 thyroid deiodinase", "opd": "Thyroid peroxidase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrine System", "id": "e01f4ea3-735e-47c9-9901-0cf913393196", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tachycardia is caused by hypoxia due to", "exp": "Tachycardia and vasodilation occur secondary to hyperventilation in cases of hypoxia. Central chemoreceptors do not have a role in hypoxia. Activation of peripheral chemoreceptors excites medullary vagal centre and causes Bradycardia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Reflexly through peripheral chemoreceptors", "opb": "Diffuse vasodilation", "opc": "Through central chemoreceptor", "opd": "Secondarily after by hyperventilation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a08cffbd-8955-4338-b6b8-d26d8a2c5d0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brodmann&;s area number for somatosensory area", "exp": "The cerebral hemisphere is divided into several areas, called Brodmann Areas. Each cerebral hemisphere contains a total of &;47&; such areas. The area between central sulcus and postcentral sulcus is called postcentral gyrus; the sensory area of the brain (area 3, 1, 2).(Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition)", "cop": 2, "opa": "4 & 6", "opb": "3, 1, 2", "opc": "5 & 7", "opd": "16 & 18", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "044f759c-06d7-41e2-8aad-670154751a8c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Concentration of sodium channel in nerve in per square foot is", "exp": "In myelinated neurons most sodium channels are present at nodes of ranvier Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:72,73", "cop": 4, "opa": "1.6 x 10-5 to 1.9 X-2 per square foot", "opb": "6.6 x 10-6 to 3.9 X-3 per square foot", "opc": "1.6 x 10-6 to 1.9 X-3 per square foot", "opd": "6.6 x 10-5 to 3.9 X-2 per square foot", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "bfeb1398-fdec-4b1c-8b74-4371e4dfc43a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bicarbonate is absorbed", "exp": "Ans. (c) Indirectly PCT(Ref: Ganongy 25th ed/p.679)For every H+ ion secreted out, one bicarbonate ion is resorbed indirectly in PCT", "cop": 3, "opa": "Directly in PCT", "opb": "Directly in DCT", "opc": "Indirectly PCT", "opd": "Indirectly in DCT", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "9853473b-7a7b-451b-80cc-c9a73f2d7552", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ablation of the `somatosensory area I' of the cerebral cortex leads to", "exp": "Somatosensory cortex lesion - proprioception and tactile sensations are lost while pain and temperature sensations are preserved.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Total loss of pain sensation", "opb": "Total loss of touch sensation", "opc": "Loss of tactile localization but not of two point discrimination", "opd": "Loss of tactile localization and two point discrimination", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6815323e-c0fc-485b-80c8-13192cae2546", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Massage and the application of liniments to painful area in the body relieves pain due to", "exp": "Ans. (d) Inhibition by large myelinated afferent fibers(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.172)Massaging and applying counterirritants over the injured area relieves pain. The reason being gate-control mechanism of pain modulation", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stimulation of endogenous analgesic system", "opb": "Release of endorphins by the first order neurons in the brain stem", "opc": "Release of glutamate and substance P in the spinal cord", "opd": "Inhibition by large myelinated afferent fibers", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "d59b3cc7-e936-4262-b773-b76a8d035a44", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Daily salivary secretion is", "exp": "The amount of saliva that is produced in a healthy person per day; estimates range from 0.75 to 1.5 litres per day while it is generally accepted that during sleep the amount drops to nearly zero. In humans, the submandibular gland contributes around 70-75% of secretion, while the parotid gland secretes about 20-25% and small amounts are secreted from the other salivary glands. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 400,401,402", "cop": 2, "opa": "250-500mi", "opb": "1000-1500ml", "opc": "2000-2500ml", "opd": "3000ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e7429d55-3aa5-4f5e-83d6-faf537754744", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Baroreceptor stimulation would result in", "exp": "Baroreceptor stimulation would result in decreased sympathetic discharge to hea.. The baroreceptors are stretch receptors in the walls of the hea and blood vessels. Baroreceptor stimulation, by distension of the structures they are located in, inhibits the tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves and excites the vagal innnervation of the hea. Thus leading to: Vasodilatation and venodilatation Hypotension Bradycardia Decrease in cardiac output Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition PGno: 577,578", "cop": 3, "opa": "Decreased Vagal activity", "opb": "Increased Hea rate", "opc": "Decreased sympathetic discharge to hea", "opd": "Increased vasomotor tone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "79df4b81-9ee0-4e27-889d-7165b2c36cd3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Interaction of histamine with  H2 receptor in parietal cell results in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase in intracellular Na+ concentration", "opb": "Increase in intracellular CAMP production", "opc": "Increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration", "opd": "Stimulates IP3 - DAG pathway", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3782aaed-ed4f-48bd-a199-ebc4c3adf950", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adequate oxygen is delivered to the tissues in", "exp": "- In hypoxic, anemic, and stagnant types of hypoxia, oxygen delivery to tissues is reduced. In histotoxic hypoxia, oxygen delivered to tissues is normal; however, tissues are unable to utilize the oxygen.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypoxic hypoxia", "opb": "Stagnant hypoxia", "opc": "Anemic hypoxia", "opd": "Histotoxic hypoxia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Gaseous exchange", "id": "80ff6ac6-70c7-4b5d-9600-1f9ae72fae47", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bainbridge reflex is due to", "exp": "Ref:- Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 13th ed; pg num:- 268", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stretching of atria", "opb": "Baroreceptor reflex", "opc": "Decreased venous return", "opd": "Increased ventricular activity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "fa642363-4481-48db-ab6a-7f999506d043", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The principle that is the spinal cord dorsal roost are sensory and the ventral roots are motor is known as", "exp": "Ans. (b) Bell-Magendie Law(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.229)Bell-Magendie law:#This law states that \"Spinal dorsal roots contain sensory fibers and ventral roots contain motor fibers\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Laplace's law", "opb": "Bell-Magendie Law", "opc": "Frank-Starling Law", "opd": "Weber-Fechner Law", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "27a6a162-58eb-4fca-a38d-fd5af8d27b98", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Salivary secretion is by", "exp": "Salivary secretion is by Na+, Cl– reabsorption  and K+, HCO3– secretion.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Na+, Cl reabsorption", "opb": "Na+, K secretion", "opc": "Na+, K+ reabsorption", "opd": "Cl–, HCO3– secretion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "51ed2656-6bc4-4531-a959-f82a2f683ae5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve Conduction is slowest in", "exp": "Ans. (a) C fibers(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.94)A a - highest conduction velocity (70 - 120 m/s)C fibers - slowest conduction velocity (0.5 - m/s)", "cop": 1, "opa": "C fibers", "opb": "A alpha", "opc": "A beta", "opd": "A delta", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "ce94ef9a-bcc6-48e4-b28c-5fcba8127b71", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In the mucosal cells, triglycerides are formed primarily in the", "exp": "Golgi apparatus is directed at proper glycosylation of proteins and lipids. (REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, PAGE NO - 46)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum", "opb": "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Golgi apparatus", "opd": "Ribosomes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "58ce0b7e-72ff-4066-afd7-acf7c76ee919", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Role of Vitamin K for activation in clotting cycle", "exp": "Vitamin K is an essential factor to a liver carboxylase that adds a carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues on five of the impoant clotting factors: prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, and protein C. Upon adding the carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues on the immature clotting factors, vitamin K is oxidized and becomes inactive. Another enzyme, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKOR c1), reduces vitamin K back to its active form.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:490", "cop": 4, "opa": "Carboxylation", "opb": "Hydroxylation", "opc": "Oxidation", "opd": "Reduction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "62d3d408-7be5-47fb-8599-5e5eb8067587", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erythropoietin secretion decreases in", "exp": "(Highly crushed renal disease) (677-Ganong 23rd) (459-60-GN) (422-23-Guyton 11th) (72-A.K. Jain 3rd)ERYTHROPOIETIN is a glycoprotein, secreted by peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The principal site of inactivation of erythropoietin is the liver.* * Hypoxia is the main stimulant for the secretion of erythropoitin* Secretion of the hormone is fascilitated by alkalosis that develops at high altitudes* Both norepinephrine and epinephrine and several of the prostaglandins stimulate erythropoietin production (385-Gyton 10th)Anemia in CRF caused by decreased erythropoietin secretion (376-Gyton 10th)Patients with severe CRF, (when renal mass is reduced) or nephrectomy, almost always develop anaemia. The most important cause of this is decreased renal secretion of erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. If the kidneys are seriously damaged, they are unable to form adequate quantities of erythropoietin, which leads to diminished red blood cell production and consequent anemia.Factors affecting Erythropoietin productionIncreaseDecrease1. Hypoxia due to haemorrhage, high altitude, Cardio respiratory disturbance methaemoglobin excess2. Vasoconstrictor agent (Catecholamines) due to renal hypoxia3. Nucleotides eg cAMP NAD an NADP4. Products of RBC destruction called haemolysates5. Hormones - Thyroxine, Anterior pituitary hormone, androgens6. Others Cobalt salts1. Oestrogena. Decrease hepatic synthesis of globinb. Depress the erythropoietic response to hypoxiaThis is why in female, RBC count is less as compared to males2. Chronic renal disease3. Protein deficiency4. Cirrhosis of liver5. Chronic inflammatory diseases", "cop": 2, "opa": "High altitude", "opb": "Highly crushed renal disease", "opc": "Congestive heart failure", "opd": "Lung disease", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "4d4e0240-4553-4f97-bb2f-d9a0a921ca00", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The exchange of gases between plasma and tissue fluid is a function of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Partial pressures", "opb": "Hydrostatic pressures", "opc": "Osmotic pressure differentials", "opd": "Difference in volume percent of gases", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "65d0557e-fde5-4988-ad04-2e62f99e50eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Synaptic conduction is mostly ohodromic because", "exp": "Chemical mediator is located only in the presynaptic terminal An axon can conduct the impulse in either direction. When an action potential is initiated in the middle of an axon, 2 impulses traveling in opposite directions are set up by electronic depolarization on either side of the initial current sink. In living animals, impulses normally pass in one direction only Q (from synaptic junctions or receptors along axons to their termination). Such conduction is called ohodromic. Conduction in the opposite direction is called antidromic. Q Since synapses, unlike axons, permit conduction in 1 direction only, any antidromic impulse that they set up fail to pass the first synapse they encounter and die out at that point Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:675,676,677", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dendrites cannot be depolarized", "opb": "Once repolarized, an area cannot be depolarized", "opc": "The strenhth of antidromic impulse is less", "opd": "Chemical mediator is located only in the presynaptic terminal", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "c4b38d70-addf-4bd8-8391-9614b65a6cfd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anion gap is mostly due to", "exp": "Anion gap is mainly caused by plasma albumin.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proteins", "opb": "Sulphates", "opc": "Phosphates", "opd": "Nitrates", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2953401e-03f9-454d-894e-982e167369cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Motor area of Bradman is area", "exp": "(B) 4", "cop": 2, "opa": "1", "opb": "4", "opc": "5", "opd": "7", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "b10543e9-94c1-45d9-b1c3-6850ccf465f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The lateral zones of cerebellum are associated with", "exp": "Dentate nucleus is associated with Cerebrocerebellum which correspond to lateral zone of cerebellum Ref: Ganong , 25th edition/ page 248", "cop": 2, "opa": "Globose nucleus", "opb": "Dentate nucleus", "opc": "Emboliform nucleus", "opd": "Fastigeal nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4a52afbb-9cd7-4177-a9f7-fca37b81d2a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calculate the filtration,if GFR = 125 ml / min and renal plasma = 625 ml / min", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "5%", "opb": "20%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "10%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a21f68bf-f8d9-47b0-bc6b-42294340162b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cell bodies of orexinergic neurons are present in", "exp": "Brains from humans with narcolepsy often contain fewer hypocretin (orexin) producing neurons in the hypothalamus. hypothalamic neurons release orexin to play a role inswitching between sleep and wakefulness Ganongs review of medical physiology;26rd edition;pg:268,273", "cop": 3, "opa": "Locus ceruleus", "opb": "Dorsal raphe", "opc": "Lateral hypothalamic area", "opd": "Hippocampus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "6bbf8e18-b7ee-486b-bd62-28a81629969b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neurophysiological defects due to damage of left hemisphere in left handed person includes", "exp": "In left handed person, left hemisphere is the dominant or categorial hemisphere.\nIt damage leads to dyscalculia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Agraphia", "opb": "Dyscalculia", "opc": "Astereognosis", "opd": "Anosognosia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5f0422df-6423-4f0e-a8af-9fc79d349b59", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Umami taste is evoked by", "exp": "Glutamic acid is responsible for umami taste Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 713,714,715", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Glutamic acid", "opc": "Quinine", "opd": "Sodium chloride", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "c0a70046-2318-497a-911c-c4a76b0ea390", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "I cells secrete", "exp": "-Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by cells in the mucosa of the upper small intestine. It has a plethora of actions in the gastrointestinal system, but the most impoant appear to be the stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, the contraction of the gallbladder (the action for which it was named), and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, which allows both bile and pancreatic juice to flow into the intestinal lumen. -Gastrin is produced by cells called G cells in the antral poion of the gastric mucosa -Secretin is secreted by S cells that are located deep in the glands of the mucosa of the upper poion of the small intestine -Motilin is secreted by enterochromaffin cells Reference ; GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 23RD EDITION Pg 745,746,747", "cop": 3, "opa": "Secretin", "opb": "Gastrin", "opc": "CCK", "opd": "Motilin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "6f7b1880-71a3-4bb4-864a-8e18cc7d39b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gastric emptying sequence into duodenum", "exp": "Food rich in carbohydrate leaves the stomach in a few hours. Protein-rich foods leave more slowly and emptying is slowest after a meal containing fat. Hyperosmotic contents in duodenum decrease gastric emptying. CCK is also an inhibitor of gastric emptying (Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 473)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fat > protein > carbohydrate", "opb": "Fat < carbohydrate < protein", "opc": "Protein < fat < carbohydrate", "opd": "Protein > fat > carbohydrate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "9a14d849-9e2c-4878-b4d9-954dcb89bf23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Collagen present in basement membrane", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e., Type IV", "cop": 4, "opa": "Type I", "opb": "Type II", "opc": "Type III", "opd": "Type IV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1f82993b-345c-410c-a635-d86787009e73", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Agnosia is caused by lesion of", "exp": "Agnosia is the general term used for inability to recognise objects by a paicular sensory modality even though the sensory modality itself is intact. Lesions producing these defects are in parietal lobe especially when they are in the representational hemisphere. Ref:Ganongs Review of medical physiology;23 rd edition ; pg :296", "cop": 3, "opa": "Representative hemisphere, left", "opb": "Categorial hemisphere, left", "opc": "Representative hemisphere, right", "opd": "Categorial hemisphere, right", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "50dc0fb9-aa55-4c49-8615-709eb1ccd2ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sulfation factor is", "exp": "Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene.IGF-1 has also been referred to as a \"sulfation factor\" and its effects were termed \"nonsuppressible insulin-like activity\" (NSILA).Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor(SRIF)Gastric inhibitory polypeptide(GIP) Gastrin inhibitory peptide hormone is produced by the pancreas, that is secreted in response to oral- but not parenteral administration ofnutrients-eg, glucose and lipids. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP) a polypeptide hormone secreted most commonly by non-b islet cell tumors of the pancreas; VIP increases the rate of glycogenolysis and stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion; excess production causes copious watery diarrhea and fecal electrolyte loss, with hypokalemia and hypochlorhydria.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-327", "cop": 2, "opa": "Somatostatin", "opb": "Somatomedian", "opc": "GIP", "opd": "VIP", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "97d10a8b-21fc-45fe-8208-f9e241e4427a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kidney produces", "exp": "In adults, about 85% of the erythropoietin comes from the kidneys and 15% from the liver.In most mammals, the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin. Aldosterone is synthesized by adrenal coex.Circulating angiotensinogen is found in the a2-globulin fraction of the plasma (Figure 39-6). It contains about 13% carbohydrate and is made up of 453 amino acid residues. It is synthesized in the liver with a 32-amino-acid signal sequence that is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty-Third Edition, page no: 277, 347, 670, 677", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vasopressin", "opb": "Erythropoietin", "opc": "Aldosterone", "opd": "Angiotensinogen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "cb50dd38-7344-4010-bbc1-7115927cd6a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Splenectomy is expected to cause", "exp": "Splenectomy causes an increase in the platelet count (thrombocytosis).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increase in number of platelets", "opb": "Decrease in number of platelets", "opc": "No change in number of platelets", "opd": "Complete absence of platelets", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3c4b464d-e66d-4c35-8d88-eb599db64613", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal duration of PR interval", "exp": "The time between the beginning of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex is the interval between the beginning of electrical excitation of the atria and the beginning of excitation of the ventricles. This period is called the P-Q interval. The normal P-Q interval is about 0.16 second. (Often this interval is called the P-R interval because the Q wave is likely to be absent.) Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:133", "cop": 1, "opa": "0.12 - 0.2 sec.", "opb": "0.2 - 0.3 sec.", "opc": "0.3-0.4 sec.", "opd": "0.4 - 0.5 sec.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ed69de2c-dc88-4728-a7cd-7bfb6f17731d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Excess of growth hormone does not cause", "exp": "Large amounts of growth hormone, leads to gigantism in children and to acromegaly in adults. Before pubey, the individual may grow to an extraordinary height. When the epiphyses are closed, linear growth is no longer possible. In this case, an overabundance of growth hormone produces the pattern of bone and soft tissue deformities known in humans as acromegaly. The sizes of most of the viscera are increased. The protein content of the body is increased, and the fat content is decreased. At least some forms of growth hormone are diabetogenic because they increase hepatic glucose output and exe an anti-insulin effect (insulin resistance) in muscle. Growth hormone is also ketogenic and increases circulating FFA levels. The ability of growth hormone to promote fat utilization, together with its protein anabolic effect, causes an increase in lean body mass (NOT OBESITY).", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gigantism", "opb": "Acromegaly", "opc": "Diabetes", "opd": "Obesity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrine System", "id": "9e071b8c-ad9c-4f9e-8de8-5287f18517b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brain temperature is most accurately measured through", "exp": "Core temperature can be estimated bymeasuring the temperature of the lower esophagus, pulmonary aery, nasopharynx, or tympanum . Brain temperature is usually considered a \"central\" temperature, and in the absence of intracranial pathology, it can be estimated by measuring tympanic or esophageal temperatures Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tympanic membrane", "opb": "Nasopharynx", "opc": "Scalp", "opd": "Cornea", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "57527645-9a41-4105-ae86-d49e281b91cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The intrinsic factor of Castle is secreted by", "exp": "Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells produce pepsinogens and gastric lipase. Enterochromaffin-like cells secrete Histamine. G cells secrete gastrin hormone. Reference: Ganong's review of Medical Physiology, 25th ed, Page: 458", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chief cells", "opb": "Parietal cells", "opc": "Enterochromaffin like cells", "opd": "G-cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "7ad1df8c-77b7-44c3-97f2-2975880e4e8c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ion ligand receptors are", "exp": "LikeGABA, glycine acts by increasing Cl- conductance.The ionotropic receptors of glutamate are ligand-gated ion channels that resemble nicotinic cholinergic receptors and GABA and glycine receptors. Catecholamines acting on b adrenergic receptors use cAMP mechanism.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glycine receptor", "opb": "b adrenergic receptors", "opc": "V1 receptor", "opd": "Insulin receptor", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "bdcbbdbe-45fc-4f3d-95b5-6d0a8110b139", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac index ratio is determined by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "CO & surface area", "opb": "Stroke Volume & surface area", "opc": "Surface area only", "opd": "Peripheral resistance", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f3c7cec4-d5d5-4ea3-b4d9-51aa64e38500", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "15 million sperm/ml of semen with total 15% motile sperm signifies", "exp": "Aspermia - Lack of secretion or expulsion of semen following ejaculation.Asthenozoospermia - Loss or reduction of mobility of sperms, frequently associated with infeility. Oligozoospermia - low spermatozoon countOligoasthenozoospermia is a combination of:Asthenozoospermia (reduced sperm motility)Oligozoospermia (low spermatozoon count)Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-427", "cop": 4, "opa": "Aspermia", "opb": "Asthenozoospermia", "opc": "Oligozoospermia", "opd": "Oligoasthenozoospermia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f7ae4eb8-e70f-40fe-b7b4-1c741718c2c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cause of death in cyanide poisoning is", "exp": "Anoxic anoxia: caused by a complete lack of oxygen to the brain. It occurs when a person is in an environment without enough oxygen, such as at high altitudes.Anemic anoxia: Anoxia due to anemia is not severe at rest unless hemoglobin deficiency is marked. However anemic patients may have considerable difficulty during exercise due to limited ability to increase oxygen delivery to active site.Histotoxic Anoxia: Hypoxia due to inhibition of tissue oxidative processes occurs due to cyanide poisoning. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase. Methylene blue or nitrites are used to treat cyanide poisoning.Stagnant Anoxia: Occurs due to slow circulation and is a problem in organs like kidneys and hea during shock. It is also known as hypoperfusion anemia. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 12th edition(South Asia), page: 621", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anoxic anoxia", "opb": "Anaemic anoxia", "opc": "Histotoxic anoxia", "opd": "Stagnant anoxia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "d775a7a2-af6d-4bdc-8d1e-54f4badf00e8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Assuming a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min, calculate the minute ventilation.", "exp": "Minute ventilation is VT x respiratory rate. VT from the graph is 500 milliliters. Therefore, minute ventilation = 500 x 12 = 6 L/min", "cop": 4, "opa": "1 L/min", "opb": "2 L/min", "opc": "4 L/min", "opd": "6 L/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Gaseous exchange", "id": "8bf2d6d7-7f14-4ee9-9127-5cadab8721d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum iron absorption occurs in", "exp": "Iron is absorbed from upper small intestine mainly duodenum. In diet, iron occurs in two forms, haem iron and inorganic (non-haem) iron.\n\nHaem iron is better absorbed than inorganic iron, but the major fraction of diet is inorganic iron. Inorganic iron is mostly in ferric form; needs to be reduced to ferrous form because iron is absorbed in ferrous form.\n\nAfter absorption, ferrous form is once again oxidized to ferric form inside enterocytes.\n\nA fraction of absorbed iron is rapidly delivered to plasma transferrin.\nHowever, most of the iron is deposited in the enterocytes as ferritin,\nsome to be transferred more slowly to plasma transferrin, and some to be lost when senescent mucosal cells (enterocytes) are sloughed into the intestine.\n\nIron absorption is regulated according to the demand, e.g., when there is iron deficiency, absorption increases.\n\nThis regulation is mediated by “iron metabolism regulatory hormone”, i.e., hepcidin that inhibits iron absorption. When there is iron deficiency, the concentration of hepcidin falls and there is increase iron absorption. Hepcidin also decreases the release of iron from storage sites.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Caecum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "31e5ee87-f9df-407d-9d0a-f6d5f142d344", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of ubiquitin", "exp": "Ubiquitin plays a major role in protein destruction. (Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.10)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Binding", "opb": "Transpo", "opc": "Degradation", "opd": "Assembely", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "288e00a4-cc6e-4fac-afc4-3c452c2c17c9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Posterior perforation of peptic ulcer drain into", "exp": "Posterior perforation of a gastric ulcer is a rare condition. ... However, ~5-8% of ulcers lie in the posteriorwall of the body of the stomach . When posterior gastric ulcerperforates, it usually penetrates into the lesser sac behind the stomach which is a omental bursa Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e p654", "cop": 2, "opa": "Greater sac", "opb": "Paracolic gutter", "opc": "Omental bursa", "opd": "Foramen of Winslow", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "01055171-a7c9-4d50-8430-088be9ddd775", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is produced by", "exp": "Mullerian inhibiting substance a glycoprotein produced by the Seoli cells of the fetal testis that acts in the males to suppress the mullerian ducts, consequently preventing the development of the uterus and fallopian tubes, thus helping to control the formation of the male phenotype.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 392", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stroma", "opb": "Seoli cells", "opc": "Leydig cells", "opd": "Germ cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "64f0a293-16b6-42a6-b4a3-29677447c8f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The pattern of fingerprint demonstrated here is", "exp": "Loop Fingerprint patterns and their relative frequency: Loop - 67% Whorls - 25% Arches - 6-7% Composite - 1-2%", "cop": 2, "opa": "Arch", "opb": "Loop", "opc": "Whorl", "opd": "Composite", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "2920bb0f-2d14-4df3-9b8f-b52dffd38b60", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcitonin levels increased in", "exp": "Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by increased serum calcium concentration and calcitonin protects against the development of hypercalcemia. Ref:- Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypehyroidism", "opb": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opc": "Hypoparathyroidism", "opd": "Cushing Syndrome", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f50da328-d36b-490c-a9ea-d486cb249bee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "PR interval corresponds to ECG changes as", "exp": "C. i.e. (Atrial - depolarization and conduction through AV node) (551 - Ganong 22nd) (494- Ganong 23rd)ECG IntervalsIntervalNormal Durations (S)Events in the heart during intervalAverageRangePR interval0.180.12-0.20**Atrial depolarization and conduction through AV nodeQRS duration0.08to 0.10Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarizationQT interval0.40to 0.43Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarizationST interval (QT minus QRS)0.32 Ventricular repolarization* QRS complex denotes - ventricular depolarization*** The normal direction of mean QRS vector is generally said to be - 30 to + 110 on the coordinate system*** U wave - It is due to slow repolarization of papillary muscle* TP segment - It represents polarized state of whole heart* J-point - point between 'S' wave and ST segment. It is a point of \"no\" electrical activity (305-A.K Jain 3rd)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ventricular depolarization", "opb": "Ventricular depolarization and atrial rcpolarization", "opc": "Atrial depolarization and conduction through AV node", "opd": "Ventricular repolarization", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "1214f53c-28fc-4045-bb80-3964754fca20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stimulation of baroreceptors results in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Increase in heart rate", "opb": "Decreased vagal discharge", "opc": "Increased sympathetic discharge", "opd": "Decrease in blood pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a45f31b8-04a7-471c-bad9-f114f43ad3df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plateau phase of action potential of cardiac muscle starts with", "exp": "Plateau phase (Phase 2) starts with entry of Ca2+\nCa2+ entry is counterbalanced by efflux of K+. Hence, Plateau is maintained.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inactivation of Na+ channel", "opb": "Entry of Ca2+", "opc": "Opening of K+ channel", "opd": "Closure of K+ channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6425d2a7-a575-4fe9-a052-acee2cccf073", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Residual bodies are", "exp": "lysosomes Residual bodies are nothing but secondary lysosomes with undigested wastes. The digested materials are diffused into the cell cytoplasm through the lysosomal membrane. (Ref: www.sivabio.50web.com)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mitochondria", "opb": "Nucleus", "opc": "Golgi apparatus", "opd": "Lysosomes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "f6f557cd-5057-4830-8106-545556263b9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "RBC transketolase deficiency is seen in", "exp": "(A) Thiamine deficiency# TRANSKETOLASE is an enzyme of both the pentose phosphate pathway.> Transketolase activity is decreased in deficiency of thiamine, which in general is due to malnutrition. Two diseases are associated with thiamine deficiency: beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.> Red blood cell transketolase activity is used in the diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy and other B1-deficiency syndromes if the diagnosis is in doubt.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thiamine deficiency", "opb": "Folic acid deficiency", "opc": "Anaemia", "opd": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "88d1897e-ee8c-4a48-be0d-d2d53117e36b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Renshaw cell inhibition", "exp": "Neurons may also inhibit themselves in a negative feedback manner (negative feedback inhibition). For instance, a spinal motor neuron emits a recurrent collateral that synapses with an inhibitory interneuron, which then terminates on the cell body of the spinal neuron and other spinal motor neurons. This paicular inhibitory neuron is sometimes called a Renshaw cell after its discoverer. Impulses generated in the motor neuron activate the inhibitory interneuron to secrete the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine, and this reduces or stops the discharge of the motor neuron.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Feedback inhibition", "opb": "Feed forward inhibition", "opc": "Feed forward facilitation", "opd": "Feedback facilitation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "527cc9b6-0aac-4c81-a34c-1cf02b07d16c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Haldane effect", "exp": "Because deoxyhemoglobin binds more H+ than oxyhemoglobin does and forms carbamino compounds more readily, binding of O2 to hemoglobin reduces its affinity for CO2 (Haldane effect).Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 612", "cop": 2, "opa": "Effect of 2,3 -BPG", "opb": "Dissociation of CO2 on oxygenation", "opc": "Dissociation of O2 on addition of CO2", "opd": "Chloride shift", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "4ba8b8bd-c30f-47df-b41e-edde0591a808", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Luteal phase dominant hormone", "exp": "Luteal phase is the third phase of the human menstrual cycle when the ovarian follicle that has recently discharged an ovum ruptures and transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. Progesterone acts on the endometrium to build up tissue with a supply of blood for nourishment of the potential embryo. If feilization and conception do not take place, the estrogen level falls and the menstrual phase begins.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-403", "cop": 2, "opa": "Estrogen", "opb": "Progesterone", "opc": "Prolactin", "opd": "Oxytocin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a6249e5e-c6ed-48a9-9c14-4bd9acc46122", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Earliest reflex to reappear after spinal shock", "exp": "Delayed plantar reflex is the 1st reflex to recover more often followed by bulbocavernos reflex Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:775,776,777", "cop": 3, "opa": "Knee jerk", "opb": "Ankle jerk", "opc": "Bulbocavernous reflex", "opd": "Planter reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "7b9484c8-2f20-460f-896c-697630872c79", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vitamin B12 is absorbed in", "exp": "Most vitamins are absorbed in the upper small intestine, but vitamin B 12 is absorbed in the ileum.This vitamin binds to IF and this complex is absorbed across the ileal mucosa.Vitamin B12 and folate absorption are Na independent.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 458)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b71204f9-3e28-475e-83d1-0a533015b57b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Rate of impulse generation is maximum in", "exp": "SA node is located at the junction of the superior vena cava with the right atriumEven though Av node Bundle can produce impulse rate of impulse production is higher in SA nodeRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:490", "cop": 1, "opa": "SA node", "opb": "AV node", "opc": "Bundle of His", "opd": "Purkinje system", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "1fcd3bb2-1f7e-44ca-8ceb-037be8d3c433", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chloride shift is due to", "exp": "Chloride shift (also known as the Hamburger phenomenon or lineas phenomenon, named after Haog Jakob Hamburger) is a process which occurs in a cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and chloride (Cl-) across the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:360,361,362", "cop": 1, "opa": "Generationof HCO3 in RBC's", "opb": "Metabolism of glucoses in RBC's", "opc": "Formation of O2-Hb complex in RBC's", "opd": "Release of K in RBC's", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "dcd5aa7c-dfcf-4727-acf0-13de51421ca1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Relaxation of mesangial cells of the kidney is brought about by", "exp": "Substances causing relaxation of mesangial cells\n-        ANP\n-        Dopamine\n-        PGE2\n-        cAMP\nSubstances causing contraction of mesangial cells\n-        Endothelin\n-        Vasopressin\n-        PGF2\n-        Angiotensin II\n-        Norepinephrine\n-        PAF\n-        PDGF\n-        Thromboxane A2\n-        Leukotrienes C4, D4\n-        Histamine", "cop": 1, "opa": "cAMP", "opb": "Endothelin", "opc": "PGF2", "opd": "Vasopressin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fa1acbf7-00b5-4416-b2b6-0bf6dc4d67b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Semen is released by", "exp": "Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa. It is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male can feilize female ova. In humans, seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa: proteolytic and other enzymes, as well as fructose, are elements of seminal-fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa and provide a medium through which they can move or \"swim\".Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle, which is located in the pelvis. The process that results in the discharge of semen is called ejaculation.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-422", "cop": 3, "opa": "Epididymis", "opb": "Testes", "opc": "Vas deferens", "opd": "Prostate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "7cada94e-3364-40b3-81d7-e0f2bd5c6522", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Inflation of lungs induces further inflation\" is explained by", "exp": "\"Inflation of lungs, under certain conditions, enhances inspiratory activity. \nThis called Head's paradoxical reflex\".— Understanding medical physiology", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hering-Breuer inflation reflex", "opb": "Hering-Breuer deflation reflex", "opc": "Head's paradoxical reflex", "opd": "J-reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be36f070-3605-4081-a57d-2a8f0a86d857", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Volume of air taken into the lungs in normal respiration is known as", "exp": "Vital Capacity: Amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effo after maximum inspiration. It is used to assess the strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function. Timed Vital Capacity: The fraction of the vital capacity expired during the first second of a forced expiration.Tidal volume: The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration). Inspiratory reserve volume: The air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effo in excess of the tidal volume.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 23rd edition, page: 593", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vital capacity", "opb": "Timed vital capacity", "opc": "Tidal volume", "opd": "Inspiratory reserve volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "3767fd06-3a7c-4b05-99bf-ac58ddf7fcd1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Countercurrent mechanism in the kidney is responsible for", "exp": "Ans. (c) Osmotic gradient in medulla(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.685)Loop of Henle plays an important role in concentration of urine by creating medullary hyperosmolarity through countercurrent mechanism", "cop": 3, "opa": "Absorption of glucose", "opb": "Maintenance of blood flow", "opc": "Osmotic gradient in medulla", "opd": "Secretion of uric acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "623c473e-8b61-4faf-b78c-acccea87c29e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cortical area for control of emotion is situated in", "exp": "(C) Limbic area # Prefrontal cortex (area no. 9, 10, II, 12) is the highest cortical area for emotional control and social behavior lesion of which causes lack of initiation and antisocial behavior Stimulation of Limbic Cortex produces autonomic effects. It also affects behavior & emotional response,> Papez circuit is formed by connections oflimbic system.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hippocampus", "opb": "Cingulate gyrus", "opc": "Limbic area", "opd": "Pre-central gyrus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "0a410e7c-8030-4fdc-a42b-e6f67f5e9b8f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "At the end of isometric relaxation phase", "exp": "Ans. (a) Atrioventricular valves openRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.539Isovolumetric relaxation ends by opening of Atrioventricular valves", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrioventricular valves open", "opb": "Atrioventricular valves close", "opc": "Corresponds to peak of \"C\" wave in JVP", "opd": "Corresponds to T wave in ECG", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "bd40c453-d427-4d83-a534-9dbd91116216", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) involved in neuronal synaptic developments during embryogenesis are", "exp": "Cadherins (the Ca++-dependent CAMs) and Catenins (the cytosolic paners of cadherins) are known to be involved in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. It mediate cell-to-cell adhesion by homophilic reactions", "cop": 2, "opa": "Integrins", "opb": "Cadherins", "opc": "IgG superfamily", "opd": "Selectins", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cell Membrane and transpo protiens", "id": "af0d56e3-7838-4bf8-a6a6-97d6953a3ec8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential is generated by", "exp": "Potassium ion is responsible for resting membrane potential. When concentration of potassium ion is varied in the extracellular fluid, resting membrane potential changes. But not with Na ion. (REF. TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 23)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Cl-", "opd": "CA2+", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "cc30d810-5706-4736-86cd-20db23be57ac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vitamin K dependent coagulation factors include", "exp": "Vitamin K is an essential factor to a liver carboxylase that adds a carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues on five of the impoant clotting factors: prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, and protein C.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 490", "cop": 2, "opa": "II and III", "opb": "IX and X", "opc": "III and V", "opd": "VIII and XII", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b5995935-1945-42d4-abab-eefd51264856", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brodmann&;s area number for motor area", "exp": "The cerebral hemisphere is divided into several areas, called Brodmann Areas. Each cerebral hemisphere contains a total of &;47&; such areas. The area between central sulcus and precentral sulcus is called pre-central gyrus; the motor area of the brain (Brodmann area 4).Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "4 & 6", "opb": "1, 2, 3", "opc": "5 & 7", "opd": "16 & 18", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3e890d20-5155-4d1b-941f-10fd4ac96e84", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In skeletal muscle, actin is bound to Z line by", "exp": "Actinin binds actin to the Z lines. Titin connects the Z lines to the M lines and provides scaffolding for the sarcomere. Desmin adds structure to the Z lines in pa by binding the Z lines to the plasma membrane. Tropomyosin molecules are long filaments located in the groove between the two chains in the actin (Figure 5-3). (Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology 23rd Edition page no.96)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Titin", "opb": "Desmin", "opc": "Actinin", "opd": "Tropomyosin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "3958ea35-43bb-41a2-8674-8dbd39542a8f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Time taken for electrical conduct from SA node to AV node in ECG is", "exp": "PR interval is the interval between beginning of p wave to the beginning of QRS. It indicates atrial depolarization and AV nodal delay. (REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY)", "cop": 1, "opa": "PR interval", "opb": "ST segment", "opc": "QT interval", "opd": "Cannot be determined by ECG", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "bd184dbc-deb5-42d9-950a-855ca78ea88a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential of neuron is", "exp": "The magnitude of resting membrane potential from tissue to tissue ranges from - 9 to - 100.RMP of nerve Fibre is - 70mV(REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO 22)", "cop": 2, "opa": "+70mv", "opb": "-70mv", "opc": "+90mv", "opd": "-90mv", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "9978bf8d-9aeb-41e9-82e8-2ed07f541d77", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The blobs of the visual cortex are associated with", "exp": "Bobs in the visual cortex are associated with colour vision and definition.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ocular dominance", "opb": "Orientation", "opc": "Color processing", "opd": "Saccadic eye movements", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d773865e-2ff3-49f1-950f-024c6d297f6d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "After first meiotic division, the primary oocyte remains arrested in", "exp": "The dictyate or dictyotene is a prolonged resting phase in oogenesis. It occurs in the stage of meiotic prophase 1 in ootidogenesis. It stas late in fetal life and is terminated sholy before ovulation by the LH surge. Thus, although the majority of oocytes are produced in female fetuses before bih, these pre-eggs remain arrested in the dictyate stage until pubey commences and the cells complete ootidogenesis.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 401", "cop": 1, "opa": "Diplotene stage", "opb": "Pachytene stage", "opc": "Metaphase", "opd": "Telophase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b9e726fe-cac5-4049-9cf0-d15efe3f45ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most accurate for measurement of ECF volume", "exp": "ECF volume is measured using inulin which is a polysaccharide.(Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.61)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Deuterium oxide", "opb": "Cr-51 labeled RBC", "opc": "Inulin", "opd": "Albumin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "d8d2d900-9ae1-4b4d-8db8-a9232d8dfc81", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most reabsorption out of", "exp": "Glucose is maximumly reabsorbed in normal condition.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 682", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Urea", "opc": "Na+", "opd": "HCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "96766226-079f-4ae7-a4a4-dc9f3df6022e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Water content is maximum in", "exp": "(A) ICF # INTRACELLULAR FLUID (2/3 of body water) is fluid contained within cells. In a body containing 40 liters of fluid (ie. about 72 kg total weight), about 25 liters is intracellular, which amounts to 62.5% (5/8), close enough to the 2/3 rule of thumb. Jackson's texts states 70% of body fluid is intracellular.> Extracellular fluid (1/3 of body water) is fluid contained in areas outside of cells. For a 40 litre body, about 15 litres is extracellular, which amounts to 37.5% Again, this is close to the 1/3 rule of thumb cited here.> Plasma (1/5 of extracellular fluid). Of the 15 liters of extracellular fluid, plasma volume averages 3 liters. This amounts to 20%, the same as per Netter's Atlas.> Interstitial fluid (4/5 of extracellular fluid)> Transcellular fluid (a.k.a. \"third space,\" normally ignored in calculations) contained inside organs, such as the gastrointestinal, cerebrospinal, peritoneal, and ocular fluids.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ICF", "opb": "ECF", "opc": "Interstitial fluid", "opd": "Plasma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "690651e5-d9c2-40f1-aba5-184fe9773b54", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cyclic GMP act on", "exp": "Cyclic GMP is the secondary messager for ANP, nitric oxide Secondary messager is required for peptide hormones Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition ,pag number:540,541,542", "cop": 4, "opa": "Thyroxine", "opb": "Insulin", "opc": "Growth hormone", "opd": "Atrial natriuretic peptide", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "d3d2d821-7af3-4a9f-b957-f91521813d3f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "SHBG is decreased in", "exp": "Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG),a plasma b-globulin, produced by the liver, which binds testosterone and, with a weaker affinity, estrogen; serum levels of SHBG in women are twice those found in men; serum concentrations are increased in ceain types of liver disease and in hypehyroidism but are decreased with advancing age, by androgens, and in hypothyroidism.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-427", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypehyroidism", "opb": "Increased androgen", "opc": "Increased estrogen", "opd": "Pregnancy", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "0c1c7a98-b101-403e-8a04-81092cae7d30", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ceruloplasmin binds", "exp": "Ceruloplasmin -Transpo of copper(table no32-6).(REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 23rd EDITION page no.532)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Iron", "opb": "Copper", "opc": "Zinc", "opd": "Manganese", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "c2000acd-cb47-478d-8d12-d4d770e61450", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ethanol increases urine output by", "exp": "Alcohol inhibits the pituitary secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which acts on the kidney to reabsorb water. Alcohol acts on the hypothalamus/pituitary to reduce the circulating levels of ADH. When ADH levels drop, the kidneys do not reabsorb as much water; consequently, the kidneys produce more urine.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, page no: 667", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inhibiting Na+ reabsorption", "opb": "Suppressing ADH secretion", "opc": "Increasing glomerular filtration rate", "opd": "Suppressing H+ secretion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "5273d36f-bdd7-4ff6-ae93-e71e997f5bc9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of CAMP", "exp": "CAMP is a secondary messager, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effect of hormones like glucagon etc.it is involved in activation of protein kinase Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number 540 ,541,542", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ion exchange", "opb": "Activation of protein kinase", "opc": "Activation of Ryanodine receptors", "opd": "Release of acetylcholine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "dda9dc5f-93d2-44aa-a958-33f7d46e86cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperventilation of lungs is prevented by", "exp": "Hering Breuer reflex prevents overdistension of the lungs at larger tidal volume. Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 658", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hering Breuer reflex", "opb": "Irritation reflex", "opc": "Cushing reflex", "opd": "Bainbridge reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "223bd289-519d-45b3-a844-66321335cde8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following protein acts cGMP", "exp": "Atrial natriuritic peptide is produced by hea due to increased blood pressure, it acts enzyme guanylyl cyclase and produces cGMP Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 489,490", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrial natriuretic peptide", "opb": "G-protein", "opc": "Glycoprotein", "opd": "Mucoprotein", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "0fcaa335-23ab-478a-a4cf-55f6f0a66aa4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carbon dioxide in venous blood", "exp": "Carbon dioxide molecules are transpoed in the blood from body tissues to the lungs by one of three methods: dissolution directly into the blood, binding to hemoglobin, or carried as a bicarbonate ion. ... Second, carbon dioxide can bind to plasma proteins or can enter red blood cells and bind to hemoglobin Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 359,360,361", "cop": 2, "opa": "Is carried by hemoglobin", "opb": "Is transpoed mainly in the form of bicarbonate", "opc": "Does not cross the blood brain barrier", "opd": "Is conveed to bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrase in plasma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "8fcbe69c-1dc2-4e1a-b1ac-56e8f375964e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In hippocampus EEG waves are", "exp": "Theta brainwaves occur most often in sleep but are also dominant in deep meditation. Theta is our gateway to learning, memory, and intuition. In theta, our senses are withdrawn from the external world and focused on signals originating from within Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number818,819,820", "cop": 4, "opa": "Alpha", "opb": "Beta", "opc": "Delta", "opd": "Theta", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "0013dbf4-0608-4984-afa7-dc1ff983c879", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Charecteristic of smooth muscle cells in intestineMarch 2005", "exp": "Ans. C: It contracts when stretched in the absence of any extrinsic innervationUnitary smooth muscle (as present in a walls of a hollow viscus) is characterized by the instability of its membrane potential and by the fact that it shows continuous, irregular contractions that are independent of its nerve supply. This maintained state of contraction is called tonus/ toneIt does have actin and myosin-II but they are not arranged in regular arrays to give striations as in skeletal and cardiac muscle.They require calcium for initiation of contraction like skeletal and cardiac muscle.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Does not have actin and myosin", "opb": "Cannot do sustained contraction", "opc": "It contracts when stretched in the absence of any extrinsic innervation", "opd": "Does not require calcium for contraction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f8bbc47a-9299-44f8-bded-e205033f8a7c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major surfactant is", "exp": "Dipalmytol lecithin in is the major surfactant Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:311,312,313", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dipalmytoil lecithine", "opb": "Dipalmytoil cephalin", "opc": "Dipalmytoil serine", "opd": "Dipalmytoil inositol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "f8f3892a-3f06-458e-bd40-53e57b253c93", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least common ion in EOF is", "exp": "Predominent ions in ECF are Na+ and Cl-predominent ions in ICF are K+ ,Mg+,phosphate Table1.3.3 of Textbook of physiology AK Jain 4th edition page no.27.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Na", "opb": "K+", "opc": "CI", "opd": "HCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "fa0b0460-ddeb-4f09-bcd6-53a4d7088573", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood flow through a vessel varies directly with", "exp": "Blood flow is directly proportional to\n-        Pressure gradient\n-        Radius\nBlood flow is inversely proportional to\n-        Viscosity\n-        Length\n-        Resistance", "cop": 3, "opa": "Resistance", "opb": "Viscosity", "opc": "Difference of pressure", "opd": "Length of vessel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2a0876e5-82ae-4485-a7c2-2601679a0c89", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cutaneous vasocontriction is mediated by", "exp": "Noradrenaline acts on vascular smooth muscles to cause vasoconstriction. This is mediated by adrenergic sympathetic fibers.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sympathetic adrenergic nerves", "opb": "Sympathetic cholinergic nerves", "opc": "Parasympathetic cholinergics", "opd": "Somatic nerves", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "59f0642b-bf87-4df6-ad9b-5e9aca314da5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in men is", "exp": "(125 mi/min) (706-GN) (646- Ganong 23rd)* The normal value of GFR is 125 ml/min or 180 L/day* A rate of 125 ml/min is 7.5 L/hour or 180 L/day, whereas the normal urine volume is about 1 L/d. Thus 99% or more of the filtrate is normally reabsorbed.* At the rate of 125 ml/min, the kidneys filter in 1 day an amount of fluid equal to 4 times the total body water, 15 times the ECF volume, and 60 times the plasma volume* The normal filtration fraction varies from 15 to 20% (251-SL)* Blood flow to the two kidney is normally about 22% of the cardiac output or 1100 ml/min (281 -Gyton 10th)", "cop": 1, "opa": "125ml/min", "opb": "200 ml/min", "opc": "7.5 L/min", "opd": "8 L/hour", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "b4c0529d-c166-49fb-b2e6-ad5e9dd30744", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypertonic urine is excreted due to absorption of water in", "exp": "Concentrated urine is formed due to the reabsorption of water in collecting ducts.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Collecting ducts", "opb": "DCT", "opc": "Ascending part of loop of Henley", "opd": "Descending part of loop of Henley", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7bddcbfa-f624-4ed3-8041-0c8cdda54e74", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Salivary centers are located in", "exp": "The salivatory nuclei are located approximately at the juncture of the medulla and pons and are excited by both taste and tactile stimuli from the tongue and other areas of the mouth and pharynx. The salivary glands are controlled mainly by parasympathetic nervous signals all the way from the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in the brain stem. Salivation can also be stimulated or inhibited by nervous signals arriving in the salivatory nuclei from higher centres of the central nervous system.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spinal cord", "opb": "Medulla", "opc": "Hypothalamus", "opd": "Cerebellum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "8ccf04dd-1888-43dc-9985-2dea14e4ad85", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Isovolumic relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle ends with", "exp": "Cardiac cycle events\n1.    AV valves open – \na.     End of isovolumetric relaxation\nb.    Start of rapid filling phase\nc.     ECG- end of T wave\nd.    JVP- Y wave (V-Y descent)\n2.    AV valves closure-\na.     End of diastole\nb.    Beginning of isovolumetric contraction\nc.     ECG- R wave later half\nd.    JVP- End of X descent\n3.    Semilunar valves open\na.     End of isovolumetric contraction\nb.    Ejection phase starts\nc.     ECG- ST segment\nd.    JVP- the peak of ‘c’ wave\n4.    Semilunar valve closure\na.     Systole ends\nb.    Isovolumetric relaxation starts\nc.     ECG- T wave later half", "cop": 2, "opa": "Peak of 'C' waves", "opb": "Opening of AV valve", "opc": "Closure of semilunar valve", "opd": "Beginning of 'T' wave", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "72dca67c-ef4c-4f70-861e-17a6f3b01e1a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The amount of water absorbed in the intestine in a day is", "exp": "In the intestine, about 8.8 litres of water is absorbed daily.", "cop": 4, "opa": "5 lit.", "opb": "1 lit.", "opc": "10 lit.", "opd": "8 lit.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "62c52556-73aa-44c5-a58c-3468d2ec3470", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood group antigen NAG transferase present but galactosyltransferase is absent in", "exp": "A and B antigens are glycoproteins that differ in their terminal sugar.Under the influence of A or B genes, HAg is conveed into A or B antigen. Individuals with A gene express A transferase that catalyzes placement of a terminal N-acetylgalactosamine on H antigen to form A antigen.Those with B gene express B transferases that place a terminal galactose on the H antigen to form B antigen. Type AB individuals have both transferases.Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 3rd edition, page no. 134", "cop": 1, "opa": "Group A", "opb": "Group B", "opc": "Group AB", "opd": "Group Q", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "e77815ac-2480-45a7-9477-40df6d3bb9ff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nuclear bag fibers", "exp": "The intrafusal fibers are positioned in parallel to the extrafusal fibers (the regular contractile units of the muscle) with the ends of the spindle capsule attached to the tendons at either end of the muscle. Intrafusal fibers do not contribute to the overall contractile force of the muscle, but rather serve a pure sensory function. There are two types of intrafusal fibers in mammalian muscle spindles. The first type contains many nuclei in a dilated central area and is called a nuclear bag fiber (Figure 9-2B). There are two subtypes of nuclear bag fibers, dynamic and static. Typically, there are two or three nuclear bag fibers per spindle. The second intrafusal fiber type, the nuclear chain fiber, is thinner and shoer and lacks a definite bag. Each spindle has about five of these fibers. There are two kinds of sensory endings in each spindle, a single primary (group Ia) ending and up to eight secondary (group II) endings. The Ia afferent fiber wraps around the center of the dynamic and static nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers. Group II sensory fibers are located adjacent to the centers of the static nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers; these fibers do not innervate the dynamic nuclear bag fibers. Ia afferents are very sensitive to the velocity of the change in muscle length during a stretch (dynamic response); thus they provide information about the speed of movements and allow for quick corrective movements. The steady-state (tonic) activity of group Ia and II afferents provide information on steady-state length of the muscle (static response). The top trace in Figure 9-2C shows the dynamic and static components of activity in an Ia afferent during muscle stretch. Note that they discharge most rapidly while the muscle is being stretched (shaded)Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 158", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tinner", "opb": "Flower spray ending", "opc": "Plate ending", "opd": "Trail ending", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3c418f8c-b2df-4149-a6bc-4f05324f8782", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lysozyme is present in", "exp": "There are numerous defense proteins present in the saliva. Some of these defense proteins, like salivary immunoglobulins, and salivary chaperokine HSP70/HSPA, are involved in both innate and acquired immune activation . Salivary cationic peptides and other salivary defense proteins, like lysozyme, BPI, BPI-like and PLUNC proteins, salivary amylase, cystatins, proline-rich proteins, Ref: <a href=\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "Saliva", "opb": "Human milk", "opc": "Tears", "opd": "Mucus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "95db4d55-c733-4155-bbfd-e0fbd6df3caf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A known patient with renal stone disease developed pathological fractures along with abdominal pain and ceain psychiatric symptoms. He should be investigated for", "exp": "Hyperparathyroidism causessmooth-muscle atony, with upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heaburn and constipation. ... The digestive manifestations of parathyroid malfunction are often overlooked and serum calcium level must be included in the routine workup forabdominal symptoms. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Polycystic kidney", "opb": "Hyperparathyroidism", "opc": "Renal tubular acidosis", "opd": "Paget's disease of bone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "70c53381-9fe5-4291-adeb-c224e2393e05", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In coagulation pathway, \"FIBRINSTABILIZINGFACTOR\" is", "exp": "Clotting Factor SynonymsFibrinogenFactor IProthrombin Factor IITissue factorFactor III; tissue thromboplastinCalciumFactor IVFactor VProaccelerin; labile factor;Factor VII Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA); proconvein; stable factorFactor VIIIAntihemophilic factor (AHF); antihemophilic globulin (AHG); antihemophilic factor AFactor IXPlasma thromboplastin component (PTC); Christmas factor; antihemophilic factor BFactor X Stua factor; Stua-Prower factorFactor XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA); antihemophilic factor CFactor XII Hageman factorFactor XIII Fibrin-stabilizing factorPrekallikreinFletcher factorHigh-molecular-weightkininogen Fitzgerald factor; HMWK (high molecular weight kininogen)Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 484", "cop": 2, "opa": "Factor XII", "opb": "Factor XIII", "opc": "High Molecular Weight Kinimogen (HMWK)", "opd": "Factor EX", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "be9dd9ba-5118-421d-945b-f7b0f57b3ec0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During the cardiac cycle the opening of the aortic valve takes place at the", "exp": "Ans. (b) End of isovolumetric contractionRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.540Isovolumetric contraction#To eject blood into aorta and pulmonary artery, ventricles must open aortic and pulmonary valve#The sole purpose of this phase is to open these valves#The ventricle contracts against the closed valves (both AV valves and semilunar valves are closed)#This means that ventricular blood volume won't change (isovolumetric) but the pressure generated by the ventricle tremendously rises.#Once the pressure rises above 80 mm Hg, aortic valve opens. Similar changes also happen in right ventricle which opens the pulmonary valve", "cop": 2, "opa": "Beginning of systole", "opb": "End of isovolumetric contraction", "opc": "End of diastole", "opd": "End of diastasis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "90bb2bfc-d06d-4468-a1c0-6fbd32b31a65", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Root value of ankle jerk", "exp": "The ankle jerk reflex, also known as the Achilles reflex, occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsiflexed. This reflex is mediated by the S1 spinal segment of the spinal cord. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 774,775,776", "cop": 3, "opa": "L3 L4", "opb": "L4 L5", "opc": "S1 S2", "opd": "S3 S4", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "344d60ac-d514-48b2-94b7-691cb87140ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nissl bodies in neurons are", "exp": "Nissl bodies are basophilic bodies or granules composed of many thin, parallelly arranged, membrane-bounded cavities or cisternae which are covered by many minute paicles consisting of Ribose nucleoproteins i.e. RNA with proteins. Granule&;s size and number vary with physiological condition of the cell. For example, fatigue, ceain poisons, and sectioning of axon cause Nissl granules to disintegrate into fine dust and which finally disappears.Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Golgi apparatus", "opb": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opc": "Mitochondria", "opd": "Lysosome", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "f99afa5f-e722-438c-8c2a-23ccc6d51c1c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tropomyosin", "exp": "The active site of actin in skeletal muscles is where myosin binds. This is covered by Tropomyosin.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Helps in the fusion of actin and myosin", "opb": "Prevents attachment of actin and myosin", "opc": "Slides over myosin", "opd": "Causes Ca2+ release", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5f0891d6-04d0-4be0-b500-2f5d1cd4372f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inhibin is secreted by", "exp": "Inhibin is one of several proteins that paicipate in differentiation and growth. Two glycoproteins, inhibin A and inhibin B, are secreted by Seoli cells in the testis and granulosa cells in the ovary, inhibiting FSH secretion by direct action on the pituitary.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-427", "cop": 1, "opa": "Seoli cells", "opb": "Stroma", "opc": "Surface epithelium of ovary", "opd": "Corpus luteum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "95101a5d-63a8-4bd6-9176-4cc4f2c84af8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pepsinogen is secreted by", "exp": "Chief or zymogen or peptic cells secrete pepsiongens.Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor.These cells are located in the body of stomach, including the fundus.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 431)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Parietal cells", "opb": "Mucus cells", "opc": "Chief cells", "opd": "Oxyntic cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "95a15814-9dde-47b4-952a-c533b4c00180", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spermatogenesis occurs at", "exp": "Spermatogenesis is the process in which spermatozoa are produced from spermatogonial stem cells by way of mitosis and meiosis. The location is specifically impoant as the process of spermatogenesis requires a lower temperature to produce ble sperm, specifically 1deg-8 degC lower than normal body temperature of 37 degC (98.6 degF).Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-420", "cop": 2, "opa": "Body temperature", "opb": "Temperature lower than core body temperature", "opc": "Temperature higher than core body temperature", "opd": "Temperature does not play a role", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "171451b4-007f-4529-84af-ea23df711ea5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reward centre is located in", "exp": "The mesolimbic dopamine pathway is thought to play a primary role in the reward system. It connects the ventral tegmental area (VTA), one of the principal dopamine-producing areas in the brain, with the nucleus accumbens, an area found in the ventral striatum that is strongly associated with motivation and reward Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 810,811,812", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cerebellum", "opb": "Amygdala", "opc": "Hippocampus", "opd": "Hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "de572410-4513-4a8c-ac0b-6f7b4bd0d914", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pacemaker cells of respiration are located in", "exp": "Pacemaker cells are in Pre - Botzinger complex which is a part of Ventral Respiratory Group.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pneumotaxic centre", "opb": "Apneustic centre", "opc": "Dorsal Respiratory Group", "opd": "Pre - Botzinger complex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6fa1540b-e8ed-4867-926d-938631acce56", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cell junction in smooth muscle is", "exp": "Adjacent muscles fiber of smooth muscle is connected by gap junctions so that action potential from one cell can quickly pass into the neighbouring cells. (Ref: Textbook of medical physiology-Geetha)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Zonula adherens", "opb": "Macula adherens", "opc": "Tight junction", "opd": "Gap junction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "e85124f7-48cf-47a6-be62-714b64eb9bd8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Delta cells of pancreas secretes", "exp": "Ans. (c) Somatostatin", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucagon", "opb": "Insulin", "opc": "Somatostatin", "opd": "Pancreatic polypeptide", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Pancreas", "id": "8c4c66f9-8ca5-4af1-bf76-162954c50674", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kussmaul's breathing is seen in", "exp": "Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, paicularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Metabolic acidosis", "opb": "Metabolic alkalosis", "opc": "Respiratory acidosis", "opd": "Respiratory alkalosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "53fd917b-acb7-4047-be3c-4a5ed9a74aa3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prothrombin to thrombin conversion need", "exp": "Calcium needed in all the steps of the clotting EXCEPT: first two steps of intrinsic pathway under stimulatory effect of HMW kininogen & prekallikren", "cop": 1, "opa": "Calcium", "opb": "Magnesium", "opc": "Potassium", "opd": "Sodium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2018", "id": "a47c3687-ce41-4b91-947c-f36bec166e07", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secretory basket cells are located", "exp": "Secretory basket cells are found in salivary gland acini and are also called myoepithelial cells. The name implies that they are epithelial cells with muscle-like contractile propeies. They are found between secretory cells and the basal lamina and exe pressure on the secretory cells to release their secretions.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Inside secretory acini", "opb": "Surrounding the intercalated duct", "opc": "Between secretory cells and the basal lamina", "opd": "Surrounding the striated duct", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "299015bf-88bb-4098-833f-2dea8d7bb5d3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The fibers from contralateral nasal hemiretina project to the following layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus", "exp": "Ganong's review of Medical Physiology, 25th ed, p 190", "cop": 3, "opa": "Layers 2,3,5", "opb": "Layers 1,2,6", "opc": "Layers 1,4,6", "opd": "Layers 4,5,6", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "24863913-3a0b-4ed8-84e3-82dde5a06e0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In hippocampus EE", "exp": "C i.e. Theta Wave", "cop": 3, "opa": "la wave", "opb": "wave", "opc": "Theta wave", "opd": "Delta wave", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5d32fe87-72a1-4e22-ae10-5916e25deaff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The relaxation of smooth muscle is associated with a reduction in free intracellular calcium ion concentration. The effect of the reduction is", "exp": "Due to relaxation of smooth muscle, dephosphorylation of myosin by myosin light chain phosphatase.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Reestablishment of inhibition of actin-myosin interaction", "opb": "Deactivation of enzymatic activity of the individual actin molecules", "opc": "Decreased phosphorylation of myosin molecules", "opd": "Reduced contractile interaction by blocking the active sites of the myosin molecules", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f3d410d9-a57a-422d-9bf4-73f52d58686d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stability of alveoli is maintained by", "exp": "SURFACTANT The low surface tension when the alveoli are small is due to the presence in the fluid lining the alveoli of surfactant, a lipid surface-tension-lowering agent. Surfactant is a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins (Table 35-2). If the surface tension is not kept low when the alveoli become smaller during expiration, they collapse in accordance with the law of Laplace. In spherical structures like the alveoli, the distending pressure equals two times the tension divided by the radius (P = 2T/r); if T is not reduced as r is reduced, the tension overcomes the distending pressure. Surfactant also helps to prevent pulmonary edema. It has been calculated that if it were not present, the unopposed surface tension in the alveoli would produce a 20 mm Hg force oring transudation of fluid from the blood into the alveoliRef: Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 23rd edition Page no: 597", "cop": 4, "opa": "Compliance of the lungs", "opb": "Residual air in alveoli", "opc": "Negative intrapleural pressure", "opd": "Reduce surface tension by surfactant", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "6177872a-fe98-4ce7-a9e7-ca6f56efea28", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stapedius is supplied by", "exp": "There are two intratympanic muscles Tensor tympani - nerve supply is from the motor division of the trigeminal nerve , Stapedius - supplied by facial nerve", "cop": 3, "opa": "V cranial nerve", "opb": "VI cranial nerve", "opc": "VII cranial nerve", "opd": "IX cranial nerve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "fd421e8f-f28d-4f82-ad0a-998b69cb9aa2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Smell of bitter almonds is seen in poisoning with", "exp": "Cyanide can be a colorless gas, such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or cyanogen chloride (CNCl), or a crystal form such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) or potassiumcyanide (KCN). Cyanide sometimes is described as having a \"bitter almond\" smell, but it does not always give off an odor, and not everyone can detect this odor. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e p143", "cop": 2, "opa": "Phosphorus", "opb": "Hydrocyanic acid", "opc": "Nitric acid", "opd": "Oxalic acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "152216f4-1790-4f5c-89bb-96dce5005f82", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Goblet cells secrete", "exp": "Apa from comprising the epithelial lining of various organs, production of large glycoproteins and carbohydrates, the most impoant function of goblet cells is the secretion of mucus. This mucus is a gel-like substance that is composed mainly of mucins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates.Ref: <a href=\"", "cop": 3, "opa": "HCI", "opb": "Pepsin", "opc": "Mucus", "opd": "Serolonin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "929b4349-d014-4f70-8045-b6c441da90f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Volume of air taken in and given out during normal respiration is referred to as", "exp": "Ans. (b) TV(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.628)Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired with each breath during normal quiet breathing. It is 500- 750 ml", "cop": 2, "opa": "IRV", "opb": "TV", "opc": "ERV", "opd": "VC", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "d5401ab7-7ade-4de8-891b-ac90b2d003fe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "High oxygen tension in alveoli is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Right to left shunt", "opb": "Ventilation perfusion mismatch", "opc": "Bronchial asthma", "opd": "Inapporpriate gas exchange", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4b794873-ced2-44f9-bd25-7c730684581a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thin filament is mainly composed of", "exp": "The thick filaments are made of myosin molecules. The thin molecules are made of actin.(Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.38)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Actin", "opb": "Myosin", "opc": "Tropomyosin", "opd": "Dystrophin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "ef7889b6-d6e6-4c3f-a117-7301b030b3c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 50 years old male patient travels alone in a remote village of Rajasthan was not on any food or water for the past 24 hours. Urine osmolality is 1150 mOsm/Kg. The major site of water reabsorption is", "exp": "Answer: a) Proximal tubuleWater Transport along the NephronSegmentPercentage of Filtrate ReabsorbedMechanism of Water ReabsorptionHormones That Regulate Water PermeabilityProximal tubule67%PassiveNoneLoop of Henle15%Descending thin limbonly; passiveNoneDistal tubule0%No water reabsorptionNoneLate distal tubule and collecting duct~8%-17%PassiveADH, ANP, BNP*Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides inhibit antidiuretic hormone-stimulated water permeability", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proximal tubule", "opb": "Henle's loop", "opc": "Distal tubule", "opd": "Medullary collecting duct", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "4bdf74b3-713e-4aa6-b421-1456eb9b4060", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kussmaul respiration occurs in response to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Decrease in pH of blood", "opb": "Increase in pH of blood", "opc": "Obstructive pulmonary disease", "opd": "Carbon monoxide poisoning", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "27c83e4b-30ba-4705-83ac-e3a8bb06fe41", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood brain barrier is formed by", "exp": "(C) Astrocytes # Blood Brain Barrier: Astrocytes form the structural framework for the neurons and control their biochemical environment.> Astrocyte foot processes are closely associated with the blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier.# Oligodendrocytes are responsible for the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath, which surrounds axons and is essential for the rapid transmission of action potentials by solitary conduction.> Microglia are blood-derived mononuclear macrophages> Astrocyte foot processes are closely associated with the blood vessels to form the blood - brain barriers oligodendrocytes forms myelin sheath which surrounds axons.> Microglia are blood derived non nuclear macrophages.# Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membranic structure that acts primarily to protect the brain from chemicals in the blood, while still allowing essential metabolic function.> BBB is composed of endothelial cells, which are packed very tightly in brain capillaries.> This higher density restricts passage of substances from the bloodstream much more than endothelial cells in capillaries elsewhere in the body.> Astrocyte cell projections called astrocytic feet (also known as \"glial limitans\") surround the endothelial cells of the BBB, providing biochemical support to those cells.> BBB is distinct from the similar blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, a function of the choroidal cells of the choroid plexus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Microglia", "opb": "Oligodendrocytes", "opc": "Astrocytes", "opd": "Type II pneumatocytes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "b25633da-f19c-4235-92b0-ce856505a1fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The function of the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus", "exp": "Functions of Hypothalamus\n-        Thermoregulation- Preoptic region\n\nAnterior hypothalamus- Heat response​\nPosterior hypothalamus- Cold response\n\n-        Satiety centre- ventromedial nucleus\n-        Feeding centre- Lateral nucleus\n-        Circadian rhythm- Suprachiasmatic nucleus\n-        Sleep\n-        Sex drive-  Anterior hypothalamus, Posterior hypothalamus.\n-        Hypophysis regulation", "cop": 1, "opa": "Temperature regulation", "opb": "Thirst", "opc": "GI stimulation", "opd": "Satiety centre", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0365fe69-cc3c-4217-b33b-0a3afc82a3e5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most impoant stimulus to peripheral chemoreceptors", "exp": "Peripheral chemoreceptors are activated by changes in the paial pressure of oxygen and trigger respiratory drive changes aimed at maintaining normal paial pressure levels.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 562", "cop": 1, "opa": "PO2", "opb": "CO2", "opc": "pH", "opd": "HCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "b25cb8dd-667f-4068-bf64-1615e7747303", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a mechanism of Action of Insulin", "exp": "INSULIN is a protein hormone formed from proinsulin in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The major fuel-regulating hormone, it is secreted into the blood in response to a rise in concentration of blood glucose or amino acids. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose and the uptake of amino acids, increases protein and lipid synthesis, and inhibits lipolysis and gluconeogenesis.Tyrosine kinase is any of a group of enzymes that influence signaling between cells, esp. as relates to cell growth and death, cellular adhesion and movement, and cellular differentiation. Abnormalities in tyrosine kinases are found in some human diseases, including chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia.Glucose transpoer type 4, also known as GLUT4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLUT4 gene. GLUT4 is the insulin-regulated glucose transpoer found in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac) that is responsible for insulin-regulated glucose transpo into the cell. This protein is expressed primarily in muscle and fat cells, the major tissues in the body that respond to insulin.Na+, K+-ATPase is an enzyme that spans the plasma membrane and hydrolyzes ATP to provide the energy necessary to drive the cellular sodium pump.Hexokinase an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a high-energy phosphate group of a donor to d-glucose, producing d-glucose-6-phosphate.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-436", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tyrosine kinase-beta cell stimulation", "opb": "Incroporation of GLUT-4 into cells", "opc": "Inhibition of Na+K+ATPase", "opd": "Hexokinase stimulation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "8c7f6285-ce04-44cd-a9ca-24e52bacacb1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Window of limbic system", "exp": "Amygdala is considered as window of limbic system Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 826,827,828", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amygdala", "opb": "Hypothalamus", "opc": "Thalamus", "opd": "Hippocampus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "e28f1d92-f00c-43cf-b64f-45e34883a452", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pain and temperature in thalamus is controlled by nucleus", "exp": "Ans. (b) VPL(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.269)Ventral posterior lateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial nuclei (VPM) - Transmit somatosensory information to sensory cortex", "cop": 2, "opa": "VPM", "opb": "VPL", "opc": "Anterior", "opd": "Posterior", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "5a64ab1e-0b0e-424f-bbac-f0e74a32ea37", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Poiseuifte's law is", "exp": "By integrating the velocities of all the concentric rings of flowing blood and multiplying them by the areas of the rings, one can derive the following formula, known as Poiseuille's law: in which F is the rate of blood flow, DP(PA-PB) is the pressure difference between the ends of the vessel, r is the radius of the vessel, l is length of the vessel, and e is viscosity of the blood. F = (PA - PB) pr4/8e4 Ref: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (12th Edn) page No:309", "cop": 1, "opa": "F = (PA - PB) pr4/8e4", "opb": "F = (PA x PB) pr4/8e1", "opc": "F = (PA + PB) pr4/8e1", "opd": "F = (PA / PB) pr4/8e1", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "cce7f5c4-4ddf-4bcb-98e1-67f3685f11ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The basal body temperature shift after ovulation is due to", "exp": "Your body temperature dips a bit just before your ovary releases an egg. Then, 24 hours after the egg's release, your temperature rises and stays up for several days. Before ovulation, a woman's BBT averages between36.1degC (97degF) and36.4degC (97.5degF). After ovulation, it rises to36.4degC (97.6degF) to37degC (98.6degF). Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:636,637,638", "cop": 4, "opa": "FSH peak", "opb": "LH peak", "opc": "Estrodiol", "opd": "Progesterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "9262dbff-96df-4f6f-94c4-569a580682b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During a voluntary movement, the Golgi tendon organ provides the central nervous system with information about", "exp": "(D) The tension developed by the muscle being moved # The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) is located in the tendon of skeletal muscles & therefore is in series with the muscle.> Each time the muscle contracts, the tension developed by the muscle causes the GTO to be stretched. It helps to control the tension developed in the muscle.> The 1b afferent fibers, which innervate the GTO, fire in proportion to the amount of GTO stretch, and therefore their firing rate provides the CNS with information about the amount of tension developed by the muscle.> The muscle length and speed of shortening are sent to the CNS by la afferents that innervate the intrafusal fibers within muscle spindles.", "cop": 4, "opa": "The length of the muscle being moved", "opb": "The velocity of the movement", "opc": "The blood flow to the muscle being moved", "opd": "The tension developed by the muscle being moved", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "0aba0b2d-787f-46fe-938c-d5290da0f9fa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Golgi tendon apparatus conveys message to CNS depending upon", "exp": "Detection of Muscle length- Muscle spindle\nDetection of Muscle tension- Golgi tendon organ", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tension in muscle", "opb": "Length of muscle", "opc": "Rapidity of contraction", "opd": "Blood supply", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4ed6ef6c-67bc-4d65-96b9-7a18648f2560", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hung up reflex is seen", "exp": "Hung-up reflex is defined as a deep tendon reflex in which, after a stimulus is given and the reflex action takes place, the limb slowly returns to its neutral position. This prolonged relaxation phase is characteristic of reflexes in persons with hypothyroidism.Myxedema a condition resulting from advanced hypothyroidism, or deficiency of thyroxine; it is the adult form of the disease whose congenital form is known as cretinism.Hypehyroidism is defined as the overproduction of thyroid hormones by an overactive thyroid.Hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid, develops when the thyroid gland fails to produce or secrete as much thyroxine(T4) as the body needs.Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of special cells (called chromaffin cells), most often found in the middle of the adrenal gland.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no-346", "cop": 3, "opa": "Myxedema", "opb": "Hypehyroidism", "opc": "Hypothyroidism", "opd": "Pheochromocytoma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "bf29f2aa-6c94-4074-99fe-6aadd61e6803", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Auditory impulse relays to", "exp": "(B) Medial geniculate body > The afferent fibers in the auditory division of the eighth cranial nerve end in dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei.> From there, auditory impulses pass by various routes to the inferior colliculi, the centers for auditory reflexes, and via the medial geniculate body in the thalamus to the auditory cortex.> Other impulses enter the reticular formation. Information from both ears converges on each superior olive, and beyond this, nrnst of the neurons respond to inputs from both sides.> The primary auditory cortex is Brodmann's area 41. In humans, low tones are represented anterolaterally and high tones postero-medially in the auditory cortex.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inferior geniculate ganglion", "opb": "Medial geniculate body", "opc": "Medial lemniscus", "opd": "Superior colliculus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium", "id": "9c75d8a0-817f-4b9d-ad36-60ac9001027b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Urinary concentrating ability of the kidney is increased by", "exp": "When there is an ECF volume expansion, there is increased renal blood flow and increased GFR. When renal blood flow is more, the solutes in renal medulla are washed off. And this reduces the medullary concentration. Similarly, when increased GFR, Na+ reabsorption power is decreased, this leads to a decrease of the medullary concentration. When ECF volume contraction occurs, the medullary concentration is increased.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ECF volume contraction", "opb": "Increase in renal blood flow", "opc": "Reduction of medullary hyperosmolarity", "opd": "Increase in GFR", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ac055343-54e4-4e2c-b739-858cd7bed97b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Change in the diastolic BP upon standing comes back to normal within", "exp": "In standing poster diastolic BP increases Upon standing peripheral pooling of blood independent pas occur sudden standing increases DBP,if recorded within 30 to 60 seconds of change in posture after that it comes back to normal where the operation of baroreceptor reflex. Ref: page no-351 Textbook of physiology Volume 1 AK Jain 7th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "15-30 sec", "opb": "30-60 sec", "opc": "60-90 sec", "opd": "90-120sec", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ca190bb4-b1da-4149-8cd7-6a3fa6a24c27", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mean aerial pressure depends upon", "exp": "Cardiac output and peripheral resistance. As blood is pumped out of the left ventricle into the aoa and distributing aeries, pressure is generated. The mean aerial pressure (MAP) is determined by the cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and central venous pressure (CVP).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cardiac output", "opb": "Cardiac output & peripheral resistance", "opc": "Aerial complaince", "opd": "Peripheral resistance", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "bdc02731-ff94-4c31-b5c9-86dda36b13d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Macrophage is CNS", "exp": "Microglia are scavenger cells in CNS that resemble tissue macrophages and remove debris resulting from the injury. Ganong's review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 80", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fibrous Astrocyte", "opb": "Microglia", "opc": "Oligodendrocyte", "opd": "Protoplasmic astrocyte", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "4da4ef73-2734-4a8c-a6d0-d2eb1ac7b629", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Substance (s) freely filtered across glomerular capillaries", "exp": "Glomerular filtration the renal process whereby fluid in the blood is filtered across the capillaries of the glomerulus and into the urinary space of Bowman&;s capsule. Glucose is freely filtered across glomerular capillaries.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology; 24th edition; page no: 678", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Albumin", "opc": "Thyroxin", "opd": "Creatinine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "70d4aacb-b23e-4783-9d3f-d61a2a27049e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcium absorption is increased by", "exp": "D. i.e. (1, 25 Dihydrocholecalciferol) (477- Ganong 22nd) (371-72- K-Sembulingam 4th)1, 25 Dihvdroxvcholecalciferol - is a steroid hormone synthesized from vitamin D by means of series of hydroxylation reactions in liver and kidneys* Main action is to increase the blood calcium level by increasing the calcium absorption from the small intestine*** Growth hormone - Increases the blod calcium level by increasing the intestinal calcium absorption *** Parathormone - main function is to increase the blood calcium level by mobilizing calcium from bone (resorption)* Calcium and glucocorticoids - decreases blood calcium by inhibiting intestinal absorption.Factors affecting calcium absorption from GITIncreased byDecreased by1. Acidity in the stomach2. Bile and bile salts - increase the solubility of Ca- salts3. Presence of phosphate in adequate amounts in the diets4. Hypo calcemia - seen during pregnancy and lactation: following low Ca intake5. Vitamin D3 - 1, 25 Dihydroxycholecalci- ferol (1,25 DHCC)6. Parathormone (PTH)7. Growth hormone (GH)8. High protein diet1. Presence of alkalies which form insoluble Ca soaps2. Reduce secretion of bile and bile salts - this leads to excess of unabsorbed fatty acids in the GIT which forms insoluble Ca soaps3. Excess of inorganic phosphates, oxalate or phytic acid - converts Ca++ into insoluble form4. Hypercalcemia - seen following high Ca intake which decreases the Ca absorption from the GIT by inhibiting 1.25 DHCC (910 - A,K. Jain 3rd)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Hypercalcemia", "opb": "Oxalates in the diet", "opc": "Iron overload", "opd": "1.25 Dihydrocholecalciferol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Calcium Metabolism", "id": "ca678496-5fc5-447f-95df-1c2ec38a4753", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ventricular muscle receives impulses directly from the", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Purkinje system", "opb": "Bundle of HIS", "opc": "Right and Left bundle branches", "opd": "AV node", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "518c2e9d-c952-476f-ab6f-b74d633a38b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vagal stimulation of the heart causes", "exp": "(B) (Increased R-R interval in ECG) (113-Gugton 11th)* Vagus is the parasympathetic supply to the heart its stimulation causes- Decreased heart rate- Decreased force of heart contraction- Decreased cardiac output* R-R Interval is the time interval between consecutive heart beat in the electrocardiogram.So a decrease in heart rate increase the R-R interval* Reverse affects on the heart are noted due to sympathetic stimulation (Noradranaline)* During exercise the diastole is shortened more than systole **Control of Heart by the sympathetic (Noradrenaline) and parasympathetic (vagus) nervesParameterParasympathetic (ACH) StimulationSympathetic (ADR)StimulationForce of cardiac contraction (inotropic effect)Decreased (mainly atria little effect on ventricle)IncreasedConductivityDecreasedEnhancedRate of cardiac contractionDecreased (Bradycardia)Increased (Tachycardia)Vagal (parasympathetic) fibers arc distributed mainly to the atria and not much to the ventricles. Thus the major effect of vagal stimulation is to decreased the heart rate or rate of cardiac contraction (bradycardia) Negative inotropic effect of vagal stimulation is less pronouncedSympathetic fibres are distributed to both the atria and the ventricles. Thus sympathetic stimulation has a strong effect on both the heart rate and the force of cardiac contraction* Complete denervation of heart rate will cause an increase in the resting heart rate.Effect of Denervation of the heart (Ganong; Chaudhuri)* The normal heart rate at rest in young persons is about 70/minute (Range between 50-100/min)* The sinuatrial node (SAN) is the normal pacemaker of the heart and generates a rhythm of about 100/minute* The normal heart rate of about 70.min in a young adult is maintained as a result of autonomic influences on the SAM* When both vagal & sympathetic nerves are removed (denervated heart), the sinuatrial node becomes free from all autonomic (sympathetic & parasympathetic) influences and starts generating its normal rhythm of about 100/min* As the normal resting heart rate is usually less, about 70/min, complete denervation of the heart would cause an increases in the heart rate from 70/min to 100/minNodeIntrinsic Rhythm citySinuatrial node (SAN)Atrio ventricular nodeHis - purkinje system100/min50/min30-40/minDuring exercise the diastole is shortened more then svstole.Changes in Duration of systole and Diastole, when heart rate is increased (Exercise)* Exercise is associated with an increase in the heart rate.* Cardiac muscle has the unique property of contracting and repolarizing faster when the heart rate is high* This leads to a decrease in duration of both systole and diastole'\"However the duration of systole is much more fixed than that of diastolic and when the heart rate is increased (eg. Exercise) diastole is shortened to a much greater degree\" - Ganong* This longer duration of diastole enables;Superior coronary blood flow to the cardiac musculature Q superior ventricular filling Q", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increases heart rate", "opb": "Increased RR interval in ECG", "opc": "Increased force of heart contraction", "opd": "Increased cardiac out put", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "b7f56650-bb4f-4dac-8620-f581a072263e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The fibers from contralateral nasal retina project to the following layers of lateral geniculate nucleus", "exp": "On each side, layers 1,4 and 6 of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive input from the contralateral eye, whereas layers 2,3 and 5 receive input from the ipsilateral eye. Illustration showing ganglion cell projections from retina to lateral geniculate nucleus Ref: Ganong&;s review of Medical Physiology 26th edition Pgno: 198", "cop": 2, "opa": "2,3,5", "opb": "1,4,6", "opc": "1,2,3", "opd": "4,5,6", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "7a6955b6-9c49-43d9-ade7-535e9148a827", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Surfactant secreted by", "exp": "Surfactant is produced by type II alveolar epithelial cells. Typical lamellar bodies, membrane-bound organelles containing whorls of phospholipid, are formed in these cells and secreted into the alveolar lumen by exocytosis. Tubes of lipid called tubular myelin form from the extruded bodies, and the tubular myelin, in turn, forms the phospholipid film. Following secretion, the phospholipids of surfactant line up in the alveoli with their hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing the alveolar lumen. Surface tension is inversely propoional to their concentration per unit area. The surfactant molecules move fuher apa as the alveoli enlarge during inspiration, and surface tension increases, whereas it decreases when they move closer together during expiration. Some of the protein-lipid complexes in surfactant are taken up by endocytosis in type II alveolar cells and recycled.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 597", "cop": 2, "opa": "Type 1 pneumocytes", "opb": "Type 2 pneumocytes", "opc": "Epithelial cells", "opd": "Macrophage", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "5cf566a2-408a-464d-b3f8-6bdf6d7eb131", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "On increasing vagal tone following occurs in pacemaker", "exp": "When the cholinergic vagal fibers to nodal tissue are stimulated, the membrane becomes hyperpolarizedThe slope of the prepotentials is decreased because the acetylcholine released at the nerve endings increases the K+ conductance of nodal tissue.Which cause rapid efflux of K+Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 491", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased K+ increased slop", "opb": "Decreased K+ decreased slop", "opc": "Increased K+ decreased slop", "opd": "Decreased K+ increased slop", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "cf07f904-cb7d-4543-8349-5a0585da7605", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phospholipase C acts as secondary messenger for", "exp": "Phospholipase C is an enzyme which produces inositol tri phosphate and diacylglycerol They causes release of calcium ions which act as secondary messager Epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin, ADH,TRH also require calcium as secondary messager Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:540 to 545", "cop": 4, "opa": "FSH", "opb": "IH", "opc": "TSH", "opd": "GnRH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "2157d0ab-b53b-4629-8032-c17b3f993e7d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Reward centre is", "exp": "Punishment centre in brain is posterior hypothalamus and dorsal mid brain.\nRewards centre is ventromedial nuclei of hypothalamus or medial forebrain bundle.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Insula", "opb": "Putamen", "opc": "Medial forebrain bundle", "opd": "Aqueduct sylvius", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb0b29d7-96d9-4d63-af7f-753b1734a522", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "BMR depends on", "exp": "BMR is defined as the minimal amount of energy required to sustain the body&;s vital functions in the waking state.The most commonly used formula for calculating BMR is that of Harris and Benedict:BMR, Male= 66 + (13.7 x Wt) + (5 x Ht) - (6.8 x age)BMR, Female: 655 + (9.6 x Wt) + (1.8 x Ht) - (4.7 x age)Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-489", "cop": 4, "opa": "Body weight", "opb": "Surface area", "opc": "Amount of adipose tissue", "opd": "Amount of lean body mass", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "70ffab1e-81df-46d2-8f10-865d7451a17f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Membrane fluidity is exclusively increased by", "exp": "As the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane is increased, fluidity increases. Among the options given, Linoleic acid is the only unsaturated fatty acid and the rest of then are saturated. According to the fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson, the cell membrane is like a sea of phospholipid bilayer with proteins floating in it like icebergs. This fluidity of the membrane is dependent largely on the lipid content of the membrane. The hydrophobic side chains of fatty acids can be aligned to provide a stiff structure to the membrane. As the temperature increases, these side chain transition from a ordered to a disordered fluid like state . The temperature at which this transition occurs from ordered to disordered state is called transition temperature(Tm). Higher the Tm, lower the fluidity of the membrane Longer and saturated fatty acids decrease the fluidity because their side chains interact more strongly with each other. conversely, unsaturated fatty acids increase the fluidity at lower Tm by decreasing the compactness of the side chains . Ref: Harper's illustrated Biochemistry 30th edition pgno: 483-484", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stearic acid", "opb": "Palmitic acid", "opc": "Myristic acid", "opd": "Linoleic acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "96fd8dd8-6ec2-4b32-8aee-6168b100f810", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The reflex originating from Golgi tendon organ to relax the responding muscle is a", "exp": "(B) Disynaptic reflex # Golgi tendon organ> The receptor for the inverse stretch reflex is in the Golgi tendon organ.> There are 3-25 muscle fibers per tendon organ.> They are stimulated by both passive stretch and active contraction of the muscle.> The threshold of the Golgi tendon organs is low.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Monosynaptic reflex", "opb": "Disynaptic reflex", "opc": "Polysynaptic reflex", "opd": "Reflex centre of which is situated in medulla oblongata", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "c7bea16a-df24-492d-bd44-240f4c288cdc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Energy currency of the cell is", "exp": "Cellular energy can be stored in high-energy phosphate compounds, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This ubiquitous molecule is the energy storehouse of the body. On hydrolysis to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), it liberates energy directly to such processes as muscle contraction, active transpo, and the synthesis of many chemical compounds. Loss of another phosphate to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP) releases more energy.(REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY -23rd EDITION. Page No-8)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Nucleotide diphosphate", "opb": "Nucleotide triphosphate", "opc": "Deoxynucleotide diphosphate", "opd": "Nuceotide monophosphate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5b18a115-44eb-4877-b8fe-937b67ce0748", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Defect in Orexin production is seen in", "exp": "In Narcolepsy there is defect in Orexin production", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hearing defect", "opb": "Narcolepsy", "opc": "Kluver-Bucy syndrome", "opd": "Voracious appetite", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0b741b66-bc1c-4fef-9b11-96acd4b52d43", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of Basement membrane is", "exp": "(Filtration) (10- Ganong 22nd) (103- Robbins 7th) (34- Ganong 23rd)Basement membrane - (Basal lamina) are produced by epithelial and mesenchymal cells and are closely associated with the cell surface. They consist of a network of amorphous nonfibrillar collagen (Mostly type IV) laminin heparan sulfate, proteoglycan, fibronectins, tenascinRole of extracellular Matrix (Interstitial matrix, Basement membrane)1. Mechanical support of cell anchorage and cell migration and maintenance of cell polarity2. Control of cell growth - cell proliferation3. Maintenance of cell differentiation4. Scaffolding for tissue renewal5. Establishment of tissue microenvironments6. Storage and presentation of regulatory molecules eg. growth factor like FGF and HGF* The major function of Glomerulus basement membrane is filtration", "cop": 3, "opa": "Excitation", "opb": "Contraction", "opc": "Filteration", "opd": "Transport of anions", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "aa28d42a-7532-41e0-9c4e-a58a2a6f2903", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle ends with", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Peak of C waves", "opb": "Opening of AV valve", "opc": "Closure of semilunar valve", "opd": "Beginning of T waves", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d6b6d5e9-6846-4e5a-98f1-ad673517ba5d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal plasma osmolality (mOsmol/kg) is", "exp": "Normal human reference range of osmolality in plasma is about 285-295 milli-osmoles per kilogram.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 310", "cop": 3, "opa": "240-255", "opb": "260-275", "opc": "285-295", "opd": "300-312", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "daf89611-107e-4601-808a-e65130f65ba1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type of blood flow seen in the apex of the lung is", "exp": "Zone 2: Intermittent blood flow only during the peaks of pulmonary aerial pressure (Ppc) because the systolic pressure is then greater than the alveolar air pressure (PALV), but the diastolic pressure is less than the alveolar air pressure.", "cop": 3, "opa": "No flow, P(ALV) > Ppc", "opb": "Intermittent flow, P(ALV) < Ppc during diastole", "opc": "Intermittent flow, P(ALV) < Ppc during systole", "opd": "Continuous flow, P(ALV) < Ppc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "40acb45a-17a3-47bf-aba3-7e4798fe1439", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Treatment of lepra reaction with acute neuritis is", "exp": "Prednisolone is the drug of choice for treatment of lepra reaction with acute neuritis.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Prednisolone", "opb": "Thalidomide", "opc": "Clofazimine", "opd": "Dapsone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f8218959-c554-4daf-8510-06784ec72a70", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following is related to hyperinflation of the lung", "exp": "J -reflex is produced due to hyper inflation of the lung It produces: Apnoea followed by rapid shallow breathing, hypotension, bradycardia Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition, page number:373", "cop": 1, "opa": "J -reflex", "opb": "Cushing reflex", "opc": "Bezold-jaisch reflex", "opd": "Brainbridge refex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "c378bed6-bee3-4c13-9b59-11cbd49f6e72", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GH secretion is", "exp": "Peptide hormones. ... Sex hormones. ... Clonidine and L-DOPA by stimulating GHRH release. a4b2 nicotinic agonists, including nicotine, which also act synergistically with clonidine. Hypoglycemia, arginine and propranolol by inhibiting somatostatin release. Deep sleep. Insulin. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 550,551,552", "cop": 3, "opa": "Greater in early morning", "opb": "Greater in evening", "opc": "Increases on preolonged fasting", "opd": "Stimulates B-cells of pancreases directly", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "5ce6a458-c485-4a77-8e89-c9ca779947ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal capillary wedge pressure", "exp": "Ans. (b) 5-10mmHgRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.574Mean Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)=9mmHg (Range - 4 to 12 mm Hg)PCWP is usually measured using a balloon-tipped, multilumen catheter called Swan-Ganz catheter", "cop": 2, "opa": "0-2 mm Hg", "opb": "5-10 mm Hg", "opc": "15-20 mm Hg", "opd": "20-30 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "a4403fae-8ddf-4c93-8140-6c9329ad39fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stereoanesthesia is due to lesion ofa) Nucleus Gracilisb) Nucleus cuneatusc) Cerebral cortexd) Spinothalamic tract", "exp": "Astereognosis/Stereoanaesthesia- Loss of ability to recognize size and shape of an object.\nSeen in- lesion of somatosensory cortex, lesion of tractus cuneatus, lesion of tractus gracilis.\nSomatosensory cortex lesion- proprioception and tactile sensations are lost while pain and temperature sensations are preserved. \nTractus cuneatus- formed by fasciculus cuneatus (spinal cord) and nucleus cuneatus (medulla). Pass through lateral portion of dorsal column. Carries sensations of dorsal column- proprioception and tactile sensations from upper part of the body.\nTractus gracilis- formed by fasciculus gracilis (spinal cord) and nucleus gracilis (medulla). Pass through medial portion of dorsal column. Carries sensations of dorsal column- proprioception and tactile sensations from lower part of the body.", "cop": 1, "opa": "abc", "opb": "bc", "opc": "acd", "opd": "bcd", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "af90d178-d794-4bfa-b083-fb3fd86e900b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Peripheral vascular resistance is best given by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Mean arterial pressure responsible for blood flow to organ", "opb": "Diastolic blood pressure as it decreases till mid-thoracic aorta", "opc": "Pulse pressure as it relates to stroke volume and aortic compliance", "opd": "Systolic pressure as it increase in descending aorta", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c60c719-e702-4bab-8f33-84a11305f7fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least conduction velocity is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "AV node", "opb": "Purkinje fibres", "opc": "Bundle of His", "opd": "Ventricular myocardial fibers", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b1126820-874f-424f-b4ca-8fc2b4d6eef4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Methoctramine is a", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Selective M1 antagonist", "opb": "Selective M2 antagonist", "opc": "Selective M3 antagonist", "opd": "Nonselective (M1+M2 ) agonist", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d68b2c4f-783f-4c6a-abc5-f447400b88dd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aromatase enzyme", "exp": "Aromatase enzyme conves androgens to estrogens.5a-Reductase conves testosterone to dihydrotestosteroneAromatase inhibitors block the function of the aromatase enzyme that conves androgens to estrogens. Aromatase inhibitors, including letrozole, anastrozole, and exemestane, are highly effective for both adjuvant and metastatic treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal subjects,5a-Reductase inhibitors like finasteride, dutasteride are used in BPHG&G 12e 1953", "cop": 2, "opa": "Conves estrogen to androgen", "opb": "Conves androgen to estrogen", "opc": "Helps in maintaining normal placental blood flow", "opd": "Conves testosterone to dihydrotestosterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "dcae28b9-2541-44e9-85e9-33f2618c12ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arterial PO2 is decreased in hypoxia due to", "exp": "COPD presents with Hypoxic Hypoxia. Hypoxic hypoxia is the most common form of hypoxia seen clinically. \nThe diseases that cause it can be roughly divided into those in which the gas exchange apparatus fails, those such as congenital heart disease in which large amounts of blood are shunted from the venous to the arterial side of the circulation, and those in which the respiratory pump fails. \nLung failure occurs when conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis produce alveolar-capillary block, or there is ventilation-perfusion imbalance. \nPump failure can be due to fatigue of the respiratory muscles in conditions in which the work of breathing is increased or to a variety of mechanical defects such as pneumothorax or bronchial obstruction that limit ventilation. \nIt can also be caused by abnormalities of the neural mechanisms that control ventilation, such as depression of the respiratory neurons in the medulla by morphine and other drugs.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cyanide poisoning", "opb": "CO poisoning", "opc": "COPD", "opd": "Shock", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f73eedef-6191-47f0-ae23-2d16fff5e31c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperventilation in high altitude is due to", "exp": "Hyperventilation in high altitude is due to respiratory alkalosis Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:375,376,377", "cop": 1, "opa": "Respiratory alkalosis", "opb": "Respiratory acidosis", "opc": "Hypercapnea", "opd": "Decreased concentration of bicarbonate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "6316b949-883e-429c-a197-f2dfffac989c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Functions of basal ganglia", "exp": "B i.e. Skilled movement", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gross motor", "opb": "Skilled movements", "opc": "Emotions", "opd": "Maintenance of equilibrium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c21227c2-c1c8-4652-ba47-81b36fb7cdbd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Macula densa is present in", "exp": "The thick end of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle reaches the glomerulus of the nephron from which the tubule arose and nestles between its afferent and efferent aerioles. Specialized cells at the end form the macula densa, which is close to the afferent and paicularly the afferent aeriole. The macula, the neighboring lacis cells, and the renin-secreting juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent aeriole from the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,23rd edition, page no: 641", "cop": 4, "opa": "Collecting tubule", "opb": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "opc": "Distal convoluted tubule", "opd": "Loop of Henle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "3ab768cf-1dd6-4b5c-b256-c09390a8a0fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neutral substances are transported across the cell membrane by", "exp": "Neutral substances cross membranes based on their concentration gradient. That occurs by diffusion.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Porins", "opb": "lonophore", "opc": "Lipopolysaccharides", "opd": "Diffusion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "496e6325-e954-4bb1-8588-33faa6edb9d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "According to myogenic hypothesis of renal autoregulation, the afferent aerioles contract in response to stretch induced by", "exp": "Most vascular beds have an intrinsic capacity to compensate for moderate changes in perfusion pressure by changes in vascular resistance, so that blood flow remains relatively constant. This capacity is well developed in the kidneys (), but it has also been observed in the mesentery, skeletal muscle, brain, liver, and myocardium. It is probably due in pa to the intrinsic contractile response of smooth muscle to stretch (myogenic theory of autoregulation). As the pressure rises, the blood vessels are distended and the vascular smooth muscle fibers that surround the vessels contract. If it is postulated that the muscle responds to the tension in the vessel wall, this theory could explain the greater degree of contraction at higher pressures; the wall tension is propoional to the distending pressure times the radius of the vessel (law of Laplace; see Chapter 32), and the maintenance of a given wall tension as the pressure rises would require a decrease in radius. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,23rd edition, page: 563", "cop": 3, "opa": "NO release", "opb": "Noradrenaline release", "opc": "Opening of ca2+ channels", "opd": "Adenosine release", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "d9e3f657-f8c4-4fff-8197-840adcec860f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bilirubin secretion is stimulated by", "exp": "Bile salts are the most important cholerectic or the substance that increases bile secretion. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the most important cholagogue or substance that increases gallbladder contraction.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Bile salts", "opb": "Bile pigments", "opc": "Secretin", "opd": "CCK", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9922e9ed-782c-4658-89cc-26d11f398df8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Volume of ICF in body", "exp": "In a 70 kg man 60 % of body weight is due to water Of that water 2/3 rd is present intra cellularly Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 45,46,47", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.2*body wt", "opb": "0.4*body wt", "opc": "0.6*body wt", "opd": "0.8*body wt", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "0f789e43-d7fe-4955-bb48-fe4f4f810d92", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structure without any membrane is", "exp": "Nucleolus is present in nucleus. Theirfunction is to produce ribosome. They are not enclosed by a membrane and contain proteins, DNA, RNA. (REF TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 11)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mitochondria", "opb": "Nucleus", "opc": "Nucleolus", "opd": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "19b0e716-31ab-409d-bf9f-c13f5b620efc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Orthopnea is heart failure develops due to", "exp": "When a normal individual lies down, the pulmonary blood volume increases by up to 400 mL\nWhen the person stands up this blood is discharged into the general circulation.\nThis shift is the cause of the decrease in vital capacity in the supine position and is responsible for the occurrence of orthopnea in heart failure.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Reservoir function of pulmonary veins", "opb": "Reservoir function of leg veins", "opc": "Reservoir function of pulmonary arteries", "opd": "Reservoir function of leg arteries", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "535c95ae-2fce-4a02-aba3-5905414bf29c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cyanosis is not seen in", "exp": "Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from inadequate oxygenation of the blood and not seen in CO poisoningRef: Hutchison&;s Clinical Methods, 23ed edition, page no: 21", "cop": 3, "opa": "CHF", "opb": "COPD", "opc": "CO poisoning", "opd": "High altitude", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "017b5ee8-e274-4cb4-8535-41fcd0eea1d2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve fibres innervating sweat glands release the following at their ending", "exp": "Nerve fibres innervating sweat glands are cholinergic.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 267", "cop": 2, "opa": "Noradrenaline", "opb": "Acetycholine", "opc": "Dopamine", "opd": "Histamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "17c3a12a-95ff-4b53-af56-f8a74086fc48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Functional residual capacity is", "exp": "Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is expiratory reserve volume + residual volume. From the picture givERV+RV) Lung Capacities The total lung capacity can be broken down into alternate capacities that help to define functioning lings. The vital capacity refers to the maximum amount of air expired from the fully inflated lung or maximum inspiratory level. The inspiratory capacity is the maximum amount of air inspired from the end-expiratory level. The functional residual capacity represents the volume of the air remaining in the lungs after expiration of a normal breath. REf: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 25th edition PGno: 628, 629", "cop": 3, "opa": "image_question", "opb": "image_question", "opc": "image_question", "opd": "image_question", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "40a1f77c-87a9-4ebc-b62b-62a3e6fb0167", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gatekeeper of the heart is", "exp": "Ans. (b) AV node(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.521)AV node conduction is slow. There is a delay of about 0.1 s in spread of impulseThis delay is mainly responsible for the sequential contraction of atrium followed by ventricles. It is for this reason, AV node is also called \"Gatekeeper\" to the ventricles", "cop": 2, "opa": "SA node", "opb": "AV node", "opc": "Purkinje fibers", "opd": "Bundle of His", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "002e3648-74ac-4cbf-a7cd-1115bfdff7e9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hormone synthesized as peptide precursor is/are", "exp": "Insulin- A polypeptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans and functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 431", "cop": 1, "opa": "Insulin", "opb": "PTO", "opc": "Renin", "opd": "Thyroid hormone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "9a580e1a-b525-4a65-9935-a0619feb7d29", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cerebral blood flow is depend on", "exp": "i.e. (CO2 concentration): (441- Lee's) (376-77-AK-Jain 4th/anaesthesia 12th)Cerebral blood flow increases in linearity with rise in arterial PC02 (Direct effect)Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is the difference between mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure or central venous pressure which ever is higher.It is 50 mi/100 gm of brain tissueSince ions are not able to cross the blood brain barrier as easily as O2, O2 and lipid soluble substances (such as most anaesthetics) the ions have little effects on cerebral blood flowFactors affecting cerebral blood flow (CBF)A. Cerebral metabolism - cerebral blood flow varies directly with metabolic activity, various studies have shown that regional CBF parallels metabolic activity for eg motor activity of a limb is associated with an increased in regional CBF of the corresponding motor cortex. Similarily, visual activity is associated with an increase in regional CBF of the corresponding occipital cortex.B. Cerebral Perfusion pressure: is the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) or central venous pressure (CVP) which ever is greater CPP is normally 80-100 mm Hg. Because ICP is normally less than 10 mm Hg. CPP is primarily dependent on MAP. Autoregulation maintains a steady CBF as perfusion pressure varies between 60 and 160 mm Hg. Decrease in CPP results in cerebral vasodilation, where as elevations induce vasoconstriction.C. Arterial PCO2 - The most important extrinsic influences on CBF are respiratory gas tensions particularly arterial PCO2. CBF is directly proportional to arterial PCO2 between tensions of 20 and 80 mm of Hg. The effect is almost immediates and is thought to be secondary to changes in the PH of CSF and cerebral tissueD. Arterial PO2: only marked changes in arterial PO2 alter CBF whereas hypoxia may be associated with only minimal decrease (-10%) in CBF severe hypoxemia (arterial PO2 less than 50 mm Hg) profoundly increases CBFE. Temperature - CBF changes 5 - 7% 1degC change in temperature. Hypothermia decreases both cerebral metabolic rate and CBF. Whereas pyrexia has the reverse effect.F. Blood viscosity - CBF rises as viscosity falls and vise versaG. Autonomic system* Cerebral blood flow is maintained at constant levels (does not change) in response to moderate exercise)**** Mild to moderate decrease in perfusion pressure decreases driving forces for flow, resulting in CO2 accumulation, which by release of H+ produces cerebral vasodilation.* Most important factor for regulating cerebral blood flow under normal conditions is the rate of cerebral CO2formation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "O2 concentration", "opb": "CO2 concentration", "opc": "K+ concentration", "opd": "Cl- concentration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "46de09ac-b772-428f-b41b-deab210c7cbf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inward flow of Na+ in hea leads to", "exp": "Entry of Na ions into cardiac cell leads to depolarisation. (REF TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO 52)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Plateu phase", "opb": "Action potential", "opc": "Repolarization", "opd": "No change", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "e7da1575-242d-4836-a00b-7540f64c600b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest cause of death in peptic ulcer patients is", "exp": "Peptic ulcers may be in thestomach, the small intestine just below the stomach, or the food pipe above the stomach. Sometimes,peptic ulcers can bleed (known asbleeding ulcers). More severebleeding, known as hemorrhaging, can be life-threatening. Ref surgery Srb 5e p432", "cop": 2, "opa": "Perforation", "opb": "Malignancy", "opc": "Hemorrhage", "opd": "Pyloric stenosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "fc832fab-d22a-4a8e-9e03-059f9676fe33", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Inflation of lungs induces fuher inflation\" this is explained by", "exp": "Head's paradoxical reflex is paradoxical to Hering- Breuer inflation reflex This reflex might be the cause for inflation of the lungs in the newborn when the newborn takes the first breath", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hering-Breuer inflation reflex", "opb": "Hering-Breuer deflation reflex", "opc": "Head's paradoxical reflex", "opd": "J-reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "c86f8ca5-1e1d-4ed7-9a13-efbaa16c4073", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In dark adaptation, there occurs", "exp": "Dark adaptation The physical and chemical adjustments of the eye, including dilation of the pupil and increased activity of rods in the retina, that make vision possible in relative darkness.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 23rd edition Page no: 171", "cop": 3, "opa": "Decreased perception of vision", "opb": "Decreased visual acuity", "opc": "Pupillary dilatation", "opd": "Breakdown rhodopsin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "4306e70a-c05c-4ed7-aa23-04050d4d56b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kidney producesa) Vasopressinb)  Erythropoietinc) Renind) Angiotensinogene) 25 hydroxy vit D", "exp": "Hormones secreted by Kidney\n\nRenin\nErythropoietin\n1,25 DHCC", "cop": 1, "opa": "bc", "opb": "c", "opc": "ac", "opd": "ad", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "032d5567-82b2-423d-9b96-e485e8e93768", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Loss of dorsal column result in loss of", "exp": "The dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (DCML) (also known as the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (PCML)) is a sensory pathway of the central nervous system that conveys sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:691,692,693", "cop": 3, "opa": "Knee jerk", "opb": "Ankle jerk", "opc": "Proprioception", "opd": "Abdominal reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "f443f59e-41b4-4f63-bc38-0fec7dad376b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve fibres carrying fast pain is", "exp": "Fast pain is carried by Aδ fibres\nSlow pain is carried by C fibres", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aα fibres", "opb": "Aδ fibres", "opc": "B fibres", "opd": "C fibres", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f91ff6c8-8f0a-4d98-864c-c03399ff724e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The white matter of cerebellum is well myelinated at", "exp": "The white matter of cerebellum is well myelinated at 1 month.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 23rd edition, Page no:254", "cop": 1, "opa": "1 month", "opb": "3 months", "opc": "6 months", "opd": "12 months", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "856624c4-5c64-4d04-b2ae-e83062145bf0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The gastric phase of gastric secretion is brought about by", "exp": "B i.e. Hormonal", "cop": 2, "opa": "Neural factors", "opb": "Hormonal factors", "opc": "Gastric distension", "opd": "Presence of proteins in the stomach", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "912d4e06-e657-403a-a22c-7c5834e22139", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sodium channel is", "exp": "Ans. (c) HeterotrimericNa K pump has 2 subunits and both the subunits are different. That's why it is called as a heterodimerIt can contain one alpha, one beta and one gamma subunit also - so, heterotrimeric", "cop": 3, "opa": "Trimeric", "opb": "Pentameric", "opc": "Heterotrimeric", "opd": "Pseudoterameic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "39052340-e3d3-4581-84f2-d2a4da2285a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypoxia causes vasoconstriction in", "exp": "\"O2 deficiency (Hypoxia), Accumulation of CO2,| PH produce vasoconstriction in the lungs. While these in the other tissues produce vasodilatation.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Muscle", "opb": "Lungs", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "cfbff085-0e96-46db-a15f-d20110c6328b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vomiting centre receives stimulus from", "exp": "Vomiting centre in medulla receives stimulus from- \n-        Chemoreceptor trigger zone- Area postrema\n-        Vestibular system\n-        Periphery- eg: irritation of gut, MI, biliary stones, renal stones\n-        Cortical centres", "cop": 1, "opa": "Area postrema", "opb": "Suprachiasmatic", "opc": "Medial nuclei", "opd": "Lateral nuclei", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "849dadd2-7229-49cb-8c34-8b88ab2f78f7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Decreases contributory factor in chronic hypertension is associated with", "exp": "[Cl (Nitric oxide) (598- Ganong 22th) (560- 562- K.S.4th) (336-A.K. Jain 3rd) (564- Ganong 23rd)* Excess of secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex leads to hypertension* Tumours of the Juxtaglomerular cells leading to formation of excess of angiotension II- leads to Renal hypertension* Nitric oxide (No) is an endothelium derived relaxing factor. It is synthesized from arginine. It is a vasodilator deficiency of this leads to hypertension* Nitric oxide is necessary for maintenance of normal blood pressure (NO- deficiency is associated with hypertension)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aldosterone", "opb": "Angiotensin II", "opc": "Nitric oxide", "opd": "Reduced sympathetic nerve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "33854dc7-0711-4539-b8dd-d345ca0e1cca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary direct stimulus for excitation of central chemoreceptors is", "exp": "The central chemoreceptors monitor the H+ concentration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including the brain interstitial fluid.CO2 readily penetrates membranes, including the blood-brain barrier, whereas H+ and HCO3- penetrate slowly. The CO2 that enters the brain and CSF is promptly hydrated. The H2CO3 dissociates so that the local H+ concentration rises. The H+ concentration in brain interstitial fluid parallels the aerial PCO2. Experimentally produced changes in the PCO2 of CSF have minor, variable effects on respiration as long as the H+ concentration is held constant, but any increase in spinal fluid H+ concentration stimulates chemoreceptorsRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition, Page No: 629", "cop": 1, "opa": "|H+", "opb": "|C02", "opc": "|O2", "opd": "|C02", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "bcc20250-aec0-4f5b-80c9-71aaf1b43c27", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Conscious proprioception is transmitted via", "exp": "(A) Dorsal column > Proprioceptive information is transmitted up the spinal cord in the dorsal column.> Majority of the proprioceptive input goes to the cerebellum but some passes to the cortex also (conscious proprioception). Conscious picture of the body in space is synthesized in the cortex.> There is some evidence that proprioceptive information passes to consciousness in the anterolateral column, also however this in all likelihood will be less important than the dorsal column.> Remember:> Dorsal column transmits:> Touch (fine)> Pressure> Vibration> Joint position sense> Lateral spinothalamic tract transmits:> Pain> Temperature> Anterior spinothalamic tract transmits:> Crude touch, Pressure", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dorsal column", "opb": "Ponto-cerebral fibres", "opc": "Anterior spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "681e142b-192f-4b87-b6d8-97fae30754a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Factor X is", "exp": "Factor X is also called as Stua-Prower factor Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 566", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hageman factor", "opb": "Stua-Prower factor", "opc": "Christmas factor", "opd": "Tissue factor", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "d4bdc8f2-3ffb-4614-9d61-fadbf9728e97", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Androgen is secreted by", "exp": "Any steroid hormone that promotes male secondary sex characters. The two main androgens are androsterone and testosterone. The androgenic hormones are internal endocrine secretions circulating in the bloodstream and manufactured mainly by the testes under stimulation from the pituitary gland.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-428", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leyding cell", "opb": "Seoli cell", "opc": "Cowper's gland", "opd": "Intermediate cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "98f0493c-1bdf-4a33-89a7-ab2340a9e9f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Highest frequency among the following waves of EEG is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Alpha(α) wave", "opb": "Beta (β) wave", "opc": "Theta (θ) wave", "opd": "Delta (δ) wave", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2ef9ab9e-5ac5-445f-a728-cc256c58afcb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal FSh levels in adult male is", "exp": "Before pubey - 0 to 4.0 mIU/mL (0 to 4.0 IU/L) During pubey - 0.3 to 10.0 mIU/mL (0.3 to 10.0 IU/L) Women who are still menstruating - 4.7 to 21.5 mIU/mL (4.5 to 21.5 IU/L) After menopause - 25.8 to 134.8 mIU/mL (25.8 to 134.8) Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:636,637,638", "cop": 1, "opa": "10-20 IU/L", "opb": "20-40 IU/L", "opc": "40-60 IU/L", "opd": "60-80 IU/L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "3045461d-dad6-4608-80fd-99de58e155b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cyanosis in trauma is interpreted as", "exp": "Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, tongue, lips, or nail beds and is due to an increased concentration of reduced hemoglobin (Hb) in the circulation. Clinically evident cyanosis typically occurs at an oxygen saturation of 85% or less. Mild cyanosis may be difficult to detect Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Early sign of hypoxia", "opb": "Late sign of hypoxia", "opc": "Absence of cyanosis means adequate tissue ventilation", "opd": "Absence of cyanosis means adequate tissue oxygenation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "d5ead9a0-6700-40ea-bf1f-1bc190ce3199", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum reservoir of blood", "exp": "At rest, at least 50% of the circulating blood volume is in the systemic veins, 12% is in the hea cavities, and 18% is in the low-pressure pulmonary circulation. Only 2% is in the aoa, 8% in the aeries, 1% in the aerioles, and 5% in the capillaries Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:543", "cop": 1, "opa": "Large vein", "opb": "Aoa", "opc": "Hea", "opd": "Capillaries", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "93c3e577-b901-4524-ae5e-27930854094e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Highest concentration of potassium is seen in", "exp": "K+ channels are present in the luminal as well as the basolateral membrane of the enterocytes of the colon, so K+ is secreted into the colon. In addition, K+ moves passively down its electrochemical gradient. The accumulation of K+ in the colon is paially offset by H+-K+ ATPase in the luminal membrane of cells in the distal colon, with resulting active transpo of K+ into the cells. Neveheless, loss of ileal or colonic fluids in chronic diarrhea can lead to severe hypokalemia. When the dietary intake of K+ is high for a prolonged period, aldosterone secretion is increased and more K+ enters the colon. This is due in pa to the appearance of more Na+- K+ ATPase pumps in the basolateral membranes of the cells, with a consequent increase in intracellular K+ and K+ diffusion across the luminal membranes of the cells. The intestines are presented each day with about 2000 mL of ingested fluid plus 7000 mL of secretions from the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and associated glands. Ninety-eight percent of this fluid is reabsorbed, with a daily fluid loss of only 200 mL in the stools. In the small intestine, secondary active transpo of Na+ is impoant in bringing about absorption of glucose, some amino acids, and other substances such as bile acids (see above). Conversely, the presence of glucose in the intestinal lumen facilitates the reabsorption of Na+. In the period between meals, when nutrients are not present, sodium and chloride are absorbed together from the lumen by the coupled activity of a sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE) and chloride/bicarbonate exchanger in the apical membrane, in a so-called electroneutral mechanism. Water then follows to maintain an osmotic balance. In the colon, moreover, an additional electrogenic mechanism for sodium absorption is expressed, paicularly in the distal colon. In this mechanism, sodium enters across the apical membrane an ENaC (epithelial sodium) channel that is identical to that expressed in the distal tubule of the kidney. This underpins the ability of the colon to desiccate the stool and ensure that only a small poion of the fluid load used daily in the digestion and absorption of meals is lost from the body. Following a low-salt diet, increased expression of ENaC in response to aldosterone increases the ability to reclaim sodium from the stool. The pancreatic juice is alkaline and has a high HCO3 content (approximately 113 mEq/L vs. 24 mEq/L in plasma). About 1500 mL of pancreatic juice is secreted per day. Bile and intestinal juices are also neutral or alkaline, and these three secretions neutralize the gastric acid, raising the pH of the duodenal contents to 6.0 to 7.0. By the time the chyme reaches the jejunum, its pH is nearly neutral, but the intestinal contents are rarely alkaline. Bile is made up of the bile acids, bile pigments, and other substances dissolved in an alkaline electrolyte solution that resembles pancreatic juice.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMANTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO:435,438,441,442", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rectum", "opb": "Pancreatic juice", "opc": "Ileal secretions", "opd": "Bile", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "ae670789-6fa4-4c8f-ac1d-2e62d22bd609", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compliance of lung is measured by", "exp": "The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure is called the lung compliance.\nThe total compliance of both lungs together in the normal adult human being averages about 200 milliliters of air per centimeter of w ater transpulmonary pressure.\nThat is, every time the transpulmonary' pressure increases 1 centimeter of water, the lung volume, after 10 to 20 seconds, will expand 200 milliliters.\nThe characteristics of the compliance diagram are determined by the elastic forces of the lungs.\nThese can be divided into twro parts:\n\n(I) elastic forces of the lung tissue and\n(2) elastic forces caused by surface tension of the fluid that lines the inside walls of the alveoli and other lung air spaces,\n\nThe elastic forces of the lung tissue are determined mainly by elastin and collagen fibers", "cop": 1, "opa": "Elasticity", "opb": "Amount of air", "opc": "Blood flow", "opd": "Presence if fluid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "89bc3a44-b4ae-42d1-81b8-b1f09b81c4d2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mechanism of analgesia is by", "exp": "The degree to which a person reacts to pain varies tremendously. This variation results paly from a capability of the brain itself to suppress input of pain signals to thenervous system by activating a pain control system called an analgesia system. The analgesia system consists of three major components: (1) The periaqueductal gray and periventricular areas of the mesencephalon and upper pons surround the aqueduct of Sylvius and poions of the third and fouh ventricles. Neurons from these areas send signals to (2) the raphe magnus nucleus, a thin midline nucleus located in the lower pons and upper medulla, and the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis, located laterally in the medulla. From these nuclei, second-order signals are transmitted down the dorsolateral columns in the spinal cord to (3) a pain inhibitory complex located in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. At this point, the analgesia signals can block the pain before it is relayed to the brain. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:698,699,700", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nocioeptin stimulation", "opb": "Nooistatln stimulation", "opc": "Nicotinic & cholinergic receptors", "opd": "Anadumide receptors", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "f293fe33-634c-45d6-8223-fe7fa3266360", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Source of EEG", "exp": "(C) EPSP and IPSP of cortical cells which behave like dipoles > The dendrites of the cortical cells are a forest of similarly oriented, densely packed units in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex.> Propagated potentials can be generated in dendrites. In addition, recurrent axon collaterals end on dendrites in the superficial layers.> As excitatory and inhibitory endings on the dendrites of each cell become active, current flows into and out of these current sinks and sources from the rest of the", "cop": 3, "opa": "A potential of pyramidal cells", "opb": "A potential of ganglion cells", "opc": "EPSP and IPSP of cortical cells which behave like dipoles", "opd": "After potentials of parietal cortex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "e4d9f6e9-445c-4377-9abd-3d417b59012b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most potent stimulus for secretin secretion is", "exp": "Protein / acid in duodenum is the most potent stimulus for secretion of secretin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Distension of stomach", "opb": "Bile in duodenum", "opc": "Protein in duodenum", "opd": "Fatty food in duodenum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ba45eb6a-052d-4e23-af45-7a0ae683be56", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum contribution of plasma osmolarity is by", "exp": "Sodium is the major contributor plasma osmolarity Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 50,51,52", "cop": 3, "opa": "Urea", "opb": "Glucose", "opc": "Sodium", "opd": "Albumin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5959147f-7c60-4a0d-9e91-a443f7e91477", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Velocity of conduction for A alpha fibers is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "70-120 m/s", "opb": "30-70 m/s", "opc": "12-30 m/s", "opd": "0.5-2 m/s", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "faee2986-a9eb-4db1-a2e6-2c94d413994f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bone removing cells", "exp": "An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodeling of bones of the veebral skeleton. The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and mineral at a molecular level by secreting acid and a collagenase, a process known as bone resorption. This process also helps regulate the level of blood calcium.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-386", "cop": 2, "opa": "Osteoblasts", "opb": "Osteoclasts", "opc": "Stem cells", "opd": "Cytotoxic T cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "faae7bea-1c7f-483a-8951-abb7265a7f9f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A single cell within a culture of freshly isolated cardiac muscle cells is injected with a fluorescent dye that cannot cross cell membranes. Within minutes, several adjacent cells became fluorescent. The most likely explanation for this observation is the presence of", "exp": "Gap junctions are pores composed of paired connexons that allow the passage of ions, nucleotides, and other small molecules between cells.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gap junctions", "opb": "IP3 receptors", "opc": "Transverse tubules", "opd": "Desmosomes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "cea08de0-cb99-45e5-a953-25bbcd774ab0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aerial PO2 is decreased in hypoxia due to", "exp": "COPD presents with Hypoxic Hypoxia. Hypoxic hypoxia is the most common form of hypoxia seen clinically. The diseases that cause it can be roughly divided into those in which the gas exchange apparatus fails, those such as congenital hea disease in which large amounts of blood are shunted from the venous to the aerial side of the circulation, and those in which the respiratory pump fails. Lung failure occurs when conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis produce alveolar-capillary block, or there is ventilation-perfusion imbalance. Pump failure can be due to fatigue of the respiratory muscles in conditions in which the work of breathing is increased or to a variety of mechanical defects such as pneumothorax or bronchial obstruction that limit ventilation. It can also be caused by abnormalities of the neural mechanisms that control ventilation, such as depression of the respiratory neurons in the medulla by morphine and other drugs.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 620", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cyanide poisoning", "opb": "CO poisoning", "opc": "COPD", "opd": "Shock", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "3ce5efb9-708a-4aa2-9f54-cb2ce447786e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lifespan of neutrophils is", "exp": "The average half-life of a neutrophil in the circulation is 6 hoursRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 64", "cop": 1, "opa": "6 hours", "opb": "1 day", "opc": "7 days", "opd": "120 days", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ca606762-cdc4-4b4d-833a-cf049837c112", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The haemoglobin derivative that is formed due to reaction of CO2 with blood is", "exp": "Reduced hemoglobin: It results from release of O2 from oxyHb. Carbaminohemoglobin:In this, CO2 is attached to the globin pa of Hb. The affinity of Hb for CO2 is about 20 times that for oxygen. Carboxyhemoglobin: Carbon monoxide is attached to Hb where O2 is normally attached. The affinity of Hb for CO is 200-300 times that for O2. It is normally present in small amounts, but in large amount in smokers in whom it impairs O2 transpo. Methemoglobin: When blood is exposed to some drugs, or oxidising agents in vitro or in vivo, the ferrous iron of Hb is conveed into ferric iron, forming metHb, which is dark in color. When present in large amounts, it gives a dusky appearance to the skin. Small amounts of metHb are formed normally but an enzyme system conves it back to Hb.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Carbaminohemoglobin", "opb": "Carboxyhemoglobin", "opc": "Methemoglobin", "opd": "Reduced haemoglobin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Blood Physiology", "id": "832afe0e-f7f4-4e59-a9d4-e76376df6eff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oxygen consumption of myocardium is", "exp": "The basal O2 consumption by the myocardium is about 2 mL/ 100 g/min that is 20mL/kg/minRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:519", "cop": 4, "opa": "0.2 ml/kg/min", "opb": "2 ml/kg/min", "opc": "12 ml/kg/min", "opd": "20 ml/kg/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "c33832c2-d7c2-452f-91bb-7c8a05697356", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bradycardia in athletes is due to", "exp": "(A) (increased vagal tone)Persons undergoing long term training develop bradycardia at rest. The resting pulse rates in some top class sportsmen/ atheletes (for example. Zatopek. Borg) are quite low. This bradycardia is believed to be due to excessive tone of the vagi. On the other hand, exercise of some intensity will cause less rise of pulse rate after trainingAthletic pseudonephritis ; prolonged, heavy exercise, increases proteins, cells and other abnormal substance in urine due to1. Decrease in renal blood flow (RBE) produces glomerular capillary hypoxia, and increases permeability to large molecules2. Increase in plasma proteins during exercise3. Decreased rate of RBF, thus larger time is required to filter these moleculerCauses of BradycardiaPhysiologicalPathologicalDrugs* Sleep* Athletes* Hypothermia* Hypothyroidism* Heart attack* CHD* Degenerative process of aging* Obstructive jaundice* Increased intracranial pressure* Beta blockers* Channel blocker* Digitalis and antiarrhythmic drugs.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased vagal tone", "opb": "Increased sympathetic tone", "opc": "Decreased cardiac output", "opd": "Low venous return", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "730b5500-859d-4e12-a2bf-61d7a8e23281", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "RMP of smooth muscle is", "exp": "Average RMP value is approx -50mV. (Ref: Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.188)", "cop": 1, "opa": "-50mv", "opb": "-75mv", "opc": "-90mv", "opd": "-35mv", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "e7a8136e-5b17-46bd-9f5a-ee42b473fb52", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parietal cell secretes", "exp": "Parietal cells located deep in the oxyntic glands secrete HCl & intrinsic factor. -Mucus is secreted by mucous neck cells of oxyntic glands. Pepsinogen is secreted by chief/peptic cells of oxyntic glands. -G cells of pyloric glands release hormone gastrin. Reference: Guyton,11e", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mucus", "opb": "Pepsinogens", "opc": "Gastrin", "opd": "Intrinsic factor", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8b9268ea-5846-48a7-9641-f359e19440da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In comparison to the apex of the lung, the base of the lung has", "exp": "Apical alveoli have low ventilation and perfusion per unit volume of the lung, whereas the basal alveoli have high ventilation and perfusion.\nVentilation-perfusion ratio and the PaO2 is maximum at the apex. PCO2 is maximum at the base.", "cop": 2, "opa": "High pulmonary arterial pressure O2", "opb": "High pulmonary arterial pressure CO2", "opc": "High ventilation / perfusion ratio", "opd": "Same ventilation / perfusion ratio", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6f492b2d-706a-4869-9611-848dfafcc1fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Decrease reflex response after repetitive stimulation", "exp": "Fatigue is produced in pa by bombardment of the brain by neural impulses from muscles and the decline in blood ph produced by lactic acidosis also makes one feel tired. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;23rd edition; pg:637.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Summation", "opb": "Fatigue", "opc": "Irradiation", "opd": "Occlusion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "954f8f3b-42d5-476d-8470-5da6dfdc3e4d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In NREM stage 4, the EEG waves are", "exp": "(A) 5 # There are two different kinds of sleep: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM), or slow-wave sleep.> NREM sleep is divided into four stages. A person falling asleep first enters Stage 1, which is characterized by low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG activity. Stage 2 is marked by the appearance of sleep spindles. These are bursts of alpha-like, 10-14 Hz, 50 uV waves. In stage 3, the pattern is one of lower frequency and increased amplitude of the EEG waves. Maximum slowing with large waves is seen in Stage 4. Thus, the characteristic of deep sleep is a pattern of rhythmic slow waves, indicating marked synchronization.", "cop": 1, "opa": "d", "opb": "b", "opc": "K-spindles", "opd": "a", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "bb5de9cb-e0b3-4efb-9983-b6b2f0ac95ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most afferent fibers from the lateral nucleus terminate in the primary visual cortex is", "exp": "Like almost all other portions of the visual cortex, the primary visual cortex has six distinct layers. Also, as is true for the other sensory systems, the geniculocalcarine fibres terminate mainly in layer 4.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Layer 1", "opb": "Layer 2 & 3", "opc": "Layer 4", "opd": "Layer 5 & 6", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3f03077b-38f7-477f-a44c-a5fef6f64b38", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 25 year old man has muscle blood flow of 500ml/min. He has mean arterial pressure of 160mmHg and mean venous pressure of 10mmHg of muscle. Calculate vascular resistance of the muscle of this man.", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "0.3 mmHg/ml/min", "opb": "0.5 mmHg/ml/min", "opc": "0.8 mmHg/ml/min", "opd": "1 mmHg/ml/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e3268a71-9a5e-4a65-9216-0ff48e40873b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Largest fraction of CO2 is present in blood as", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Attached with RBC", "opb": "Dissolved in blood", "opc": "Wth Hb as carbaminohemoglobin", "opd": "Bicarbonate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0b564d8-7a54-4bb9-a288-aafdf3086a21", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood flow of resting skeletal muscle is", "exp": "The blood flow of resting skeletal muscle is low (2-4 mL/100 g/ min). Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:518", "cop": 2, "opa": "1-1-5 ml/100 g/min", "opb": "2-4 ml/100 g/min", "opc": "5-7 ml/100 g/min", "opd": "8-10 ml/100 g/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "dce7cb0a-647d-4a58-a85a-350ac7c68ade", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Atrioventricular nodal delay is due to", "exp": "Cause of the Slow Conduction. The slow conduction in the transitional, nodal, and penetrating A-V bundle fibers is caused mainly by diminished numbers of gap junctions between successive cells in the conducting pathways, so there is great resistance to conduction of excitatory ions from one conducting fiber to the next. Therefore, it is easy to see why each succeeding cell is slow to be excited.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:125", "cop": 1, "opa": "Less gap junctions", "opb": "More tight junctions", "opc": "Intercalated discs", "opd": "Prolonged refractory period", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "c32e04e3-924b-4d9b-bd16-4560fd9e1764", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sweating as a result of exertion is mediated through", "exp": "Sweat glands have a sympathetic but cholinergic nerve supply.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Adrenal hormones", "opb": "Sympathetic cholinergic", "opc": "Sympathetic adrenergic", "opd": "Parasympathetic cholinergic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "40f83a22-4d3f-4493-b2f0-74c63a849490", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal GFR is", "exp": "Ans. (c) 125 ml/minRef: Ganong's physiology 23rd ed./ 646* Normal GFR in a healthy person is 125ml/min.", "cop": 3, "opa": "25ml/min", "opb": "50ml/min", "opc": "125 ml/min", "opd": "90ml/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control", "id": "53a68586-ce34-4eb3-9a4f-6646cc268034", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In hyperventilation", "exp": "Abnormally fast and deep breathing, the result of either an emotional state or a physiological condition. Emotional causes include acute anxiety and emotional tension, such as in nervous, anxious patients who may have other functional disturbances related to emotional problems. Physiological causes include a rapid decrease in intracranial pressure, other neurologic problems, and metabolic, pulmonary, and cardiovascular conditions.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology; 24th edition; page no:647", "cop": 3, "opa": "P50 and Hb affinity for O2 increases", "opb": "P50 and Hb affinity for O2 decreases", "opc": "P50 increases and affinity O2 decreases", "opd": "P50 decreases and affinity O2 increases", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "b85fdb21-3143-4593-839d-f8607b4d16d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Effectiveness of blood brain barrier is by", "exp": "The blood-brain barrier is formed by endothelial cells of the capillary wall, astrocyte end-feet ensheathing the capillary, and pericytes embedded in the capillary basement membrane. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:671,672,673", "cop": 3, "opa": "Thick basement membrane", "opb": "Tight arrangement of astrocytes", "opc": "Tight endothelial function", "opd": "Microglial cell", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "8a54bc31-bceb-49c8-af75-8533c0e0cf18", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vestibulo ocular reflex is concerned with", "exp": "The flocculonodular lobe is phylogenetically the oldest pa of cerebellum has vestibular connections and is concerned with equilibrium and eye movements (vestibulo ocular reflex). Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:257.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Archicerebellum", "opb": "Flocculonodular lobe", "opc": "Neocerebellum", "opd": "Occipital lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "c5a9dc2b-3a58-4e8f-a355-a326c917537a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "After hyperpolarisation phase of the action potential is due to", "exp": "After hyperpolarisation Phase : Part of action potential below RMP\nIt is due to slow return of K+ channels to closed", "cop": 3, "opa": "An outward calcium current", "opb": "An inward chloride current", "opc": "An outward potassium current", "opd": "An outward sodium current", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "33717a8a-b1dd-4f3b-bc34-509826bef857", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most important action of Secretin is to", "exp": "Main Action of Secretin:\nSecretin increases the secretion of bicarbonate by the duct cells of the pancreas and biliary tract. It thus causes the secretion of a watery, alkaline pancreatic juice (with high content of bicarbonate). Its action on pancreatic duct cells is mediated via cAMP.\nSecretin causes alkaline pancreatic juice to flood into the duodenum, neutralizing the acid from the stomach and thus inhibiting further secretion of the hormone - feedback control.\nOther actions:\n\nInhibits gastric juice secretion.\nInhibits gastric motility.\nCauses contraction of pyloric sphincter.\nAugments the potency of action of cholecystokinin on pancreatic secretion.", "cop": 2, "opa": "neutralize the acid from the stomach", "opb": "increase secretion of bicarbonates by pancreas", "opc": "decrease gastric secretion", "opd": "cause contraction of pyloric sphincter", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a4d22a83-6cff-4844-9f46-84234b540d58", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient presents with hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia not responding to epinephrine. Most probable diagnosis is", "exp": "B i.e. Von Gierke's disease", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gaucher's disease", "opb": "Von Gierke's disease", "opc": "Anderson's disease", "opd": "Anderson's disease", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "91243882-77af-45d3-92ee-2568712c5e42", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Total alveolar ventilation volume (in L/min) is", "exp": "Ans. (c) 4.2(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.629)Alveolar ventilation is 4.2L/minAlveolar ventilation = respiratory rate * (tidal volume - dead space) =12(500-150)=4.2L/min", "cop": 3, "opa": "1.5", "opb": "3.5", "opc": "4.2", "opd": "5", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "f13ad1af-45c3-4ec6-9032-f61a5f3b518a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Protein C activation causes", "exp": "Binding of thrombin with thrombomodulin slow the clotting process by removing thrombin, the thrombomodulin-thrombin complex also activates a plasma protein, protein C, that actssnanticoagulant by inactivating activated Factors V and VIII.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 489", "cop": 4, "opa": "Promotion of clothing", "opb": "Inactivation of factor II", "opc": "Activation of factor X", "opd": "Inactivation of factor V", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "71a46519-6984-44fa-87fd-38005b345e7e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maintainence of BP according to intracranial pressure is", "exp": "Cushings reflex is a special type of CNS ischemic response. The cause is raised intracranial tension. Mechanism isRaisrd intracranial tensionDecreased blood flow to brain Ischemia of VMCStimulation of VMCVasoconstriction and increase in BPStimulation of baroreceptors Sinoaoic reflex Stimulation of CICRelex bradycardia Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 164", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cushing reflex", "opb": "Cushing disease", "opc": "Starling's reflex", "opd": "Gometz reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "5e5ca294-c31c-4351-972b-2f62eb55541c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HB estimation is not done by", "exp": "Some methods of hemoglobin estimation are : Drabkin's method Sahli's method Hemoglobincyanide (HiCN) Method Blood Gas Analyzer (BGA) Whereas Wintrobe's method and Westergren's method: for ESR determination.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Drabkins method", "opb": "Sahli's method", "opc": "Spectrophotometry", "opd": "Wintrobe method", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Blood Physiology", "id": "c46a2817-aad0-4139-91f5-90a02084e946", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CO2 increases ventilation by acting mainly on receptors of", "exp": "In the medulla, the ventral respiratory group (VRG) consists of four groups of neurons that make up the exhalation (expiratory) area of respiratory control. ... The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. In quiet, restful breathing, the ventral respiratory group of neurons are inactive Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 370,371,372", "cop": 3, "opa": "Apneustic center", "opb": "Pneumotaxic center", "opc": "Vental surface of medulla", "opd": "DRG", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "314423c1-684e-428a-871e-175d60beb799", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fick's law gives the rate of transpo in case of", "exp": "Fick's law is used to calculate the rate of simple diffusionSimple diffusion means that kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs through a membrane opening or through intermolecular spaces without any interaction with carrier proteins in the membrane. The rate of diffusion is determined by the amount of substance available, the velocity of kinetic motion, and the number and sizes of openings in the membrane through which the molecules or ions can move.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 4; Transpo of Substances Through Cell Membranes", "cop": 1, "opa": "Simple diffusion", "opb": "Facilitated diffusion", "opc": "non-ionic diffusion", "opd": "secondary active transpo", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "ef20b7d8-665e-46f0-a1c8-99e20d84401e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased BP & decreased heart rate is seen in", "exp": "Raised intracranial pressure initiates Cushing’s reflex. Cushing’s reflex leads to a rise in arterial pressure, which restores the blood supply to the brain. At the same time, the raised BP causes reflex Bradycardia through the baroreceptors.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hemorrhage", "opb": "High altitude", "opc": "Raised intracranial pressure", "opd": "Anemia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f1da1e6a-7818-4b23-b485-43217bccd742", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Broca's area situated in", "exp": "Broca's motor speech area or area 44and 45 is a special region of premotor coex situated in the inferior frontal gyrus. This area is present, especially in dominated hemisphere (left hemisphere in right-handed person). Broca's area is concerned with the movements of those structures, which are responsible for the production of voice and aiculation of speech. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:668,669,700", "cop": 4, "opa": "Superior temporal gyrus", "opb": "Inferior temporal gyrus", "opc": "Superior temporal gyrus", "opd": "Inferior frontal gyrus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "12942434-ff51-4a66-99ba-d55b5fb1b719", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary action of Nitric oxide (NO) in the gastrointestinal tract is", "exp": "In the gastrointestinal tract,NO impoant in the relaxation of smooth muscle NO act as inhibitory neurotransmitter in git. It doesnt have membrane bound receptor and diffuses into target cells and iactivates guanyl cyclase- produces cGMP from GTP- mediates smooty muscles relaxation.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vasodilatation", "opb": "Vasoconstriction", "opc": "Gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation", "opd": "Gastrointestinal slow smooth muscle contraction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "bbfa81b6-d909-45ba-bec2-0155469f294d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caudal regression syndrome is seen in babies of mother having", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gestational diabetes", "opb": "PIH", "opc": "Cardiac disease", "opd": "Anaemia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a0aad00f-2da9-46d6-b209-339f91b1bbfe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Regarding Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is", "exp": "(Inulin clearance measure the GFR) (31 6- 18-Guy ton 11th, 643-4.5-Ganong 23rd, 302-K Sembulingam 5th). In the average adult human the GFR is about 125ml/min, 1.73 smq/cm2 or 180L/day and tubular reabsorption is 178.5 L/day, leaving 1.5L/day of fluid to be excreted in the urineGFR is about 20% of the renal plasma flowGFR = Kt (Glomerular capillary filtration coefficient) x Net filtration pressure* Renal blood flow - Average (70 kg) man the combined blood flow through both kidney is about 1100 ml/min or about 22% of cardiac out put A substance that is completely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted should be used to measure the GFR i.e. - InulinMeasurement of GFR1. Inulin - clearance test - Most commonly used2. Urea - clearance test3. Cr51 - EDTA clearance test4. Endogenous creatinine clearance test (Worth while index of renal functions)**Increased glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure decrease GFRTwo factor that influence the glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure raises the glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure which in turn decreases GFR***1. Arterial plasma colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure). Increasing the arterial plasma, colloid osmotic pressure raises the glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure which in turn decreases GFR***2. Fraction of plasma filtered by the glomerular capillaries (Fdtration fraction) - Increasing the filtration fraction also concentrated the plasma proteins and raise the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure and tend to reduce GFR * Sodium, Inulin, Glucose are freely filtered across glomerular capillaries***Factors that can Decrease the GFR* Renal disease, DM. Hypertension* Urinary tract obstruction (eg kidney stones)* | Renal blood flow. Increased plasma proteins* *** | Arterial pressure (has only small effect due to auto regulation)* | Angiotensin II (drugs that block angiotensin II formation)* | Sympathetic activity. Vasoconstrictor hormones (eg Norepinephrine, epinephrine, endothelin) platelet activing factor, PGF2* Increase Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressureFactor than can Increase the GFR* Increased glomerular capillary filtration Coefficient (Kt)* Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure* Endothelial derived Nitric oxide (NO)-| renal vascular resistance -|GFR* Prostaglandins (PGE2) Bradykinin. CAMP, Dopamine, ANP, BNP* High protein intake and increased blood glucose -| renal blood flow and GFRALSO-REMEMBER* Normal filtration fraction varies from 15-20%* Normal net filtration pressure is about 20 mmHg (varies 15-20 mmHg)* Kidney receives about 25% of cardiac out put (1.2 - 1.3 litre of blood per minute)* The tubuloglomerular feed back is mediated by - sensing NaCl concentration in the macula densa*** The prime driving force for counter current multiplier system is - Reabsorption of Na+ in thick ascending limb*** Urinary concentrating ability of the kidney is increased by(i) ECF volume contraction / water deficit(ii) High level of ADH(iii) High osmolarity of renal medullary interstitial fluid* Tc99 DTPA (Diethylene- Pentothenic Acid) is the agent of choice for assessment of GFR*** Patient having acute cardiac failure, do not show edema because there is fall in the systemic capillary hydrostatic pressure", "cop": 2, "opa": "Normal glomerular filtration rate is 625 L/day", "opb": "Inulin clearance measure the GFR", "opc": "| plasma oncotic pressure increases the GFR", "opd": "Diabetes mellitus increases the GFR", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "88902352-13a8-48c6-936d-216026730082", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal diffusion of CO2 at rest", "exp": "Normal diffusion capacity of co2 is about 400 to 500 ml per minute Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:350,351,352", "cop": 4, "opa": "20-25 ml/min", "opb": "50-100 ml/min", "opc": "100-200 ml/min", "opd": "400-500 ml/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "142451ec-c608-4ead-b378-f52a55c76172", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inverse stretch reflex is mediated via", "exp": "Ans. A Golgi tendonRef: Ganong 25th ed. pg. 232* Up to a certain point, harder a muscle is stretched the stronger it will contract. However when the tension becomes great enough, contraction ceases and muscle relaxes. This relaxation in response to strong stretch is called inverse stretch reflex.* The receptor for the same is called Golgi tendon organ. It is a net like connection of knobby nerve findings amongst the fascicles of a tendon.* There are 3-25 muscle fibers per Golgi tendon organ.* The fibres from Golgi tendon organ make up Ib group of myelinated rapidly conducting sensory nerve fibers.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Golgi tendon", "opb": "Muscle spindle", "opc": "Unmyelinated C fibers", "opd": "Dorsal Column", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "4b5d3f41-9a2f-4f02-9a07-04316bd9a3af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The oxygen dissociation curve of myoglobin & hemoglobin is different due to", "exp": "The lack of cooperative binding is reflected in myoglobin dissociation curve.,a rectangular hyperbola is obtained. In the case of Hb, a sigmoid curve is obtained. A leftward shift in myoglobin O2 binding curve when compared to Hb demonstrates a higher affinity for O2 and thus promotes a orable transfer of O2 from Hb in the blood.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 24th edition.Pg no. 643", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hb can bind to 4 oxygen molecules", "opb": "Cooperative binding in Hb", "opc": "Myoglobin has little oxygen affinity", "opd": "Hemoglobin follows a hyperbolic curve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "eefd5353-c52d-4a1e-9dca-5edb28433d1a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hematocrit increases in venous blood due to", "exp": "CHLORIDE SHFTFor each CO2 molecule added to a red cell, there is an increase of one osmotically active paicle in the cell-- either an HCO3- or a Cl- in the red cell (Figure 36-6). Consequently, the red cells take up water and increase in size. For this reason, plus the fact that a small amount of fluid in the aerial blood returns the lymphatics rather than the veinsThe hematocrit of venous blood is normally 3% greater than that of the aerial blood. In the lungs, the Cl- moves out of the cells and they shrink.Thus increased Cl- in venous blood cause increased hematocrit", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased sodium", "opb": "Increased chloride", "opc": "Increased potassium", "opd": "Increased calcium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "fc05baf1-13a3-4b33-98c7-bc9b75612dcc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nitrogen narcosis is caused due to", "exp": "Nitrogen has anesthetic effect on body The precise mechanism is not well understood, but it appears to be the direct effect of gas dissolving into nerve membranes and causing temporary disruption in nerve transmissions. While the effect was first observed with air, other gases including argon, krypton and hydrogen cause very similar effects at higher than atmospheric pressure. Some of these effects may be due to antagonism at NMDAreceptors and potentiation of GABAA receptors,similar to the mechanism of nonpolar anesthetics such diethyl ether or ethylene. However, their reproduction by the very chemically inactive gas argon makes them unlikely to be a strictly chemical bonding to receptors in the usual sense of a chemical bond. An indirect physical effect - such as a change in membrane volume - would therefore be needed to affect the ligand-gated ion channels of nerve cells.Trudell et al. have suggested non-chemical binding due to the attractive van der Waals force between proteins and ine gases. Similar to the mechanism of ethanol's effect, the increase of gas dissolved in nerve cell membranes may cause altered ion permeability propeies of the neural cells' lipid bilayers. The paial pressure of a gas required to cause a measured degree of impairment correlates well with the lipid solubility of the gas: the greater the solubility, the less paial pressure is needed. An early theory, the Meyer-Oveon hypothesis, suggested that narcosis happens when the gas penetrates the lipids of the brain's nerve cells, causing direct mechanical interference with the transmission of signals from one nerve cell to another. More recently, specific types of chemically gated receptors in nerve cells have been identified as being involved with anesthesia and narcosis. However, the basic and most general underlying idea, that nerve transmission is altered in many diffuse areas of the brain as a result of gas molecules dissolved in the nerve cells' fatty membranes, remains largely unchallenged Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e p1036", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nitrogen inhibits dismutase enzyme", "opb": "Increase production of nitrous oxide", "opc": "Increased solubility of nitrogen in nerve cell membrane", "opd": "Decrease in oxygen free radicals", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "2f48d80e-f96e-4400-b1fc-46462734e140", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a normal person at resting condition GFR is", "exp": "The GFR in a healthy person of average size is approximately 125 mL/min.", "cop": 1, "opa": "125 ml/min", "opb": "90 ml/min", "opc": "60 ml/min", "opd": "150 ml/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c5e82790-41f3-4dcc-821d-0bbe5e2d6ba0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal total iron binding capacity is", "exp": ".", "cop": 4, "opa": "0.5-1 mg/Litre", "opb": "1.5-2.5 mg/Litre", "opc": "1.0-1.5 mg/Litre", "opd": "300-400 mg/dl", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5a14b926-0cc8-4f10-b1f1-2aab6e449312", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spontaneous release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction produces", "exp": "Spontaneous release of acetylcholine in small amounts normally happens in synapses. This can result in miniature end plate potential.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Miniature end-plate potential", "opb": "Action potential", "opc": "Post-tetanic potential", "opd": "Resting membrane potential", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "af12c283-6abd-479d-a1a3-4352d8928285", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The parvocellular pathway from lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortex is most sensitive for the stimulus of", "exp": "The parvocellular pathway, from the lateral geniculate nucleus (Layers 3-6) to the visual cortex, carries signals for the detection of colour vision, texture, shape and fine details.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Color contrast", "opb": "Luminance contrast", "opc": "Temporal frequency", "opd": "Saccadic eye movements", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea1f70bc-aac0-4b56-a6d1-8d5f25693875", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Presynaptic facilitation is caused by", "exp": "Presynaptic facilitation: when a third neuron facilitates the presynaptic neuron at it ternimal end is called presynaptic facilitation It causes increased neurotransmitters by opening ca+ channals Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:675,676,677", "cop": 1, "opa": "Prolonged opening of calcium channels", "opb": "Prolonged opening of chloride channels", "opc": "Prolonged opening of sodium channels", "opd": "Prolonged closure of potassium channels", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "0bbf3867-4d73-4e1f-a38d-57efd7ecf019", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cushing reflex, there is", "exp": "Cushing reflex tends to restore the blood flow to the medulla. Over a considerable range, the blood pressure rise is propoional to the increase in intracranial pressure. The rise in blood pressure causes a reflex decrease in hea rate the aerial baroreceptors. This is why bradycardia rather than tachycardia is characteristically seen in patients with increased intracranial pressure. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 593", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased BP and Increased hea rate", "opb": "Increased BP and Decreased hea rate", "opc": "Decreased BP and Decreased hea rate", "opd": "Decreased BP and Increased hea rate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "1c908e9f-5333-4732-80e2-6f588901dfa4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal range of urine osmolality (mosmol/I)", "exp": "Normal range of urine osmolality in humans ranges between 300-1200 mosmol/lRef: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, page no: 654, 655", "cop": 4, "opa": "50 - 1400", "opb": "100 - 1400", "opc": "200 - 1000", "opd": "300 - 1200", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "82d087b7-db4f-41ac-9946-56c5a6e909f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Initiation of visual impulse is associated with", "exp": "Ans. (b) Photoisomerization and hydrolysis of visual purple(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p. 179)On exposure to light, there is conversion of 11 cis retinal to All trans retinal (photoisomerization) and hydrolysis of visual pigment", "cop": 2, "opa": "Condensation of opsin with vitamin A aldehyde", "opb": "Photoisomerization and hydrolysis of visual purple", "opc": "| NADP", "opd": "| NAD", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "37af8c37-5d2e-4fc6-8d22-250ad5399d40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In human body the action of surfactant is done by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Sugar and salt", "opb": "Soap and water", "opc": "Lipid and protein", "opd": "Base and lipid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "793e4313-c80d-4104-8536-1934ec41d980", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fragmented RBCs, sliced by fibrin bands; seen in intravascular haemolysis are known as", "exp": "Schistocytes: Fragmented RBCs, sliced by fibrin bands; seen in intravascular hemolysis. Burr cells: Irregularly shaped red cells, seen in uremia. Spherocytes: Smaller, spherical cells, appearing more dense, seen in congenital haemolytic anemia or, rarely, in hereditary spherocytosis. Leptocytes (target cells, also called Mexican hat cells): Central staining, a ring of pallor and an outer rim of staining, seen in liver disease, thalassemias, sickle cell disease.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Schistocytes", "opb": "Spherocytes", "opc": "Leptocytes", "opd": "Burr cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Blood Physiology", "id": "34a774cc-58a9-4aad-9098-5ba0ed6f2ed5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum are a of representation in the motor cortex is for", "exp": "(A) Face & hand", "cop": 1, "opa": "Face & hand", "opb": "Leg & thigh", "opc": "Perineum", "opd": "Neck", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "51c3b1e3-5b0e-4321-ac3c-5f056a6b6fe5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Regulated bone growth through puberty occurs through", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Endophyseal plates", "opb": "Ectophyeseal plates", "opc": "Epiphyseal plates", "opd": "Chondrophyseal plates", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "49b03d67-6497-4c51-a39c-6f6586c20e31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tumor arising from olfactory nasal mucosa is", "exp": "Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare unique tumor of neural crest origin. Presents as a unilateral polypoidal mass in the upper third of the nasal cavity with symptoms of nasal obstruction, epistaxis and anosmia.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nasal glioma", "opb": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma", "opc": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma", "opd": "Esthesio-neuroblastoma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "406dd299-b23f-4574-8547-cd50642422bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The nucleus involved in Papez circuit is", "exp": "The Papez circuit refers to a closed circuit formed by connections between the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, mammillary bodies and anterior nucleus of thalamus. This circuit is responsible for resting EEG and for those emotions and aspects of behavior that are related to preservation of the individual and speciesref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 826,827,828", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pulvinar", "opb": "Intralaminar", "opc": "VPL nucleus", "opd": "Anterior nucleus of Thalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "50f8d559-6a61-431b-ae3b-2e3577c06245", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Time about milk secretion", "exp": "Posterior pituitaryThe posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; the neurohypophysis.A preparation of animal posterior pituitary having the pharmacological actions of its hormones, oxytocin, and vasopressin; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of diabetes insipidus and as a vasoconstrictor.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-311", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neuroendocrine pa of post pituitary is involved", "opb": "Secretion by contraction of lactiferous sinus oxytocin", "opc": "Vasopressin hormone is involved", "opd": "Affected by emotion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "761696e2-e7ed-4940-a4c8-7f2203b2c289", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ejection of milk is caused by", "exp": "Oxytocin plays roles in sexual reproduction, in paicular during and after childbih. It is released in large amounts after distension of the cervix and uterus during labor, facilitating bih, maternal bonding, and, after stimulation of the nipples, breastfeeding. Both childbih and milk ejection result from positive feedback mechanisms.ADH (antidiuretic hormone) a hormone secreted by neurosecretory cells of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released by the posterior lobe of the PITUITARY GLAND. ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water through the distal convoluted tubule of the KIDNEY nephron in mammals and thus limits the water content and the overall volume of urine.Progesterone also known as P4 is a C-21steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen.thyroxine a thyroid hormone that contains iodine and is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine, occurring naturally as l-thyroxine; its chemical name is tetraiodothyronine. It is formed and stored in the thyroid follicles as thyroglobulin and released from the gland by the action of a proteolytic enzyme. It is deiodinated in peripheral tissues to form triiodothyronine (T3), which has a greater biological activity.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-151", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxytocin", "opb": "ADH", "opc": "Progesterone", "opd": "Thyroxine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "9c4013bb-d194-4f88-bb2d-31c3f448aeea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In ERG 'A' waves corresponds to", "exp": "ERG A wave Activity of rods and cones B wave Bipolar cell C wave Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rods and cones", "opb": "Nerve bundleftlayer", "opc": "Aifact", "opd": "Pigment epithelium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "265c6911-3da1-4ebe-84dc-d838c564010c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Surfactant lining the alveoli", "exp": "The low surface tension when the alveoli are small is due to the presence in the fluid lining the alveoli of surfactant, a lipid surface-tension-lowering agent. If the surface tension is not kept low when the alveoli become smaller during expiration, they collapse in accordance with the law of Laplace.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Helps prevent alveolar collapse.", "opb": "Is produced in alveolar type I cells and secreted into the alveolus.", "opc": "Is increased in the lungs of heavy smokers.", "opd": "Is a glycolipid complex.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "50b227a6-853e-41be-afe9-302f63f46706", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fast fatigable motor unit are recruited", "exp": "White muscle fibers are the fast fatigable motor units and are recruited last Red muscle fibers are rich in mitochondria and hence don't get fatigue soon Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:91,92,93", "cop": 2, "opa": "First", "opb": "Last", "opc": "During active pa of contraction", "opd": "During relaxation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "97e4f474-385d-4cb4-beb1-920d44cd415c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amount of gastric juice per day is", "exp": "A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of gastric acid daily Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:406,407,408", "cop": 3, "opa": "500 - 1000ml", "opb": "1000 - 1500ml", "opc": "2000 - 2500ml", "opd": "3000ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "ad5102ce-4b61-4f44-a4b1-dfdb07d029e1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum oxygen is transpoed in blood", "exp": "About 99% of the O2 transpoed combines with the O2carrying protein hemoglobinRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:609", "cop": 3, "opa": "In dissolved form", "opb": "By albumin", "opc": "By hemoglobin", "opd": "By WBC", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "38dd394b-4e46-46e1-a169-1a3979bd3c01", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In tuberculous synovitis of the hip joint the position of the hip is", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Flexion adduction and internal rotation", "opb": "Flexion abduction and external rotation", "opc": "Extension only", "opd": "Extension adduction and internal rotation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "75c40501-e077-4624-870a-5ce7150f1736", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slowest conduction of velocity occurs in", "exp": "The total delay in the A-V nodal and A-V bundle system is about 0.13 second. This delay, in addition to the initial conduction delay of 0.03 second from the sinus node to the A-V node, makes a total delay of 0.16 second before the excitatory signal finally reaches the contracting muscle of the ventricles.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:125", "cop": 2, "opa": "Atrial muscle", "opb": "A. V. node", "opc": "Purkinje fibre", "opd": "Ventricular muscles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "d2ca4e13-144c-49d7-bf53-e3af23ee5afc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pepsin is activated by", "exp": "The pepsin precursors are called pepsinogen and are activated by gastric acid.Pepsinogen 1 is found only in acid-secreting regions, whereas pepsinogen 2 is also found in the pyloric region.Pepsins have a pH optimum 1.6-3.2Pepsin hydrolizes the bonds between aromatic amino acids.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23rd edition, page: 455)", "cop": 1, "opa": "HCI", "opb": "Enterokinase", "opc": "Uropepsinogen", "opd": "Trypsinogen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8c1470c4-14cf-4ffb-a194-e70380fe0d36", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Surfactant accelerated by", "exp": "(Glucocorticoids) (657-Ganong 22nd) (442-A.K. Jain 3rd) (598-Ganong 23rd)* Maturation of surfactant in the lungs is accelerated by glucocorticoid hormones. Fetal and maternal cortisol increases near term and the lungs are rich in glucocorticoid receptors* Nomally after birth, the infant makes several strong inspiratory movements and the lung expand. Surfactant keeps them from collapsing again. But due to deficiency of surfactant in this disease, surface tension in the lungs of these infants is very high, and there are many areas in which alveoli are collapsed (At electasis) also pulmonary oedema occurs and infants dies of pulmonary insufficiency. Infants with RDS show low thyroid hormone and cortisol levels in their plasma.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thyroxine", "opb": "Glucocorticoids", "opc": "Carbamazepine", "opd": "Iodine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "dd9660a4-0fc1-4fd8-9f36-3eab6a39927c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The vasodilatation produced by carbon dioxide is maximum in one of the following", "exp": "The vasodilation produced by carbon dioxide is maximum in the brain Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:360,361,362", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Brain", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Hea", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "21a5bbbe-b51d-4f18-a1ee-099887c2834a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Perfusion pressure is", "exp": "Perfusion pressure is arterial pressure minus venous pressure.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arterial pressure", "opb": "Venous pressure", "opc": "Arterial–venous pressure difference", "opd": "Pressure in left ventricle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "93cf086e-88f0-4787-a348-79c1b868f7f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NERNST's potential of Na+ is", "exp": "Nernst potential\nNa+- +60mv\nK+- -90mv\nCl- - -70mv", "cop": 1, "opa": "61", "opb": "-60", "opc": "90", "opd": "-80", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4a353027-a72d-4227-8911-7ec43f33d6b1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'A' wave in Electro Retinogram corresponds to activity in", "exp": "The electroretinogram (ERG) is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity generated by neural and non-neuronal cells in the retina in response to a light stimulus. The electrical response is a result of a retinal potential generated by light-induced changes in the flux of trans retinal ions, primarily sodium and potassium. A-wave: initial corneal-negative deflection, derived from the cones and rods of the outer photoreceptor layers. This wave reflects the hyperpolarization of the photoreceptors due to closure of sodium ion channels in the outer segment membrane. Absorption of light triggers the rhodopsin to activate transducin, a G-protein. This leads to the activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cGMP PDE) eventually leading to a reduction in the level of cGMP within the photoreceptor. This leads to closure of the sodium ion channels resulting in a decrease of inwardly directed sodium ions, or a hyperpolarization of the cell. The a-wave amplitude is measured from baseline to the trough of the A-wave. Ref.textbook of physiology by A K Jain 7th edition page no.1110", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rods and cones", "opb": "Pigment epithelium", "opc": "Ganglion cell layer", "opd": "Nerve fibre layer", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "98292f8a-e9ae-4c78-9201-151183c76bea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HCG is produced by", "exp": "Chorionic gonadotropin (human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (hCG)) is a glycopeptide hormone that is produced by cells of the fetal placenta and maintains the function of the corpus luteum during the first few weeks of pregnancy.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-414", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Placenta", "opc": "Pituitary", "opd": "Liver", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "0ac96d5f-c93d-4e09-951c-e2e0450a8285", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Role of liver in vitamin D metabolism", "exp": "Found in the liver, this enzyme is a microsomal vitamin D hydroxylase that conves vitamin D into 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol), which is the major circulatory form of the vitamin.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Catalyzes rate limiting steb", "opb": "1-hydroxylation", "opc": "25-hydroxylation", "opd": "24-hydroxylation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "3e19e34d-0293-4324-8a9c-6e0ca22291da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fine touch and rapidly adapting receptor is", "exp": "Tactile corpuscles (or Meissner&;s corpuscles) are a type of mechanoreceptor. They are a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch. In paicular, they have highest sensitivity (lowest threshold) when sensing vibrations between 10 and 50 Hez. They are rapidly adaptive receptors. They are most concentrated in thick hairless skin, especially at the finger pads.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 150", "cop": 1, "opa": "Meissners corpuscle", "opb": "Merkel' s disc", "opc": "Pacinian corpuscle", "opd": "Ruffini's nerve ending", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "2069fb5d-62ec-4f36-a7e9-98b4a99fbdf9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a component of Brain stem", "exp": "Brainstem\n1. Medulla:responsible for regulating and/ or coordination of:\n- Blood pressure.\n- Breathing.\n- Swallowing.\n- Coughing.\n- Vomiting.\n2. Pons : participates in respiratory regulation and the relay of information from cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum.\n3. Midbrain : participates in coordination of visual and auditory systems.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mid brain", "opb": "Pons", "opc": "Medulla", "opd": "Spinal cord", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c237c958-1fbe-4779-8960-16083e729536", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A baby boy is brought to the hospital because of convulsion. In the course of work up his body temperature & plasma glucose are normal but his CSF glucose is 12 mg/ dl. A possible explanation is", "exp": "Ans: c (GLUT 1 55K deficiency in capillaries) Ref: Ganong, 22nd ed, p. 615It is a direct pick from self study MCQs in Ganong.According to the given parameters there is deficient transport of glucose across brain capillaries.The predominant GLUT in the brain is GLUT-1 55 K (Ganong p. 615). GLUT-1 45 K is also present in brain capillaries and not in microglia.GLUT 1 - RBC, brain, kidney, placenta, retinaGLUT 2 - Liver, B cells of pancreasGLUT 3 - BrainGLUT 4 - Skin, cardiac muscle, adipose tissueGLUT 5 - Testes, spermsGLUT 7 - Liver, endoplasmic reticulumNote:GLUT 4 is mediated by insulin.GLUT 5 is used as a fructose transporter (semen).", "cop": 3, "opa": "SGLT 1 deficiency in astrocytes", "opb": "GLUT 5 deficiency in cerebral capillaries", "opc": "GLUT-1 55 K deficiency in capillaries", "opd": "GLUT-1 45 K deficiency in microglia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "2297ab8b-b728-4894-a474-8dafbf66a074", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Effect of coisol", "exp": "The principal glucocoicoid produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal coex. It promotes gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, suppresses protein synthesis, inhibits inflammatory and immune responses, and has mild mineralocoicoid (for example, hypernatremic, kaliuretic, antidiuretic) effects. Most plasma coisol is bound to transcoin and albumin. Synthetic coisol administered as a drug is usually known by the alternative name hydrocoisone.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-362", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased bone matrix", "opb": "Increased bone mattix", "opc": "Increases lymphocytes", "opd": "Increases RBCs", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a78803db-e5ad-49f7-adc8-3c95095efb45", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intrapleural pressure is", "exp": "In physiology, intrapleural pressure (also called intrathoracic pressure) refers to the pressure within the pleural cavity. Normally, the pressure within the pleural cavity is slightly less than the atmospheric pressure, in what is known as negative pressure Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 316,317,318", "cop": 4, "opa": "Transpulmonary pressure + Alveolar pressure", "opb": "Transpulmonary pressure - Alveolar pressure", "opc": "Transmural pressure + Alveolar pressure", "opd": "Alveolar pressure - Transpulmonary pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "6013463e-1ca8-4ec4-bd6e-66c5acbaf575", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Swan Ganz Catheter is used to measure", "exp": "The pulmonary aery catheter allows direct, simultaneous measurement of pressures in the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary aery, and the filling pressure (\"wedge\" pressure) of the left atrium.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mean aerial pressure", "opb": "Cardiac output", "opc": "Blood volume", "opd": "Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "793b5e09-181a-4c68-b446-7983c5c40e4f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intrinsic factor secreted by", "exp": "Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor.Chief or zymogen or peptic cells secrete pepsinogen.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 431)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chief cells", "opb": "Parietal / oxyntic cells", "opc": "Antral cells", "opd": "Mucous secreting cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "a3c7602f-fa9e-44e2-bf0d-67abf977b533", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gap junctions are present in", "exp": "(Smooth muscles) (13-K.S) (92-559-771-Gyton 11th) (16,17,78,85-GN) (39-40-Ganong 23rd)GAP-JUNCTIONS is also called nexus. It is present in heart, basal part of epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa* Gap Junctions - small protein tubular structures, that allow free-free movements of ions from the interior of one cell to the interior of the next. Only a few gap junctions have been found in the CNS. However it is by way of gap junctions and other similar junctions that action potentials are transmitted from one smooth muscle fibre to the next in visceral smooth muscle and from one cardiac muscle cell to the next cardiac muscle (559- Gyton 11th)* Regulation of the diameter of channels in Gap junctions-by the intracellular calcium-ions, also by pH, voltage, hormones or neurotransmitters.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Choroid plexus", "opb": "Skeletal muscle", "opc": "Renal tubular epithelium", "opd": "Smooth muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "f5cb432d-1d09-4795-8ab0-d7f5c647428b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gastric emptying is mainly regulated by", "exp": "Gastric emptying is mainly regulated by enteric reflexes. Regulation of gastric emptying is mainly by the inhibitory feedback signals from the duodenum that includes enterogastric reflex and hormonal feedback by cholecystokinin. Enterogastric reflex: When food enters the duodenum , multiple nervous reflexes are inititiated from the duodenal wall. They strongly inhibit the pyloric pump propulsive contractions and increase the tone of the pyloric sphincter. These reflexes are mediated by three routes: Directly from the duodenum to the stomach through the enteric nervous system in the gut wall(major role) Through inhibitory sympathetic nerve fibers to the stomach (minor role) Vagus nerves to the brainstem where they inhibit the normal excitatory signals transmitted to the stomach (minor role) Cholecystokinin is released from the mucosa of the jejunum in response to fatty substances in the chyme. This hormone acts as an inhibitor to block increased stomach motility caused by gastrin. Ref: Guyton and Hall 13th edition Pgno: 812", "cop": 2, "opa": "neural reflexes", "opb": "Enteric reflexes", "opc": "Local hormones in stomach", "opd": "Local hormones in duodenum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "252e2c38-1f19-4425-bfc0-a6e11ab4a0d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stapes rests in", "exp": "(C) Oval window > The stapes is named for its resemblance to a stirrup> Stapes foot-plate is attached by an annular ligament to the walls of the oval window.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Round window", "opb": "Tympanic membrane", "opc": "Oval window", "opd": "Basilar membrane", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium", "id": "dfe3a2df-2eac-4780-8893-73e7c792c23d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stretch reflex of bladder is integrated at", "exp": "The bladder smooth muscle has some inherent contractile activity; however, when its nerve supply is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the inherent contractile response of the muscle. Fibers in the pelvic nerves are the afferent limb of the voiding reflex, and the parasympathetic fibers to the bladder that constitute the efferent limb also travel in these nerves. The reflex is integrated in the sacral poion of the spinal cord.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,23rd edition, page: 662", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sacral poion", "opb": "Lumber poion", "opc": "Substantia gelatinosa", "opd": "Sympathetic plexus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "0f635ba0-0be1-44c5-a1b1-293190a2efd7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ovulation of ovary is influenced by", "exp": "Ovulation is the release of egg from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the de Graaf&;s follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells.Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin and sometimes lutrophin is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH (\"LH surge\") triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts synergistically with FSH.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-401", "cop": 1, "opa": "LH", "opb": "FSH", "opc": "LH+FSH", "opd": "GnRH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "4263c462-ea0a-4e41-8529-bce21357b710", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A man is given continuous testosterone. It would lead to", "exp": "Testosterone the principal male sex hormone (androgen) that is produced by Leydig&;s cells of the testes in response to luteinizing hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It is also produced by the adrenal coex in both males and females. Its chief function is to stimulate the development of the male reproductive organs, including the prostate, and the secondary sexcharacters, such as the beard. It encourages growth of bone and muscle,Azoospermia is defined as the lack of spermatozoa in the semen. It may be caused by testicular dysfunction, cancer chemotherapy, or blockage of the tubules of the epididymis, or it may be induced by vasectomy.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-419", "cop": 1, "opa": "Azoospermia", "opb": "Increased sperm motility", "opc": "Increased spermatogenesis", "opd": "Increased gonadotrophins", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f3e829e4-cd7d-4bd9-88ff-6dd753710fa0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thrombin activity is inhibited by", "exp": "Heparin is present in the luminal surface of vascular endothelium it acts as an anticoagulation by the following mechanism: Prevent conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Inhibit the action of thrombin Facilitate the action of antithrombin III Ref: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 edition, Page No:159 It is also used as intravenous anticoagulant. Dose-0.5 to 1mg/kg of bodyweight. Action lasts for 1.5 to 4 hrs Injected heparin is destroyed by an enzyme in blood called heparinase", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chymotrypsin", "opb": "Heparin", "opc": "Alpha 2 antitrypsin", "opd": "Alpha 2 macroglobulin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "0aa232f6-2f77-4420-850c-08f7a5bde173", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stimulation of the apneustic centre causes", "exp": "The apneustic centre is located in the lower pons and it stimulates the inspiratory center to increase inspiratory activity. The apneustic center of pons sends signals to the DRG in the medulla to delay the &;Switch off&; Signal of the inspiratory ramp provided by pneumotaxic center of pons. It gets feedback from the vagal afferents and also from other respiratory centers. The apneustic center is inhibited by vagal afferents from pulmonary stretch receptors aroused by inspiration so that stimulatory effect on the inspiratory neurons is switched off allowing expiration to supervene. Respiratory Center components Primary function Pre-Botzinger complex Pacemaker cells of spontaneous or automatic breathing Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) Respiratory rhythm generator (inspiratory ramp signal) Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) Overdrive mechanism Pneumotaxic center Controls the \"switch off\" point of inspiratory ramp signal Apneustic centre Delays switch off signal-Promotes inspiration Vagi Inhibits inspiratory discharge Ref: Guyton and Hall 13th edition Pgno: 538-548", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decrease in the inhibitory ramp signal", "opb": "Marked increase in inspiratory activity", "opc": "Stimulation of pnemotaxic centre", "opd": "Ceasation of spontaneous respiration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "faaed55c-f232-4fda-8c18-85661294a52a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In determining blood pressure by auscultatory method", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "The loudest sound is the diastolic pressure", "opb": "Systolic pressure estimation tends to be lower than those made by palpatory method", "opc": "The first sound heard is the systolic pressure", "opd": "The sounds that are heard are generated in heart", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4526c8dc-bd3f-4a2a-9b5a-5a2e0210c1d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Leydig cells secrete", "exp": "Leydig cells are the cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testis that secrete testosterone.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-394", "cop": 3, "opa": "Inhibin", "opb": "MIS", "opc": "Testosterone", "opd": "Androgen binding protein", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "69e6f347-1c8c-4aef-9ac6-c1bdcc56f8b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osmolarity of plasma is", "exp": "Plasma Osmolarity :it is a measure of hydration status.plasma Osmolarity changes during dehydration and rehydration. Plasma Osmolarity ranges from 280 to 300 mOs/kg Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition ,pag number:45 46", "cop": 2, "opa": "190", "opb": "290", "opc": "390", "opd": "490", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "3df4a2a2-05bf-4c88-a6ff-4dc359890d52", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 10 degree decrease in temperature causes decrease in cerebral metabolic rate by", "exp": "Metabolism reduces by 6.7% for every 10C fall in temperature.", "cop": 4, "opa": "10%", "opb": "30%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "70%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d3af3cb1-c89d-4eb6-98d7-2ed6ee9380dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The length of distal convoluted tubule is", "exp": "Although the DCT is the shoest segment of the nephron, spanning only about 5 mm in length in humans (1), it plays a critical role in a variety of homeostatic processes, including sodium chloride reabsorption, potassium secretion, and calcium and magnesium handling Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:460,461,462", "cop": 1, "opa": "5 mm", "opb": "2 mm", "opc": "12 mm", "opd": "8 mm", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "0523bb40-b401-4800-b2c7-5148495c05e1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ventrolateral cordotomy for the relief of pain in the left lower limb is effective due to the cutting of", "exp": "Fibres from nociceptors and thermoreceptors synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The axons from these dorsal horn neurons cross the midline and ascend in the ventrolateral quadrant of the spinal cord, where they form the ventrolateral spinothalamic pathway.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Left ventral spinothalamic tract", "opb": "Left lateral spinothalamic tract", "opc": "Right ventral spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Right lateral spinothalamic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "64e93b45-eaa1-48b8-829d-37a0542f787e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pronator drift test is done for lesion of", "exp": "When the patient extends both arms upright in the supinated position and holds them at shoulder height for at least 10 seconds (Patients should be asked to keep eyes open initially and later test again with eyes closed):Normal response:Palm will remain flat, elbows straight and the limbs horizontal ORSymmetrical detion from this position (i.e. on both the sides - dominant hand may pronate slightly more than the non-dominant hand)Positive pronator drift: Components of pronator drift as mentioned above is seen in the weaker side (asymmetric response) which indicates a lesion in contralateralPseduodrift:Slight pronation, without downward drift of the dominant armNot necessarily abnormal - must be interpreted in clinical context InterpretationPositive with eyes open: Motor deficitPositive with eyes closed: Sensory deficit (Posterior column)Outward and upward drift: Cerebellar drift\"Updrift\" (involved arm rising overhead without patient awareness): Parietal lobe lesions (loss of position sense)Drift without pronation: Functional upper limb paresis (Conversion disorder)Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 23rd edition, Page no:242", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pyramidal tract", "opb": "Oliva rubral tract", "opc": "Tractus cuneatus", "opd": "Antero lateral tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "0d4dbc53-a874-473a-9248-32c3663840df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osmotic pressure of 1 mol of ideal solute relative to pure water is", "exp": "According to the Van't Hoff equation, an ideal solution containing 1 mole of dissolved paicles per liter of solvent at 0deg C will have an osmotic pressure of 22.4 atm Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e pg159", "cop": 2, "opa": "6.5 atm.", "opb": "22.4 atm.", "opc": "4 atm.", "opd": "2 atm.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "4445f724-c8cc-419f-bed5-d6cbe05606a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hot water bottle relieves the pain of abdominal spasm by", "exp": "Pain from gastrointestinal viscera is carried by small C fibers. Temperature sensation from hot water bottles passes through A fibers and large C fibers. \nWhen these larger fibers are stimulated, they block the adrenergic small C fibers from the viscera.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stimulation of adrenergic fibers", "opb": "Stimulation of cholinergic fibers", "opc": "Inhibition of cold receptors", "opd": "Inhibition of heat receptors", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f66c784c-0ee7-4ee8-bbb6-d9cd4a2ab932", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose reabsorption occurs in the", "exp": "Glucose, amino acids, and bicarbonate are reabsorbed along with Na+ in the early portion of the proximal tubule.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proximal tubule.", "opb": "Loop of Henle.", "opc": "Distal tubule.", "opd": "Cortical collecting duct.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a9b413d6-553e-4e08-9c6f-79da1442565e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dysmetria is seen in lesion of", "exp": "Dysmetria or past- pointing is a prompt initiation for a gross corrective action as attempting to touch an object with a finger results in overshooting to one or other side , but the correction overshoots to the other side. And finger oscillates to and fro. This is typically seen in cerebellar disease. Ref:Ganongs Review of medical physiology;23 rd edition ; pg :258", "cop": 2, "opa": "Basal ganglia", "opb": "Cerebellum", "opc": "Pons", "opd": "Midbrain", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "582ed159-ad62-434e-b643-741aa611a1d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A herpetologist is bitten by a poisonous snake and is taken to the emergency depament with progressive muscle paralysis. The venom is probably incapacitating his", "exp": "Snake venom usually blocks acetylcholine receptors, preventing depolarization of the muscle cell. The Na+ and Ca2+ channels are not incapacitated by snake venoms", "cop": 4, "opa": "Na+ channels", "opb": "Ca2+ channels", "opc": "Phospholipids", "opd": "Acetylcholine receptors.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cell Membrane and transpo protiens", "id": "01509b30-dee5-4ab5-81d4-866a4f80730b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Na+ channel concentration is highest at", "exp": "Axon hillock has greatest in a sodium plus channel concentration Ref : guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:66,67,68", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dendrites", "opb": "Soma", "opc": "Axon hillock", "opd": "Axon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "4d5c0b9b-fc10-4bdb-bc75-b80f0101afa2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aeriole is", "exp": "The small aeries and aerioles are referred to as resistance vessels because they are the principal site of the peripheral resistance A large amount of blood can be added to the venous system before the veins become distended to the point where fuher increments in volume produce a large rise in venous pressure. The veins are therefore called capacitance vesselsExchange across the capillary walls is essential to the survival of the tissues. Thus capillaries are exchange vesselsElastic aery is otherwise called conducting aeryRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:543", "cop": 2, "opa": "Conducting vessel", "opb": "Resistance vessel", "opc": "Exchange vessels", "opd": "Capacitance vessel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "3652a39c-a2e3-4837-9660-03bf9cf6ffa5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increase in cytosolic calcium from intracellular storage, during smooth muscle contraction, is/are due to", "exp": "In smooth muscle contraction, calcium channels are opened causing an influx of calcium into the cell. In smooth muscle cells, agonists such as neurotransmitters or hormones can induce an increase in (i) a release of intracellular stored calcium or/and an influxof extracellular calcium. ... These channels control phenomena such as smooth musclecells proliferation and/or contraction. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 59)", "cop": 4, "opa": "CAMP", "opb": "CGMP", "opc": "IP3-DAG", "opd": "Ca channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "91065ea9-cbe8-4c34-98ac-31c93c868930", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The amount of body water in human body is", "exp": "60% of the body contains water Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:45,46,47", "cop": 2, "opa": "70%", "opb": "60%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "40%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "79a6826a-6ca4-41e1-9fc5-fea30509a047", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal poal venous pressure is", "exp": "Poal venous pressure is normally about 10 mm Hg in humans, and hepatic venous pressure is approximately 5 mm Hg.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 509", "cop": 1, "opa": "5-10 mmHg", "opb": "10-15 mmHg", "opc": "15-20 mmHg", "opd": "20-35 mmHg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "c0ab8348-bed6-4a74-bd18-efe22b609e90", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slow waves/BER maximum in", "exp": "Except in the esophagus and the proximal poion of the stomach, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has spontaneous rhythmic fluctuations in membrane potential between about -65 and -45 mV. This basic electrical rhythm (BER) is initiated by the interstitial cells of Cajal, stellate mesenchymal pacemaker cells with smooth muscle-like features that send long multiply branched processes into the intestinal smooth muscle. In the stomach and the small intestine, these cells are located in the outer circular muscle layer near the myenteric plexus; in the colon, they are at the submucosal border of the circular muscle layer. In the stomach and small intestine, there is a descending gradient in pacemaker frequency, and as in the hea, the pacemaker with the highest frequency usually dominates. The BER itself rarely causes muscle contraction, but spike potentials superimposed on the most depolarizing poions of the BER waves do increase muscle tension. The depolarizing poion of each spike is due to Ca2+ influx, and the repolarizing poion is due to K+efflux. Many polypeptides and neurotransmitters affect the BER. For example, acetylcholine increases the number of spikes and the tension of the smooth muscle, whereas epinephrine decreases the number of spikes and the tension. The rate of the BER is about 4/min in the stomach. It is about 12/min in the duodenum and falls to about 8/min in the distal ileum. In the colon, the BER rate rises from about 2/min at the cecum to about 6/min at the sigmoid. The function of the BER is to coordinate peristaltic and other motor activity; contractions occur only during the depolarizing pa of the waves. After vagotomy or transection of the stomach wall, for example, peristalsis in the stomach becomes irregular and chaotic.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGYKIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMAN, TWENTY-THIRD EDITION PAGE NO:470", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Ileum", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Rectum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e2041e1e-063c-430f-89b1-bf50f82ce481", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The titin protein present in the muscle fibre binds", "exp": "The titin protein present in the muscle fibre binds the head ends of myosin filaments to the Z-disc Several proteins other than actin and myosin are also present in the muscle. Some of them include: 1. Titin It is the largest known protein It runs between the M line and Z disc and binds the head ends of myosin filaments to the Z disc. It has a tethered poion in the A band , where it is attached to the myosin filament and an elastic poion in the I band. The elastic propey of the titin causes elastic recoil of the sarcomere and prevents it from being overstretched. 2.Nebulin It extends from the Z disc and runs along the full length of each actin filament. It regulates the length of the actin filament. 3. a-actinin It is a component of the Z discs It binds the plus ends of actin filament to this disc. 4. Myomesin It is present in the region of the M line. It maintains the regular lattice arrangement of the myosin filaments in this region. 5. Desmin: It is an intermediate filament characteritic of the muscle. It encircles the myofibrils near the Z disc and binds myofibrils to each other and also to the cell membrane. 6. Dystrophin It is present in the periphery of the muscle fibre, towards the cytoplasmic face of the sarcolemma. It binds to the actin filaments and the glycoprotein complex, consisting of the dystroglycan and sarcoglycan that spans the sarcolemma. Ref: Inderbir Singh's Textbook of Human Histology 8th edition Pgno: 80", "cop": 2, "opa": "The tail ends of actin filaments to Z disc", "opb": "The tail ends of myosin filaments to the Z disc", "opc": "The tail end of myosin filaments to M disc", "opd": "The myofibrils to each other, and also to the cell membrane", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "9706ef2a-018a-49e0-8630-b65f43205be9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The tendency for turbulent flow is greatest in", "exp": "The tendency for turbulent flow is greatest in the aoa. The turbulence of flow depends upon Reynold&;s Number: Reynold&;s Number Type of Blood flow <2000 Laminar 2000-3000 Transitional >4000 Turbulent In the proximal poions of the aoa and pulmonary aery, Reynold&;s Number can rise to several thousand during the rapid phase of the ejection, which causes considerable turbulence due to following High velocity of blood flow Pulsatile nature of the flow Sudden changes in vessel diameter Large vessel diameter Ref: Guyton and Hall 13th edition Pgno: 174", "cop": 4, "opa": "image_question", "opb": "image_question", "opc": "image_question", "opd": "image_question", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "6a47e8bb-1558-4ca2-b2f4-c93df36d9968", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose is primarily absorbed from", "exp": "Important educational points\n\n\n60-70% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.\n\n\nNa+ reabsorption occurs in all segments of nephron excepting descending limb of the loop of Henle. 60% (60- 70%) of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. About 30% of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. About 7% of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in early distal tubules and about 3% of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in late distal tubule and collecting duct.\n\n\nAbout 65% (60-70%) of water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and about 15% of water is reabsorbed in the thin descending limb. Remaining 20% of water enters the distal tubules and is absorbed from distal tubule and collecting duct according to the homeostatic requirements of the body, under the control of ADH.\n\n\nAll substances (Na +, K +, HCO3, Cl-, Phosphate, Protein, Glucose, water) are maximally absorbed in the proximal tubule.\n\n\nGlucose and amino acids are completely absorbed from proximal tubules along with Na + as secondary active transport cotransport (symport).\n\n\nH + is not absorbed by nephrons anywhere it is only secreted (in the proximal tubule, late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubules). Substances which are both secreted and reabsorbed are K +, uric acid and creatinine.\n\n\nOn a normal diet, maximum solutes are reabsorbed almost completely: Glucose: 100%, Aminoacids 100%, HCO3-: 100%. Water: 99.4%, Na + : 99.4%, Cl-: 99.2%, Uric acid : 98%, K+ : 93.3%, Urea : 53%, and Total solutes : 98.9%\n\n\nAmount secreted per day of different filtered contents are : Na+ : 150 mEq/d, K + : 90 mEq/d, Cl - : 150 mEq/d, Glucose: 0, Amino acid: 0, HCO3 : 0, Uric acid: 5 mmol/d. Creatinine: 12 mmol/d, Urea: 410 mmol/d, Water: 1-1.5 L/d; and total solutes : 700 mOsm/d", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "opb": "Distal convoluted tubule", "opc": "Cortical collecting duct", "opd": "Medullary collecting duct", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6ca02a6f-4fd3-4d61-9494-d4d582b3ce0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Contractility of cardiac muscle depends on", "exp": "Excitation and contraction coupling is there in cardiac muscle. When an action potential reaches the T tubules there is activation of Dihydropyridine channels. This causes influx of extracellular calcium into sarcoplasm. Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 53", "cop": 2, "opa": "On T tubules", "opb": "On T tubules and extracellular Ca2+", "opc": "On extracellular Ca2+", "opd": "On intracellular Ca2+", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "034b1aeb-a88c-4f04-9d0f-1573a8427727", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Capacitance of sperms takes place in", "exp": "Sperm is the male reproductive cell in the sexual reproduction. Capacitation is the penultimate step in the maturation of mammalian spermatozoa and is required to render them competent to feilize an oocyte. This step is a biochemical event; the sperm moves normally and looks mature prior to capacitation. In vivo, this step typically occurs after ejaculation, in the female reproductive tract. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-422", "cop": 4, "opa": "Seminiferous tubules", "opb": "Epididymis", "opc": "Vas deference", "opd": "Uterus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "9ebccb1c-687b-4031-ae37-436c0450d4e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Therapeutic plasma level of digoxin is", "exp": "Oral absorption of digoxin is 60-80 %Plasma half-life is about 40 hrsToxic concentration is >2ng/ml(Ref: Essentials of medical pharmacology, K.D Tripathi, 7th edition)", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.1-0.3 ng/ml", "opb": "0.5-1.4 ng/ml", "opc": "1.2 to 2 ng/ml", "opd": "More than 2.4 ng/ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "046a9ca3-e1b7-4945-a1f6-451c165b8266", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcium ions in skeletal muscles are", "exp": "Spread of depolarization to terminal cistern with release of Ca2+ in the myofibrils.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.166)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Transverse tubule", "opb": "Longitudinal pa", "opc": "Terminal cistern", "opd": "Sarcolemma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "71bdfd4e-80c2-42ab-bfd0-4210719fafef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ghrelin is responsible for", "exp": "Ghrelin: A naturally occurring 28-amino acid; gut-brain growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP) that is expressed mainly in the stomach and possibly in the hypothalamus. Fasting and hypoglycemia increase ghrelin levels and circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in chronic obesity, following acute caloric intake and in states of positive energy balance. Acute administration of ghrelin to humans induces a feeling of hunger. Ghrelin binds to ghrelin-receptors in the anterior pituitary and possibly in the mediobasal and mediolateral hypothalamus to stimulate growth hormone release and to regulate energy homeostasis. Serum levels of ghrelin are measurably higher in patients who have lost weight through dietary measures.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 384", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stimulation of appetite", "opb": "Suppression of appetite", "opc": "Stimulation of sleep", "opd": "Suppression of sleep", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "c4e3b339-e642-431c-b9b8-6bcf7905a9ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Conn syndrome is seen due to increased production of", "exp": "An adrenocoical disorder caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone. ; primary aldosteronismPrimary aldosteronism is an adrenocoical disorder caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone and characterized by headaches, nocturia, polyuria, fatigue, hypeension, potassium depletion, hypokalemic alkalosis, hypervolemia, and decreased plasma renin activity; may be associated with small benign adrenocoical adenomas.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-364", "cop": 4, "opa": "Coisol", "opb": "ACTH", "opc": "CRH", "opd": "Aldosterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b79da74d-4777-4bf2-97e2-43b661ac59e8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dihydrotestosterone acts on", "exp": "Ref; Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-425Dihydrotestosterone (commonly abbreted to DHT), or 5a-dihydrotestosterone (5a-DHT), also known as androstanolone (5a-androstane-17b-ol-3-one) as well as 17b-hydroxy-5a-androstane-3-one, is a sex steroid and androgen hormone. The enzyme 5a-reductase synthesizes DHT in the prostate, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands. This enzyme reduces the 4,5 double-bond of the hormone testosterone. During embryogenesis, DHT has an essential role in the formation of the male external genitalia, while in the adult DHT acts as the primary androgen in the prostate and in hair follicles.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pituitery", "opb": "Extermal genitalia", "opc": "Internal genitalia", "opd": "Testis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f81452b1-c081-41f6-b441-6c07afff8627", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The first physiological response to high environmental temperature is", "exp": "Under mechanisms activated by heat cutaneous vasodilation comes first followed by sweating increased respiration, decreased heat production, anorexia, apathy, and ineia. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 285; Table 18-4.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sweating", "opb": "Vasodilatation", "opc": "Decreased heat production", "opd": "Non-shivering thermogenesis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "c9595575-1e79-4146-b157-a64b26f23db0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "FSH is secreted by", "exp": "Gonadotropic cells are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that produce the gonadotropins, such as the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Release of FSH and LH by gonadotropes is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.Gonadotropes appear basophilic in histological preparations.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-333", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chrompphobes", "opb": "Basophils", "opc": "Acidophils", "opd": "Theca interna Cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "4bfd4fe5-2927-41a9-bdb5-fe7dbfaa7cf7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Laminar flow is dependent ona) Critical velocityb) Viscosityc) Constant velocityd) Critical closing pressure", "exp": "The flow of blood (Laminar or turbulent) depends on\n-        Fluid density (S)\n-        Tube diameter (D)\n-        Velocity of fluid (V)\n-        Viscosity of fluid (n)\nThis can be expressed by Reynold’s number (R) = SDV/n\n \nNormal flow is laminar. But if the velocity crosses a critical limit (Critical velocity) flow becomes turbulent. If R>2000, flow is turbulent.", "cop": 1, "opa": "ab", "opb": "a", "opc": "ad", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "415f9c5a-264e-44f1-99b1-a222f372ca34", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During diastole, the arterial pressure is maintained by", "exp": "Ans. (a) Elastic recoil of aortaRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.576Because of its elastic recoil nature, blood flow is continuous and the diastolic pressure stays at 80mmHg. This elastic recoil effect is called \"Windkessel effect\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "Elastic recoil of aorta", "opb": "Musculature of arterial", "opc": "Constriction of capillaries", "opd": "Contraction of left ventricle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "8393ca62-59ed-458a-936f-3bfc4d447704", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Foification spectra' are feature of", "exp": "Foification spectra are more complicated images that can float in your vision during a migraine. These get their name from their resemblance to an aerial view of an intricately built fo. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e p874", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mature cataract", "opb": "Immature cataract", "opc": "Amaurosis Fugax", "opd": "Migraine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9c51043a-38f9-4f70-9e17-8dcf6b438e7c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Central cyanosis is seen if", "exp": "Oxygen saturation should be less than 85% for central cyanosis to occur. Deoxyhemoglobin level should be at least 5gm%.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Methemoglobin 0.5 gm/dl", "opb": "O2 saturation < 85%", "opc": "O2 saturation < 94%", "opd": "Hb – 4 gm%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fcb29e38-8efa-4a0e-a965-bb85d58d9200", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most abundant extracellular buffer is", "exp": "Bicarbonate buffer is rhe major buffer system in the body It is responsible for about 80%of extra cellular buffering Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:489,490,491", "cop": 3, "opa": "Haemoglobin", "opb": "Plasma proteins", "opc": "Bicarbonate", "opd": "Phosphate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "53824266-0c1f-41d1-ae02-0bdb9839a3ae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucagon is secreted by", "exp": "Glucagon, a peptide hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar (glucose) levels fall too low. Glucagon causes the liver to conve stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. High blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin. Insulin allows glucose to be taken up and used by insulin-dependent tissues. Thus, glucagon and insulin are pa of a feedback system that keeps blood glucose levels at a stable level.The hormone is synthesized and secreted from alpha cells (a-cells) of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine poions of the pancreas.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-443", "cop": 1, "opa": "a cell", "opb": "ss cell", "opc": "d cell", "opd": "G cell", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f693efda-9064-4f0e-ab83-deb5c7609527", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Number of ovum at bih is", "exp": "In humans no ova formed after bih. at time of bih there are 2 million ova.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 401", "cop": 1, "opa": "2-3 million", "opb": "2-5 million", "opc": "7-10 million", "opd": "10-15 million", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f8fba79f-a606-4352-8fc1-95e46a7ae73f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The high sodium content in renal medulla is because", "exp": "In the renal medulla, there are two mechanisms that work to initiate and maintain a hyperosmolar state. Counter current multiplier system and Counter current exchange system.\nNa+ is actively reabsorbed from the tubules to medullary interstitium, along with Cl- and K+, at the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, which is impermeable to water. So the medullary interstitium becomes hyperosmolar. Urea is also believed to help in increasing the solute content of the medullary interstitium by diffusing out of the collecting ducts and thus increasing the osmolarity of the interstitium. Water, in turn, is reabsorbed in the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle by osmosis. The cycle continues to work so that the medullary interstitial osmotic pressure is multiplied over and over. Counter current exchange system by the vasa recta maintains this osmotic pressure, as they do not wash out the solutes concentrated in the medullary interstitium.", "cop": 1, "opa": "At the loop of Henle, there is counter current mechanism", "opb": "Increased blood flow to vasarecta", "opc": "Increased excretion of Na+ from PCT", "opd": "Increased absorption of Na+ from PCT", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e44499ab-4514-42c7-a77b-607eb0a98d8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If the alveolar oxygenation is halved, the PACO2 will be", "exp": "Ans: d (Halved in a few minutes) Ref: Ganong 22nd ed/ p.675, 21st ed/p.680When the alveolar oxygenation is halved, the resulting hypoxia will increase the respiratory rate (ventilation).This will lead to washing out of CO,. Since the effect on PACO, is due to increase in the respiratory rate, it will not occur immediately.There will be increase in respiratory rate only if the PO, drops from 100 to below 60 mm of Hg.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Doubled instantly", "opb": "Doubled in a few minutes", "opc": "Halved instantly", "opd": "Halved in a few minutes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "c4266ab5-f132-42bd-8924-42887a1004f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The only inducible urinary buffer is", "exp": "Ammonia is only inducible buffer\n\nIt is an extracellular buffer", "cop": 3, "opa": "Bicarbonate", "opb": "Phosphate", "opc": "Ammonia", "opd": "Plasma proteins", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e8413e1-bd3c-410e-a0cb-b30d097388de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The liver is the principal site for \nA. Synthesis of plasma albumin\nB. synthesis of plasma globulins\nC. Synthesis of vitamin B12\nD. Storage of Vitamin C\nE Storage of iron", "exp": "The liver has many different functions in the body, but the main function of the liverin digestion is the production of bile and its secretion into the small intestine. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just posterior to the liver.", "cop": 1, "opa": "AE", "opb": "BC", "opc": "DA", "opd": "EC", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d8aa8ce2-9078-4d52-829e-e0f4550166af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Formula to calculate minute ventilation volume", "exp": "Minute respiratory volume- The minute respiratory volume I the total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passage each minute and is equal to tidal volume times the respiratory rate per minute. The normal tidal volume is about 500 milliliters, and the normal respiratory rate is about 12 breaths per minute. Therefore, the minute respiratory volume averages about 6-8L/min. A person can live for a sho period with a minute volume as low as 1.5L/min and a respiratory rate of only 2 to 4 breaths per minute. Respiratory minute vol: - (TV x RR) = 6 - 8 L / min", "cop": 1, "opa": "TV x RR", "opb": "Fio2/PEEP", "opc": "TV x (RR-dead space)", "opd": "TV + (RR-dead space)", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2018", "id": "557364db-8290-4984-9451-072e2d1e3c6e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erythropoiesis in early fetal life occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Yolk sac", "opb": "Vertebrae", "opc": "Bone marrow", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "178fd6d5-bd4e-42ba-9dd7-d60d92df06c0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperkalemia stimulates secretion of", "exp": "Hyperkalaemia is an elevated level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum. Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L with levels above 5.5 mmol/L defined as hyperkalemia.ADH - hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules.Secretin - A polypeptide hormone that is produced in the duodenum, especially on contact with acid, and that inhibits gastric secretion of acid and stimulates secretion of bile, insulin, and pancreatic digestive enzymes.Aldosterone - a hormone produced by the coex of the adrenal gland, helps in the regulation of sodium and potassium resorption by the cells of the tubular poion of the kidney.Parathormone - hormone synthesized and released into the bloodstream by the parathyroid glands; regulates phosphorus and calcium in the body.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology- 24th edition page no;370", "cop": 3, "opa": "ADH", "opb": "Secretin", "opc": "Aldosterone", "opd": "Parathormone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "212f4188-2fd9-4c60-8d29-91fc03d7f475", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Juxtaglomerular apparatus lies in relation to", "exp": "The thick end of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle reaches the glomerulus of the nephron from which the tubule arose and nestles between its afferent and efferent aerioles. Specialized cells at the end form the macula densa, which is close to the efferent and paicularly the afferent aeriole. The macula, the neighboring lacis cells, and the renin-secreting juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent aeriole form the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology,23rd edition, page: 641", "cop": 4, "opa": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "opb": "Ascending loop of Henle", "opc": "Descending loop of Henle", "opd": "Glomerulus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "0a1b2976-ee5f-4d0d-8cbc-f19fdfc533ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If a single spinal nerve is cut, the area of  tactile  loss  is  always  greater  than the area of loss of painful sensations, because", "exp": "There is much overlapping between pain carrying fibers as compared to touch.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tactile information is carried by myelinated fast conducting fibres", "opb": "Tactile receptors adapt quickly", "opc": "Degree of overlap of fibres carrying tactile sensation is much less", "opd": "In the primary sensory cortex, tactile sensation is represented on a larger  area", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "15dd2258-289e-43fc-b75a-ecae709f701f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The plateau phase of Myocardial action potential is due to", "exp": "Ca2+ influx through more slowly opening Ca2+ channels produces the plateau phaseRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 491", "cop": 2, "opa": "Efflux of Na+", "opb": "Influx of Ca++", "opc": "Influx of K+", "opd": "Closure of voltage gated K+ channels", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "a3d8d07a-55e4-4ae2-8b0a-a7ea06f5e491", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spermatozoa gets its nutrition from", "exp": "Ans: B. Fructose(Ref KS Sanoop 3'd/e p.171)Nutrition to sperms is mainly provided by fructose.Fructose (f .5-6.5 mg/ml).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Fructose", "opc": "Galactose", "opd": "Starch", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ce537521-d604-4495-938f-3e2e4a8c777b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Growth hormone level decreased in", "exp": "Growth hormone (GH or HGH), also known as somatotropin or somatropin, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-327", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypoglycemia", "opb": "Fastiny", "opc": "Sleep", "opd": "Exercise", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "c4151da8-fa72-479f-8771-dbe52a50b2bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "EEG waves seen in Hippocampus are", "exp": "(C) theta > Large amplitude, pattern of regular 4-7/sec waves called theta rhythm occurs in children and is generated in the hippocampus in experimental animals.> a-rhythm occurs in adult humans who are awake but at rest within eyes closed, EEG shows a regular pattern of waves at a frequency of 8-12 Hz and amplitude of 50-100 mv, most marked in parieto-occipital area.> b-rhythm is harmonic of alpha, showing patterns of lower amplitude, 18-30 Hz, seen over frontal regions.> Delta waves are large slow waves of frequency less than 4 Hz, seen in deep sleep.", "cop": 3, "opa": "alpha", "opb": "beta", "opc": "theta", "opd": "delta", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "41c3af0a-f648-4a49-a70f-b7b39bad37d3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acclimatization does NOT include", "exp": "It includes increase in pulmonary ventilation, increases in RBC count and hemoglobin content, increase in 2,3-DPG.(Ref. Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.265)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hyperventilation", "opb": "Decreased concentration of 2,3 DPG in RBC", "opc": "Increased erythropoiesis", "opd": "Kidney excrete more alkali", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5a200f39-cff7-4c7e-8dde-67b8171cedae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The main cause of increased blood flow to exercising muscles is", "exp": "During prolonged exercise blood flow to skeletal muscle will increase up to 20 times this is called exercise hyperemiaThis is made possible by local metabolite induced vasodilationRef: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 edition, Page No:276", "cop": 2, "opa": "Raised blood pressure", "opb": "Vasodilatation due to local metabolites", "opc": "Increased sympathetic discharge to peripheral vessels", "opd": "Increased hea rate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "42fe48e4-f33c-4ba0-b640-92e652c63a31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In high altitude mountain sickness, feature of pulmonary edema isa) Decreased pulmonary capillary permeabilityb) Increased pulmonary capillary pressurec) Normal left atrial pressured) Increases left ventricular back pressure", "exp": "At high altitudes, there is pulmonary vasoconstriction leading to pulmonary hypertension. This results in leakage of fluid to the pulmonary tissue ending up in pulmonary edema. Since there is pulmonary hypertension, there is a resultant back pressure on right ventricle.", "cop": 4, "opa": "a", "opb": "c", "opc": "ac", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "405ca540-33f2-47e0-bf38-9b1c7a303280", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Baroreceptor stimulation producesa) Decreased heart rate & BPb) Increased heart rate & BPc) Increased cardiac contractilityd) Decreased cardiac contractility", "exp": "Baroreceptors are present in carotid sinus and aortic arch. Increase in BP activates them which results in decrease in the sympathetic discharge. This leads to decrease in cardiac contraction, heart rate and BP.", "cop": 4, "opa": "b", "opb": "c", "opc": "ac", "opd": "ad", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "62823f3f-7982-41f7-9ed8-127c8c46ca54", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vibration sensation is mediated by", "exp": "Ans. (c) Pacinian corpuscle(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p. 160)Pacinian corpuscle respond to deep pressure and high frequency fast vibration", "cop": 3, "opa": "Merkel's disc", "opb": "Ruffini's end organ", "opc": "Pacinian corpuscle", "opd": "Meissner's corpuscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "d48dac47-7d0a-48dd-a2ce-f59ea8a95a91", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Surfactant in lung alveoli stas appearing at gestational age", "exp": "Surfactant does not normally begin to be secreted into the alveoli until between the sixth and seventh months of gestation, and in some cases, even later than that. Therefore, many premature babies have little or no surfactant in the alveoli when they are born, and their lungs have an extreme tendency to collapse, sometimes as great as six to eight times that in a normal adult person. This causes the condition called respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. It is fatal if not treated with strong measures, especially properly applied continuous positive pressure breathing.Ref: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition, page no: 878", "cop": 3, "opa": "12 weeks", "opb": "20 weeks", "opc": "28 weeks", "opd": "32 weeks", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "b81c6200-541e-4efa-b865-d12943212f93", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nernst potential for K+ is", "exp": "Nernst potential is also called equlibrium potential It is the potential at which tjer is no net moment of a paicular ion across membrane Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:35,36", "cop": 4, "opa": "90", "opb": "-90", "opc": "70", "opd": "-70", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "a9e56001-88a2-482d-bcda-16ededd2ac83", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The basis of Korotkoff sound is", "exp": "The sounds of Korotkoff are produced by turbulent flow in the brachial aery. When the aery is narrowed by the cuff, the velocity of flow through the constriction exceeds the critical velocity and turbulent flow results.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aoic valve closure", "opb": "Production of hea sound", "opc": "Aerial turbulence", "opd": "Aerial valve expansion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "14faae5c-8635-443b-8d1d-a91f31afd2e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Administration of pure O2 to hypoxic patients is dangerous because", "exp": "The respiratory centres maybe depressed in hypercapnic patients. Breathing may only be occurring due to the activation of peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to the hypoxia. When pure Oxygen is given to the patients, the stimulus to the peripheral receptors is gone and may result in apnoea.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Apnea occurs due to hypostimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors", "opb": "Pulmonary edema", "opc": "DPG", "opd": "Convulsions", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "702bddc9-77ac-45f8-83ee-b277ce61a2f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amacrine cells are seen in", "exp": "(B) Retina > 4 type of cells: bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells & amacrine cells are present in retina.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cornea", "opb": "Retina", "opc": "Lens", "opd": "Iris", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Vision and its Elements", "id": "7d5f556b-69ab-47a6-a8b3-a8bb47661ecc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "According to myogenic theory of renal autoregulation, the afferent aerioles contract in response to stretch induced by", "exp": "Myogenic autoregulation - through opening of Calcium channels Tubuloglomerular feedback - through release of adenosine Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 678", "cop": 3, "opa": "NO", "opb": "Noradrenalin", "opc": "Opening of Ca2+ channels", "opd": "Adenosine release", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "b99a2f4c-758b-4a99-addb-0ba246a0ded3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Testosterone secreted by,", "exp": "Ans:A. Leydig's cells.The hypothalamus sends a signal to pituitary gland to release gonadotrophic substances (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone).Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates testosterone production.Testosterone is produced by gonads (by Leydig cells in testes in men & by ovaries in women).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leydig's cells.", "opb": "Somatotropic cells.", "opc": "Acidophilic cells.", "opd": "Gonadotropic cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09f9243e-d6d0-4060-8c05-e3a0a37636b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum absorption of short chain fatty acids produced by bacteria occurs in the", "exp": "A. (Colon) (475. Ganong 22nd) / (458 - Ganong 23rd)Short-chain Fatty Acids in the colon (SCFAs) are produced in the colon and absorbed from it *** ** Absorption of long chain FA is greatest in the upper parts of the small intestine* Average normal concentration of about 80 mmol/ L in the lumen* About 60% of this total is acetate, 25% propionate, and 15% butyrate.* They exert a trophic effect on the colonic epithelial cells, combat inflammation, and are absorbed in part by exchange for H+, helping to maintain acid -base equilibrium.* Also promote the absorption of Na+* Cholesterol, like the short chain fatty acids is absorbed directly into lymphatics and reconverted (esterified) therefrom as cholesterol esters. Its absorption requires presence of bile, fatty acids and pancreatic juice. It is mainly absorbed from the distal small intestine (276- A. K. Jain 3rd)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Colon", "opb": "Duodenum", "opc": "Jejunum", "opd": "Ileum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "c122415e-cc6a-48cf-a112-0dc7369dca9d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ECF best value is given by", "exp": "ECF volume is measured using inulin which is a polysaccharide.(Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.61)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mannitol", "opb": "Inulin", "opc": "D2O", "opd": "Evan's blue", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "db723471-6f54-4534-ab8c-5cbd65b10d1c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Energy expenditure during normal breathing", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "25% - 50% of total energy spent", "opb": "50% - 75% of total energy spent", "opc": "15% - 20% of total energy spent", "opd": "2% - 3% of total energy spent", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ab53c3f5-44cd-45e1-9b58-949ac7a8dcb4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "High glycogen content is seen in", "exp": "Glycogen content is high in white fibres.(REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 44)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Red fibers", "opb": "Type 1 fibers", "opc": "White fibers", "opd": "Tonic fibers", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "38b43d82-59e4-4a73-9248-fe0f7d6f8c50", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Killian's dehiscence is seen in", "exp": "Killian's dehiscence (also known as Killian's triangle, Laimer's triangle, and Killian-Laimer triangle) is a triangular area in the wall of the pharynx between the thyropharyngeus pa of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx and the cricopharyngeus muscle, also of the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. It represents a potentially weak spot where a pharyngoesophageal diveiculum (Zenker's diveiculum) is more likely to occur", "cop": 3, "opa": "Oropharynx", "opb": "Nasopharynx", "opc": "Cricopharynx", "opd": "Vocal cords", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ed24249d-da8f-4d9b-89f0-f4c5608b8101", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fastest absorbing sugar in the intestine", "exp": "In the intestine, absorption is faster in case of monosaccharides when compared to disaccharides or polysaccharides. Glucose, fructose and galactose are hexoses which are monosaccharides.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Sucrose", "opc": "Maltose", "opd": "Mannose", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2e77c408-09ac-431a-8b13-1b9d137d1c7e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Comparison of the apex of the lung, the base of the lung has", "exp": "Overall, perfusion increases more than ventilation at the base of the lung, resulting in lower V/Q ratios in the base of the lung compared to the apex. In a healthy individual, the V/Q ratio is 1 at the middle of the lung, with a minimal spread of V/Q ratios from 0.3 to 2.1 from base to apex Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:332,333,334", "cop": 3, "opa": "High pulmonary aerial pressure O2", "opb": "High pulmonary aerial pressure CO2", "opc": "High ventilation / perfusion ratio", "opd": "Same ventilation / perfusion ratio", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "24c309e9-7919-44ad-bd41-bdb092d00f4f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Na dependent glucose transpo is/are inhibited by", "exp": "phlorizin inhibits the intestinal glucose transpoer. is a glucoside of phloretin, a dihydrochalcone, a family of bicyclic flavonoids Phlorizin is a competitive inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2 because it competes with D-glucose for binding to the carrier; this reduces renal glucose transpo, lowering the amount of glucose in the blood. Phlorizin was studied as a potential pharmaceutical treatment for type 2 diabetes, but has since been superseded by more selective and more promising synthetic analogs, such as empagliflozin, canagliflozin and dapagliflozin. Phlorizin is not an effective drug because when orally consumed, it is nearly entirely conveed into phloretin by hydrolytic enzymes in the small intestine. Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e 938", "cop": 3, "opa": "Oubain", "opb": "Na azide", "opc": "Phlorhizine", "opd": "Phloretin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "999c0b33-d840-463b-947e-1cdfecfa17e9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acetylcholine is secreted in eyes by", "exp": "Amacrine cells are inhibitory neurons, and they project their dendritic arbors onto the inner plexiform layer (IPL), they interact with retinal ganglion cells and/or bipolar cells Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:731,732,733", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bipolar cells", "opb": "Ganglion cells", "opc": "Horizontal cells", "opd": "Amacrine cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3f3fc17d-8457-4512-b1da-69241d2da73b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Androgen binding protein is secreted by", "exp": "Seoli cells are the somatic cells of the testis that are essential for testis formation and spermatogenesis. Seoli cells facilitate the progression of germ cells to spermatozoa direct contact and by controlling the environment milieu within the seminiferous tubules Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:630,631,632", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pituitary", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Seoli cells", "opd": "Leydig cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "522ad8f8-a8ff-407b-8951-40c251fade0d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Catecholamines", "exp": "Catecholamines decrease the motility and contraction of GIT REF.Textbook of physiology by AK Jain 7th edition page no.742", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decrease gut contraction", "opb": "Bronchoconstriction", "opc": "Decrease plasma glucose", "opd": "Inhibit lipolysis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "1ba2901e-ae0f-4018-9a1a-742226e16fc0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intrapleural Pressure during forceful expiration is", "exp": "Intrapleural Pressure: (ITP) / Intrathoracic Pressure\nIt is the pressure within pleural space (space between visceral and parietal pleura)\n\nAt beginning of inspiration = -2.5 mm Hg / - 5 cm H2O\nAt end of inspiration = - 6.0 mm Hg / - 10 cm H2O\nAt end of expiration = - 2.5 mm Hg / - 5 cm H2O\nForceful inspiration = - 20 mm Hg\nForceful expiration = + 20 to  + 30 mm Hg", "cop": 4, "opa": "- 20 mm Hg", "opb": "+ 5 mm Hg", "opc": "- 5 mm Hg", "opd": "+ 20 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "05e9307e-42d9-421c-981b-327da06fb425", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "EDRF is", "exp": "Endothelial cells that line the inside of blood cells could release a substance that relaxes smooth muscle (endothelial-derived relaxing factor, EDRF). CLINICAL BOX 5-7 Common Drugs That Act on Smooth Muscle Overexcitation of smooth muscle in the airways, such as that observed during an asthma attack, can lead to bronchoconstriction. Inhalers that deliver drugs to the conducting airway are commonly used to offset this smooth muscle bronchoconstriction, as well as other symptoms in the asthmatic airways. The rapid effects of drugs in inhalers are related to smooth muscle relaxation. Rapid response inhaler drugs (eg, Ventolin, albuterol, sambuterol) frequently target b-adrenergic receptors in the airway smooth muscle to elicit a relaxation. Although these b-adrenergic receptor agonists targeting the smooth muscle do not treat all symptoms associated with asthma (eg, inflammation and increased mucus), they act rapidly and frequently allow for sufficient opening of the conducting airway to restore airflow and thus allow for other treatments to reduce airway obstruction. Smooth muscle is also a target for drugs developed to increase blood flow. As discussed in the text, NO is a natural signaling molecule that relaxes smooth muscle by raising cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This signaling pathway is naturally downregulated by the action of phosphodiesterase (PDE), which transforms cGMP into a non-signaling form, GMP. The drugs sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil are all specific inhibitors of PDE V, an isoform found mainly in the smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum of the penis (see Chapters 25 and 32). Thus, oral administration of these drugs can block the action of PDE V, increasing blood flow in a very limited region in the body and offsetting erectile dysfunction. EDRF was later identified as the gaseous second messenger molecule, nitric oxide (NO).Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 117", "cop": 2, "opa": "NO2", "opb": "NO", "opc": "N2O", "opd": "SO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "750649ed-92b2-4aba-b42c-de7b7e6a71a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plasma cells are constituent of", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Nervous tissue", "opb": "Muscular tissue", "opc": "Epithelial tissue", "opd": "Connective tissue", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1eafbfd2-c778-420f-a8f0-cc9d708b00bb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The average value of total body water in a young man In....... % of body weight", "exp": "(C) 60-65 # BODY COMPOSITION:> In an average young adult male, 18% of body wt is protein.7% is mineral, and 15%is fat.> The remaining 60% is water.> The intracellular component of body water accounts for about 40% of body wt. and the extracellular component for about 20%.> Approximately 25% of the extracellular component is in the vascular system(plasma =5% of body wt.) and 75% outside the blood vessels(interstitialfluid=15% of body wt.).> The total blood volume is about 8% of the body wt\".", "cop": 3, "opa": "20-40", "opb": "30-50", "opc": "60-65", "opd": "90-96", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "37674cea-8298-48d7-88c7-f4509a9e53e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "According to the myogenic hypothesis of renal autoregulation, the afferent arterioles contract in response to stretch induced by", "exp": "According to the myogenic hypothesis of renal autoregulation, the afferent arterioles contract in response to stretch by the opening of Ca2+ channels, whereas, tubuloglomerular feedback is due to the opening of ligand-gated Ca2+ channels by adenosine.", "cop": 3, "opa": "NO release", "opb": "Noradrenaline release", "opc": "Opening of Ca2+ channels", "opd": "Adenosine release", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aadab464-8ef9-4420-a8a3-40925c60bc95", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parasympathetic supply is from", "exp": "Parasympathetic division is also called craniosacral division and it is composed of cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 and sacral 2,3,4. See figure 17-3 Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:263", "cop": 4, "opa": "C234", "opb": "T234", "opc": "L234", "opd": "S234", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "057f89f4-d30a-4e5d-862f-5ff2d4130155", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ECF is measured by", "exp": "Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23ed edition, page no:2 Inulin A polysaccharide with the general formula C6nH10n+2O5n+1 that yields fructose when hydrolyzed and is found in the roots of many plants, especially those of the composite family. It is used as an additive in processed foods to replace fat or sugar and to increase fiber content.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inulin", "opb": "D2O", "opc": "Evan's blue", "opd": "3H2O", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "578d0c55-0923-42df-af83-7383210ffbfb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plateau phase of ventricular muscle is d/f opening of", "exp": "C i.e. Ca++-Nat Channel In cardiac (e.g. ventricular) muscle, rapid depolarization phase (0) is d/t Nat influx through rapidly opening fast Nat channels (Nat current, INa); initial rapid repolarization phase (1) is d/t inactivation of Nat channel; platue phase (2) is d/t Cattinflux (Ca+tcurrent, Ica) through more slowly opening (slow) Ca++channels (also called calcium-sodium channels) and a slow repolarization phase (3) due to net Kt efflux through multiple types of K+ channels, allows the cell to return to resting membrane potential. Myocardial fibers (cells) have RMP of approximately -90mv. Action Potential in Cardiac Ventricular Muscles volts in ventricular muscle fibers instead of -55 milivolts in the nodal fibers. - Action potential in cardiac muscle fibers averages about 105 mili volts i.e. the intracellular potential rises form a very negative -90 mV between beats to slightly positive +20 mV during each beat. 3 type of membrane ion channels in cardiac muscles responsible for causing the voltage changes include Channel Effect Fast Na' Rapidly opening of fast sodium channels for Channel 10,000 the of a second) causes rapid influx of positive sodium ion (Na+) to the interior of cardiac muscle fiber (Necurrent, IN.). It is responsible for rapid upstroke spike of action potential or rapid depolarization phase 0. Initial rapid repolarization phase lis caused by inactivation of Na+ channels. Slow Ca++ Slower opening of slow calcium (or sodium? (Na+ - Ca++) calcium) channels for about 0.3 second (i.e Channels longer duration) causes large influx of both Ca*+ and Na+ positive ions to interior of cardiac muscle fibre. This (Ca++ current/influx, Ica mainly) is responsible for maintenance of prolonged period of depolarization or platue phase (2) of ventricular AP. Potassium Rapid diffusion of large amounts of positive K+ (K+) Channels ions in outward direction (efflux) from the cardiac muscle fibre (Ek+, K+ current) immediately returns the membrane potential to its resting levels, thus ending the AP Difference b/w AP of Cardiac of Skeletal Muscles Cardiac muscles have prolonged AP (Action potential) and a platue phase, whereas skeletal muscles do not because AP of skeletal muscle is caused and almost entirely by sudden opening of fast Na+ channels for a very sho period. At the end of this abrupt closure, repolarization occurs and AP is over in another thousandth of a second. Whereas AP in cardiac muscle is caused by same fast Na+ channels as well as slow Ca+ (Na+ - channels which are slower to open and more impoantly remain open for several tenths of a second (i.e prolonged duration) thereby maintaining prolonged period of depolarization, causing the platue phase. In skeletal muscles, Ca++ ions for contraction is derived from intracellular sacroplasmic reticulum. Whereas, in cardiac muscles the Ca** that enters during plate phase activate the muscle contractile process. Immediately after the onset of AP, the permeability of cardiac muscle fiber for K+ decreases about 5 folds as a result of excess Ca++ influx through Ca++ channels. Therefore, greatly decreased outflux of positively charged K+ ions during AP platue in cardiac muscles prevents early return of AP voltage to its resting levels. This greatly decreased K+ permeability is not seen in skeletal muscles. Difference b/w AP of Cardiac Muscle & Sinus Nodal Fibers - AT the less negative (- 55 mV) RMP of nodal fibers the fast Na* channels mainly have already become inactivated (or blocked). Therefore only the slow Na+ channels can become activated (open) and cause AP. - So AP is slower to develop in nodal fibers than ventricular fibers. Similarly return of potential to its negative resting state occurs slowly as well rather than the abrupt return that occurs in ventricular muscles.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na+ channel", "opb": "K+ channel", "opc": "Ca++ - Na+ channel", "opd": "Closure of K+ channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c22b376a-7a9e-46ae-bfe7-91c241de076b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal Brown colour of stool is due to", "exp": "Hemoglobin from RBC undergo metabolism and produces bilirubin and biliverdin. This, in turn, conveed into urobilinogen and stercobilinogen.This urobilin and stercobilin are responsible for giving colour to urine and stool respectively.During obstructive jaundice absence of this stercobilin leads to clay colored urine(Ref: Vasudevan, textbook of biochemistry)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Urobilin", "opb": "Stercobilinogen", "opc": "Stercobilin", "opd": "Urobilinogen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "0bb9317b-b4ad-4ced-8f2d-e2136299a51d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pneumotaxic center is located in", "exp": "Pneumotaxic centre is located in pons Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:370,371,372", "cop": 3, "opa": "Medulla", "opb": "Midbrain", "opc": "Pons", "opd": "Cerebellum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "ffa47af8-6405-4f7b-85bb-d37923453f7d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The myocardial contraction is stimulated by", "exp": "The initial depolarisation is due to Na+ influx through rapidly opening Na+channels. The inactivation of Na+ channels contributes to rapid repolarization phase. Ca2+ influx through more slowly opening Ca2+ channels produces plateau phase, and depolarization is due to net K+ efflux through multiple types of K+ channels. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:491.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Influx of Ca++ ions", "opb": "Influx of Na ions", "opc": "Efflux of K ions", "opd": "Efflux of Na ions", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "93564dac-2474-41a3-840a-6a56513f4b88", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a characteristic feature of Lowe's syndrome", "exp": "Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (also called Lowe syndrome) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, hypotonia and areflexia, mental retardation, proximal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, and low-molecular-weight proteinuria. Glaucoma is present in about 50% of cases.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Defect in CNS and eye", "opb": "Undescended testes", "opc": "Mental deterioration", "opd": "Hypophosphatemic rickets", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7c0daeb2-4bc3-4a62-b4b5-0037a1cc4925", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The principal steroid secreted by testes is", "exp": "Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone (androgen) that is produced by Leydig&;s cells of the testes in response to the luteinizing hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Its chief function is to stimulate the development of the male reproductive organs, including the prostate, and the secondary sex characters, such as the beard. It encourages the growth of bone and muscle and helps maintain muscle strength.Ref; Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-423", "cop": 1, "opa": "Testosterone", "opb": "Dihydrotestosterone", "opc": "Androstenedione", "opd": "Dehydroepiandrosteione", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "c5808cef-aeaa-494f-99cf-bfc5d520f731", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal adult GFR is", "exp": "(120-130 ml/min, 1.73 msq/cm2) (706-GN) (646- Ganong 23rd)* The GFR in an average-sized normal man is approximately 125 mL/min. Its magnitude correlates fairly well with surface area, but values in woman are 10% lower than those in men even after correction for surface area.Factors that can decrease the GFR (288-Gyton 10th)Physiologic/ Pathophysiologic causes* Renal disease, DM, hypertension* Urinary tract obstruction (eg. Kidney stones)* | Renal blood flow, increased plasma proteins* | Arterial pressure (has only small effect due to autoregulation)* | Angiotensin II (drugs that block angiotensin II formation)* | Sympathetic activity, vasoconstriction hormones (eg. Norepinephrine, endothelin)", "cop": 2, "opa": "100- 120 ml/min, 173 m sq//cm2", "opb": "120- 130 ml/min, 173 m sq//cm2", "opc": "130- 140 ml/min, 173 m sq//'cm2", "opd": "140 - 150 ml/min, 173 m sq//cm2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "15b11e88-9eb2-4ebb-acf7-0dc03f275524", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The coronary blood flow is regulated by", "exp": "Coronary blood flow is regulated by Adenosine. Blood flow through the coronary system is regulated mostly by local aeriolar vasodilation in response to the nutritional needs of cardiac muscle. Increased local metabolism - decrease in O2 - breakdown of ATP to form adenosine - vasodilation - increased local coronary blood flow Ref: Guyton and hall 13th edition Pgno: 262,263", "cop": 1, "opa": "Adenosine", "opb": "Bradykinin", "opc": "Prostaglandin", "opd": "Increased aerial pCO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "03dee04e-da0a-4bb5-a56d-f0c326891cdd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caisson’s disease", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Gas Embolism", "opb": "Fat embolism", "opc": "Amniotic fluid embolism", "opd": "Tumor embolism", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4eb83b92-5b98-4f27-8a9a-e30e43bce42e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Depolarization of human ventricular muscle starts from", "exp": "Order of depolarization in the heart.\n-        First- Left side of the interventricular septum\n-        Moves to right across the mid portion of the septum\n-        Apex of heart\n-        Along ventricular walls to AV groove (Endocardium to epicardium)\n-        Last- Posterobasal portion of the left ventricle, pulmonary conus, uppermost portion of the septum.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Posterobasal part of ventricle", "opb": "Left side of interventricular septum", "opc": "Uppermost portion of interventricular septum", "opd": "Basal portion of ventricle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "32fb642b-970a-4a15-8e17-d13a19d3492e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mesangial cells are contracted by", "exp": "Contraction Relaxation Endothelins ANP AngiotensinII Dopamine Vasopressin PGE2 Norepinephrine cAMP Platelet-activating factor Platelet-derived growth factor Thromboxane A2 PGF2 Leukotrienes C4 and D4 Histamine Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 678 Table 37-3", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histamine", "opb": "Nitric oxide", "opc": "Bradykinin", "opd": "Dopamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8b392b0e-e0cc-44cf-8b7d-32e29b93d863", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulmonary lymph flow rate is", "exp": "Pulmonary lymph flow rate is 20 ml per hour Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "20 ml/hour", "opb": "40 ml/hour", "opc": "50 ml/hour", "opd": "60 ml/hour", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "63e8a190-b224-41b4-9008-b1649be34028", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prothrombin activator complex is made of", "exp": "Activated Factor X combines with Factor V and platelet or tissue phospholipids to form the complex called prothrombin activator. Reference: Guyton Physiology; 13th ed; Page: 488", "cop": 4, "opa": "Factor Xa, Va, VIIIa", "opb": "Factor Va, VIIa, Platelet Phospholipids", "opc": "Factor Xa, VIIIa, Tissue Phospholipids", "opd": "Factor Xa, Va, Platelet Phospholipids", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "ef6c5b0e-2ff8-4281-bb33-c909e405feff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prosopagnosia is", "exp": "Ans. (a) Inability to recognize faces(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.294)Prosopagnosia:Inability to recognize familiar facesUsually seen in lesions of anterior and inferior temporal cortex", "cop": 1, "opa": "Inability to recognize faces", "opb": "Inability to recognize color", "opc": "Inability to recognize light", "opd": "Inability to recognize moving objects", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "a93477be-2572-49e8-9de5-2c3a29f866dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Menopausal hot flushes coincide with", "exp": "Before menopause, a woman&;s periods typically become irregular, which means that periods may be longer or shoer in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount of flow. During this time, women often experience hot flashes; these typically last from 30 seconds to ten minutes and may be associated with shivering, sweating, and reddening of the skin. Hot flashes often stop occurring after a year or twoRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 400", "cop": 3, "opa": "FSH secretion", "opb": "Decrase in estrogen", "opc": "LH surge", "opd": "Increase in progesterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "e0760f16-e264-4cdf-b35f-c0d66bceea5c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Optimal operation theatre temperature should be", "exp": "Optimal operation theatre temperature for adults is 21degC and for children is 28degC.", "cop": 1, "opa": "21degC", "opb": "28degC", "opc": "32degC", "opd": "37degC", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "461177cb-a2ab-4ae2-853f-af34ce85fcbe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GnRH is a", "exp": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is a releasing hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is a tropic peptide hormone synthesized and released from GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:550,551,552", "cop": 1, "opa": "Peptide", "opb": "Amine", "opc": "Steroid", "opd": "Lipid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a3b8327f-7508-4fe6-9561-efad2d84d2ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most significant immediate result of lowered serum calcium is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Weakened heart action", "opb": "Decalcification of bones", "opc": "Decalcification of teeth", "opd": "Hyperirritability of nerves and muscles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f9e7ed6c-2781-43b7-9c25-c39e04c07341", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most sensitive index for renal tubular function is", "exp": "The main function of renal tubules is the concentration of urine and this can be measured by the specific gravity of urine.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Specific gravity of urine", "opb": "Blood urea", "opc": "GFR", "opd": "Creatinine clearance", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b120e064-f3e0-422d-a127-e32216d9fdd2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Somatomedin mediates", "exp": "Somatomedin is a group of peptides found in the liver and in other tissues which mediate the effect of growth hormone (somatotropin)on cailage; also called insulin-like growth factor II, is synthesized in the liver and probably in the kidney; it is capable of stimulating ceain anabolic processes in bone and cailage, such as synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein (including chondro mucoprotein), and the sulfation of mucopolysaccharides; secretion and biologic activity of somatomedin is known to depend on somatotropin.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-327", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deposition of chondroitin sulfate", "opb": "Lipolysis", "opc": "Gluconeogenesis", "opd": "Decreased rate of glucose uptake by cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "5179a230-008b-4ec7-a19f-6839e6649eb5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Two major types of muscle fibres are found in humans", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "White and brown", "opb": "White and yellow", "opc": "White and gray", "opd": "White and red", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "887e4608-4a79-406a-8f3d-ce86864b0a05", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thyroid hormone receptors bind to DNA as a heterodimer with", "exp": "Thyroid hormone receptors most commonly bind to DNA as a heterodimer with Retinoid X receptor (RXR). Mechanism of action of Thyroid Receptors: Thyroid hormone acts by binding to a specific Nuclear Thyroid Receptor (TR) Nuclear Thyroid Receptor (TR) in-turn forms a heterodimer with Retinoid X receptor (RXR) another nuclear receptor Thyroid receptors function primarily by Heterodimerization with Retinoid X receptor (RXR) The TR/RXR Heterodimer then binds to DNA at specific sequences called Thyroid Hormone Response Elements Note that: Thyroid receptors (TR) may bind to DNA as monomers, homodimers, and heterodimers, but TR binding to DNA is greatly enhanced in response to thyroid hormones when the receptor is in the form of this heterodimer. Retinoid X receptor (RXR) stays silent and does not bind its natural liagands when it is complexed with Thyroid Receptors (The TR/RXR heterodimer doesnot bind to 9-cis retinoic acid, the usual ligand for RXR) Ref: Ganong 24th edition pgno: 348", "cop": 3, "opa": "Prolactin receptor", "opb": "Growth hormone receptor", "opc": "Retinoid X receptor", "opd": "Insulin receptor", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "09102249-d978-42d3-b24b-0909fed832e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In posterior pituitary releases ADH & oxytocin its function disorganised lesion in", "exp": "(A) Supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei > The hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized in the cell bodies of the magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and transported down the axons of these neurons to their endings in the posterior lobe, where they are secreted in response to electrical activity in the endings.* Some of the neurons make oxytocin and others make vasopressin, and oxytocin-containing and vasopressin-containing cells are found in both nuclei.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei", "opb": "Ventromedial part of hypothalamus", "opc": "Lateral hypothalamus", "opd": "Posterior hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "2bf9704b-4c8a-4b27-9fab-155f6190e4f6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Second order neuron in optic pathway", "exp": "Visual pathway\n\nReceptors- Rods & Cons\nFirst order neurons- Bipolar cell axons (In retina)\nSecond order neurons- Ganglion cell axons ( In optic disc, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts)\nThird order neurons- Lateral geniculate body nerve cell axons (optic radiation)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Optic nerve", "opb": "Medial geniculate body", "opc": "Lateral geniculate body", "opd": "Layer of retina", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc1cd204-e7e3-4d0a-bdba-854dae0da241", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hemiveebra is a defect of", "exp": "Veebral bodies mainly develop from ventral sclerotome (VS) & thus hemiveebra is a defect of VS Hemiveebra can lead to defects in the veebral column - scoliosis. Posterior veebral arches (PVA) contribute mainly to the lamina & spines. PVA are contributed by the dorsal sclerotome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Body", "opb": "Transverse process", "opc": "Spine", "opd": "Posterior veebral arches", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7058a572-96fe-43c2-bb0e-adac90f9c42e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The type of inhibition seen in cerebellum is", "exp": "(D) Feed forward inhibition> Feed forward inhibition--Seen in cerebellum. Stimulation of basket cells produces IPSP (inhibitory post-synaptic potential) in Purkinje cells.> However, both these cells are excited by the same excitatory inputs.> This arrangement is called feed forward inhibition, presumably limits the duration of excitation produced by any afferent volley.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pre-synaptic inhibition", "opb": "Post-synaptic inhibition", "opc": "Renshaw-cell inhibition", "opd": "Feed forward inhibition", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "0d3d22f7-fffc-40fd-9255-4306983036e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nerve fibers innervating sweat glands release the following at their endings", "exp": "Sweat glands are innervated by cholinergic nerve fibres. Those fibres that secrete acetylcholine are said to be cholinergic. All preganglionic neurons are cholinergic in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. Acetylcholine and acetylcholine-like substances, when applied to the ganglia, will excite both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. Either all or almost all of the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system are also cholinergic. Conversely, most of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons are adrenergic. However, the postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres to the sweat glands are cholinergic. \nThus, the terminal nerve endings of the parasympathetic system all or virtually all secrete acetylcholine. These neurotransmitters in turn act on different organs to cause respective parasympathetic or sympathetic effects. Therefore, acetylcholine is called a parasympathetic transmitter.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Noradrenaline", "opb": "Dopamine", "opc": "Histamine", "opd": "Acetylcholine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eb3157d3-8de0-4ca3-9485-3014d6f78ca5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Alveoli are kept dry because of", "exp": "Pulmonary surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins which is secreted into the alveolar space by epithelial type II cells. The main function of surfactant is to lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 317,318,319", "cop": 1, "opa": "Surfactants", "opb": "Glycorprotiens", "opc": "Buffers Bohr's", "opd": "Effect", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "94fac3b2-4abf-470f-b241-45020ac5bda3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most susceptible tissue to hypoxia", "exp": "Neurons are the most susceptible to hypoxia.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 92", "cop": 2, "opa": "Muscle", "opb": "Neurons", "opc": "Hepatocytes", "opd": "Myocytes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "8d397676-9f68-44f3-99b4-9b9528e2bf5d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Basal cardiac output in an adult is nearly", "exp": "Normal cardiac output= 5L/min", "cop": 2, "opa": "7.5 litre", "opb": "5 litre", "opc": "12 litre", "opd": "10 litre", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "52130d53-59a6-43a6-b141-0c05b60b61c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypehermia", "exp": "Hypehermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates. Extreme temperature elevation then becomes a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment to prevent disability or death.Hypothermia<35.0 degC (95.0 degF)Normal36.5-37.5 degC (97.7-99.5 degF)Fever>37.5-38.3 degC (99.5-100.9 degF)Hypehermia>37.5-38.3 degC (99.5-100.9 degF)Hyperpyrexia>40.0-41.5 degC (104-106.7 degF)Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology-24th edition; page no-317", "cop": 3, "opa": "Temperature > 41.5", "opb": "> 40 with autonomic dysfunctuion", "opc": ">37.5-38.3 degC", "opd": "36.5-37.5 degC", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "5fc87fff-63cf-4a06-8f72-4cd7faa5cabd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The prime driving force for counter current multiplier system is", "exp": "Ans. (b) Reabsorption of Na+ in thick ascending limb(Ref: Ganongy 25th ed/p.685)The primary driving force for counter current system is Reabsorption of Na+ in thick ascending limb through Na-K-2Cl cotransporter", "cop": 2, "opa": "Medullary hyperosmolarity", "opb": "Reabsorption of Na+ in thick ascending limb", "opc": "Action of ADH via aquaporin channels", "opd": "Urea recycling", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "f63343cb-a2b9-40bb-91e7-1125aadc5044", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During contraction of the muscle, ATP is constantly maintained due to", "exp": "(A) Creatinine kinase # THE STRENGTH ENZYME SYSTEM: When muscle strength is required, ATP is created quickly form the following chemical reaction. The enzyme creatine kinase mediates ATP production from the high energy molecule creatine phosphate by an anaerobic reaction: CP + ADP > ATP + Creatine The CP (Creatine Phosphate) is depleted in just a few seconds. To continue producing high strength power, the speed enzyme system kicks in.> Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phospho-creatine kinase (and sometimes incorrectly as creatinine kinase), is an enzyme expressed by various tissues and cell types.> CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP).> This CK enzyme reaction is reversible, such that also ATP can be generated from PCr and ADP. In tissues and cells that consume ATP rapidly, especially skeletal muscle, but also brain, photoreceptor cells of the retina, hair cells of the inner ear, spermatozoa and smooth muscle, PCr serves as an energy reservoir for the rapid buffering and regeneration of ATP in situ, as well as for intracellular energy transport by the PCr shuttle or circuit. Thus creatine kinase is an important enzyme in such tissues.> Clinically, creatine kinase is assayed in blood tests as a marker of Myocardial infarction, Rhabdomyolysis, Muscular dystrophy, the Autoimmune Myositides and in Acute Renal Failure.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Creatinine kinase", "opb": "Sodium potassium ATPase", "opc": "Myosin kinase", "opd": "Phosphokinase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "2aaa06f7-1137-441b-8700-94ec5761d93c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transthoracic compliance formula", "exp": "Transthoracic pressure Transthoracic compliance : Alveolar pressure - Atmospheric pressure", "cop": 2, "opa": "C = Vt x RR /PEEP", "opb": "C= V/Alv p - atmospheric pressure", "opc": "C = Vt/Pplt - PEEP", "opd": "C = Vt/Pk - Pplt", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2018", "id": "19691302-4a51-48aa-b9f6-de497145ada9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Albumin is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Nucleo protein", "opb": "Chromo protein", "opc": "Phospho protein", "opd": "Simple protein", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a33243f8-c1dd-4722-934e-19a65435c34a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In stretch reflex, the stimulus is", "exp": "The stretch reflex (myotatic reflex) is a muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle. It is a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 158", "cop": 1, "opa": "Change in muscle length", "opb": "Change in muscle tension", "opc": "Pain in muscle", "opd": "Cessation of blood supply", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3c3728de-f5af-4a90-ad55-7e12f3bb96ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intrauterine growth of fetus is affected by", "exp": "Intrauterine growth of fetus is affected by insulinRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 431", "cop": 2, "opa": "Growth hormone", "opb": "Insulin", "opc": "Thyroxine", "opd": "Glucocoicoids", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "2f9937e6-cc98-42b5-9603-dd5c64ad59d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If the hea rate is 70 beats/min, then the cardiac output of this ventricle is closest to", "exp": "Stroke volume is the volume ejected from the ventricle and is represented on the pressure-volume loop as phase 2 - 3; End-diastolic volume is about 140 mL and end-systolic volume is about 65 mL; The difference, or stroke volume, is 75 mL. Cardiac output is calculated as stroke volume x hea rate or 75 mL x 70 beats /min = 5250 mL/min or 5.25 L/min", "cop": 2, "opa": "4.55 L/min", "opb": "5.25 L/min", "opc": "8.00 L/min", "opd": "9.85 L/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiac Output", "id": "f7191e4f-8c90-449c-9e42-9f354cdfa734", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phagocytic cells in the CNS are", "exp": "Microglia are scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages and remove debris resulting from injury infection and disease. Microglia arise from macrophages outside the nervous system. (Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:80)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Oligodendrocytes", "opb": "Schwanncells", "opc": "Astrocytes", "opd": "Microglial cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "41d2ebf7-7d17-4d3a-a30b-184a2bc23bea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tinea versicolor is seen with", "exp": "Tinea versicolor is caused by Pityrosporum orbiculare (also called Malassezia furfur).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pityrosporum orbiculare", "opb": "Candida infection", "opc": "Epidermophyton", "opd": "Trichophyton", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "471e1ab0-159d-4ea7-b686-92baffeb01c7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Diffusion of gas in the respiratory membrane", "exp": "The rate of diffusion of gas across the respiratory membrane is\n-        Directly proportional to \n\nThe pressure gradient across the membrane\nLipid solubility of the gas \nThe surface area of the membrane\n\n-        Inversely proportional to\n\nThe thickness of the membrane​\nThe molecular weight of the gas", "cop": 2, "opa": "Directly proportional to thickness of respiratory membrane", "opb": "Inversely proportional to molecular weight of the gas", "opc": "No lipid - water solubility", "opd": "Inversely proportional to pressure gradient", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cedd3f2c-5c88-4686-a359-b253b0bd0e97", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CSF is formed by", "exp": "The choroid plexus is a plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. The CSF occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. It constitutes the content of the ventricles, cisterns, and sulci of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. CSF serves several purposes: Buoyancy Protection Chemical stability Clearing waste Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 813,814,815", "cop": 3, "opa": "Arachnoid villi", "opb": "Venous plexus", "opc": "Choroidal plexus", "opd": "Subformical nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "1810925d-7324-4397-b469-de4a48b89ce3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secretion of bile into bile canaliculus is by", "exp": "Most of the bilirubin in the body is formed in the tissues by the break down of hemoglobin. The bilirubin is bound to albumin in the circulation. Some of it is tightly bound, but most of it can dissociate in the liver, and free bilirubin enters liver cells a member of the organic anion transpoing polypeptide (OATP) family and then becomes bound to cytoplasmic proteins. It is next conjugated to glucuronic acid in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme glucuronyl transferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase). This enzyme is located primarily in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Each bilirubin molecule reacts with two uridines diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPG) molecules to form bilirubin diglucuronide. This glucuronide, which is more water-soluble than the free bilirubin, is then transpoed against a concentration gradient most likely by an active transpoer known as multidrug resistance protein-2 (MRP-2) into the bile canaliculi. A small amount of the bilirubin glucuronide escapes into the blood, where it is boundless tightly to albumin than is free bilirubin and is excreted in the urine. Thus, the total plasma bilirubin normally includes free bilirubin plus a small amount of conjugated bilirubin. Most of the bilirubin glucuronide passes the bile ducts to the intestine.Reference: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 483", "cop": 3, "opa": "Osmotic gradient", "opb": "Facilitated diffusion", "opc": "Active transpo across the membrane", "opd": "Simple diffusion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "beb10626-6042-43f4-a453-ac4ae41cd65a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most active form of vitamin D", "exp": "Vitamin D- is a fat-soluble vitamin, chemically related to the steroids and essential for the normal formation of bones and teeth and for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the GI tract.1a,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (or 1,3,25-triol); or calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, it is more potent than calcidiol. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-379", "cop": 2, "opa": "Calcefedial", "opb": "Calcitriol", "opc": "7-dehydrocholecalciferal", "opd": "Vitamin D3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "851c1e22-1dce-4dbf-81c1-05ed64cb140b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mitral cells and periglomerular cells are seen in", "exp": "In the olfactory bulbs, the axons of the olfactory sensory neurons contact the primary dendrites of the mitral cells and tufted cells to form anatomically discrete synaptic units called olfactory glomeruli. The olfactory bulbs also contain periglomerular cells, which are inhibitory neurons connecting one glomerulus to another, and granule cells, which have no axons and make reciprocal synapses with the lateral dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Medulla", "opb": "Olfactory bulb", "opc": "Primary visual coex", "opd": "Geniculate body", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3797d81d-df01-4109-acd1-34647f927ea0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following acute respiratory response to ascent to high altitude, there is normalization of blood pH.The mechanism is", "exp": "Decrease in PaO2 stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors at high altitudes. This triggers hyperventilation. Hyperventilation results in CO2 washout and respiratory alkalosis. This is compensated by increased excretion of bicarbonates by the kidney.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased erythropoiesis leads to increased buffering by haemoglobin", "opb": "Increased excretion of HCO3– by the kidneys", "opc": "Increased levels of 2, 3–DPG", "opd": "Retention of bicarbonate by the kidneys", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4d8be853-f1b6-458e-a22e-f5e461dc2df0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a male newborn the adrenogenital syndrome (congenital hyperplasia of the adrenal glands) is most often associated with", "exp": "Adrenogenital syndrome is defined as Over secretion of adrenal sex hormones, resulting in intense masculinizing of the body.mulleian ducts area pair of embryonic ducts which give rise to the genital passages in the female, but disappear in the male.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-374", "cop": 4, "opa": "Normal appearing genitalia", "opb": "Hypoglycemia", "opc": "Pseudohermaphroditism", "opd": "Persistent paramesonephros (Mullerian ducts)", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f708d407-9cbd-48e7-a59f-a57edd4461d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Estrogen beta receptors are found on", "exp": "Oestrogen beta receptors are found in blood vessels Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:636,637,638", "cop": 2, "opa": "Uterus", "opb": "Blood vessels", "opc": "Ovary", "opd": "Vagina", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a7c5ad8e-76ea-44c0-9d13-7fe2b1268ef7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osmotic adaptation is NE", "exp": "C i.e. Due to urea of glucose mainly", "cop": 3, "opa": "Due to osmolytes", "opb": "In brain cells", "opc": "Due to urea & glucose mainly", "opd": "Protects against large H2O shift", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "82bf7a63-ffee-4f62-88fa-2afcfaee67e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bilirubin is synthesized from", "exp": "Ans. B HemoglobinRef: Quantitative Human Physiology; An Introduction.pg. 432-33* An average weighing adult turns over approx 6 gm of Hb daily* 1 g of Hb yield - 35 mg of Bilirubin* Therefore daily bilirubin formation in an adult is approx 250-350 mg", "cop": 2, "opa": "Amino acid", "opb": "Hemoglobin", "opc": "Myoglobin", "opd": "WBCs", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "77eb10ec-3708-447f-a1b7-4c829520e7df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The optical power of the eye is", "exp": "(C) 60 Dioptres > The human eye has a refractive power of approximately 60 diopters at rest.", "cop": 3, "opa": "25 Dioptres", "opb": "50 Dioptres", "opc": "60 Dioptres", "opd": "75 Dioptres", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Vision and its Elements", "id": "4fb5e20b-5a68-4ea2-a19e-45ed3533c263", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hormones secreted by kidney", "exp": "The kidneys produce three hormones: 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, renin, and erythropoietin.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, page no: 670", "cop": 1, "opa": "Erythropoietin", "opb": "Aldosterone", "opc": "Vasopressin", "opd": "Angiotensin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "83b6e761-2583-4788-858e-aaa81fc92e18", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most potent stimulus for secretin", "exp": "Acidic chyme is the most potent stimulus for secretin Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:416,417,418", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acid chyme", "opb": "Dilation of intestine", "opc": "Fat", "opd": "Protein", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "70485fa7-06e7-454a-a8e6-8de831f84e0a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adenylyl cyclase is associated with", "exp": "Adenylyl cyclase is a transmembrane protein, and it crosses the membrane 12 times. Ten isoforms of this enzyme have been described and each can have distinct regulatory propeies, permitting the cAMP pathway to be customized to specific tissue needs. Notably, stimulatory heterotrimeric G proteins (Gs) activate, while inhibitory heterotrimeric G proteins (Gi) inactivate adenylyl cyclase (Figure 2-28). When the appropriate ligand binds to a stimulatory receptor, a Gs a subunit activates one of the adenylyl cyclases.(Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 56)", "cop": 2, "opa": "GABA-a", "opb": "Seven transmembrane domain receptors or GPCR", "opc": "Cholinergic receptor", "opd": "Glycine receptor", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "9bff2129-9470-4af8-9e85-7ed2c8a23c4f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arousal response is mediated by", "exp": "Arousal response in cerebral cortex is activated by stimulation of Reticular activating system.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dorsal column", "opb": "Reticular activating system", "opc": "Spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Vestibulo cerebellar tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9f2bcc7a-532c-42e0-a665-2496c6c386b4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased LH secretion just before ovulation is due to", "exp": "Luteinizing hormone (LH) a gonadotropin of the anterior pituitary gland, acting with follicle-stimulating hormone to cause ovulation of mature follicles and secretion of estrogen by thecal and granulosa cells of the ovary; it is also concerned with corpus luteum formation. In the male, it stimulates development of the interstitial cells of the testes and their secretion of testosterone. Called also interstitial cell-stimulating hormone.LH peak is a positive feedback mechanism from estradiol. The levels keep rising through the follicular phase and when they reach an unknown threshold, this results in the peak of the LH. This effect is opposite from the usual negative feedback mechanism presented at lower levels. In other words, the mechanism(s) are not yet clear. The increase in LH production only lasts for 24 to 48 hours. This \"LH surge\" triggers ovulation, thereby not only releasing the egg from the follicle but also initiating the conversion of the residual follicle into a corpus luteum that, in turn, produces progesterone to prepare the endometrium for a possible implantation. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-407", "cop": 2, "opa": "Positive feed-back by progesterone", "opb": "Positive feed-back by estrogen", "opc": "Positive feed-back by FSH", "opd": "Positive feed-bad by relaxin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "6c521d0e-36e2-4bca-9ea8-5e6b7c892e89", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fick's law, flux of Geomembrane increased in", "exp": "There is a net flux of solute paicles from areas of high to areas of low concentration. The time required for equilibrium by diffusion is propoionate to the square of the diffusion distance. The magnitude of the diffusing tendency from one region to another is directly propoionate to the cross-sectional area across which diffusion is taking place and the concentration gradient, or chemical gradient, which is the difference in concentration of the diffusing substance divided by the thickness of the boundary(Fick's law of diffusion).Thus,J = -DA Dc/Dxwhere J is the net rate of diffusion, D is the diffusion coefficient, A is the area, and D c/ D x is the concentration gradient. (REF.Ganong's review of medical physiology 23rd Edition page no.5)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Concentration across", "opb": "Temperature", "opc": "Increased size of molecule", "opd": "Area", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "257e29c0-b951-4ce8-b25a-a051c95d5643", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Colonic bacteria, on digestion of dietary fibres would give", "exp": "Colonic bacteria break down dietary fibers into short chain fatty acids - acetate, butyrate and propionate.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Free radicals", "opb": "Glycerol", "opc": "Butyrate", "opd": "Sucrose", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb33bb06-5491-4d38-9ddc-54f490e5b8c7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a direct effect of Ach", "exp": "Contractility increase is not a direct effect of Ach.Reference: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 263", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decrease BP", "opb": "Increase contraction of hea", "opc": "Decrease hea rate", "opd": "Decrease conduction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "834bcbdc-1d8e-4d32-9ffe-7b20a62d4fd2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypothalamus controls the hormone secretion of", "exp": "Hypothalamus a structure within the brain responsible for a large number of normal functions throughout the body, including regulating sleep, temperature, eating, and sexual development. The hypothalamus also regulates the functions of the pituitary gland by directing the pituitary to stop or sta production of its hormones.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-311", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anterior hypophysis", "opb": "Posterior hypophysis", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Pineal gland", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "df5b6c1d-472d-4ab4-828c-ec042e741505", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased temperature after ovulation is due to", "exp": "Ovulation is the release of egg from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the de Graaf&;s follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cellsThe follicle proper has met the end of its lifespan. Without the oocyte, the follicle folds inward on itself, transforming into the corpus luteum(pl. corpora lutea), a steroidogenic cluster of cells that produce estrogen and progesterone. These hormones induce the endometrial glands to begin production of the proliferative endometrium and later into secretory endometrium, the site of embryonic growth if implantation occurs. The action of progesterone increases basal body temperature by one-quaer to one-half degree Celsius (one-half to one degree Fahrenheit). The corpus luteum continues this paracrine action for the remainder of the menstrual cycle, maintaining the endometrium, before disintegrating into scar tissue during menses.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-401", "cop": 2, "opa": "Estrogen", "opb": "Progesteron", "opc": "FSH", "opd": "LH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "3f6493da-8486-44c7-ae65-ef93fb8da880", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not done by insulin", "exp": "Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets, It has impoant effects on the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein by promoting the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into fat, liver and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues, the absorbed glucose is conveed into either glycogen glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both. Glucose production (and excretion into the blood) by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. In high concentrations in the blood, it is, therefore, an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large molecules inside the cells. Low insulin levels in the blood have the opposite effect by promoting widespread catabolism.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-433", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glycogen synthesis", "opb": "Glycolysis", "opc": "Lipogenesis", "opd": "Ketogenesis 1", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "61179fc6-0551-4e3c-9d5d-93eb28d185f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spontaneous rhythmic respiration initiated in", "exp": "A i.e. Pre-Botzinger complex", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pre-Botzinger complex", "opb": "Dorsal respiratory group", "opc": "Pneumataxic centre", "opd": "Apneusic centre", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bcbb9385-d032-4a49-87e8-e90742903b96", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amino acid responsible for buffering action of Hemoglobin", "exp": "The second buffer system is provided by the dissociation of the imidazole groups of the histidine residues in hemoglobin.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 644", "cop": 1, "opa": "Histidine", "opb": "Arginine", "opc": "Valine", "opd": "Lysine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "002c8156-d6d9-4150-aa41-8ed63dd00523", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Krause end bulbs are specialised receptors for", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Cold", "opb": "Pain", "opc": "Touch", "opd": "Heat", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6291d1c5-0ba5-497a-9f33-3794d89fdf20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Meissner&;s corpuscle are for", "exp": "Meissner's corpuscle is a type of tactile receptor. A touch receptor with great sensitivity is the Meissner's corpuscle, an elongated encapsulated nerve ending of a large (type Ab) myelinated sensory nerve fiber. Inside the capsulation are many branching terminal nerve filaments. These corpuscles are present in the nonhairy pas of the skin and are paicularly abundant in the fingeips, lips, and other areas of the skin where one's ability to discern spatial locations of touch sensations is highly developed. Meissner corpuscles adapt in a fraction of a second after they are stimulated, which means that they are paicularly sensitive to movement of objects over the surface of the skin, as well as to low-frequency vibration.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology, 13th edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Touch", "opb": "Temperature", "opc": "Pressure", "opd": "Proprioception", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "fc21dcf8-a1d6-4cee-896a-e55ee636e45d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Patient is able to recognize voice but not face", "exp": "Memory and language problems after temporal lobectomy. Temporary double vision after temporal lobectomy. Increased number of seizures after corpus callosotomy, but the seizures should be less severe. Reduced visual field after a hemispherectomy. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:835,836,837", "cop": 1, "opa": "Temporal lobe", "opb": "Occipital", "opc": "Frontal lobe", "opd": "Parietal lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "4db5c0a7-5cdf-429c-9683-1afb70f3e99b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phantom limb phenomenon is explained by", "exp": "The sensory fibres are experimentally stimulated anywhere in their course to the coex, the conscious sensation produced is referred to the loaction of the receptor. This principle is called the law of projection. Due to this, after amputation of a limb, sometimes patient complains of intense pain in the absent limb (phantom limb). These sensations are produced due to irritation of the damaged nociceptive and proprioceptive afferents at the stump of amputated limb. The sensations are evoked are projected to the area where receptors are used to be located. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 671,672,673", "cop": 1, "opa": "Law of projection", "opb": "Webers law", "opc": "Fechner's law of degeneration", "opd": "Pascals law", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "4b026721-0c13-4349-8e65-0c2ebf01b31e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Saltatory Conduction is", "exp": "(B) Action potential through nodes of Ranvier > Jumping of depolarisation from one node of Ranvier to the next in myelinated axons is called saltatory conduction.> It is rapid process and myelinated axons conduct up to 50 times faster than the fastest unmyelinated fibres.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Action potential through myelin sheath", "opb": "Action potential through nodes of Ranvier", "opc": "Action potential through axon proper", "opd": "Action potential through dentrites", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "74f3c388-1ecd-41f8-ab83-6b498b1a651d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Earliest symptom of acute mountain sickness is", "exp": "The low paial pressure of oxygen at high altitude causes aeriolar dilatation and if cerebral autoregulation does not compensate, there is an increase in capillary pressure that ors increased transudation of fluid into brain tissue.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Kim E Barrett, Susan M Barman, Scott Boitano, Heddwen L Brooks 23rd edition page no - 619", "cop": 4, "opa": "Blurring of vision", "opb": "Fever", "opc": "Nausea and vomiting", "opd": "Headache", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "81a478f1-d655-4047-ae68-f40e70231a51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Flare in triple response is mediated by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Axon reflex", "opb": "Arteriolar dilation", "opc": "Histamine release", "opd": "Local hormones", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "db55cf41-b1bb-4788-b521-338682f2617b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "PO2 is maximum", "exp": "Paial pressure of oxygen is maximum at the apex of the lung Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 332,333,334", "cop": 3, "opa": "Base of lung", "opb": "Posterior lobe", "opc": "Apex of lung", "opd": "Middle lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "bfeeb50c-aeb2-4f6e-ab24-f27a6886c3a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased calcium levels lead to", "exp": "24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; a metabolite in calcium metabolism, formed in the kidney from 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by the activation of a 24-hydroxylase.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-379", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol", "opb": "Increased 24,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol", "opc": "Decreased calcitonin", "opd": "Increased parathormone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "3dd40bff-880c-4be0-af2e-e798b6ca90f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myosin filament has a fixed length of", "exp": "Myosin filament is about 1.6 micrometers in length Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:85,86,87,88", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.16nm", "opb": "1.6 microm", "opc": "16nm", "opd": "1.6mm", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "c808e681-6bf6-4e0f-9aa0-49aba3c830cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GFR is measured by", "exp": "Inulin is uniquely treated by nephrons in that it is completely filtered at the glomerulus but neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the tubules. This propey of inulin allows the clearance of inulin to be used clinically as a highly accurate measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) -- the rate of plasma from the afferent aeriole that is filtered into Bowman&;s capsule measured in mL/min.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 679", "cop": 2, "opa": "Urea", "opb": "Inulin", "opc": "Creative", "opd": "Hippuric acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "3aedf718-8a15-4575-8cd7-d6cb9cf06752", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During high temperature body is prevented from heat by", "exp": "(C) Increased cutaneous vasodilatation and cooling effect of sweat TEMPERATURE-REGULATING MECHANISMS.Mechanisms activated by coldMechanisms activated by heat* Increase heat production* Increase heat loss* Shivering* Cutaneous vasodilation* Hunger* Sweating* Increased voluntary activity* Increased respiration* Increased secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine* Decrease heat production* Decrease heat loss* Anorexia* Cutaneous vasoconstriction* Apathy and inertia* Curling up * Horripilation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cutaneous vasodilatation", "opb": "Cooling effect of sweat", "opc": "Increased cutaneous vasodilatation and cooling effect of sweat", "opd": "Shivering", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "144c8615-c1a2-452c-baad-0cb3a5831fe1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In apoptotic permeabilization of membrane occurs in", "exp": "Mitochondrial membrane ruptures releasing substances like cytochrome c ....which play major role in apoptosis Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e pg 40", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nuclear membrane", "opb": "Pytoplasmic membrane", "opc": "Lysosome", "opd": "Mitochondrial membrane", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "0cf20b46-64f6-493e-9fd3-66670f54da32", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The resting membrane potential of a cell is due to permeability of", "exp": "K+ permeability is greater than Na+ permeability, therefore, K+channels maintain the RMP.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.35)", "cop": 1, "opa": "K+", "opb": "Na+", "opc": "Ca++", "opd": "Cl-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "4fec0bc1-62c0-4aeb-9ae0-44a3d946e4cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal respiratory quotient for carbohydrates is", "exp": "“Respiratory Quotient” Is the Ratio of CO2  Production to O2 Utilization and Can Be Used to Estimate Fat and Carbohydrate Utilization.  When carbohydrates are metabolized with oxygen, exactly one carbon dioxide molecule is formed for each molecule of oxygen consumed. This ratio of carbon dioxide output to oxygen usage is called the respiratory quotient, so the respiratory quotient for carbohydrates is 1.0.", "cop": 4, "opa": "0.5", "opb": "0.75", "opc": "0.8", "opd": "1", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "706753aa-648e-4e1f-99f9-535adec494ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ubiquitin is a key molecule in protein degeneration. Ubiquitinated proteins are degraded by", "exp": "Ubiquinated proteins are degraded by Proteasomes. Abnormal proteins and aged normal proteins conjugate to the polypeptide ubiquitin and then it marks them for degradation(Ubiquitination). The Ubiquitinated proteins are degraded by Proteasomes. Proteasome inhibitor, Boezomib, is used in multiple myeloma and hepatocellular carcinoma Ref: Harper's illustrated Biochemistry 31st edition Pgno: 664, 1434", "cop": 3, "opa": "Chaperone", "opb": "Protease", "opc": "Proteasome", "opd": "Caspase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "2c073451-b487-4faf-b713-b325d7a7bcea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'c' wave of JVP", "exp": "c' wave of JVP\n\nOccurs due to bulging of tricuspid valve into right atrium\nOccurs during isovolumetric contraction phase\nIn tricuspid regurgitation, v wave merge with c wave.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Occurs during rapid filling phase of cardiac cycle", "opb": "Occurs due to opening of tricuspid valve", "opc": "Occurs due to closure of tricuspid valve into right atrium", "opd": "Occurs at the end of T wave", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9699d5b4-5f87-4363-969b-05a5d06b3c64", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In thyroid gland, iodine is transpoed into the lumen of the follicles by", "exp": "Pendrin protein is a chloride-iodide transpoer protein encoded by the gene responsible for Pendred syndrome, impoant in function of thyroid gland, kidney, and inner ear.Endocytosis is defined as the uptake by a cell of material from the environment by invagination of the plasma membrane; it includes both phagocytosis and pinocytosis.Antipo a cell membrane transpo mechanism that transpos two molecules at once through the membrane in opposite directions.Primary active transpo - Active transpo is the movement of all types of molecules across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration). In all cells, this is usually concerned with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose, and amino acids. If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is termed primary active transpo.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no-341", "cop": 2, "opa": "Endocytosis", "opb": "Pendrin protein", "opc": "Antipo", "opd": "Primary active transpo", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "05b670e1-57b8-4be5-b66e-d864f79f7577", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased airway resistance is/are caused bya)  Forced expirationb) Denser airc)  Low lung volumed) High lung volue", "exp": "There is dynamic compression of the small airways during forceful expiration, resulting in increased airway resistance. When the air is denser, the airway resistance is more. Less volume of the lung also increases the airway resistance.", "cop": 4, "opa": "ab", "opb": "bc", "opc": "acd", "opd": "abc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d3354a1a-7b39-470b-9778-f104c5167d93", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In children, hypothyroidism causes", "exp": "Cretinism\nCretinism is caused by extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, or childhood. This condition is characterized especially by failure of body growth and by mental retardation. It results from congenital lack of a thyroid gland (congenital cretinism), from failure of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone because of a genetic defect of the gland, or from a lack of iodine in the diet (endemic cretinism).\nA neonate without a thyroid gland may have a normal appearance and function because it was supplied with some (but usually not enough) thyroid hormone by the mother while in utero. A few weeks after birth, however, the  neonate’s movements become sluggish and both physical and mental growth begin to be greatly retarded. Treatment of the neonate with cretinism at any time with adequate iodine or thyroxine usually causes normal return of physical growth, but unless the cretinism is treated within a few weeks after birth, mental growth remains permanently retarded. This state results from retardation of the growth, branching, and myelination of the neuronal cells of the central nervous system at this critical time in the normal development of the mental powers.\nSkeletal growth in a child with cretinism is characteristically more inhibited than is soft tissue growth. As a result of this disproportionate rate of growth, the soft tissues are likely to enlarge excessively, giving the child with cretinism an obese, stocky, and short appearance. Occasionally the tongue becomes so large in relation to the skeletal growth that it  obstructs swallowing and breathing, inducing a characteristic guttural breathing that sometimes chokes the child.\nReference: GUYTON AND HALL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, THIRTEENTH EDITION(INTERNATIONAL EDITION ) page no 963", "cop": 2, "opa": "Acromegaly", "opb": "Cretinism", "opc": "Gigantism", "opd": "Myxoedema", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "be946cc9-1eee-450a-9aaf-a78116a42a36", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The major role of 2,3 DPG in RBC includes", "exp": "The normal BPG in the blood keeps the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifted slightly to the right all the time. In hypoxic conditions that last longer than a few hours, the quantity of BPG in the blood increases considerably, thus shifting the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve even faher to the right. This shift causes O2 to be released to the tissues at as much as 10 mm Hg higher tissue O2 pressure than would be the case without this increased BPG. Therefore, under some conditions, the BPG mechanism can be impoant for adaptation to hypoxia, especially to hypoxia caused by poor tissue blood flow.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:532", "cop": 2, "opa": "Binding of O2", "opb": "Release of O2", "opc": "Acid base balance", "opd": "Reversal of glycolysis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "06bbd2f9-2c3d-4fd6-afef-1b5830f43ff5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vagal stimulation of the hea causes", "exp": "The right and left vagus nerves in the neck region were exposed by dissection, and bipolar, multiturn, helical, silicone leads were wrapped around the vagus nerves. Stimulation was applied by an external device with multivariable settings: frequency 10-100 Hz, pulse duration 100-700 usec; delay 0-0.5 msec; current 0.5-14 mA. Measurements were performed under normal sinus rhythm (RR-interval 501 +- 30 msec) and during isoprenaline-induced tachycardia (RR-interval 284 +- 11 msec). Results. VNS, under optimal pacing conditions (100 Hz; 5 mA; 0.2 msec; 70 msec delay), in an electrocardiogram-triggered (ECG-triggered) pacing mode, increased RR-intervals by approximately 40%, irrespective of the duration of the RR-interval preceding VNS.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased hea rate", "opb": "Increased R-R interval in ECG", "opc": "Increased force of hea contraction", "opd": "Increased cardiac output", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "4e8b508b-be7d-49fc-8ed6-7b32dd533a0e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Basal Metabolic Rate depends most closely on", "exp": "Basal metabolic rate usually expressed in terms of daily rates of energy expenditure. The early work of the scientists J. Ahur Harris and Francis G. Benedict showed that approximate values could be derived using body surface area (computed from height and weight), age, and sex, along with the oxygen and carbon dioxide measures taken from calorimetry. Studies also showed that by eliminating the sex differences that occur with the accumulation of adipose tissue by expressing metabolic rate per unit of \"fat-free\" or lean body mass, the values between sexes for basal metabolism are essentially the same.BMR estimation formulasSeveral prediction equations exist. Historically, the most notable one was the Harris-Benedict equation, which was created in1919.The Original Harris-Benedict Equation: for men, for women, The Katch-McArdle Formula (BMR): , where LBM is the lean body mass in kg.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology-24th edition; page no-489", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lean body mass", "opb": "Body mass index", "opc": "Obsesity", "opd": "Body surface area", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "bb9aefc6-f035-4b48-b86d-d28c5ee7aa03", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose is transpoed in muscle cells by", "exp": "GLUT 4 Found in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle).Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "GLUT 1", "opb": "GLUT 2", "opc": "GLUT 3", "opd": "GLUT 4", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "db4ef8a9-f12f-46b9-9919-260b92852f37", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calculate the Alveolar ventilation per minute of a patient with respiratory rate 14/min, tidal volume of 500 ml with a vital capacity 7000 ml", "exp": "Alveolar ventilation= Respiratory rate X (Tidal volume – Dead space)\nRespiratory rate provided in question- 14 per minute\nTidal Volume- 500ml\nDead Space- 150 ml \nAV= 14 (500-150)= 14 X 350 = 4900ml/min = 4.9 L/min", "cop": 1, "opa": "4900 ml", "opb": "2000 ml", "opc": "7700 ml", "opd": "7000 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c5e1847c-4120-493e-bfcf-f48aa26c6807", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Conduction velocity is maximum in", "exp": "Purkinje fibers lead from the A-V node through the A-V bundle into the ventricles. Except for the initial poion of these fibers where they penetrate the A-V fibrous barrier, they have functional characteristics that are quite the opposite of those of the A-V nodal fibers. They are very large fibers, even larger than the normal ventricular muscle fibers, and they transmit action potentials at a velocity of 1.5 to 4.0 m/sec, a velocity about six times that in the usual ventricular muscle and 150 times that in some of the A-V nodal fibers. The rapid transmission of action potentials is caused by very high level of permeability of the gap junctions at the intercalated discs between the successive cells that make up the prkinje fibres. They have very few myofibrils--contract little or not at all during the impulse transmission. Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 125", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bundle of His", "opb": "Purkinje System", "opc": "Ventricular muscles", "opd": "Atrial pathway", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "c5048e35-9561-4a02-bab7-0f903f0d8c4e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ADH is secreted by", "exp": "Vasopressin a hormone secreted by cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior pituitary for release as necessary; it stimulates contraction of the muscular tissues of the capillaries and aerioles, raising the blood pressure, and increases peristalsis, exes some influence on the uterus, and influences resorption of water by the kidney tubules, resulting in concentration of urine. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma. Also prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals; used as an anti-diuretic. Called also antidiuretic hormone.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-313", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypothalamus", "opb": "Posterior pituitary", "opc": "Anterior pituitary", "opd": "Pineal gland", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "2fce99f5-bea3-45e1-94fe-2ab68434f456", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ha's rule is related to", "exp": "Elastic recoil of Levator Ani occurs bringing the occiput forwards in the midline. The process is repeated until the occiput is placed anteriorly. This is called as rotation by law of pelvic floor- Ha's rule.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mechanism of Internal rotation", "opb": "Mechanism of Crowning", "opc": "Mechanism of Engagement", "opd": "Mechanism of Restitution", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0770dd80-18e8-401b-afe0-dd4b9cf15673", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyponatremia has no effect on the RMP (resting membrane potential) because", "exp": "Resting membrane potential depends on the concentration of potassium ion and not on sodium ion. (REF TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, 23)", "cop": 4, "opa": "The cell membrane is impermeable to Na+", "opb": "ECF Na+ concentration is high", "opc": "Intracellular K+ concentration is high", "opd": "Equilibrium potential for Na+ is +60 mV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "1323d611-70c9-4460-947f-af6a1b37d3c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac muscles action potential at plateau is due to", "exp": "Ca2+ influx through more slowly opening Ca2+ channels (the Ca2+ current, ICA) produces the plateau phaseRepolarization is due to net K+ efflux through multiple types of K+ channelsThe initial depolarization is due to Na+ influx through rapidly opening Na+ channels Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition pg:491", "cop": 3, "opa": "Influx of Na", "opb": "Efflux of K", "opc": "Influx of ca", "opd": "Influx of cl", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "a3cd7680-677b-4e2e-a590-00f96be63c0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Residual volume is the volume of air in lung after", "exp": "The air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effo is the residual volume.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 593", "cop": 2, "opa": "Maximal inspiration", "opb": "Maximal expiration", "opc": "Normal inspiration", "opd": "Normal Expiration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "e14c0f52-a990-4c83-976a-d5dde4d3baff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Centroacinar cells are characteristic of", "exp": "Pancreatic centroacinar cells. The regulator of both exocrine and endocrine function. Pour PM1. Author information Abstract The relationship between pancreatic centroacinar cells (CAC), the acinar cells, and the endocrine cells was examined in fetuses and newborn Syrian hamsters histologically, immunohistochemically, and electron microscopically. Pancreatic anlage, composed of undifferentiated cells and a few alpha cells, were found at day 12, delta cells at day 13, acinar cells at day 14, and beta cells at day 15 of the gestation. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:414,415,416", "cop": 3, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Kidney", "opc": "Pancreas", "opd": "Spleen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b117c545-93e7-445a-9df6-cb88389f38ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Percentage of 02 carried in chemical combination", "exp": "A i.e. 97%;", "cop": 1, "opa": "97%", "opb": "3%", "opc": "66%", "opd": "33%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "557352ca-e70c-419e-857b-81c86924c3a2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "1st response to hypoglycemia", "exp": "Hypoglycemia is defined as the condition of low blood sugar. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar (or blood glucose) concentrations fall below a level necessary to properly suppo the body&;s need for energy and stability throughout its cells.Carbohydrates are the main dietary source of the glucose that is manufactured in the liver and absorbed into the bloodstream to fuel the body&;s cells and organs. Glucose concentration is controlled by hormones, primarily insulin and glucagon. Glucose concentration also is controlled by epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, as well as growth hormone. If these regulators are not working properly, levels of blood sugar can become either excessive (as in hyperglycemia) or inadequate (as in hypoglycemia).Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-448", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased insulin", "opb": "Increased glucagon", "opc": "Increased coisol", "opd": "Increased nor epinephrine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "38742d45-5814-444b-ab49-4674d9581862", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The total fluid secreted by the salivary gland, stomach, and intestine in a day is", "exp": "Daily water turnover in the GITIngested2000Endogenous secretions7000Salivary glands1500Stomach2500Bile500Pancreas1500Intestine1000Total Input9000Reabsorbed8800Jejunum5500Ileum2000Colon1300Balance in stool200Reference: Ganong's review of Medical Physiology, 25th ed, Page: 464", "cop": 3, "opa": "3000ml", "opb": "4000ml", "opc": "5000ml", "opd": "6000ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "75199827-3ba6-4471-a7b9-06c265575cc5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Number of Golgi tendon organs per 100 extrafusal muscle fibres", "exp": "About 1 golgi tendon organ is responsible for 10 to 20 extrafusal fibers Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:689", "cop": 1, "opa": "20-Oct", "opb": "200-400", "opc": "50-60", "opd": "80-100", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "eb41c624-9e03-4a44-9aaa-8c0765045628", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Functions of limbic system", "exp": "Emotional behaviour is one of the most impoant functions of the limbic system. Emotions refer to an aroused state involving intense feeling, autonomic activation and related behaviour, which accompany many of our conscious experiences. Emotions have two major components: mental and physical. - MENTAL OR SENSORY COMPONENT: mental or sensory component of emotions comprises cognition, affect and conation. PHYSICAL OR EXPRESSIVE OR PERIPHERAL COMPONENT: it is the motor side of emotional behaviour. It consists of two subcomponents - the somatic and autonomic. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition pg no:621", "cop": 1, "opa": "Emotion", "opb": "Memory", "opc": "Higher function", "opd": "Planned motor activity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "dec40644-bf23-40ea-b5f7-f8585f128fc6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During this phenomenon (arrow mark), changes in hormone levels noted are,", "exp": "Ans. (d) Increased estrogen, decreased progesterone(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.403)LH surge happen 24 - 36 hrs before ovulationAt that time, there is increased estrogen, decreased progesterone.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased estrogen, increased progesterone", "opb": "Decreased estrogen, increased progesterone", "opc": "Decreased estrogen, decreased progesterone", "opd": "Increased estrogen, decreased progesterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "36f0a5a6-7b0c-407c-80b1-d84f0b2780f1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pancreatic juice becomes thick if it has impaired", "exp": "As the volume of pancreatic secretion increases, its Cl- concentration falls and its HCO3- concentration increases.The magnitude of the exchange is inversely propoionate to the rate of flow.In cystic fibrosis where this exchange mechanism is lost, pancreatic secretions become dehydrated and thickenedREF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, TWENTY-THIRD EDITION, PAGE NO:435,436", "cop": 2, "opa": "Na secretion", "opb": "Cl- secretion", "opc": "Na+ H+ exchange", "opd": "H+ secretion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "9cd093d8-fc91-4d49-bcfb-8e37654b2f4a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Effort during normal respiration is done due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Lung elasticity", "opb": "Respiratory air passages", "opc": "Alveolar air spaces", "opd": "Creating negative pleural pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0658f1b0-76c5-4402-90d6-dc592c79391b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Weber Fechner Law is", "exp": "The magnitude of the sensation felt is propoional to the log of the intensity of the stimulus (Weber-Fechner law) . It now appears, however, that a power function more accurately describes this relation. In other words, R = KSA where R is the sensation felt, S is the intensity of the stimulus, and, for any specific sensory modality, K and A are constants. P = K lnS/S0 (REF: Ganong's review of medical physiology 23rd Edition page no.153)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Magnitude of stimulus strength perceived is approximately propoionate to the log of the intensity of stimulus strength", "opb": "Magnitude of stimulus strength perceived is directly propoional to the intensity of stimulus strength", "opc": "Threshold of receptor is directly propoional to stimulus strength", "opd": "Threshold of receptor is inversely propoional to stimulus strength", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "c3b1e5cf-299d-4c3b-a403-14a430cde30c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Number of RBC excreted per day in urine is", "exp": "(A) 1 million# Microscopic Heamaturia: A few RBC can be found in urine of normal people. The upper limit of normal for RBC excretion is 1 million per 24 hours> Transient microscopic heamaturia can occur following rigorous exercise , sexual inter course , or from menstrual contamination", "cop": 1, "opa": "1 million", "opb": "2 million", "opc": "3 million", "opd": "4 million", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "3ac50f22-7050-4144-8f91-273088b3183c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most afferent fibers from the lateral nucleus terminate in the primary visual coex is", "exp": "Like almost all other poions of the visual coex, the primary visual coex has six distinct layers. Also, as is true for the other sensory systems, the geniculocalcarine fibres terminate mainly in layer 4. REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GUYTON AND HALL, 12e Page no 755", "cop": 3, "opa": "Layer 1", "opb": "Layer 2 & 3", "opc": "Layer 4", "opd": "Layer 5 & 6", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "5413add5-12ef-430c-a55b-f49afc649065", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The basis of Korotkoff sound is related to", "exp": "At the point at which systolic pressure in the aery just exceeds the cuff pressure, a spu of blood passes through with each heabeat and, synchronously with each beat, a tapping sound is heard below the cuff. The cuff pressure at which the sounds are first heard is the systolic pressure. As the cuff pressure is lowered fuher, the sounds become louder, then dull and muffled. These are the sounds of Korotkoff. The sounds of Korotkoff are produced by turbulent flow in the brachial aery. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page:577", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aoic valve closure", "opb": "Production of hea sound", "opc": "Aerial turbulence", "opd": "Aerial valve expansion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "3191ede4-bdb0-4b4a-bfa4-5dcf8424130a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcitonin is produced by", "exp": "Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Calcitonin has been found in fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no-377", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thyroid", "opb": "Pituitary", "opc": "Pancreas", "opd": "Hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b97d364c-89dc-4458-a58d-41433eb66456", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In anemia the conc. Of 2,3 DPG is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased", "opb": "Increased", "opc": "A or B", "opd": "Not changed", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2b149e7a-158b-476f-8bbf-ac1376c3ad8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ICF is", "exp": "In a 70 kg normal manThe intracellular compament contains on average about 28 litres of fluid.The extracellular compament contains on average about 14 litres of fluid, of which the interstitial space has approximately 10.5 litres of fluid and intravascular is approximately 3.5 litres.(Ref. Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.24 table 1.3.1)", "cop": 3, "opa": "14 L", "opb": "20 % of body weight", "opc": "28 L", "opd": "33% of body weight", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "436867d8-0cf5-44b8-9dd4-32104d25d094", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Posterior dorsal columns transmit", "exp": "(A) Fine touch, vibration", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fine touch, vibration", "opb": "Pain, temperature", "opc": "Crude touch", "opd": "Unconscious kinesthetic impulses", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "9465e184-98ce-4849-8936-2e9053de2f39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Effect of fetal hemoglobin on O2 dissociation curve", "exp": "Oxygen dissociation curve is the graphic expression of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen as a function of the paial pressure of oxygen. Dissociation is influenced by pH, temperature, and carbon dioxide pressure. Formerly called oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,3red edition, page no:610", "cop": 2, "opa": "Right shift", "opb": "Left shift", "opc": "No effect", "opd": "May be right or left", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "f3087cec-19a6-4f74-87a0-f0463ffd2b5d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following hea sound is almost Pathological;", "exp": "Fouh Hea Sound (S4) It is due to ventricular filling and cannot be heard even by a stethoscope since its frequency is below the audible limit (20 Hz). It is always pathological. It can sometimes be heard immediately before the first sound when atrial pressure is high or the ventricle is stiff in conditions such as ventricular hyperophy. It is produced during last rapid filling of ventricles, which occurs due to atrial systole. Hence, it is also called \"atrial sound\".", "cop": 4, "opa": "S1", "opb": "S2", "opc": "S3", "opd": "S4", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "FMGE 2019", "id": "7a5f2f3e-3632-4714-886c-514a765dcb6f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The largest compliance in the circulatory system is of", "exp": "The largest compliance in the circulatory system is of veins. Vascular compliance/capacitance is the total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given poion of the circulation for each mmHg pressure rise. vascular compliance= Distensibility * Volume The compliance of a systemic vein is about 24 times that of its corresponding aery because it is about 8 times as distensible and has a volume about 3 times as aery (8*3=24) Ref: Guyton and Hall 13th edition Pgno: 179", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aeries", "opb": "Capillaries", "opc": "Veins", "opd": "Aoa", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "55570f12-9257-4e27-9848-478824e547f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Isocapnic exercise is", "exp": "the effects of changes in the level of ventilation on respiratory discomfo during isocapnic exercise. Six subjects exercised at 60 W on a cycle ergometer. They initially breathed 2.5% CO2 in oxygen for 75 breaths. Ventilatory parameters of the last 10 breaths were used as controls. In 7 subsequent test sessions each lasting 2 min alternating with 2 min free breathing periods, subjects tried to achieve a target ventilation ranging from 0.7 to 1.3 times the control with a visual feedback system. End-tidal CO2 was regulated automatically at the control level by changing the inspired CO2. Breathing discomfo was measured at the end of each session using a visual analog scale. Isocapnic constraining of ventilation (0.7 times the control) during exercise significantly increased respiratory discomfo (p < 0.05). Increases in ventilation had no significant effect. These results indicate that respiratory discomfo during exercise is exaggerated when the level of ventilation falls below that spontaneously adopted even when chemical drives are held constant. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 385,386,387", "cop": 3, "opa": "Breathing for sho duration against resistance", "opb": "Breathing of decreased volume of ventillation", "opc": "Breathing of increased volume of ventilation for long period", "opd": "Breathing of decreased volume for long period", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "17959f48-c929-4542-bf02-073895880273", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Physiological dead space in lung is", "exp": "A i.e. Zone 1", "cop": 1, "opa": "Zone 1", "opb": "Zone 2", "opc": "Zone 3", "opd": "Zone 4", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5120f2df-11e4-4a36-a894-cdbcf8d60ed5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Receptor w hich itself is a dendrite of a nerve", "exp": "(C) Olfactory > Olfactory Mucous Membrane contains supporting cells & progenitor cells for the olfactory receptors.> Interspersed between these cells are 10-20 million receptor cells.> Each olfactory receptor is a neuron & the olfactory mucous membrane is said to be the place in the body where the nervous system is closest to the external world.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Visual", "opb": "Gustatory", "opc": "Olfactory", "opd": "Hearing", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Smell and Taste", "id": "17b338a2-27f9-42fc-a522-79f6417b21ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of Golgi tendon organ is to detect", "exp": "Ref:- Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 25th ed; pg num:- 232", "cop": 2, "opa": "Length", "opb": "Tension", "opc": "Pressure", "opd": "Proprioception", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "487ecc87-3926-4f18-b5c1-5bbf1ddf489b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of phospholamban is", "exp": "Phospholamban increases the activity of SERCA\n↓\nIt causes accumulation of Ca2+ by sarcoplasmic reticulum\n↓\nIt leads to Lusiotropic effect, Increase in rate of relaxation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Regulates Na+K+", "opb": "Transports calcium out of mitochondria", "opc": "Collects calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Binds actin with myosin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f9cdba4-a6de-425a-b976-05828d7f9b3c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Superior cerebellar peduncle carries the following fibres", "exp": "In the human brain, the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) is a paired structure of white matter that connects the cerebellum to the midbrain. It consists mainly of efferent fibers, the cerebellothalamic tract that runs from a cerebellar hemisphere to the contralateral thalamus, and the cerebellorubral tract that runs from acerebellar hemisphere to the red nucleus. It also contains afferent tracts, most prominent of which is the ventral spinocerebellar tract. Other afferent tracts are the trigeminothalamic fibers, tecto cerebellar fibers, and noradrenergic fibers from the locus coeruleus. The superior peduncle emerges from the upper and medial pas of the white matter of each hemisphere and is placed under cover of the upper pa of the cerebellum.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 23rd edition, Page no:254", "cop": 4, "opa": "Reticulocerebellar", "opb": "Olivocerebellar", "opc": "Cuneocerebellar", "opd": "Dentate rubro thalamic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "a6eec4d9-21da-4301-b8eb-3dc9fe759a93", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Saliva is", "exp": "Saliva has a pH normal range of 6.2-7.6 with 6.7 being the average pH. Resting pH of mouth does not fall below 6.3. In the oral cavity, the pH is maintained near neutrality (6.7-7.3) by saliva. The saliva contributes to maintenance of the pH by two mechanisms Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:400,401,402", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypeonic", "opb": "Hypotonic", "opc": "Isotonic", "opd": "At first hypeonic, then isotonic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "21849226-ac57-4efa-81b4-12e08416a245", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Preload is increased by", "exp": "The amount of pressure on the muscles before the contraction starts is the preload. In regards to heart, preload is the amount of pressure on the ventricles at the end of diastole. That is the amount of blood which remains in the ventricles at the end of the diastole.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased blood volume", "opb": "Increased total peripheral resistance", "opc": "Standing", "opd": "Sitting", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fbf29cda-49a7-4c7e-b58b-7cbf4e06927c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gas used to measure the diffusion capacity of lung", "exp": "Diffusion Capacity. Diffusion capacity assesses how well a tracer gas in inspired air can cross from the air into the blood. The test measures the absorption of a low concentration of carbon monoxide in inhaled air by hemoglobin in red blood cells that circulate through pulmonary capillaries. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 348,349,350", "cop": 1, "opa": "CO", "opb": "NO", "opc": "CO2", "opd": "Nitrogen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "5e391fea-7f21-4eec-9064-c475f9dc67ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Weber Fechner law is related with", "exp": "The magnitude of the sensation felt is proportional to the log of the intensity of the stimulus strength.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Amplitude", "opb": "Surface area", "opc": "Number of sensory fibre involvement", "opd": "Stimulus discrimination", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d49e7a11-584a-4cb7-8f18-eefeeb2ad86d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structure of brain involved in emotiona) Neocortexb) Limbic systemc) Thalamusd) Hippocampuse) Basal ganglia", "exp": "The limbic system has a central component and a peripheral component. The central component is limbic cortex or the allocortex which is located around the peripheral margins of basal ganglia and includes orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, subcallosal gyrus and uncus. The peripheral component is hypothalamus. The co-ordination between both these components is managed by amygdala. Emotions originate in the limbic system which includes hippocampus.", "cop": 1, "opa": "bd", "opb": "d", "opc": "ab", "opd": "ac", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b7ad9f6b-d535-4082-8518-e38e71b6801f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal alveolar ventilation pressure on inspiration is", "exp": "Alveolar ventilation is normally adjusted by the respiratory control center in the brain to keep mean aerial and alveolar at about 40 mm Hg (see Chapter 9). Mean alveolar is about 104 mm Hg. The alveolar increases by 2 to 4 mm Hg with each normal tidal inspiration and falls slowly until the next inspiration Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:316,317,318", "cop": 1, "opa": "-1 cm water", "opb": "-1 cm Hg", "opc": "+1 cm water", "opd": "+1 cm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "a7a9b7ed-ee71-4ad4-b0a2-2375c513f3da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compensating mechanisms involved at high altitude is", "exp": "The most important compensatory mechanism that occurs at high altitude is hyperventilation. This may lead to respiratory alkalosis which is not a compensatory effect but may cause an opposing effect at the respiratory centre, to hypoxic stimulation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperventilation", "opb": "Hypoventilation", "opc": "Respiratory depression", "opd": "Respiratory acidosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6b5af823-f526-4ac3-b570-79f7a60425b4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The maintenance of posture in a normal adult | human being depends upon", "exp": "the connection between the afferent and efferent neurons is usually in the cns and activity in the reflex arc is modified by the multiple inputs converging on the efferent neurons or at any synaptic station within the reflex loop. Therefore integrity of reflex arc is necessary for maintenance of posture. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;23rd edition; pg:157.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Integrity of reflex arc", "opb": "Muscle power", "opc": "Type of muscle fibers", "opd": "Joint movements in physiological range", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "2a0e42b2-4dc3-4ceb-bed1-b8d12329b223", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ablation of the \"somatosensory area I\" of the cerebral cortex leads to", "exp": "Ans. (d) Loss of tactile localization and two point discrimination(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.168)Lesions of somatosensory area I causes loss of tactile localization and two point discrimination", "cop": 4, "opa": "Total loss of pain sensation", "opb": "Total loss of touch sensation", "opc": "Loss of tactile localization but not of two point discrimination", "opd": "Loss of tactile localization and two point discrimination", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "f7ec3d75-84d4-4c72-ae83-417f76ae3b85", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Interstitial cells of cajal are located in", "exp": "Interstitial cells of cajal are located in the gastrointestinal tract They act as pace makers and produce slow waves which help in peristalsis Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition ,page no :396", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gi", "opb": "Hea", "opc": "Lung", "opd": "Bone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "069dca69-95cd-462c-abc0-692a17deb99b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Excessive production of aldosterone results in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Potassium retention", "opb": "Hypotension", "opc": "Acidosis", "opd": "Plasma renin activity suppression", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc5a0f77-98eb-4a6a-a1a3-856ff91611ea", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slowest conductig nerve fibre is", "exp": "Postganglionic autonomic fibres are type C fibres which are unmyelinated. Hence they are slowest conducting nerve fibre.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pre ganglionic autonomic", "opb": "Post ganglionic autonomic", "opc": "Somatic motors", "opd": "Proprioception", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "08f46938-6275-4589-91b3-61e0d16d9732", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person unacclimitised develops pulmonary edema in", "exp": "A small percentage of people who ascend rapidly to high altitudes become acutely sick and can die if not given O2 or rapidly moved to a low altitude. The sickness begins from a few hours up to about 2 days after ascent. Two events frequently occur. Acute cerebral edema and acute pulmonary edema.", "cop": 1, "opa": "2 - 3 days", "opb": "6 -7 days", "opc": "19 - 21 days", "opd": "2nd - 3rd month", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "c9bea5c8-102a-4388-8657-7ccb8bdfb7c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Secretin", "exp": "Secretin is secreted by S cells in the upper pa of the small intestine. Secretin increases the secretion of bicarbonate by the pancreas. It also augments the action of CCK. It decreases gastric acid secretion and May cause contraction of pyloric sphincter.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 23 rd edition, page 446 )", "cop": 2, "opa": "Reduces the action of CCK PZ", "opb": "Reduces Gastric secretion", "opc": "Increases Gastric secretion", "opd": "Relaxation of pyloric spincter", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "ebbf0487-fb46-467b-8375-047bda0a944b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major neurotransmitter in afferents in nucleus tractus solitarius to regulate cardiovascular system is", "exp": "Vitamin is the major neurotransmitter in afferents of nucleus tractus solitarius to regulate cardiovascular system Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 370,371,372", "cop": 2, "opa": "Serotonin", "opb": "Glutamine", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Norepinephrine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "ebbb066e-62fa-4375-a6fd-16907ed95049", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erythropoietin is inhibited by", "exp": "Glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. Estrogen inhibits the erythropoietin whereas testosterone stimuates production . Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology; 24th edition; page no: 709", "cop": 1, "opa": "Estrogen", "opb": "Progesterone", "opc": "Thyroxine", "opd": "Testosterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "467828b5-1027-442a-a27a-6a5cea4f8dab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person with eyes closed and mind wandering will have the following wave in EEG", "exp": "B i.e. Alpha wave", "cop": 2, "opa": "Beta waves", "opb": "Alpha wave", "opc": "Delta waves", "opd": "Theta waves", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5ae560b1-e5a8-4062-afaf-63d3b19e8f91", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal sperm count is", "exp": "Sperm count, or sperm concentration to avoid confusion with total sperm count, measures the concentration of sperm in a man&;s ejaculate, distinguished from total sperm count, which is the sperm count multiplied with volume. Over 15 million sperm per milliliter is considered normal, according to the WHO in 2010. Older definitions state 20 millionRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 421", "cop": 4, "opa": "20-40 million/ml", "opb": "40-60 million/ml", "opc": "60-80 million/ml", "opd": "15 million/ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "8737decf-efbc-48c4-acf1-92dde27835f9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Electromechanical Systole is best defined as the interval between", "exp": "A i.e Q wave and S2 (Q-S2 Interval)Cardiac Cycle : Pecualirities- Cardiac muscle contract & repolarize faster at higher hea rates (HR) and the duration of systole decreases mainly d/t a decrease in the duration of systolic ejection.- However, the duration of systole is much more fixed and the diastole is shoened to a much greater degree- Only during diastole, coronary blood flows to the endocardial poion of left ventricle and hea muscles rest. Most of the ventricular filling occurs in diastole. So at very high hea rates (>180/min) filling may be compromised decreasing cardiac output per minute.- Because of prolonged action potential, cardiac muscles cannot contract in response to a second stimulus until near the end of initial contraction. That's why cardiac muscles cannot be tetanized like skeletal muscles. The highest rate atwhich hea can contract is 400/min (theoretically) but AV node will not conduct >230 impulses/min b/o its long refractory period. Hence ventricular rate > 230/min is onlyseen in paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia.- Exact clinical measurement of isovolumetric ventricular contraction is difficult but simultaneous recordings of ECG, phonocardiogram and carotid pulse can easily measureTotal Electromechanical systole (Q-S2 interval)It is period from onset of ventricular depolarization (activation) or QRS complex to the closure of aoic valves, as determined by the onset on second hea sound (S2)Pre-ejection Period (PEP)It is difference between QS2 and LVET and represents the electrical and mechanical events preceding systolic ejectionLeft Ventricular Ejection Time (LVET)It is the period between the begining of carotid pressure rise to dicrotic notch (incisura)- Normal PEP/ LVET ratio is 0.35; which increases without change in QS2 when left ventricular function is compromized", "cop": 1, "opa": "Q wave and S2 (Q-S2 Interval)", "opb": "Q wave and SI (Q-Sl Interval)", "opc": "Q wave and beginning of T wave", "opd": "Q wave and R wave", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0b5588f1-4753-4f92-8ef0-c8f222a3fbcc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most potent Chemoattractant for neutrophils is", "exp": "Manor activity of IL8 is chemotaxis of neutrophils, basophils and T cellsIL1- Activation of T cells and macrophages. IL 6 -- Activation of lymphocytes, differentiation of B cells, stimulation of production of acute phase proteinIL2 - Activation of lymphocytes, NK cells, and macrophages Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 24th edition.Pg no: 73", "cop": 3, "opa": "IL-1", "opb": "IL-6", "opc": "IL-8", "opd": "IL-2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "54ec38df-71f1-4e13-8e36-f522161366bb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aerial carbon dioxide level", "exp": "A i.e. 40 mmHg", "cop": 1, "opa": "40 mm Hg", "opb": "37 mm Hg", "opc": "45 mm Hg", "opd": "60 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ddaa1351-b45b-4489-b949-2506f263816b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inspiratory reserve volume measures around", "exp": "Inspiratory Reserve volume\nIt is the amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort.\nNormal value : 3,000 ml.", "cop": 1, "opa": "3000 ml", "opb": "1200 ml", "opc": "2000 ml", "opd": "4000 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7e36d9ff-db82-4284-b8f2-276d5f84f1d0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The immunoglobulin lacking hinge region is", "exp": "Hinges contribute to flexibility of immunoglobulin molecules. They contain cysteine and proline. Cysteine provides interchain linkage.Proline cannot be incorporated into secondary structure of immunoglobulin molecules. The immunoglobulins Ig M & Ig E lack the hinge region. They have an extra domain in the constant region-Ch4", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ig A", "opb": "Ig G", "opc": "Ig D", "opd": "Ig E", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Immunology", "id": "8912ccb7-adec-46a2-817f-7edcc4ac373d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person stands up. Compared with the recumbent position, 1 minute after standing, the", "exp": "Standing up increases the transmural pressure in the veins of the legs. Because the veins are highly compliant, their volume increases at the expense of central blood volume.A lower central blood volume means reduced cardiac filling pressure (preload). Within seconds, the decrease in preload decreases stroke volume, cardiac output, and aerial pressure.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Skin blood flow increases", "opb": "Volume of blood in leg veins increases", "opc": "Cardiac preload increases", "opd": "Cardiac contractility decreases", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b83908f9-5602-4f4b-a7aa-a738a753b0dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gamma globulin is synthesized in", "exp": "Gamma globulins are a class of globulins, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are immunoglobulins (antibodies), although some immunoglobulins are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not immunoglobulins Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 130,131,132", "cop": 4, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Kidney", "opc": "Spleen", "opd": "Plasma cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "33a88128-a753-41d0-9da1-129e2d6dac77", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Site of RBC formation in 20 year old healthy male is", "exp": "A i.e. Flat bonesThe marrow of the long bones except for the proximal humerus and tibia (Guyton) / upper humerus & femur (Ganong) becomes inactive (fatty) and produces no more red blood cells after about age 20 years. Beyond this age most RBC are produced in marrow of membranous flat bones such as veebrae, sternum, ribs & iliaQ.ErythropoesisIt stas in 3rd week of intra uterine life. Upto middle trimester of gestation blood is formed out of medullary cavity (extramedullary erythropoesis).It is one of the largest and most active organ approaching weight & size of liver. Active cellular marrow is called red marrow, inactive fatty marrow is K/a yellow marrowNormally 75% marrow cells belong to white blood producing myeloid series & only 25% are maturing RBCs. Even though in circulation RBCs are 500 times more than WBCs d/t the fact that average life span of WBCs is sho and RBC is long.Cellularity & RBC production after 15 years onward is Veebrae > sternum > rib > femur shaft > tibia shaftBefore bihAgeSite3weks - 3 months(Intra vascularphase)Mesoderm of yolk sacQwithin the blood vessel.3-5 months (Hepaticphase)Liver (main), spleen &lymph nodesQ5-9 months(Myeloid phase)Red bone marrowQ* All marrow of long& flat bones is red atthis stageAfter bihAgeSiteBih -5 yearsRed bone marrowQ(myeloid phase)* All marrow of long & flat bone is red at this stage.5-20 yearsRed bone marrowQ of all flat & long bones * There is gradual decrease of red marrow in long bonesand so gradually increasing production from flat bones>20 years- Red marrow of flat membranous bones such asveebrae, sternum, ribs & iliamQ. - Very little production in upper humerus, tibia & femur", "cop": 1, "opa": "Flat bones", "opb": "Long bones", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Yolk sac", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2bb36d69-93eb-48b8-af4d-c69f15283ca1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sweat glands receives cholinergic innervation from", "exp": "(B) Post ganglionic sympathetic > On the basis of chemical mediator released, ANS can be divided into- Cholinergic Noradrenergic All preganglionic neurons Remaining post ganglionic sympathetic neurons Anatomically sympathetic post Ganglionic neurons which innervate sweat glands Anatomically sympathetic neurons which end on blood vessels and skeletal muscles (Sympathetic vasodilators)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pre-gangl ionic para-sympathetic", "opb": "Post ganglionic sympathetic", "opc": "Preganglionic sympathetic", "opd": "Post ganglionic parasympathetic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "7d40abb2-4296-459a-8dd5-b46f2776982d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In severe exercise, decrease in pH is due to", "exp": "In case of sever exercise, lactic acid deposits in muscles due to anaerobic respiration by white muscle fibers, This results in fatigue Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition ,pag number:96", "cop": 2, "opa": "Respiratory acidosis", "opb": "Lactic acidosis", "opc": "H+ retension", "opd": "HC03- excretion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "c1fc6b21-cef7-4ad6-aa18-6047bf343a49", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Angiotensinogen is produced by", "exp": "Angiotensiogen is produced in liver and is conveed into AT1 by RAAS mechanism Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:489,490,491", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Kidney", "opc": "Hypothalamus", "opd": "Atrium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "4733fb34-fc91-4b5e-90e2-9de51dbd8047", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parkinosn's disease results from a lesion in the", "exp": "(A) Striatum Chorea is characterized by rapid, involuntary dancing movements.> Athetosis: Continuous, slow, writhing movements is due to globus pallidus lesion> Hemiballismus: A lesion in subthalamus often leads to sudden flailing movements of an entire limb, a condition called hemiballismus.> Parkinson's disease: Lesions of the substantia nigra leads to the Parkinsonism.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Striatum", "opb": "Pituitary", "opc": "Thalamus", "opd": "Hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "9c10fecb-1293-44bd-b767-074623f26c40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gastrin is produced by", "exp": "D. i.e. (Pyloric antrum) (443-Ganong 23rd) (484 - Ganong 22nd)* GASTRIN - is produced by cells called G-cells in the lateral walls of the glands in the antral portion of the gastric mucosa. It is polypeptide** containing* G-14, G-17 or G-34 amino acids. Found in pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, vagus and sciatic nerves* SECRETIN is produced by S. cells of mucus membrane in duodenum and jejunum Stimuli that Increases gastrin secretion (a) luminal peptides and amino acids, Distension (b) Neural- increased vagal discharge via GRD (c) blood borne - calcium, Epinephrine Stimuli that inhibit gastrin secretion (a) Luminal acid, somatostatin** (b) Blood borne - secretin** GIP,VIP Glucagon**, Calcitonin* GASTRINOMA are gastrin producing tumours which can occur in stomach or duodenum or pancreatic tumour of d cells (Zollinger- Ellision Syndrome). These tumours secrete large amounts of gastrin which causes excessive secretion of HC1 and predisposes to peptic ulcer.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Greater sac", "opb": "Lesser sac", "opc": "First part of the duodenum", "opd": "Pyloric antrum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "ecfc5d9b-9be8-4a45-97a6-24587937b4b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Drug transpo process that requires energy", "exp": "The passage of substances against their electrical and chemical gradient at the expenditure of energy is called active transpo. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 6)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Active transpo", "opb": "Passive diffusion", "opc": "Conventive current", "opd": "Pinocytosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "e0dc872d-7691-454f-87fd-95bfb96035f4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Conscious proprioception is carried by", "exp": "Sensations carried by posterior column\n-        Proprioception, Vibration, kinesthesia, fine touch.\nSensations carried by anterolateral column\n-        Temperature, pain (lateral) and crude touch (anterior)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dorsal column fibres", "opb": "Anterior spinothalamic tract", "opc": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Vestibular tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff397085-4835-4d74-933c-0c74862d7a77", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sensations of pain from teeth and temperature are carried by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Corticospinal tract", "opb": "Corticobulbar tract", "opc": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Ventral spinothalamic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2fd335ea-faeb-450c-8675-3ede66079e9c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Functions of basal ganglia include", "exp": "The clear and best known function of basal ganglia is planning and programming of motor functions. Mainly- Complex actions such as writing alphabets and skilled movements such as using scissors to cut.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gross motor", "opb": "Skilled movements", "opc": "Emotions", "opd": "Maintenance of equilibrium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "74f2fbeb-0abf-4bd8-a2d6-af84022eccd5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inability to perceive the texture and shape of an object occurs in lesion of", "exp": "Damage to the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway below the crossing point of its fibers results in loss of vibration and joint sense (proprioception) on the same side of the body as the lesion. Damage above the crossing point result a loss of vibration and joint sense on the opposite side of the body to the lesion. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:691,692,693", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spinoreticular tract", "opb": "Nucleus cuneatus", "opc": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "opd": "Nucleus gracilis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "6fb8a9a3-88a7-4976-ad1c-a74c62065950", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Broca's area is present in", "exp": "Broca&;s area 44 is in the frontal lobe immediately in front of the inferior end of motor coex which is the inferior frontal gyrus. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:297", "cop": 4, "opa": "Superior temporal gyrus", "opb": "Precentral gyrus", "opc": "Post central gyrus", "opd": "Inferior frontal gyrus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "05f2cad2-9277-41f8-b1f8-a75df052a5f2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The Golgi complex", "exp": "One or more Golgi apparati are present in all eukaryotic cells, usually near the nucleus. There are more than 200 enzymes that function to add, remove, or modify sugars from proteins and lipids in the Golgi apparatus.\nGanong 23 rd ed, pg 40", "cop": 2, "opa": "is an organelle that participates in the breakdown of proteins and lipids.", "opb": "is an organelle that participates in posttranslational processing of proteins.", "opc": "is an organelle that participates in energy production.", "opd": "is an organelle that participates in transcription and translation.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d671a9a2-334b-4f6f-9fba-980ad53de46c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caisson's disease is", "exp": "Decompression sickness (DCS; also known as divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, or caisson disease) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:375,376,377", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gas embolism", "opb": "Fat embolism", "opc": "Amniotic fluid embolism", "opd": "Tumor embolism", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "807dc556-dbd4-4246-9ee8-fc87d26deb7a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ganglion cell order of neuron", "exp": "A ganglion cell is a cell found in a ganglion. The term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to: a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) found in the ganglion cell layer of the retina; cells that reside in the adrenal medulla, where they are involved in the sympathetic nervous system&;s release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream; and cells of the sympathetic ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia, and spiral ganglia. cells of the parasympathetic ganglia cells of the spiral ganglia.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 180", "cop": 2, "opa": "1st", "opb": "2nd", "opc": "3rd", "opd": "4th", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "db91ab25-c673-4d67-b4ad-7142f30e8784", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transfer of solutes between cells is", "exp": "Gap junction permits the direct transfer of ions and other small molecules upto MW 1000, between the cells without traversing the extracellular spaces.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.9)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Desmosomes", "opb": "Gap Junctions", "opc": "Fascia adherens", "opd": "Zonula occludens", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "20ead889-9f66-4773-aa3d-61fb239c021b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cerebellum functions include", "exp": "(A) Posture and balance", "cop": 1, "opa": "Posture and balance", "opb": "Memory and speech", "opc": "Involuntary sphincters", "opd": "Voluntary movement in the lower half of body", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "92ab9d37-6da0-448c-a07b-669759261fd4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most isolated trochlear nerve palsies are due to", "exp": "The most common cause of congenital trochlear nerve palsies is congenital cranial dysinnervation syndrome, followed by an abnormal superior oblique tendon. The most common cause of acquired isolatedfouh nerve palsy, after idiopathic, is head trauma. ... Fouh nerve palsymay become manifest after cataract surgery Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e 542", "cop": 2, "opa": "Idiopathic", "opb": "Closed head injuries", "opc": "Aneurysmal rupture", "opd": "Diabetes mellitus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "81aec880-7853-4420-84f8-e48fb1fdaf20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myocardial oxygen demand depends upona) Preloadb) Afterloadc) Intramyocardial tensiond) Blood Hb concentration", "exp": "There are two terms to remember. Myocardial oxygen demand and myocardial oxygen supply. Hb concentration is a factor for oxygen supply.\nOxygen demand depends on the work being done. The work done is to pump the blood which is in the ventricles (preload) against the resistance in the aorta (afterload).\nSo, myocardial oxygen demand depends on\n\nRate- Directly proportional\nContractility- Directly proportional\nIntramyocardial tension- Directly proportional\nAfter load- Directly proportional\nPreload- Directly proportional\nWall thickness- Inversely proportional", "cop": 3, "opa": "ab", "opb": "bc", "opc": "abc", "opd": "bcd", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "36355d77-8a9d-4785-be2a-7962f3a2e746", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Functional residual capacity of lung is defined as", "exp": "The amount of air that remains in lung after a normal expiration.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Volume expired after normal expiration", "opb": "Volume remaining after forced expiration", "opc": "ERV + RV", "opd": "Tidal volume + volume inspired forcefully", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cb7c58d9-989e-4449-8c53-7e9811b6dc5b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased ratio of insulin to glucagon causes", "exp": "Insulin is hypoglycemic hormone hence incerased ratio of insulin to glucagon causes hypoglycemiaRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition page no 431", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypoglycemia", "opb": "Decreased levels of lipoprotein lipase", "opc": "Decreased amino acid synthesis", "opd": "Enhanced lipolysis in adipose tissue", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "254d6058-8e1f-44ec-b3e3-6d00a695995e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In human males, testosterone is mainly produced by", "exp": "(A) Leydig cells # Testosterone, the principal hormone of the testes, is a C19 steroid with an -OH group in the 17 position.> It is synthesized from cholesterol in the Leydig cells & is also formed from androstenedione secreted by the adrenal cortex> The testes are made up of loops of convoluted seminiferous tubules, in the walls of which the spermatozoa are formed from the primitive germ cells (spermatogenesis). Both ends of each loop drain into a network of ducts in the head of the epididymis. From there, spermatozoa pass through the tail of the epididymis into the vas deferens. They enter through the ejaculatory ducts into the urethra in the body of the prostate at the time of ejaculation. Between the tubules in the testes are nests of cells containing lipid granules, the interstitial cells of Leydig , which secrete testosterone into the bloodstream. The spermatic arteries to the testes are tortuous, and blood in them runs parallel but in the opposite direction to blood in the pampiniform plexus of spermatic veins. This anatomic arrangement may permit countercurrent exchange of heat and testosterone.> Leydig cells secrete testosterone in response to LH", "cop": 1, "opa": "Leydig cells", "opb": "Sertoli cells", "opc": "Seminiferous tubules", "opd": "Epididymis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "a37c6cc8-f5f2-411d-a2e5-8547b16b6253", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Primary cause of bleeding disorder in liver damage is due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "decreased level of prothrombin", "opb": "Lack of vitamin K", "opc": "Platelet deficiency", "opd": "Lack of vitamin B", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8bea9cd1-197e-408c-aea7-97e2fd55add7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Shifting of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right indicate", "exp": "A rise in temperature or a fall in pH shifts the curve to the right.When the curve is shifted in this direction, a higher PO2 is required for hemoglobin to bind a given amount of O2.By decreasing o2 affinity more O2 is released to the tissue. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:612", "cop": 1, "opa": "The affinity is less and more O2 is released to the tissue", "opb": "Affinity is more and less oxygen is released to tissues", "opc": "Amount of oxygen transpoed is less", "opd": "More carbon dioxide is transpoed", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "771d3c31-b653-43b5-8778-c6696cc5d88a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most potent stimulus for bile secretion", "exp": "The bile salts have a number of impoant actions: they reduce surface tension and, in conjunction with phospholipids and monoglycerides, are responsible for the emulsification of fat preparatory to its digestion and absorption in the small intestine. They are amphipathic, that is, they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains; one surface of the molecule is hydrophilic because the polar peptide bond and the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are on that surface, whereas the other surface is hydrophobic. Therefore, the bile salts tend to form cylindrical disks called micelles. Their hydrophilic poions face out and their hydrophobic poions face in. Above a ceain concentration, called the critical micelle concentration, all bile salts added to a solution form micelles. Lipids collect in the micelles, with cholesterol in the hydrophobic center and amphipathic phospholipids and monoglycerides lined up with their hydrophilic heads on the outside and their hydrophobic tails in the center. The micelles play an impoant role in keeping lipids in solution and transpoing them to the brush border of the intestinal epithelial cells, where they are absorbed. Ninety to 95% of the bile salts are absorbed from the small intestine. Once they are deconjugated, they can be absorbed by nonionic diffusion, but most are absorbed in their conjugated forms from the terminal ileum (Figure 26-18) by an extremely efficient Na+-bile salt cotranspo system powered by basolateral Na+-K+ATPase. The remaining 5-10% of the bile salts enter the colon and are conveed to the salts of deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. Lithocholate is relatively insoluble and is mostly excreted in the stools; only 1% is absorbed. However, deoxycholate is absorbed. The absorbed bile salts are transpoed back to the liver in the poal vein and excreted in the bile (enterohepatic circulation). Those lost in the stool are replaced by synthesis in the liver; the normal rate of bile salt synthesis is 0.2 to 0.4 g/d. The total bile salt pool of approximately 3.5 g recycles repeatedly the enterohepatic circulation; it has been calculated that the entire pool recycles twice per meal and six to eight times per day. When bile is excluded from the intestine, up to 50% of ingested fat appears in the feces. A severe malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins also results. When bile salt reabsorption is prevented by resection of the terminal ileum or by disease in this poion of the small intestine, the amount of fat in the stools is also increased because when the enterohepatic circulation is interrupted, the liver cannot increase the rate of bile salt production to a sufficient degree to compensate for the loss.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMANTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO:438,439,440", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cholecystokin", "opb": "Secretin", "opc": "Bile acid", "opd": "Bile salt", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "ec40b0d4-35c4-443f-a5f1-aad1ab5d414f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intrinsic factor in stomach is secreted by", "exp": "In the body of the stomach, including the fundus, the glands also contain parietal (oxyntic) cells,which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief (zymogen, peptic) cells, which secrete pepsinogens Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:406,407,408", "cop": 1, "opa": "Parietal cells", "opb": "Chief cells", "opc": "Zymogen cells", "opd": "Enterochromaffin cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "543d10b1-9b13-410c-9020-e16ab00a519b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sertoli cell feedback mechanism involves", "exp": "Ans (b) Decreased FSH(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.417)Sertoli cells produce the hormone inhibin which inhibits pituitary FSH (negative feedback)LH acts on the Leydig cells of testis to increase the production and secretion of testosterone which inhibits LH (negative feedback).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased LH", "opb": "Decreased FSH", "opc": "Decreased TRH", "opd": "Decreased CRH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "97d7a891-2027-4ad7-bc2d-e03d4bea64c9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Impulse is generated at fastest rate in", "exp": "Some cardiac fibers have the capability of self-excitation, a process that can cause automatic rhythmical discharge and contraction. This capability is especially true of the fibers of the hea's specialized conducting system, including the fibers of the sinus node. For this reason, the sinus node ordinarily controls the rate of beat of the entire heaRef: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:123", "cop": 2, "opa": "AV node", "opb": "SA node", "opc": "Bundle of His", "opd": "Purkinje fibers", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2cdf6eb3-5d09-4686-aa5d-17fdce3f6033", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Continuous administration of GnRH", "exp": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) a decapeptide hormone from the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release both follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.Endocrine hormone synthesis and secretion is controlled and regulated by a closed loop system. Negative feedback loops maintain optimal levels of each hormone in the body. If there are abnormally high levels of a hormone in the blood, feedback to the gland responsible for its production inhibits secretion. If there are abnormally low levels, the gland is stimulated to step up production and secretion. In this way, a homeostatic balance is maintained.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stimulates hypothalamic - pituitary axis", "opb": "Suppresses hypothalamic - pituitary axis", "opc": "May suppress or stimulate hypothalomic -pituitary axis", "opd": "Has no effect on hypothalamic - pituitary axis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a4ffe37f-2b7e-4ab5-beae-086f469c4cf4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Characteristics of blood flow in capillaries", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "High velocity high stress", "opb": "High velocity low stress", "opc": "Low velocity and pulsatile", "opd": "Low velocity and high shear stress", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "078ddeec-9d8b-4c06-ae36-e3612687574a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Emotional effect to a physical stimulus is given by", "exp": "Emotion to sensory experiences (e.g. physical stimulus) is given by limbic system (especially amygdala).\n\"Limbic system adds feeling to sensory experiences and then lets these feelings direct behavior\".\nHippocampus is involved in emotional memory.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amygdala", "opb": "Cortex", "opc": "Cerebellum", "opd": "Hippocampus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0b280a1-3e4a-4ee3-8c9c-9dddff6aa404", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During spermatogenesis Sertoli cells secrete", "exp": "Ans. C InhibinRef: Ganong Physiology, 24th ed. pg, 419 and 420; Guyton's Physiology, 11th ed. pg. 1007* The walls of the seminiferous tubules are lined by primitive germ cells and Sertoli cells.* Maturation of spermatozoa takes place in deep folds of the cytoplasm of the sertoli cells.* Mature spermatozoa are released from the Sertoli cells and become free in the lumens of the tubules. The sertoli cells secrete androgen binding protein (ABP), inhibin, and MIS.* Inhibin inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion.* Inhibin has a strong direct effect on the anterior pituitary gland to inhibit the secretion of FSH and possibly a slight effect on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of GnRH.Extra Mile* Testosterone, secreted by the Leydig cells* Luteinizing hormone--by anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.* FSH--also by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the Sertoli cells; essential for spermatogenesis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "FSH", "opb": "LH", "opc": "Inhibin", "opd": "Testosterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology metabolism", "id": "3e8cb1f7-ec7f-44e4-8d5d-ccb2144646fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stimulation for gastric emptyinga) Secretinb) CCKc) Gastrind) Distension", "exp": "Distension of stomach by food leads to peristaltic wave to empty the gastric content. Gastrin also increases gastric emptying.", "cop": 3, "opa": "ab", "opb": "bc", "opc": "cd", "opd": "ac", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1a3457d7-aa60-4203-8f6a-221f219ffd35", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood testis barrier are present in", "exp": "A. i.e. (Sertoli cells) (424- Ganong 22nd) (403 - Ganong 23rd)* Tight junctions between adjacent sertoli cells near the basal lamina form a blood -testis barrier* It prevents the entry of many substances from testicular interstitium into the lumen of seminiferous tubules* Functions of sertoli cells1. Support and nourish the germ cells till the spermatozoa are released from them2. Provide hormonal and other substances necessary from spermatogenesis3. Convert androgens into estrogen4. Secrete - androgen binding protein (ABP)**, Inhibin** Mullerian regression factor (MRF), Mullerian inhbiting substance (MIS)Blood testis barrier helps maintaining the composition of the fluid in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and also protects the germ cells from blood borne noxious agentsIt also prevents antigenic products of germ cell division from entering the circulation and generating an autoimmune responseIt contains high concentration of androgens, oestrogens, K+, inositol glutamic and aspartic acid with low content of protein and glucose (808 - A.K. Jain 3rd)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sertoli cells", "opb": "Leydig cells", "opc": "Primary spermatozoa", "opd": "Secondary spermatozoa", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "cf412b4b-c18a-494b-9b32-866226c9a29a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal vital capacity in an adult is", "exp": "Vital capacity Amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effo after maximum inspiration (ERV + TV + IRV); used to assess strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function. Around 4700mlRef: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 593", "cop": 4, "opa": "1200 ml", "opb": "2500 ml", "opc": "3000 ml", "opd": "4700 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "d26102e7-844b-4669-8d7c-b3c349df5510", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Buffering action of haemoglobin is mainly due to", "exp": "The buffering action of hemoglobin is due to the imidazole group of the hystadine residues. Hemoglobin molecule contains 38 histidine. imidazole group of deoxyhemoglobin dissociate less than those of oxyhaemoglobin. Ref: Page no 566 Textbook of physiology Volume 1 AK Jain 7th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "heme", "opb": "Porphyrin", "opc": "Imidazole group of histidine", "opd": "Histidine group of imidazole", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "f118395f-4528-4983-bea5-0ed03d38208e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fine touch is lost in lesion of", "exp": "Dorsal column pathway is the principal direct pathway to the cerebral coex for fine touch, vibration sense, & proprioception.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology;23 rd edition; pg: 173", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anterior spinothalamic tract", "opb": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "opc": "Dorsal column pathway", "opd": "Pyramidal tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "15b95f18-a9e6-4ca8-aee8-f7b83b38b84e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose is transpoed in the presence Na+ ions in intestine. This is a type of", "exp": "The active transpo of Na+ into the ECF by Na+-K+ pump is coupled to the transpo of other substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient. The energy for the transpo is not directly derived from ATP hydrolysis. Na+ Cotranspo of glucose is an example(Ref: Diseases. Textbook of medical physiology-Geetha)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Secondary Active transpo", "opb": "Primary active transpo", "opc": "Facilitated diffusion", "opd": "Simple diffusion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "249b20de-584a-4dd5-8f94-4df1bcb68a09", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most permeable to pure phospholipid bilayer", "exp": "Phospholipid bilayer act as amphipathic molecule. Oxygen is most permeable. (REF. GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 24 EDITION, PAGE NO - 36)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oxygen", "opb": "Na", "opc": "Cl", "opd": "Water", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "870839b6-6198-42e0-a0e8-11c7ce48db42", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The action potential of the sinoatrial node", "exp": "The action potential of the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node results from the opening of the slow Ca2+ channels and the influx of Ca2+ (some Na+ may also enter through these slow Ca2+ channels). An action potential is elicited when the membrane potential reaches threshold. Spontaneous depolarization is an intrinsic propey of nodal tissue and can occur in the absence of nerves. The low resting potential results in a small action potential that propagates slowly. The rapid Na+ channels are inactivated in nodal tissue. An increase in the conductance to K+ would hyperpolarize the membrane.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Reuslts from the activation of rapid Na+ channels", "opb": "Results from opening of the slow Ca2+ channels", "opc": "Is equivalent in height and conduction velocity to that of the atrial muscle", "opd": "Results from an increase in conductance to K+", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "6376d0c8-86a7-409f-8dfa-16eed61cd18f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most impoant buffer system present in the distal convoluted tubule", "exp": "Ammonia acts as buffer in DCT and PCT. Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 713", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bicarbonate", "opb": "Phoshate", "opc": "Protein", "opd": "Ammonia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "5be8263a-803e-4179-900a-e2971ec0f391", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gamma motor neurons are mainly influenced by", "exp": "Gamma motor neurones are mainly influenced by rubrospinal tract Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:765,766,767", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vestibulospinal tract", "opb": "Rubrospinal tract", "opc": "Anterior coicospinal tract", "opd": "Tectospinal tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "cc7081ed-bfb1-4dd9-bc46-dd3aae58dfff", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Impaired function of Aquaporin results in", "exp": "ADH acts V2 receptors on DCT casuing facultative reabsorption of water by inseing Aquaporin -2 channels into apical (luminal side ). Nephrogenic DI-defect in aquaporins BATER SYNDROME - Autosomal recessive Defect in\"Na-K-2Cl cotranspoer, Cl channel & ROMK\"in loop of Henle LIDDLE SYNDROME - Gain of function of epithelial Na channel (ENaC) Cystic fibrosis - CH-7 defect in CFTR gene - causing defect in transmembrane chloride ion regulation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nephrogenic DI", "opb": "Liddle syndrome", "opc": "Cystic fibrosis", "opd": "Baer syndrome", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "NEET Jan 2020", "id": "b3c03539-4ad3-4162-aaf6-069ace9d9a02", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In intersegmental reflex, the afferents come from", "exp": "Ans. (d) Muscle spindles(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.230)Stretch reflex is an intersegmental reflexWhen a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched with in physiological limits, it contracts. This response is called the stretch reflexThe receptor for this stretch reflex is muscle spindles", "cop": 4, "opa": "Golgi tendon", "opb": "Ia fibers", "opc": "IIb fibers", "opd": "Muscle spindles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "8137d372-4c99-4813-b548-59a6c5b314a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Selenium is an essential component of", "exp": ".", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glutathione synthetase", "opb": "Glutathione peroxidase", "opc": "Xanthine dehydrogenase", "opd": "Cytochrome oxidase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "d0f8dccb-d914-4c9b-94eb-a8c652929f27", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hb O2 dissociation curve to left by", "exp": "Oxygen saturation curve Physiology A curve that describes the relationship between Hb O2 saturation and tension; defined by a sigmoid curve which reflects the interaction of the 4 Hb molecules involved in O2 uptake, transpo and release; a &;right shift&; of the curve indicates | Hb affinity for O2, as occurs in | pH-ie,acidosis, | temperature, | PCO2, while a &;left shift&; indicates | O2 affinity with | pH, | temperature, | 2,3 DPG and | PCO2Right shifts Acidosis, hypehermia, alveolar hypoventilation, anemia Left shifts Alkalosis, hypothermia, hyperventilation, carboxyhemoglobinemia, hypophosphatemia, | fetal Hb.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology; 24th edition; page no:642", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increase pH", "opb": "Increased PCO2", "opc": "Increased 2.3", "opd": "DPG Exercise", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "aa583349-c1df-4a96-8c57-8e242a53036f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aquaporin channel mediated through ADH", "exp": "Vasopressin * Vasopressin - secreted by suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus and transpoed to posterior pituitary * Biologic half life - 18 min * Vasopressin receptors:- V1A and V1B V1A and V1 B:- * G protein coupled receptor that acts phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis to increase intracellular Ca++ concentration * V1A - mediate vasoconstrictor effect * V1B - also called V3 receptors- specific to anterior pituitary - mediate secretion of ACTH V2 receptor:- * G protein coupled receptor that acts through Gs to increase cAMP * Antidiuretic action * Mechanism of action - inseion of aquaporin 2 into the apical membranes of the principal cells of collecting duct. Factors affecting vasopressin secretion Ref:- Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 25th ed; pg num:- 696", "cop": 3, "opa": "GLUT", "opb": "Aquaporin 1", "opc": "Aquaporin 2", "opd": "Aquaporin 3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "44ed5bf8-a97b-47b5-b3b2-3e7edfcf248e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The fluidity of the plasma membrane is increased by", "exp": "Cholesterol maintains the fluidity of the membrane. Cholesterol acts as a buffer to modify the fluidity of membranes. A lipid bilayer made up of only one type of phospholipid changes from a liquid state to a rigid crystalline state (gel state) at a characteristic freezing point. This change in state is known as a phase transition, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the phase transition temperature (Tm). The Tm is higher (fluidity is low) when the constituent fatty acid chains are long and mostly saturated (without double bonds). Long chains have greater interactions among themselves, making the membrane stiffer. Saturated fatty acids have straight tails, whereas unsaturated fatty acids have kinked tails. As more kinks are inseed in the tails, the membrane becomes less tightly packed, and therefore its fluidity increases. .", "cop": 1, "opa": "Arachidonic acid", "opb": "Cholesterol", "opc": "Palmitic acid", "opd": "Stearic acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "c5a90bfb-c634-455e-a6d8-c1f330bd857c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amplitude of action potential is predominantly determined by", "exp": "Impermeant Negatively Charged Ions (Anions) Inside the Nerve Axon. Inside the axon are many negatively charged ions that cannot go through the membrane chan- nels. They include the anions of protein molecules and of many organic phosphate compounds, sulfate compounds, and so foh. Because these ions cannot leave the interior of the axon, any deficit of positive ions inside the membrane leaves an excess of these impermeant negative anions. Therefore, these impermeant negative ions are responsible for the negative charge inside the fiber when there is a net deficit of positively charged potassium ions and other posi- tive ions. Chlorine is the most common impermeant negative charge in the axon membrane Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e p64", "cop": 3, "opa": "Equilibrium potential of Na+", "opb": "Equilibrium potential of K+", "opc": "Equilibrium potential of CL", "opd": "Equilibrium potential of HCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "80080413-906f-4787-aa1f-17eb16dcbee1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hardest tissue in humans", "exp": "Ans: a (Enamel)Hardest tissue in humans is enamel.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Enamel", "opb": "Bone", "opc": "Muscle", "opd": "Skin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "a226d1a1-0bd3-42e7-b464-43599760c989", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prostaglandin was discovered from", "exp": "Prostaglandins were believed to be pa of the prostatic secretions, and eventually were discovered to be produced by the seminal vesicles. ... The biochemists Sune K. Bergstrom, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane jointly received the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on prostaglandins. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Tear", "opb": "Saliva", "opc": "Seminal fluid", "opd": "Blood", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "6ad7bd10-892a-4ae0-bca3-4e013a3d3e21", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calorific value of protein is", "exp": "Combustometer is a wrong terminology given to confuse the aspirants.\nA bomb calorimeter device is used to measure energy released by combustion of foodstuffs outside the body. It uses Direct Calorimetry to measure the calorific value.\nCalorific value of various substances as measured in a bomb calorimeter are\nCarbohydrate 4.1 kcal/g\nFat 9.3 kcal/g\nProtein is 5.3 kcal/g\nNote: if measured inside the body carbohydrate and Fat have same as above values but protein has 4.1 kcal/g", "cop": 2, "opa": "9.3 kcal/g as measured by bomb calorimeter.", "opb": "5.3 kcal/g as measured by bomb calorimeter", "opc": "9.3 kcal/g as measured by combustometer", "opd": "5.3 kcal/g as measured by combustometer", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bea603f1-c6e8-49d5-9270-aea27f794828", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plasma volume is best evaluated by using", "exp": "Plasma volume is measured using dyes like Evans blur that binds specifically to plasma proteins.(Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.62)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Evan blue", "opb": "Inulin", "opc": "Mannitol", "opd": "Radiolabelled water", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "e00cef81-13d8-4547-9557-a74c8ab800a2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Passive transfer of solvent occurs in", "exp": "Osmosis is the passive flow of the solvent into a region where there is a higher concentration of a solute to which the membrane is impermeable.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.14)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Diffusion", "opb": "Active transpo", "opc": "Osmosis", "opd": "Pinocytosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "771cfcb7-db91-48a3-895a-58db2c547a71", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Largest % of blood volume in", "exp": "At rest,At least 50% of the circulating blood volume is in the systemic veins, 12% is in the hea cavities, and18% is in the low-pressure pulmonary circulation.Only 2% is in the aoa, 8% in the aeries,1% in the aerioles, and5% in the capillariesRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:543", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aoa", "opb": "Aery /Aerioles", "opc": "Venules / Veins", "opd": "Capillaries", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "3daea721-7171-457e-9a3a-0e7a9a090123", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pain sensitive intracranial structure is", "exp": "Pain-Sensitive Structures. Headache is caused by traction, displacement, inflammation, vascular spasm, or distention of the pain-sensitive structures in the head or neck. Isolated involvement of the bony skull, most of the dura, or most regions of brain parenchyma does not produce pain. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 687,688,689", "cop": 3, "opa": "Piamater", "opb": "Pial vessels", "opc": "Duramater", "opd": "Brain matter", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "49059a2e-4e71-4eaf-ae3a-9838c28dfb23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Korotkoff sound is produced due to", "exp": "When the cuff pressure is great enough to close the aery during pa of the aerial pressure cycle, a sound is then heard with each pulsation. These sounds are called Korotkoff sounds, named after Nikolai Korotkoff, a Russian physicianRef: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:182", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stream line flow of blood", "opb": "Increase in viscosity of blood", "opc": "Murmur", "opd": "Turbulent flow of blood", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "f94691f3-0dab-4bc3-8338-0ad6a1a8edc8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inability to perform rapid alternating repeated movements is", "exp": "Inability to perform rapid alternating repeated movements is dysdiadochokinesia Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 251", "cop": 2, "opa": "Past pointing", "opb": "Dysdiadochokinesia", "opc": "Dysmetria", "opd": "Dykinesia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "0fbd8b00-2f56-45b0-84a1-48b8bfdc77be", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mean arterial pressure is calculated as", "exp": "Ans. (a) (SBP+2DBP)/3Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.577Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)Is the average pressure in the arteriesSince the diastole of cardiac cycle is longer (0.53s) than the systole (0.27 s), mean is not the exact average of SBP and DBPMean arterial blood pressure = Diastolic pressure +1/3 of pulse pressureSince pulse pressure =SBP-DBP,MAP=DBP+1/3(SBP-DBP)MAP=3SBP+2DBP Normal mean arterial pressure is around 93-100mmHg", "cop": 1, "opa": "(SBP+2DBP)/3", "opb": "(DBP+2SBP)/3", "opc": "(SBP+3DBP)/2", "opd": "(DBP+3SBP)/2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "35f1ec82-35c5-4746-8faf-71fc7be8c8d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The Efferent fibers bundle of the substantia nigra transmits dopamine to one of the following areas", "exp": "Ans. (b) Corpus striatum(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.243)The Efferent fibers bundle of the substantia nigra transmits dopamine to corpus striatum", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thalamus", "opb": "Corpus striatum", "opc": "Tegmentum of pons", "opd": "Tectum of midbrain", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "a89f8a22-61dd-4346-a843-b268c502044c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Peripheral cell membrane proteins are", "exp": "There is dense accumulation of adhesion molecules on both the surfaces of the membrane with fibres extending from the cytoplasmic surface of each membrane into the cell.(Ref.Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.9)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pump", "opb": "Ghannel", "opc": "Adhesion molecules", "opd": "Enzyme receptors", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "6d5a37b7-6301-4364-8e50-01b589794034", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Agranular endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of", "exp": "Agranular Endoplasmic reticulum is also called smooth Endoplasmic reticulum. It is the site of steroid synthesis and detoxification. Granular is involved in protein synthesis.(REF: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Protien", "opb": "Lipid", "opc": "Carbohydrate", "opd": "Vitamin D", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "490bddb9-6a48-473f-bd17-b38fd4d33ff0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intention tremor is a feature of", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Loss of function of Thalamus", "opb": "Loss of function of Hypothalamus", "opc": "Loss of function of Cerebellum", "opd": "Loss of function of Basal ganglia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "25b730cd-82d1-4ae0-aaaf-f017c21659d9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Frontal lobe function", "exp": "The frontal lobe plays a large role in voluntary movement. It houses the primary motor coex. The function of the frontal lobe involves the ability to project future consequences resulting from current actions, the choice between good and bad actions (or better and best) (also known as conscience), the override and suppression of socially unacceptable responses, and the determination of similarities and differences between things or events. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:841,842,843", "cop": 1, "opa": "Personality", "opb": "Memory", "opc": "Vision", "opd": "Calculation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "abee09f1-e0b1-4205-8884-787a3f8c4599", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Juxta glamerular cells secretes", "exp": "i.e. (Renin): (670-Ganong 23rd)RENIN - is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the granular cells (Juxtaglomerular cells) of the Juxta glomerular apparatus.* Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) lies at hilum of glomerulus** (Juxta means near)Secretion of renin is stimulated by four factors1. Fall in arterial blood pressure2. Reduction in the volume of extracellular fluid3. Increased sympathetic activity4. Decreased load of sodium and chloride in macula densaATRIAL - NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE : secreted by atrial musculature of the heart*** ANP increases excretion of sodium ions through urine (natriuresis)* ANP causes dilatation of vessels (vasodilation) and lowering blood pressure* ANP is responsible for escape phenomenon and prevention of edema in primary hyperaldosteronism in spite of increased volume of ECFERYTHROPOIETIN is secreted by interstitial cells in the peritubular capillary bed of kidney (85%) and by perivenous hepatocytes in the liver (15%)The principal site of inactivation of erythropoietin is the liverANGIOTENSINOGEN - synthesized in the liver*Its circulating level is increased by glucocorticoids thyroid hormones, estrogen, several cytokines and angiotensin II", "cop": 2, "opa": "Angiotensin", "opb": "Renin", "opc": "Atrial natriuretic peptide", "opd": "Erythropoietin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "0c495cec-4b48-43d4-82e3-a3b9b750cdb1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Minimum urine osmolality that can be human kidney", "exp": "Minimum urine osmolality that can be human kidney is 50mOsm/L Ref: Guyton textbook of medical physiology; 12th edition; page no: 345", "cop": 3, "opa": "100 mOsm/L", "opb": "80 mOsm/L", "opc": "50 mOsm/L", "opd": "20 mOsm/L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "6629a93c-0d49-4965-849e-91bc87ae52a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential depends mainly on", "exp": "Since K+ permeability is greater than Na+ permeability, therefore, K+ channels maintain the RMP.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK Jaun 5th edition Page no.35)", "cop": 1, "opa": "K", "opb": "Na", "opc": "Cl", "opd": "HCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5e07444f-d61b-49bd-9c80-e862ee23feac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osmoreceptor is located in", "exp": "Ans. (c) Anterior hypothalamus(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.308)Osmoreceptors maintain water balance and osmolarityThey are located in anterior hypothalamus", "cop": 3, "opa": "Supraoptic nuclei", "opb": "Paraventricular nuclei", "opc": "Anterior hypothalamus", "opd": "Lateral hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "378e7d95-813d-4da2-a847-29d3843889ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal value of P50 on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve in an adult is", "exp": "Adult Hb- 50% saturation at PO2 of 26mmHg.\n1mmHg= 0.133 KPa\n26mmHg= 0.133 X 26 = 3.45", "cop": 3, "opa": "1.8 kPa", "opb": "2.7 kPa", "opc": "3.6 kPa", "opd": "4.5 kPa", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8e2cd6c4-717b-44c4-8962-3df7bb54273e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increase in P50 in oxygenation curve is due to decrease in", "exp": "The strength with which oxygen binds to hemoglobin is affected by several factors. These factors shift or reshape the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. A rightward shift indicates that the hemoglobin under study has a decreased affinity for oxygen. ... Left shift: higher O2 affinity Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 354,355,356", "cop": 1, "opa": "PH", "opb": "Oxygen", "opc": "Temperature", "opd": "CO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "dcdbd9a2-fbc7-432e-a682-662bcdb00860", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aromatase produces estrogen from", "exp": "Oestrogen is produced from androgen by an enzyme aromatase Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:630,631,632", "cop": 4, "opa": "Progesterone", "opb": "Coisol", "opc": "Aldosterone", "opd": "Androgen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "6dfd2c71-6ca9-48e4-90a7-08c74df39f6a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ACTH secretion is inhibited by", "exp": "Glucocoicoids inhibit ACTH secretion by a direct negative feedback mechanism. They also inhibit CRH secretion. Ref: Guyton and Hall 13th edition Pgno: 977", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aldosterone", "opb": "Epinephrine", "opc": "Glucocoicoids", "opd": "CRH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "4de696ca-98c2-4297-8fa4-d9c74ec687cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plateau phase of cardiac muscle is due to", "exp": "Ca2+ influx through more slowly opening Ca2+ channels produces the plateau phase The initial depolarization is due to Na+ influx through rapidly opening Na+ channels Repolarization is due to net K+ efflux through multiple types of K+ channels Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:491", "cop": 3, "opa": "East Na + channel opening", "opb": "Opeaning of Ca++Na+ channels", "opc": "Opeaning of Slow Ca++ channels", "opd": "Opeaning of K + channels", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "03d5bd64-e292-4459-bc5a-afc2ff4be2df", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Actin's active site is covered by", "exp": "The active site of actin in skeletal muscles is where myosin binds. This is covered by Tropomyosin.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Myosin", "opb": "Tropomyosin", "opc": "Troponin", "opd": "Desmin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "141993c2-cf74-48d8-aeee-fe5becfde75d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Motilin is secreted by cells in", "exp": "Motilin is a hormone released from endocrine cells within the epithelium of small intestine. Ref: Guyton,11e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Duodenum/ileum", "opc": "Pancreas", "opd": "Liver", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "16d2f881-c4e1-4eba-980b-11f42f17af1d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Preservation used for storing blood for transfusion is", "exp": "citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) a solution containing citric acid, sodium citrate, monobasic sodium phosphate, and dextrose that is the primary anticoagulant used for preservation of whole blood or red blood cells for up to 21 days Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:146,147,148", "cop": 4, "opa": "Heparin+dextrose", "opb": "Citrate + glucose", "opc": "EDTA", "opd": "CDP-A", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "a772b778-3ef2-4da8-b606-f6b939b89714", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Serum does not contain", "exp": "Serum has essentially the same composition as plasma, except that its fibrinogen and clotting factors II, V, and VIII (Table 32-5). (Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology 23rd Edition page no.530)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Fibrinogen", "opb": "Cerruloplasmin", "opc": "Albumin", "opd": "Globulin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "8e2418de-2bd0-4503-af33-09d70f425dbb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Critical Closing volume is", "exp": "Ans is 'd' i.e. Close to Residual Volume [Ref: Physiologic Basis of Respiratory> Disease by Qutayba Hamid, Joanne Shannon, James Martin pi37; Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery: Clinical Questions and Answers By Forrest O. Moorep7; http://www.ccmtutorials.com/rs/peep/page4.htmCritical closing volume is the minimum volume and pressure of gas necessary to prevent small airway collapse. It is somewhat near Residual volume.Under pathological conditions when CCV exceeds Functional Residual Capacity (FRC), alveolar collapse occurs.FRC is = Residual volume + Expiratory reserve volume", "cop": 4, "opa": "Volume at the end of forceful expiration", "opb": "Volume at the end of forceful inspiration", "opc": "Volume remaining after Functional Residual Capacity is measured", "opd": "Close to Residual Volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Mechanics of Respiration", "id": "94a4afed-618e-4997-8368-75b9f58242d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Parasympathetic stimulation causes", "exp": "(C) Pupillary constriction # Parasympathetic effects on the organ systems:> GIT: Molility and tone are increased; Secretions are increased; Sphincters are relaxed (usually)> Lungs: Bronchial muscles undergo contraction; Bronchial glands are stimulated> Eyes: Radial muscle of Iris has no action; Sphincter muscle of Iris -- contraction; Ciliary muscle: contraction for near vision> Sweat glands: No response to parasympathetic stimulation. While sweat glands respond to cholinergic stimulation by genized increase in secretion they do not parasympathetic stimulation by the same.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sweat secretion", "opb": "Decreased GI secretion", "opc": "Pupillary constriction", "opd": "Bronchoconstriction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "19903fb7-a522-4f62-86f1-f7561b6242f7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gastric acid decreased by", "exp": "When hydrochloric acid passes from the stomach into the duodenum, secretin is released into the bloodstream and stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate into the pancreatic ducts that drain into the duodenum. By this mechanism, hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach, which can be damaging to the intestinal lining, is promptly diluted and neutralized. Secretin also inhibits the secretion of gastrin, which triggers the initial release of hydrochloric acid into the stomach, and delays gastric emptyingref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 409,410,411", "cop": 1, "opa": "Secrilin", "opb": "Vagal stimulation", "opc": "Proteins in gastric fluids", "opd": "Gastric antral distension", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8ba7513a-7112-489c-8b66-4b479a087658", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carotid Sinus baroreceptor is most sensitive to", "exp": "carotid sinus baroreceptor is most sensitive to mean aerial pressure(MAP) Maximal baroreceptor sensitivity is seen near the normal MAP. Very Small changes in aerial pressure around this is normal MAP dramatically alters baroreceptor firing to ensure normal aerial pressure is maintained. Baroreceptors Stretch receptors located in the hea and adventitia of the blood vessels. Types based on location Carotid Sinus and aoic arch receptors(high pressure regions) Cardiopulomonary receptors (low-pressure regions) 3. Afferents Carotid sinus - a branch of glossopharygeal nerve (IX CN)- the carotid sinus nerve (sinus nerve of hering) Aoic arch receptor- a branch of vagus nerve ((X CN) - aoic depressor nerve 4. Center for Reflex Medulla (Nucleus of tractus solitarius) 5. Efferents Sympathetic and parasympathetic neuronsto hea and vasculature Most sensitive to MAP The threshold for excitation: 50mmHg Maximal activity: 200mg 6. Responses when one carotid sinus is isolated and perfused and the other baroreceptors are denervated Perfusion pressure <30 mmHg: no response 70-110 mmHg: the linear relationship between perfusion pressure and the fall in systemiic BP and HR.. >150 mmHg: No fuher increase in response to the degree of inhibition of sympathetic nerve is maximal. Ref: Mosby&;s Cardiovascular Physiology Pgno: 185", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pulse pressure", "opb": "Diastolic BP", "opc": "Systolic BP", "opd": "Mean BP", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8573e941-b1a0-47d0-9701-1671d471dafc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum radiation exposure is by", "exp": "Examination Effective total dose (mSv) Chest radiograph 0.06 Skull radiograph 0.2 Pelvis radiograph 0.65 Lumbar spine radiograph 1.3 Upper GI series (Barium) 2.45 Abdomen radiograph 0.55 Barium enema 2.8 to 4 IVP/IVU 1.6 Extremities 0.01 Enteroclysis 1.5 CT chest 8 CT abdomen 10 CT head 3.5 RNI 4.8", "cop": 2, "opa": "Radiography", "opb": "CT abdomen", "opc": "Radionuclide scan", "opd": "X-ray Abdomen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "910cc87b-fc64-4afe-a79b-b8cedce0ccd0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "White fibers are present in", "exp": "Ans. (b) Extraocular muscles(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p. 108)Motor unit innervates very few (three to six) muscle fibers in muscles concerned with fine, precise, graded movements like extra ocular muscles and hand muscles - these are the white muscle fibers", "cop": 2, "opa": "Calf muscle", "opb": "Extraocular muscle", "opc": "Back muscle", "opd": "Hip muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Muscle Physiology", "id": "51a55dc6-ccf6-4609-91e6-29c812d8a02d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "After laryngectomy, dynamic oesophageal voice is produced from", "exp": "Esophageal speech is a skill that can help patients to communicate after a laryngectomy, the most common surgery used for the treatment of laryngeal cancer. ... This hole is called a tracheostoma; the patient uses it to breathe through and cough through after the operation. Ref otolaryngology dhingra 3e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pharynx", "opb": "Pharyngoesophageal segment", "opc": "Trachea", "opd": "Buccal mucosa", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "40b2b3f6-2156-46f7-bdcf-5d686cac1844", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Speed of conduction is fastest in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "AVN", "opb": "SAN", "opc": "Bundle of His", "opd": "Purkinje system", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2de7adf3-2069-4c55-934d-b0abf8777092", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vomiting centre", "exp": "Vomiting refers to the forceful expulsion of contents from stomach and intestine. Vomiting centre is situated in the reticular formation of medulla oblongata near the vagal nucleus. Vomiting may be initiated by either activation of vomiting centre or by an activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone. It may be activated directly or through afferents: Direct activation of the vomiting centre Afferent impulses activating vomiting centre. Sequence of mechanical events of vomiting: Pre-ejection phase Retching phase Ejection phase. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:442,443,444", "cop": 1, "opa": "Area postrema", "opb": "Suprachiasmatic", "opc": "Medial nuclei", "opd": "Laternal nuclei", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "07411ead-e50e-47f0-95b9-1e77847db011", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In obesity, leptin level", "exp": "Leptin is an adipocyte-derived, satiety-regulating hormone that acts within the hypothalamus and other brain sites. Obese humans and animals are largely resistant to central actions of leptin. Rising leptin levels associated with progressing obesity are generally regarded as simply a consequence rather than a causative factor in the leptin resistance and obesity. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:811,812,813", "cop": 1, "opa": "High", "opb": "Normal", "opc": "Low", "opd": "May be low to normal", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "50dc5a58-f171-4077-a341-995dd0e1d448", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The velocity of conduction in the Purkinje fibers of the heart is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "1 to 4 m/sec", "opb": "5 to 8 m/sec", "opc": "9 to 12 m/sec", "opd": "More than 12 m/sec", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e700598-3cf8-486a-b049-a9c6baffb54b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Palpation on the costoveebral angle produces pain and tenderness in acute adrenal insufficiency. This is", "exp": "Costoveebral angle pain and tenderness in acute adrenal insufficiency is known as Rogoff's sign", "cop": 3, "opa": "Osler's sign", "opb": "Rotch's sign", "opc": "Rogoff's sign", "opd": "Rossolimo's sign", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ca031106-5a45-4047-a081-2988fe637a47", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucagon acts on muscle to cause", "exp": "Glucagon - a polypeptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to hypoglycemia or to stimulation by growth hormone. It increases blood glucose concentration by stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver and can be administered parenterally to relieve severe hypoglycemia from any cause, especially hyperinsulinism.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition page no: 432", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gluconeogenesis", "opb": "Gycogenolysis", "opc": "Glycolysis", "opd": "Kreb's cycle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a5b0714b-3557-4905-8af4-38d42afbdff7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "&;Bends&; are due to", "exp": "Clinicians recognize three categories of DCS (Decompression Sickness).Mild or type I DCS can include sho-lived mild pains (\"niggles\"), pruritus, a skin rash, and deep throbbing pain (\"bends\") resulting from bubbles that form in muscles and joints. Serious or type II DCS can include symptoms in the CNS, lungs, and circulatory system. The CNS disorder--most commonly involving the spinal cord--reflects bubble formation in the myelin sheath of axons that compromises nerve conduction. Symptoms may range from dizziness (\"staggers\") to paralysis. Pulmonary symptoms (\"chokes\")--resulting from gas emboli in the pulmonary circulation--include burning pain on inspiration, cough, and respiratory distress. In the circulatory system, bubbles can not only obstruct blood flow but also trigger the coagulation cascade and lead to the release of vasoactive substances. Hypovolemic shock is also a pa of this syndrome. The third category is aerial gas embolization, in which large gas emboli can have catastrophic consequences unless the victim receives immediate recompression treatment.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Escape of nitrogen bubbles from the myelin sheath of motor nerves", "opb": "Blockage of pulmonary capillaries by the nitrogen bubbles", "opc": "Blockage of blood vessels of brain and spinal cord", "opd": "Nitrogen bubbles that form in muscles and joints", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "14c10e85-6fa2-4eab-bdfd-a9689fe3cac6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "LH is secreted by", "exp": "Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin and sometimes lutrophin is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH (\"LH surge\") triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts synergistically with FSH.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-304", "cop": 2, "opa": "Ovary", "opb": "Pituitary", "opc": "Corpus luteum", "opd": "Hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "66f09013-4220-48b2-ba02-660f6c0e6e7a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not controlled directly by ACTH", "exp": "ACTH acts on the adrenal coex forming glucocoicoids and mineralocoicoidsRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition page no - 362", "cop": 4, "opa": "Glucocoicoid", "opb": "Aldosterone", "opc": "Coisol", "opd": "Epinephrine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "e1f981c7-48b0-464b-9702-443c2247609b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons results from the fact that", "exp": "\"Saltatory\" Conduction in Myelinated Fibers from Node to Node: Even though almost no ions can flow through the thick myelin sheaths of myelinated nerves, they can flow with ease through the nodes of Ranvier.Therefore, action potentials occur only at the nodes. Yet the action potentials are conducted from node to node, this is called saltatory conduction.That is, electrical current flows through the surrounding extracellular fluid outside the myelin sheath, as well as through the axoplasm inside the axon from node to node, exciting successive nodes one after another. Thus, the nerve impulse jumps along the fiber, which is the origin of the term \"saltatory.\"Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 5; Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials", "cop": 4, "opa": "Salt concentration is increased beneath the myelin segments", "opb": "Non gated ion channels are present beneath the segments of myelin", "opc": "Membrane resistance is decreased beneath the segments of myelin", "opd": "Voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "763e10b9-1aec-4ea9-bbe8-a98cbe2ac4a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal QRS axis", "exp": "Ans. (b) -30 to 110degRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.524Normally, the QRS axis ranges from -30deg to +100degAxis more negative than -30deg is called left axis deviationAxis more positive than +100deg is called right axis deviation", "cop": 2, "opa": "+30 to 110deg", "opb": "-30 to 110deg", "opc": "+110deg to +150deg", "opd": "- 110deg to - 150deg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "8973ec50-e39f-42da-906c-49c5107d09ad", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypercalcemia associated with malignancy is most often mediated by", "exp": "Hypercalcemia is an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood, usually more than 10.5 milligrams per deciliter of blood.parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), a hormone that can be produced by tumors, especially of the squamous cell type; massive overproduction can lead to hypercalcemia and other manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. PTHrP exes a biologic action similar to that of parathyroid hormone (PTH), acting through the same receptor, which is expressed in many tissues but most abundantly in kidney, bone, and growth plate cailage. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-378", "cop": 2, "opa": "Parathyroid hormone (PTH)", "opb": "Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP)", "opc": "Interleukin-6 (IL-6)", "opd": "Calcitonin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "808416c0-bebe-4de4-8dc3-ac3506250b1a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Axonotmesis includes discontinuity in", "exp": "Axonotmesis is a disruption of nerve cell axon, with Wallerian degeneration occurring below and slightly proximal to the site of injury. If axons and their myelin sheath are damaged, but Schwann cells, the endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium remain intact, it is called axonotmesis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Perineurium", "opb": "Epineurium", "opc": "Endoneurium", "opd": "Axon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "5888aa38-3e19-4871-9a79-2abd1b8894a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Conversion of chondrocyte into osteogenic cells is caused by", "exp": "Growth hormone (GH) any of several related polypeptide hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that directly influences protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth; their secretion is in pa controlled by the hypothalamus.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 327", "cop": 3, "opa": "Insulin", "opb": "IGF-1", "opc": "Growth hormone", "opd": "Thyroxine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "61d05e51-756c-49fc-b534-acde50ab92b4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Natural acclimatization in high altitude is due to", "exp": "(Decreased oxygen level): (650-Ganong-24th edition, 488-89- A.KJain 5th, 529-30- Guyton 12th)* Hypoxia in permanent residents at high altitude is called \"acclimatization\" at high altitude* Mechanism|Arterial pO2|Stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors||Pulmonary ventilation|CO2 washout|l Alveolar pCO2|||H+ concentration in blood (Alkalosis) and this should inhibit the respiration Differences between 'High Altitude Native' and Newcomer to High Altitude1. Increase in pulmonary ventilationMore therefore(a) Chest become enlarged (barrel shape)(b) Alveolar ventilation is more(c) FRC is moreLess therefore(a) Chest is smaller in size(b) Alveolar ventilation is less(c) FRC is less2. Response to hypoxic stimulationMore, therefore, hypocapenic alkalosis is lessLess3. Urine reactionAlkalineAcidic4. Affinity of haemoglobin for O2Less, therefore, more O2 is released from haemoglobinMore , therefore body tissue suffers from hypoxia,5. RBC countHigher, therefore PCV increases,Because of polycythemia, these individuals have red cheeksLow6. Organ vascularityMoreLess7. Mitochondria and myoglobin content of muscleHighLow8. Diffusion capacity of lung for O2MoreLess", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased ventilation", "opb": "Increased oxygen utilization", "opc": "Increase the chest size and decrease the abdominal circumference/accommodate", "opd": "Decreased oxygen level", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "ea0b8a43-7df4-4a41-b37b-e28cc6e9b7a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Energy producing enzymes are located in", "exp": "In mitochondria, enzymes for energy metabolism and protein synthesis can be found.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum", "opb": "Ribosomes", "opc": "Golgi apparatus", "opd": "Mitochondria", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2775b573-47b1-45b3-a3ba-4a52edc41915", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following acute respiratory response to ascent to high altitude, there is normalization of blood pH. The mechanism is", "exp": "The lung response to acute altitude exposure is mainly hyperventilation which, together with elevated hea rate, aims at achieving an adequate supply of oxygen to the tissues. At rest, ventilation increases by firstly increasing the tidal volume, at least up to 3500 m. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:365,376,377", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased erythropoesis leads to increased buffering by hemoglobin", "opb": "Increased excretion of HCO3 - by the kidneys", "opc": "Increased levels of 2, 3--DPG", "opd": "Retention of bicarbonate by the kidneys", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "2b23af86-f86a-4f85-bcb0-1a943c1586e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Golgi tendon apparatus conveys message to cns, depends upon", "exp": "The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) (also called Golgi organ, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension. It lies at the origins and inseion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle. It provides the sensory component of the Golgi tendon reflex.(Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 162 )", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tension in muscle", "opb": "Length of muscle", "opc": "Rapaidity of contraction", "opd": "Blood supply", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "113d3d08-588a-4f15-8cf8-aaa8546ffc45", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ejection fraction is about", "exp": "The ejection fraction, the percent of the end-diastolic ventricular volume that is ejected with each stroke, is about 65%. The ejection fraction is a valuable index of ventricular function.", "cop": 4, "opa": "25%", "opb": "45%", "opc": "55%", "opd": "65%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d1de0eb0-b99c-4e9b-9a45-37a999df00c1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In caissons, disease pain in joint is because of", "exp": "Caisson's disease has many synonyms : as:- Bends - Decompression sickness - Diver's paralysis - Dysbarism.It occurs in divers, compressed air is taken in order to match the pressures at deep sea.The air contains Nitrogen in almost 70 % of the mixture.At high pressures in the sea, the pressure over the body is balanced by the compressed air delivered to the lungs and the N2 stays dissolved in the tissues, more in fat than in other compaments.But if the diver ascends very quickly then the N2 is conveed into its gaseous form as the pressure outside the body drops down to 1 atm. (760 mm Hg), at first, they are smaller bubbles which later coalesce and progressively larger vessels are affected.Tissue ischemia and sometimes tissue death is the result.Coronaries getting blocked, cause myocardial damage.Most people with bends have joint pains and muscles of the arms and legs affecting 85-90%.Ref: Ganong 22nd Ed/ Pg 695, Guyton 11th Ed/Pg 549,548", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nitrogen bubble", "opb": "Oxygen bubble", "opc": "Carbon monoxide", "opd": "Air in joint", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "b9314e23-7477-4866-ab9b-b7ce9c4c7105", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Wernicke's area is located in", "exp": "Wernicke's area (area 22) is located in superior temporal gyrus behind area 41. It is concerned with comprehension i.e. interpretation and understanding of auditory and visual information. The Wernicke's area sends information arcuate fasciculus to the Broca's area, where detailed and coordinated pattern for vocalization occurs. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:841,842,843", "cop": 2, "opa": "Inferior frontal gyrus", "opb": "Superior temporal gyrus", "opc": "Inferior temporal gyrus", "opd": "Cingulate gyrus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "250515c4-301f-413c-bba2-4a907368ab1b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vibration sense is carried by", "exp": "(A) Pacinian corpuscles", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pacinian corpuscles", "opb": "Meckel's disks", "opc": "Ruffini corpuscle end-organs", "opd": "Free nerve endings", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "b5f2c4b6-5215-4c89-a649-59beec4bcd71", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anatomical dead space of normal lung is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "150 ml", "opb": "250 ml", "opc": "300 ml", "opd": "350 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ff40b4c3-da94-4290-ae2c-c6595b15edb3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dose of atropine for premedication per kg body weight is", "exp": "0.01 mg Doses of atropine: For premedication: 0.01 mg/kg. Along with neostigmine for preventing muscarinic side effects: 0.02 mg/kg. Vagolytic dose: 2 mg (0.04 mg/kg).", "cop": 3, "opa": "10 mg", "opb": "0.1 mg", "opc": "0.01 mg", "opd": "0.001 mg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "78b2a2d9-6c2c-4067-b4ee-d1f3957801bb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In general systolic BP in young females is less than that in the males of same age due to", "exp": "In females before menopause SBP is 4-5 mmhg less than that in the males of same age .After menopause SBP is 4-5 mmhg more than males of same age. This effect may be due to oestrogen which prevents atherosclerosis. Ref: page number 349 Textbook of physiology Volume 1 AK Jain 7th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Dietary habits", "opb": "Oestrogen which prevents atherosclerosis", "opc": "Progesterone effect on blood vessels", "opd": "Low sympathetic activity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "127d2a74-7f31-40cb-b78c-382dc16b740b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In infants, defecation often follows a meal. The cause of colonic contractions in this situation is", "exp": "(Gastrocolic reflex) (511- Ganong) (477- Ganong 23rd)* Distention of the stomach by food initiates contactions of the rectum and , frequently a desire to defecate. The response is called the Gastrocolic reflex* Some evidence that it is due an action of gastrin on the colon and is not neurally mediated* When food leaves the stomach, the cecum relaxes and the passage of chyme through the ileocecal valve increases (Gastroileal reflex). This is presumably a vagal reflex.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gastroileal reflex", "opb": "Enterogastric reflex", "opc": "Increased circulating levels of CCK", "opd": "Gastrocolic- reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "30b120b1-0bb1-4abe-8fba-7be350e0b54d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The parvocellular pathway from lateral geniculate nucleus to visual coex is most sensitive for the stimulus of", "exp": "From the lateral geniculate nucleus, a magnocellular pathway and a parvocellular pathway project to the visual coex. The parvocellular pathway, from layers 3-6, carries signals for color vision, texture, shape, and fine detail. The parvocellular pathway also carries color opponent data to the deep pa of layer 4.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty-Third Edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Color contrast", "opb": "Luminance contrast", "opc": "Temporal frequency", "opd": "Saccadic eye movements", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "34360764-9c31-430d-af9f-eaeff03305d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Broca's motor speech area is present in", "exp": "Broca&;s area 44 is in the frontal lobe immediately in front of the inferior end of motor coex ( which is inferior frontal gyrus). Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;23rd edition; pg:297", "cop": 4, "opa": "Superior temporal gyrus", "opb": "Precentral gyrus", "opc": "Post central gyrus", "opd": "Inferior frontal gyrus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "a5e93d2f-63e6-41a7-a281-f342fccba1f7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "TSH on surface receptor uses second messenger as", "exp": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that controls the release of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland.The thyrotropin receptor (or TSH receptor) is a receptor (and associated protein) that responds to thyroid-stimulating hormone(also known as \"thyrotropin\") and stimulates the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The TSH receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins and is coupled to the Gs protein.Upon binding circulating thyrotropin, a G-protein signal cascade activates adenylyl cyclase and intercellular levels of cAMP rise .cAMP activate all functional aspects of the thyroid cell, including iodine pumping; thyroglobulin synthesis, iodination, endocytosis and proteolysis; thyroid peroxidase activity; and hormone release.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-302", "cop": 1, "opa": "cAMP", "opb": "cGMP", "opc": "Ca2+", "opd": "IP3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "50e49167-c5df-413a-afa5-b35f229316de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Monoamine neurotransmitter in brains is", "exp": "There are three main classes of chemical substances that serve as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators: small molecule transmitters large-molecule transmitters gas transmitters. Small molecule transmitters include amino acids (eg, glutamate, g-aminobutyric acid , and glycine, acetylcholine, monoamines (eg, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Large-molecule transmitters include neuropeptides such as substance P, enkephalin, and vasopressin. Neuropeptides are often co-localized with one of the small-molecule neurotransmitters Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Serotonin", "opb": "Glycine", "opc": "GABA", "opd": "Dopamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9557f345-befd-44c5-bc6b-b0792edece73", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Action of progesterone is", "exp": "Progesterone, hormone secreted by the female reproductive system that functions mainly to regulate the condition of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus. Progesterone is produced by the ovaries, placenta, and adrenal glands. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:644,645,646", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased sensitivity of uterus to oxytocin", "opb": "Inhibits LH secretion", "opc": "Decreases basal body temperature", "opd": "Causes proliferative changes in uterus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "744495ef-ee7e-47f8-ba02-550430cbda9f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Excitable tissue at rest is least permeable to", "exp": "Points to note\n-        Concentration of ions\n\nNa+ concentration higher in ECF \nK+ concentration higher in ICF \nCl- concentration higher in ECF\n\n-        K+ leak channels allow K+ to move from ICF to ECF\n\nNa+ is prevented from entering the cell.\n\nThus diffusion is highest for K+, then Cl- and least for Na+, when the cell is at rest.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Ca++", "opd": "CI-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "51fbc466-e36f-49ab-9c7a-ac1ad44e4fd7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The function of Carotid body is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Measures the change in PO2 in arterial blood", "opb": "Measures PO2 in venous blood", "opc": "Measures the change in CO2 in arterial blood", "opd": "Measures the change in CO2 in venous blood", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d7f51168-1955-4876-bf5d-6b8a007dc8f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gastric phase of gastric acid secretion is influenced by", "exp": "The gastric secretions arise from glands in the wall of the stomach that drain into its lumen, and also from the surface cells that secrete primarily mucus and bicarbonate to protect the stomach from digesting itself, as well as substances known as trefoil peptides that stabilize the mucus-bicarbonate layer. The glandular secretions of the stomach differ in different regions of the organ. The most characteristic secretions derive from the glands in the fundus or body of the stomach. There are three primary stimuli of gastric secretion, each with a specific role to play in matching the rate of secretion to functional requirements. Gastrin is a hormonethat is released by G cells in the antrum of the stomach both in response to a specific neurotransmitter released from enteric nerve endings, known as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP, or bombesin) and also in response to the presence of oligopeptides in the gastric lumen. Gastrin is then carried through the bloodstream to the fundic glands, where it binds to receptors not only on parietal (and likely, chief cells) to activate secretion but also on so-called enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells) that are located in the gland and release histamine. Histamine is also a trigger of parietal cell secretion, binding to H2 histamine receptors. Finally, parietal and chief cells can also be stimulated by acetylcholine, released from enteric nerve endings in the fundus. During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, secretion ispredominantly activated by vagal input that originates from the brain region known as the dorsal vagal complex, which coordinates input from higher centers. Vagal outflow to the stomach then releases GRP and acetylcholine, thereby initiating secretory function. However, before the meal enters the stomach, there are few additional triggers and thus the amount of secretion is limited. Once the meal is swallowed, on the other hand, meal constituents trigger substantial release of gastrin and the physical presence of the meal also distends the stomach and activates stretch receptors, which provoke a \"vago-vagal\" as well as local reflexes that fuher amplify secretion. The presence of the meal also buffers gastric acidity that would otherwise serve as a feedback inhibitory signal to shut off secretion secondary to the release of somatostatin, which inhibits both G and ECL cells as well as secretion by parietal cells themselves. This probably represents a key mechanism whereby gastric secretion.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMAN, HEDDWEN BROOKSTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO: 432,433", "cop": 4, "opa": "Secretin", "opb": "VIP", "opc": "GiP", "opd": "Gastrin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e96e279d-7a2f-4d6f-9f5e-d0e0ad470632", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The function of P cells of the kidney is", "exp": "The principal cells reabsorb sodium and water from the lumen and secrete potassium ions into the lumen.", "cop": 3, "opa": "H+ secretion", "opb": "K+ reabsorption", "opc": "Na+ reabsorption", "opd": "Cl- secretion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "d444dad0-31ab-4eb4-991f-f0103f9230f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Number of Golgi tendon organs per 100 muscle fibres", "exp": "The Golgi organ (also called Golgi tendon organ, GTO, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension. It lies at the origins and inseion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle. It provides the sensory component of the Golgi tendon reflex.", "cop": 1, "opa": "20-Jan", "opb": "200-400", "opc": "50-60", "opd": "80-100", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "830a4f51-9252-45dd-ad9c-1106241281c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Breathing ceases upon destruction of the", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Cerebrum", "opb": "Medulla oblongata", "opc": "Hypothalamus", "opd": "Cerebellum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0f0dcd4a-cc14-4633-b8a2-0dd08b407094", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Concentration of methemoglobin to appears cyanosis", "exp": "C i.e. 1.5 01", "cop": 3, "opa": "5 gm/ dl", "opb": "2 gm/di", "opc": "1.5 gm/ dl", "opd": "12 gm/dl", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d045aeeb-33a1-4f79-b067-19711e14f2d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Duration Of 2nd hea sound is", "exp": "The second sound lasts about 0.12 s, with a frequency of 50 Hz. It is loud and sharp when the diastolic pressure in the aoa or pulmonary aery is elevated, causing the respective valves to shut briskly at the end of systole Second hea sound is due to sudden closure of semilunar valves at the end of systole. Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 542", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.15sec", "opb": "0.12 sec", "opc": "0.08 sec", "opd": "0.1 sec", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "d34b0ed9-c1e5-4e50-b0df-910484a527d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In the absence of vasopressin, the greatest fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the", "exp": "Because the ratio of the concentration in tubular fluid to the concentration in plasma (TF/P) of the nonreabsorbable substance inulin is 2.5 to 3.3 at the end of the proximal tubule, it follows that 60–70% of the filtered solute and 60–70% of the filtered water have been removed by the time the filtrate reaches this point.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proximal tubule.", "opb": "Loop of Henle.", "opc": "Distal tubule.", "opd": "Cortical collecting duct.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9c6407b9-0f05-4696-876f-f4bc0f2e700b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fat is maximum synthesized in", "exp": "Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors through action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. It is an impoant pa of the lipogenesis process, which - together with glycolysis - stands behind creating fats from blood sugar in living organisms.De Novo Synthesis in Humans In humans, fatty acids are formed predominantly in the liver and lactating mammary glands, and, to a lesser extent, the adipose tissue. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology - 24th edition; page no-26", "cop": 1, "opa": "Liver", "opb": "Adipose tissue", "opc": "Intestine", "opd": "Muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "1937a77c-7b42-4e13-9d9e-1c0127cd9263", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oxygen carrying capacity of blood is largely determined by", "exp": "The O2 delivery system in the body consists of the lungs and the cardiovascular system. O2 delivery to a paicular tissue depends on the amount of O2 entering the lungs, the adequacy of pulmonary gas exchange, the blood flow to the tissue, and the capacity of the blood to carry O2. The blood flow depends on the degree of constriction of the vascular bed in the tissue and the cardiac output. The amount of O2 in the blood is determined by the amount of dissolved O2, the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, and the affinity of the hemoglobin for O2.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 609", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hb level", "opb": "Amount of CO2! in blood", "opc": "Acidosis", "opd": "Plasma concentration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "0489a165-0ad1-476a-9535-ec9a4dc49015", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cell shape and physical structure is provided by", "exp": "Microtubules are the largest cytoskeleton component. Cytoskeleton provides a structural framework for the cell. (REF TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 9)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cell membrane", "opb": "Microtubules", "opc": "Microflaments", "opd": "Golgi apparatus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "3c681818-bc1b-4bc3-be41-c75470f1e3da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Atrial depolarization in ECG is represented by", "exp": "1 (Description: P wave in EC6)", "cop": 1, "opa": "1", "opb": "2", "opc": "3", "opd": "4", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart: Normal Electrocardiogram", "id": "8fea8c17-6d5a-491b-b313-a21258cfbb4c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thromboxane A2 causes", "exp": "Thromboxane A2 secreted by platelets promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:563", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vasodilatation and platelet aggregaion", "opb": "Vasodilatation and anti platelet aggregatory", "opc": "Vasoconstriction and anti platelet aggregatory", "opd": "Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregaion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "1eccf846-e2b1-4845-ab83-a07d86633db1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypoxemia independent of", "exp": "Hypoxemia is a condition of decreased aerial po2.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 24th edition Page no: 649", "cop": 3, "opa": "FiO2", "opb": "Altitude", "opc": "Hb", "opd": "PaCO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "f70db458-efd5-410e-b33a-d8b59ae67b0d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Least mineralocoicoid activity is seen in", "exp": "C i.e. Dexamethasone", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aldosterone", "opb": "Aldosterone", "opc": "Dexamethasone", "opd": "Flurotisol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "68287103-4dac-464b-a451-f7881a2a5538", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Somatosensory area I largest representation is for", "exp": "Coical areas for sensation from trunk and back are small, whereas large areas are concerned with impulses from hand and pas of mouth. And from the figure 11-4 it is evident that area for hand is more than face. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:175", "cop": 1, "opa": "Arm", "opb": "Leg", "opc": "Back", "opd": "Head", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "05e499dd-a3f0-44c4-96ec-36bcb3903871", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amount of coronary flow per minute is", "exp": "Total blood flow through various organs (whole organ)\n\nLiver - 1500ml/min - 27.8% of cardiac output\nKidney - 1260ml/min - 23.3% of cardiac output\nSkeletal muscle - 840ml/min - 15.6% of cardiac output\nBrain - 750ml/min - 13.9% of cardiac output\nSkin - 462ml/min - 8.6% of cardiac output\nHeart - 250ml/min - 4.7% of cardiac output\n\nBlood flow per unit mass in decreasing order –ml/100gm/min (Highest to lowest)\n\nKidney\nHeart\nLiver\nBrain\nSkin\nSkeletal muscle", "cop": 2, "opa": "225 ml", "opb": "250 ml", "opc": "50 ml", "opd": "300 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "8c56cb65-648f-465e-997e-4bc352da3ef7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum prostaglandin secretion is seen in", "exp": "Ans. is 'c' i.e., Seminal fluid\"The concentrations in semen and mensural fluid probably reprent the highest concentrations of PGs found in human body\" --www.reproductiveonline.org.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Amniotic fluid", "opb": "Saliva", "opc": "Seminal fluid", "opd": "Urine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5eebe0a-2aed-44ba-bde3-feb01fff94a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum blood in the body lies in", "exp": "Maximum blood in the body lies in - veins and venules -64%.Ref: Guyton and hall 11th edition.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aoa", "opb": "Veins", "opc": "Hea", "opd": "Aerioles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "bb7a6a79-b889-44b2-8bda-28ff8f826f8e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"NO\" is synthesized from", "exp": "NO (nitric oxide):- Also called asEndothelium derived Relaxing Factor synthesized fromArginineby enzymeNOS(Nitric oxide synthase) in the endothelial cells Nitric oxide relaxes the smooth muscles of blood vessels The vasodilator - nitroglycerin also enters smooth muscle cells, where its metabolism also leads to the formation of NO. Activates enzymeGuanyl cyclase, which conves GTP to cyclic GMP, which causes relaxation of smooth muscle cells", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tryptophan", "opb": "L - citrulline", "opc": "Lysine", "opd": "L - arginine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "NEET Jan 2020", "id": "7c60518c-e839-4832-ae28-956af2bdafae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not included in cerebellar nuclei", "exp": "There are 4 deep nuclei in cerebellum: dentate, globose, emboliform, & fastigial nuclei. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:255", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dentate nuclei", "opb": "Emboliform nuclei", "opc": "Fastigial nuclei", "opd": "Caudate nuclei", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "01fa9ab4-c640-47a5-a5fb-03b44d5be98f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dicrotic notch is caused by", "exp": "Closure of aoic and pulmonary valve causes a characteristic notch called dicrotic notch or incisura in pulse wave tracing Ref : Ganong 25th ed/page 540", "cop": 3, "opa": "Closure of mitral valve", "opb": "Opening of mitral valve", "opc": "Closure of aoic valve", "opd": "Opening of aoic valve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b0fd01c6-759c-4644-857b-9677506faf14", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient is able to recognise a person by name but not face. The lesion, in this case, is in", "exp": "This condition is prosopagnosia, which occurs in the lesions of the inferior temporal lobe. In humans, storage and recognition of faces are more strongly represented in the right inferior temporal lobe in right-handed individuals (i.e., non-dominant inferior temporal lobe) Damage to this area can cause prosopagnosia, the inability to recognise faces. Patients with this abnormality can recognise people by seeing their faces. The left hemispheres is also involved, but the role of te right hemisphere is primary. Ref : Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 25th edition Pgno: 293", "cop": 4, "opa": "Frontal lobe", "opb": "Occipital lobe", "opc": "Post parietal region", "opd": "Temporal lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "f86bf4fe-1f68-49f9-bcb2-0a9760924b59", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pressure on carotid sinus causes", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyperapnea", "opb": "Tachycardia", "opc": "Reflex bradycardia", "opd": "Dyspnea", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "45649034-c76a-4ab0-bee4-7476cc187cbe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The bitter taste is mediated by the action of", "exp": "Sweet- G protein coupled increased in cAMP causing closure of K+ channels.\nSalt- Opening of amiloride sensitive Na+ channels\nSour- Increased intracellular H+ concentration causing closure of K+ channels\nBitter- G protein-coupled increase in intracellular Ca++ triggering neurotransmitter release.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Guanyl cyclase", "opb": "G protein", "opc": "Tyrosine kinase", "opd": "Epithelial Na+ chain", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "26394552-c2cd-4339-a5ef-e903a18342c8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GFR is increased by", "exp": "Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) a hormone involved in natriuresis and the regulation of renal and cardiovascular homeostasis. It is synthesized as a prohormone in the granules of the myocytes of the atrium and is released into the circulation in response to atrial dilation or increased intravascular fluid volume.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 707", "cop": 1, "opa": "ANP", "opb": "Vasopressin", "opc": "Histamine", "opd": "Endothelium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "d3d8c4bd-e5a1-4154-bca7-cd0c64921bd6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The characteristic feature of apoptosis on light microscopy is", "exp": "The nuclear chromatin is condensed or fragmented by light microscopy.(Ref: Textbook of PATHOLOGY HARSH MOHAN 6th Edition page no.48)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cellular swelling", "opb": "Nuclear compaction", "opc": "Intact cell membrane", "opd": "Cytoplasmic eosinophlia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "ce8c7c2a-da35-4bf5-a730-ee98aa2b3688", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Essential difference between serum and plasma is in content of", "exp": "Ans: a (Protein) Ref: Ganong 22nd edp.543Serum = Plasma - (fibrinogen, clotting factors II, V, VIII).Serum has higher serotonin content because of breakdown of platelets during clotting.Normal plasma volume is about 5% of body weight, -3500 ml in 70 kg man.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Protein", "opb": "Sugar", "opc": "Fat", "opd": "RBC", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "bd4ab1ae-9bb9-440c-9f33-b5c9233105e8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Modality that is lost on the ipsilateral side in Brown sequard syndrome is", "exp": "In Brown sequard syndrome, a hemisection of the spinal cord results in\n-        Sensory\n\nLoss of Ipsilateral dorsal column sensations- Proprioception, vibration, fine touch, Kinesthesia. \nLoss of contralateral lateral column sensations- Pain, temperature\n\n-        Motor\n\nLoss of ipsilateral corticospinal action- results in UMNL- Weakness, spasticity, Extensor plantar response.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pain", "opb": "Temperature", "opc": "Crude touch", "opd": "Proprioception", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "447d95e1-9b97-40fc-8df6-b78f7ab89c58", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sleep waves in hippocampal area is(MP 2000, AI 1998, KARNATAKA 2002, ASSAM 2002)", "exp": "Ans. (b) Theta(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.273)Theta wave#Frequency is 4-7Hz#Generated in hippocampus#Most commonly seen in children#Pathologically seen often in degenerative brain diseases", "cop": 2, "opa": "Delta", "opb": "Theta", "opc": "Beta", "opd": "Alpha", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "3159b9e1-edbe-424b-a4c3-e6c59c165833", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Afferent of Cremasteric reflex includes", "exp": "CREMASTERIC REFLEX:-Upon stroking the skin of upper pa of medial side of thigh, there occurs a reflex contraction of muscle. It can be seen as elevation and retraction of the testis.Afferent:- genitofemoral nerve.Efferent: genital branch for cremaster muscle.More brisk in children.In UMN lesions,above segment L1 the reflex is lost.{Reference: BDC 6E pages no.206}", "cop": 1, "opa": "Genitofemoral nerve", "opb": "Ilioinguinal", "opc": "Ingiuino hypogastric", "opd": "Pudendal nerve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9accfc99-d06c-4175-acbc-226a761b4858", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Distribution of blood flow in mainly regulated by", "exp": "Aerioles are the major site of resistance to the blood flow and small change in their caliber cause large changes in total peripheral resistance, and thereby diastolic pressure is affected. Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology, 24th edition.Pg no. 570", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aeries", "opb": "Aerioles", "opc": "Capillaries", "opd": "Venules", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "db5142a7-6377-4ada-8657-a4dbc80ef674", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum visual acuity in retina is present on", "exp": "(B) Fovea centralis > Visual acuity, or resolving power, is the property of cones. To resolve detail, the eye's optical system has to project a focused image on the fovea, a region inside the macula having the highest density of cone photoreceptor cells (the only kind of photoreceptors existing on the fovea), thus having the highest resolution and best color vision.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic disc", "opb": "Fovea centralis", "opc": "Macula lutea", "opd": "Peripheral part", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Vision and its Elements", "id": "8f094853-8773-4d6f-877a-1fee3e5fc523", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vagal stimulation in hea decreases hea rate by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Decrease in action potential spike", "opb": "Decrease in slope of prepotential", "opc": "Increase in repolarisation", "opd": "Decrease in conduction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2ec52628-7e36-4e95-badf-e9500dcaaca3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of Golgi apparatus is", "exp": "Organization of the Golgi is directed at proper glycosylation of proteins and lipids. There are more than 200 enzymes that function to add, remove, or modify sugars from proteins and lipids in the Golgi apparatus. Membranous vesicles containing newly synthesized proteins bud off from the granular endoplasmic reticulum and fuse with the cistern on the cis side of the apparatus. The proteins are then passed other vesicles to the middle cisterns and finally to the cistern on the trans side, from which vesicles branch off into the cytoplasm.(REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 23rd EDITION page no.42)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Synthesis of protein", "opb": "Maturation of protein", "opc": "Degradation of protein", "opd": "Sequencing of protein", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "30ba9ad5-f44c-4af8-b386-f0cc0dbbb760", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Excitatory ncurotransmitter in brain is", "exp": "(A) Ach # Acetylcholine# ACETYCHOLINE is distributed throughout the CNS, with high concentrations in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and various nuclei in the basal forebrain.> Ach was the first neurotransmitter discovered and is the major neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system,> Ach is excitatory in contract to monoamine neurotransmitters which are nearly always inhibitory.> Primary monoamine neurotransmitters are dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.> Dopamine and epinephrine are primarily inhibitory neurotransmitters that produce arousal.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ach", "opb": "Adrenaline", "opc": "Noradrenaline", "opd": "Dopamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "03aed055-c51d-4fc8-97d4-47d9a40c2178", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HCl secretion is stimulated bya)  Secretinb) Somatostatinc) Histamined) Gastrine) VIP", "exp": "HCl secretion\n-        Stimulated by\no   Acetylcholine- Cephalic and Gastric phase (Vaso vagal reflex)\no   Gastrin- Gastric and Intestinal phase\no   Histamine\n-        Inhibited by\no   Acid (low pH)\no   Somatostatin\no   Secretin\no   Cholecystokinin\no   GIP\no   VIP", "cop": 2, "opa": "ab", "opb": "cd", "opc": "bd", "opd": "ac", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b746b852-efdb-4764-9088-0052ad9750e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acetylcholine acting on nicotinic receptors produces", "exp": "Acetylcholine acting at motor and causes muscle contraction Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:76,77,78", "cop": 1, "opa": "Contraction of skeletal muscle", "opb": "Secretion saliva", "opc": "Bradycardia", "opd": "Pupillary constriction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "96c5b9fd-e50b-465e-9133-d0f6737b9498", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Excitatory post synaptic potential is", "exp": "EPSP: Depolarisation of post synaptic membrane by opening of Na+ or Ca2+ channels\nIPSP : Hyperpolarisation of post synaptic membrane by opening of Cl- or K+ channels", "cop": 3, "opa": "Depolarisation of post synaptic membrane by opening of K+ channels", "opb": "Hyperpolarisation of post synaptic membrane by opening of Cl- channels", "opc": "Depolarisation of post synaptic membrane by opening of Ca2+ channels", "opd": "Hyperpolarisation of post synaptic membrane by opening of Na+ channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "88284e86-48b5-4d5d-988f-98517a27074b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Discharge from baroreceptor cause inhibition of", "exp": "Ans. (b) Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.590Baroreflex mechanismIn simple terms, \"increased baroreceptor discharge inhibits the tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves and excites the vagal innervation of the heart\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "Caudal ventrolateral medulla", "opb": "Rostral ventrolateral medulla", "opc": "Nucleus of tractus solitarius", "opd": "Nucleus ambiguous", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "d8408fe5-cf2d-4cb1-aeee-c41094b604ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a standard Electrocardiogram, an augmented limb lead measures the electrical potential difference between", "exp": "Augmented limb leads are recordings between one limb and the other two limbs Augmented limb leads, designated by the letter a (aVR, aVL, aVF), are generally used Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:495 aVR: b/w right arm (+electrode)and left arm+left leg(-electrode) aVL: b/w the left arm(+electrodes) and right arm+left leg(-electrode) aVF: b/w the left foot (+electrode)and right arm+left arm(-electrode) Vector of augmented limb lead=3/2 vector of unaugmented limb lead.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Two limbs", "opb": "One limb and two other limbs", "opc": "One limb and neutral (Zero)", "opd": "Two limbs and two other limbs", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "0954f125-c04a-4857-8eaf-8f1f1b6de6a5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Characteristic feature of apoptosis", "exp": "Reference: Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition Page no: 18 Apoptosis is a pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells' own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Fragments of the apoptotic cells then break off, giving the appearance that is responsible for the name (apoptosis, \"falling off\"). The plasma membrane of the apoptotic cell remains intact, but the membrane is altered in such a way that the cell and its fragments become avid targets for phagocytes. The dead cell and its fragments are rapidly cleared before cellular contents have leaked out, so apoptotic cell death does not elicit an inflammatory reaction in the host.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cell membrane intact", "opb": "Cytoplasmic eosinophilia", "opc": "Nuclear moulding", "opd": "Cell swelling", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "8aa6e833-0d9a-44bb-a7e1-54ec2ac85355", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Milk is stored before ejection in", "exp": "Lactiferous ducts one of the ducts, numbering 15-20, which drain the lobes of the mammary gland; they open at the nipple.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-416", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lactiferous ducts", "opb": "Alveoli", "opc": "Nipple", "opd": "Stroma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b293816c-a99f-479e-b96a-3be1658618e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Equilibrium potential of K+", "exp": "Equilibrium potential of K+ is -90mV.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK JAIN 4th edition page no.34)", "cop": 2, "opa": "-70mV", "opb": "-90mV", "opc": "+70mV", "opd": "+90mV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "013b7a05-a6c7-44f7-b8fd-7c59dc07f13e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Higher hematocrit in venous blood than in arterial blood is due to", "exp": "In venous blood, Cl- moves into RBC which results in fluid shift into RBC. This results in higher hematocrit.", "cop": 1, "opa": "High chloride in RBC", "opb": "High Na+ in plasma", "opc": "High HCO3- in plasma", "opd": "High K+ in RBC", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "da4b9712-037f-4fa9-aa44-523873dc367f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The physiological effect in unacclimatised person suddenly exposed to cold is", "exp": "To preserve the core body heat in cold conditions, the flow of blood is decreased in the periphery (skin) by vasoconstriction. This prevents loss of heat.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tachycardia", "opb": "Shift of blood from shell to core", "opc": "Non shivering thermogenesis", "opd": "Hypertension", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "da4fb11d-e21b-4adc-a0dc-2f3c093140c5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ovulation is associated with sudden rise in", "exp": "Ovulation is associated with LH surge Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:641,642,643", "cop": 3, "opa": "Testosterone", "opb": "Prolactin", "opc": "LH", "opd": "FSH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "ff7ab026-b632-491a-819f-81f5dca2176e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pleural pressure positive in", "exp": "During active expiration, the abdominal muscles are contracted to force up the diaphragm and the resulting pleural pressure can become positive. Positive pleural pressure may temporarily collapse the bronchi and cause limitation of air flow Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:316,317,318", "cop": 3, "opa": "End of inspiration", "opb": "End of expiration", "opc": "End of forced expiration", "opd": "Sta or beginning of inspiration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "46fb661d-9e6b-4d0b-8a20-d4549800701f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Predominant cation of intracellular fluid", "exp": "K+ concentration in I.C.F is 155 mEq/L of H2O.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.26 table 1.3.3)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Ca+2", "opd": "H+", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "7994786b-7a3d-476d-b9a8-3f2137c4a77c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "RMP of the neuron is", "exp": "Resting membrane potential (RMP) - It is the potential difference between inside and outside of the membrane of a cell at a resting state.\nRMP is maintained by K+ ion. The value for RMP varies for different kinds of tissues.\nRMP of various tissues are given below RMP of a neuron is: -70 mV, RMP of cardiac muscle: —90 mV, RMP of skeletal muscle: -90 mV, RMP of smooth muscle: -50 mV. Note: RMP is maintained by K+ ion. RMP is close to isoelectric, the potential of Cl–  Changes in the external K+ concentration affect the RMP Changes in the external Na+ concentration affect the action potential and not the RMP", "cop": 4, "opa": "-700 V", "opb": "- 7 V", "opc": "-170 mV", "opd": "-70 mV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4b388f7f-9a23-41cb-8daa-fda0d8346e12", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Volume receptors are", "exp": "Volume receptors are low-pressure receptors located in great veins, right and left atria, and pulmonary vessels.They are also called volume receptorsDue to the peculiarity of location of these receptors, they are affected by total cardiovascular output.Ref: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 edition page No:548", "cop": 1, "opa": "Affected by total cardiovascular output", "opb": "Stimulated by atrial systole and diastole", "opc": "Stimulated by left ventricular contraction", "opd": "Stimulated by aoic pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "615a1909-201f-42aa-9b00-11e7c7bddabb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slow IPSP in autonomic ganglia is generated bya) Nicotinic cholinergicb) Muscarinic cholinergicc) Dopamined) GnRHe) Adrenaline", "exp": "Fast EPSP in autonomic ganglia are generated by Acetylcholine on nicotinic cholinergic receptors.\nSlow EPSP in autonomic ganglia are generated by Acetylcholine on M1 muscarinic receptors.\nSlow IPSP in autonomic ganglia are generated by Catecholamines (Dopamine, noradrenaline) on dopaminergic, α- adrenergic and M2 muscarinic receptors.", "cop": 4, "opa": "a", "opb": "c", "opc": "ac", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe68bd18-3d83-4d68-9cc8-3500fcb9f67d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most peptide and protein hormones are synthesized as", "exp": "Preprohormones are the gene products for most peptide and protein hormones. These are rapidly cleaved to form prohormones. POMC and propressophysin are two examples of specific prohormones.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "A secretagogue", "opb": "A pleiotropic hormone", "opc": "Proopiomelanocoin (POMC)", "opd": "A preprohormone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "93ed2927-a657-446e-bd40-0d95baf03bf3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anemic hypoxia is due to", "exp": "Arterial PO2/ Dissolved oxygen is normal in anemic hypoxia, but the arterial oxygen content is low. This may be due to anemia, CO poisoning etc.", "cop": 4, "opa": "↓PO2 in arterial blood", "opb": "↑PO2 in arterial blood", "opc": "↑PCO2 in arterial blood", "opd": "↓O2 content in arterial blood", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0aa99cce-94e0-498c-86f7-5d94b3f85fbd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "PCT secretes", "exp": "PCT secretes H+ into tubule thus helping in excretion . Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 685", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sodium", "opb": "Glucose", "opc": "Hydrogen ions", "opd": "Amino acids", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "812e7240-6761-4af4-b37d-9bd459801c9f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osmolality of plasma is mainly contributed by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "Sodium", "opc": "Urea", "opd": "Uric acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4f2c1d2f-95ca-4768-a0fa-c76250651669", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Open faced nucleus in a cell signifies", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "that the cell is resting", "opb": "that the cell is active", "opc": "nothing", "opd": "that the cell is in transition phase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e316d98f-98a9-496f-9c86-37d6030b9e9b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Decrease in contributing factor in chronic hypeension is associated with", "exp": "Twofold increase in plasma TNF-alpha levels in pregnant rats resulted in a significant increase in aerial pressure (97 +/- 3.6 v 116 +/- 2.1 mm Hg, pregnant versus TNF-alpha pregnant, respectively, P < .05), but no significant change in urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion (22.0 +/- 1.9 v 20.8 +/- 2.5 micromol/24 h, pregnant versus TNF-alpha pregnant, respectively), a measure of whole-body NO production.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aldosterone", "opb": "Angiotensin II", "opc": "Nitric oxide", "opd": "Reduced sympathetic nerve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "10557a49-b69a-47e1-b527-9d3ce0061b40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary direct stimulus for excitation of central chemoreceptors regulating ventilation is", "exp": "The main chemoreceptors involved in respiratory feedback are: Central chemoreceptors: These are located on the ventrolateral surface of medulla oblongata and detect changes in the pH of spinal fluid. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:371,372,373", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased H+", "opb": "Increased CO2", "opc": "Increased O2", "opd": "Decreased CO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "1142f548-3969-4fb8-82b5-bf646376bbfa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carbon monoxide poisoning is a type of", "exp": "CO poisoning is often listed as a form of anemic hypoxia because the amount of hemoglobin that can carry O2 is reduced, but the total hemoglobin content of the blood is unaffected by CO. The affinity of hemoglobin for CO is 210 times its affinity for O2, and COHb liberates CO very slowly. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 651", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anemic hypoxia", "opb": "Histotbxie hypoxia", "opc": "Hypoxic hypoxia", "opd": "Stagnant hypoxia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ecc8f049-f086-4493-94c2-903bab938ac5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Drug useful in chloroquine resistant malaria is", "exp": "Mefloquine is effective against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Mefloquine", "opb": "Proguanil", "opc": "Pyrimethamine", "opd": "Primaquine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "145e1994-56a6-4890-b196-16d0152bec6f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anatomical dead space is", "exp": "Dead space is the volume of air that is inhaled that does not take pa in the gas exchange, because it either remains in the conducting airways or reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused. In other words, not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 324,325,326", "cop": 1, "opa": "1/3rd of tidal volume", "opb": "2/5th of tidal volume", "opc": "10 ml/kg of body weight", "opd": "15 ml/kg of body weight", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "e62886e0-0814-434e-8a86-2e11bc4f52a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Involuntary contraction of a single motor unit is known as", "exp": "Fasciculation : It is involuntary contraction of a single motor unit. It is visible grossly.\nFibrillation : It is spontaneous, repititive contraction of a single muscle fibre. It is not visible grossly.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Fibrillation", "opb": "Fasciculation", "opc": "Tics", "opd": "Spasm", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "65774112-3881-44d1-99dc-d0c2461711cb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Minimum Ventilation perfusion ratio at base because", "exp": "At Base, both Ventilation and Perfusion are good But Perfusion >> Ventilation. Hence Minimum Ventilation Perfusion ratio at base.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Poor Ventilation at base", "opb": "Poor Perfusion at base", "opc": "High Ventilation at base", "opd": "High Perfusion at base", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc7f3fb5-0f84-4055-8950-6eda2f57315d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "For lymphogranuloma venereum the drug of choice is", "exp": "Lymphogranuloma venereum causes potentially severe infections with possibly irreversible sequels if adequate treatment is not begun promptly. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential. Doxycycline is the drug of choice. Pregnant and lactating women should be treated with erythromycin or azithromycin. Ref kd tripati 6/e p570", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ceftriaxone", "opb": "Erythromycin", "opc": "Doxycycline", "opd": "Ampicillin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ee24d1f6-b98f-449d-8fff-68043c60405e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential in ventricular myocardium", "exp": "Ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane potential is about -90 mV at rest, which is close to the potassium reversal potential. When an action potential is generated, the membrane potential rises above this level in four distinct phases.", "cop": 4, "opa": "-50mV", "opb": ">70mV", "opc": "+70mV", "opd": "-90mV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5df38361-b59f-41c9-9f8b-649a606b0c50", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A high plasma renin activity (PRA) is expected in patients", "exp": "A high plasma renin activity (PRA) is present in patients who are taking angiotensin-conveing enzyme inhibitors.Renin is a proteolytic enzyme that is synthesized and stored in the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus, which consists of the juxtaglomerular cells (specialized myoepithelial cells) and the cells of the macula densa, located in the distal tubule. The JG cells surround the afferent aerioles of glomeruli in the kidneys. Once released, renin acts on angiotensinogen, which is synthesized in the liver, and conves it into the decapeptide angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then enzymatically transformed into angiotensin II (All), an octapeptide, by conveing enzymes located in the kidney and the pulmonary vascular endothelium in the lungs. AII is a potent peripheral vasoconstrictor that directly acts on aeriolar smooth cells in the resistance vessels. In addition, it stimulates the efferent aerioles in the kidneys and has a negative feedback on renin release. All, along with the nonapeptide AIII, also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal coex. Aldosterone enhances the distal and early collecting tubule reabsorption of sodium in exchange for potassium and/or hydrogen ions.An angiotensin-conveing enzyme inhibitor, such as captopril, increases PRA because it is the negative feedback inhibition of All on renin release. This treatment is used to test for stimulation of renin release, paicularly in renovascular hypeension, in which there is an exaggerated increase in PRA.", "cop": 3, "opa": "With sodium overload", "opb": "Presently taking a beta blocker", "opc": "Taking an angiotensin-conveing enzyme inhibitor", "opd": "With Conn syndrome", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "e63276c8-c691-472e-af22-310fb59899fa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common postprandial motility is seen in", "exp": "It&;s sigmoid colon Tonic and phasic colonic motility and compliance of the transverse and sigmoid colon were therefore assessed using a combined barostat-manometry assembly in 22 healthy subjects. Measured colonic compliance was corrected by subtraction of the compliance of the closed barostat system. The mean (SEM) preprandial colonic volumes in the transverse and sigmoid colon were similar (150 (12) and 128 (13) ml, p = NS), corresponding to calculated mean (SEM) colonic diameters of 4.3 cm and 4.0 cm respectively. The mean increase in colonic tone postprandially was significantly greater in the transverse (24.1% (3.5)) than in the sigmoid colon (13.1% (3.0), p < 0.01). The mean increase in phasic contractility was significantly greater, however, in the sigmoid than in the transverse colon (1270 (210) and 425 (60) mm Hg/90 min respectively, p < 0.01). Compliance was greater in the transverse than sigmoid colon (7.6 (0.44) and 4.1 (0.15) ml/mm Hg, p < 0.001). The fasting volume of the colon was significantly correlated with the magnitude of the tonic response to the meal in the transverse and sigmoid colon (p < 0.001 for both). In conclusion, there are quantitatively different but qualitatively similar phasic and tonic responses to the meal in the two colonic regions. Differences in the viscoelastic and luminal dimensions may paly account for these differences in tonic responses.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 475", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ascending colon", "opb": "Transverse colons", "opc": "Descending colon", "opd": "Sigmoid colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "9bc9e2d0-4924-451a-b2fd-faff1ef68f03", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Average reproductive lifespan of ovum is", "exp": "The egg cell, or ovum, is the female reproductive cell (gamete) in oogamous organisms. The egg cell is typically not capable of active movement, and average reproductive lifespan is about 12-24 hrs .it is much larger (visible to the naked eye) than the motile sperm cells. When egg and sperm fuse, a diploid cell (the zygote) is formed, which rapidly grows into a new organism.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 406", "cop": 2, "opa": "6-12 hrs", "opb": "12-24 hrs", "opc": "24-36 hrs", "opd": "3 days", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "3f72c453-a759-4301-9baf-91df33a1d536", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal Glucose level in CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) is", "exp": "(B) 40-70 mg/dL REFERENCE VALUES FOR SPECIFIC ANALYTESCerebrospinal FluidReference RangeConstituentSI UnitsConventional UnitsOsmolarity292-297 mmol/kg water292-297 mOsm/LElectrolytesSodium137-145 mmol/L137-145 meq/LPotassium2.7-3.9 mmol/L2.7-3.9 meq/LCalcium1.0-1.5 mmol/L2.1-3.0 meq/LMagnesium1.0-1.2 mmol/L2.0-2.5 meq/LChloride116-122 mmol/L116-122 meq/LC02 content20-24 mmol/L20-24 meq/LPC026-7 kPa45--49 mmHgpH7.31-7.34 Glucose2.22-3.89 mmol/L40-70 mg/dLLactate1-2 mmol/L10-20 mg/dLTotal protein:Lumbar0.15-0.5 g/L15-50 mg/dLCisternal0.15-0.25 g/L15-25 mg/dLVentricular0.06-0.15 g/L6-15 mg/dLAlbumin0.066-0.442 g/L6.6-44.2 mg/dLIgG0.009-0.057 g/L0.9--5.7 mg/dLIgG index0.29-0.59 Oligoclonal bands (OGB)<2 bands not present in matched serum sample Ammonia15-47 pmol/L25-80 pg/dLCreatinine44-168 pmol/L0.5-1.9 mg/dLMyelin basic protein<4 mg/L CSF pressure 50-180 mmH2OCSF volume (adult)~150 mL Red blood cells00LeukocytesTotal0-5 mononuclear cells per L DifferentialLymphocytes60-70% Monocytes30-50% NeutrophilsNone > Normal CSF glucose range is 40-70 mg/dl (2.2-3.9 mmol/1).> Normal CSF glucose concentration is 2/3 of blood glucose concentration. If mean plasma glucose of 100 mg/dI is taken, then CSF glucose is 64 mg/dI, i.e. ratio of CSF glucose: plasma glucose = 0.64 (i.e., 2/3).> Cerebrospinal Fluid Chloride 120-130 mEq/l Glucose 50-75 mg/dl Proteins, total 15-40 mg/dl Albumin 8-30 mg/dl", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glucose is not present in CSF", "opb": "40 -- 70 mg/dL", "opc": "80-- 120 mg/dL", "opd": "120-- 180 mg/dL", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "656ca590-8748-4b73-b99e-c41f90587185", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lacis cells are seen in", "exp": "Question repeated", "cop": 1, "opa": "JGA", "opb": "Distal tubule", "opc": "Proximal tubule", "opd": "Peritubular capillaries", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "dee81768-3df4-4c93-8892-666981127ff1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Half life of T4 is", "exp": "Ans: D. 6 days(Ref: Ganong 25th/e p. 338-341; Understandings of medical physiology p. 7l9)Half life of T3 = 1 dayHalf life of T4 = 6 days.", "cop": 4, "opa": "20 minutes", "opb": "12 hours", "opc": "1 day", "opd": "6 days", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d9eabe5e-44c7-4a0b-80c1-36158bd497da", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erythropoietin in kidney is secreted by", "exp": "Interstitial cells in paritubular capillaries releoses erythroportin in responce to hypoxia.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Juxtaglomerular cells", "opb": "PCT cells", "opc": "Interstitial cells in peritubular capillaries", "opd": "Capillaries of glomerulus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bce6f8d3-50ae-4f4f-8b28-6c31bae6fc82", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structure passing through the opening marked 3 in the diaphragm is", "exp": "Caval opening T8- The caval opening passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. It contains the inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve. Ref anatomy B. D. Chourasia thorax p54", "cop": 3, "opa": "Oesophagus", "opb": "Left gastric nerve", "opc": "Right phrenic nerve", "opd": "Hemiazygos vein", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3d7b1472-c670-4b9e-b607-45fee7eb7b50", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Herring body is seen in", "exp": "Herring bodies or neurosecretory bodies are structures found in the posterior pituitary. They represent the terminal end of the axons from the hypothalamus, and hormones are temporarily stored in these locations. They are neurosecretory terminals. The hypothalamohypophyseal tract is composed of axons of the large neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus. The fibres of this tract are unmyelinated and pass to posterior lobe of pituitary through the infundibular stem of hypothalamus and form a series of dilated terminals known as Herring bodies, which come in contact with the capillary bed of neurohypophysis. The neurosecretory cells of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei secrete vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 559,560,561", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pars intermedia", "opb": "Pineal gland", "opc": "Pars nervosa", "opd": "Adenohypophysis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "124bca21-0892-4725-b8c8-a985802658d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GFR of a diabetic person is 90 ml/min. Blood glucose is 200 mg/dl. Calculate urinary glucose excretion rate if the Tm for glucose is 150 mg/min", "exp": "Amount of filtered glucose = Plasma concentration of glucose X GFR = 90 ml/min X 200 mg /dl = 180 mg/min Rate of excretion of Glucose = Amount filtered - Tubular maximum Rate of excretion of Glucose = 180 mg/min -150 mg/min = 30 mg/min Ref : Ganong 25th ed/page 681", "cop": 2, "opa": "20 mg/min", "opb": "30 mg/min", "opc": "40 mg/min", "opd": "50 mg/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7d275984-9f7c-4f60-9180-53f7cce8dda3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CSF production per minute", "exp": "500-550ml/day", "cop": 1, "opa": "0.30 - 0.35 ml/min", "opb": "0.5 ml/min", "opc": "2 ml/min", "opd": "1ml/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "53646de6-3d49-4626-b38b-ba5c2bef2992", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The frequency of first hea sound is", "exp": "S1 is caused due to the closure of AV valves, it is long and soft with duration of 0.15s Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 541", "cop": 3, "opa": "10-15 Hz", "opb": "20-25 Hz", "opc": "25-35 Hz", "opd": "50 Hz", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ba6229ec-8744-4b73-ac05-57fa2f2800d2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The contribution of noncontractile muscle elements to total tension", "exp": "“Active” tension is maximal at normal physiological muscle lengths. At point E, there is optimal overlap between actin and myosin filaments to support maximal crossbridge formation and tension development is maximum.", "cop": 2, "opa": "A", "opb": "E", "opc": "C", "opd": "B", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "043fca78-6f60-4364-88dc-ee2f908a88dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum concentration of sodium channel is at", "exp": "At the node of Ranvier, Na channels are 2000 to 12000/sq micrometer of membrane(Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.4)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cell body at dendrite end", "opb": "Initial segment", "opc": "Axon below myelin", "opd": "Node of ranvir", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "3222026d-93b9-4c6c-91f1-835fb1e0f6e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The tubuloglomerular feedback is mediated by", "exp": "Signals from the renal tubule in each nephron feedback to affect filtration in its glomerulus. As the rate of flow through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and first pa of the distal tubule increases, glomerular filtration in the same nephron decreases, and, conversely, a decrease in flow increases the GFR. This process, which is called tubuloglomerular feedback, tends to maintain the constancy of the load delivered to the distal tubule. The sensor for this response is the macula densa. The amount of fluid entering the distal tubule at the end of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle depends on the amount of Na+ and Cl- in it. The Na+ and Cl- enter the macula densa cells the Na-K-2Cl cotranspoer in their apical membranes. The increased Na+ causes increased Na, K ATPase activity and the resultant increased ATP hydrolysis causes more adenosine to be formed. Presumably, adenosine is secreted from the basal membrane of the cells. It acts adenosine A1 receptors on the macula densa cells to increase their release of Ca2+ to the vascular smooth muscle in the afferent aerioles. This causes afferent vasoconstriction and a resultant decrease in GFR. Presumably, a similar mechanism generates a signal that decreases renin secretion by the adjacent juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent aeriole, but this remains unsettled. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,23rd edition,page no: 651,652", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sensing of Na+ concentration in the macula densa", "opb": "Sensing of Cl+ concentration in macula densa", "opc": "Sensing NaCl concentration in the macula densa", "opd": "Opening up of voltage gated Na+ channels in afferent aeriole", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "dc1edf8f-09e1-4207-8697-120487ee33a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plateau phase of ventricular muscle is d/t opening of", "exp": "Ca2+ influx through more slowly opening Ca2+ channels produces the plateau phaseThe initial depolarization is due to Na+ influx through rapidly opening Na+ channels Repolarization is due to net K+ efflux through multiple types of K+ channels", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na+ channel", "opb": "K+ channel", "opc": "Ca - Na channel", "opd": "Closure of K+ channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2222ea85-33e9-4992-bcb2-b9b20953805a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stretch reflex of the bladder is integrated at", "exp": "The bladder smooth muscle has some inherent contractile activity; however, when its nerve supply is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the inherent contractile response of the muscle. Fibers in the pelvic nerves are the afferent limb of the voiding reflex, and the parasympathetic fibers to the bladder that constitute the efferent limb also travel in these nerves. The reflex is integrated into the sacral portion of the spinal cord.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sacral portion", "opb": "Lumber portion", "opc": "Substantia gelatinosa", "opd": "Sympathetic plexus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "82122538-7118-4b60-81be-73aca297e64e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arteriole is", "exp": "Arterioles regulate the distribution of blood flow by altering their diameter to increase or decrease the peripheral resistance as required.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Conducting vessel", "opb": "Resistance vessel", "opc": "Exchange vessels", "opd": "Capacitance vessel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "36672a93-fda0-4188-9825-b7a86ebd9590", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose absorption from intestine occurs by", "exp": "Ans. d (Secondary active transport). (Ref. Guyton, Physiology, 10th ed., 773)# In GI membrane and in renal tubules, glucose is transported by the mechanism of active sodium-glucose co-transport while at all other tissue cells glucose is transported by facilitated diffusion.# Glucose as such cannot diffuse through the pores of cell membrane, as max molecular wt. of glucose is 180.TRANSFER OF MATERIAL AND INFORMATION ACROSS MEMBRANES# Cross-membrane movement of small molecules- Diffusion* Passive AND Facilitated- Active transport* Primary active transport AND Secondary active transport# Cross-membrane movement of large molecules- Endocytosis* Fluid-phase endocytosis (random and nondirected)* Receptor-mediated endocytosis (selective and occurs in coated pits lined with clathrin)- Exocytosis# Signal transmission across membranes- Cell surface receptors* Signal transduction (eg, glucagon -cAMP)* Signal internalization (coupled with endocytosis, eg, the LDL receptor)- Movement to intracellular receptors (steroid hormones; a form of diffusion)# Intercellular contact and communicationSome properties of ion channels# They are composed of transmembrane protein subunits.# Most are highly selective for one ion; a few are nonselective.# They allow impermeable ions to cross membranes at rates approaching diffusion limits.# They can permit ion fluxes of 106-107/s.# Their activities are regulated.# The two main types are voltage-gated and ligand-gated.# They are usually highly conserved across species.# Most cells have a variety of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and CI- channels.# Mutations in genes encoding them can cause specific diseases.# Their activities are affected by certain drugs.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Facilitated diffusion", "opb": "Passive diffusion", "opc": "Primary active transport", "opd": "Secondary active transport", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "fd3fc4fc-bfcd-4cac-821b-b52d4bcf83c6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cushing's phenomenon is", "exp": "Cushing reflex tends to restore the blood flow to the medulla. Over a considerable range, the blood pressure rise is propoional to the increase in intracranial pressure. The rise in blood pressure causes a reflex decrease in hea rate the aerial baroreceptors. This is why bradycardia rather than tachycardia is characteristically seen in patients with increased intracranial pressure. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page:593", "cop": 4, "opa": "Low BP & high hea rate", "opb": "High BP & high hea rate", "opc": "Low BP & low hea rate", "opd": "High BP & low hea rate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "1c2d752a-dd1a-4f94-bf38-a32910abfc43", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ESPS is due to", "exp": "Ans. (c) Na+ efflux(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.122)Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSP)#Produced if the neurotransmitter released at the synapse is excitatory#The excitatory transmitter opens mainly Na+ ion channels producing depolarization", "cop": 3, "opa": "K+ influx", "opb": "Na+ efflux", "opc": "Na+ influx", "opd": "Ca++ influx", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "bde16707-583d-4e90-a7e2-1b51cdae7479", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Metaerioles, vessels interposed between aerioles and capillary beds.", "exp": "The proximal poion of a central channel is known as a metaeriole, whereas its distal poion is the thoroughfare channel. Blood from metaerioles may enter the capillary bed if their precapillary sphincters are relaxed. If the precapillary sphincters of metaerioles are constricted, blood bypasses the capillary bed and flows directly into thoroughfare channels and from there into a venule.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Function to control blood flow into aerioles.", "opb": "Receive blood from thoroughfare channels", "opc": "Possess precapillary sphincters.", "opd": "Possess a complete layer of smooth muscle cells in their tunica media.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Circulation", "id": "69a75290-8e6b-458e-b3ab-2b34cc779a1f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calculate the minute ventilation from the spirogram assuming the respiratory rate as 12/min", "exp": "Ans. (d) 6L/min(Ref: Guyton, 13th ed.P.503)Minute ventilation = tidal volume x respiratory rateHere tidal volume is 500 ml (in the graph, it is seen as 3 L to 3.5 L)So, Minute ventilation =500x12=6L/min", "cop": 4, "opa": "1 L/min", "opb": "2 L/min", "opc": "4 L/min", "opd": "6 L/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "d5393b83-7eb6-4abb-a340-37fb7f5b58b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sho term BP regulation exeed through kidney by", "exp": "Vasopressin is often called the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts of the kidney, so that water enters the hypeonic interstitium of the renal pyramids. The urine becomes concentrated, and its volume decreases. The overall effect is, therefore, retention of water in excess of solute; consequently, the effective osmotic pressure of the body fluids is decreased.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 696", "cop": 1, "opa": "ADH", "opb": "ANP", "opc": "Epinephrine", "opd": "Aldosterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "a9a95c95-94bd-425f-91f3-cf9e4da21fd1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "O2 delivery to tissue is decreased by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased haemoglobin level", "opb": "Increased haemoglobin level", "opc": "Increased PaCO2", "opd": "Increased HCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4b1ed642-804e-4a05-8e68-c08376e9d436", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A patient is on low calcium diet for 8 weeks. Following increases to maintain serum calcium levels", "exp": "Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that is impoant in bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology: 24th edition; page no: 377", "cop": 1, "opa": "PTH", "opb": "Calcitonin", "opc": "Active 24,25 dihydroxy cholecaliferol", "opd": "Serum phosphate level", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "2e59ea43-2ae6-44c7-a75c-d131335c7154", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The mechanism responsible for sustained vascular smooth muscle contraction is", "exp": "Latch bridge mechanism: - Once smooth muscle has developed full contraction, the amount of continuing excitation can usually be reduced to far less than the initial level even though the muscle maintains its full force of contraction. Fuher the energy consumed to maintain contraction is often miniscule, sometimes as little as 1/ 300 the energy required for comparable sustained skeletal muscle contraction. This mechanism is k/a 'latch' mechanism. The impoance of latch mechanism is that it can maintain prolonged toxic contraction in smooth muscle for hours with little use of energy. Little continued excitatory signal is required from nerve fibres or hormonal source.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sustained calcium release from SERCA pump", "opb": "Vascular smooth muscle tone", "opc": "Latch bridge mechanism", "opd": "Henneman principle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "JIPMER 2018", "id": "4457aa9e-460c-443d-8330-b1031cf627b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "K+ secretion from the loop of Henle is decreased by", "exp": "Potassium-sparing diuretics act in the collecting tubule to inhibit Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion. Spironolactone is a synthetic steroid that antagonizes aldosterone at intracellular cytoplasmic receptor sites. The spironolactone-receptor complex is inactive. That is, it prevents translocation of the receptor complex into the nucleus of the target cell and, therefore, it cannot bind to DNA. This results in a failure to produce proteins that are normally synthesized in response to aldosterone. These mediator proteins normally stimulate the Na+/K+-exchange sites of the collecting tubule. Thus, a lack of mediator proteins prevents Na+ reabsorption and, therefore, K+ and H+ secretion.Ref: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 5th edition, Page No: 286", "cop": 3, "opa": "Furosemide", "opb": "Thiazide", "opc": "Spironolactone", "opd": "Acetazolamide", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "f89d835b-c621-4541-9af5-b242bd0435dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Golgi apparatus can be marked by", "exp": "Markers of Plasma membrane - 5 '-Nucleotidase, Adenylyl cyclase, Na+ K+ATPase\nMarker of Endoplasmic reticulum- Glucose-6-phosphatase\nMarkers of Golgi apparatus- GlcNAc transferase \n\nGolgi mannosidase \nGalactosyltransferase, Sialyltransferase\n\nMarker of Mitochondria- ATP synthase, Glutamate dehydrogenase\nMarker of Peroxisome- Catalase\nMarker of Cytosol- LDH", "cop": 3, "opa": "Peroxidase", "opb": "Galactosidase", "opc": "Galactosyl transferase", "opd": "Catalase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "52a23032-9f45-4457-9d76-7acedbcc4f96", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inward flow of Na+ in heart leads to", "exp": "Ans. (b) Action potential(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.521)To be more precise, influx of sodium ions causes depolarization of ventricular action potential. It is usually seen in the form of a rapid upstroke (spike)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Plateau phase", "opb": "Action potential", "opc": "Repolarization", "opd": "No Change", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "750806d1-8d86-4e6a-88cd-def1666ff1fc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen due to", "exp": "Make it very clear in mind that the higher affinity of fetal hemoglobin for oxygen is due to the low affinity of HbF for 2,3 - DPG (not due to decreased 2, 3-DPG concentration). HbF does not combine to 2, 3-DPG as avidly as adult hemoglobin.\n\"Fetal hemoglobin is left - shifted because it has a low affinity for DPG\". — Principles of medical physiology\n\"It is worth noting that DPG does not combine with fetal hemoglobin. That is perhaps one reason why HbF has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin (HbF)\". — Understanding of medical physiology\n\"Fetal hemoglobin binds less 2-3 DPG it has consequently a greater affinity for O2\". _ Pediatric physiology\nAll other textbooks have mentioned the same thing.\nSo, the high affinity of HbF to O2 is due to the low affinity of HbF for 2, 3 DPG (and not due to decreased 2, 3-DPG concentration).\nHowever, amongst the given options, option a is the best answer here because, although there is no decrease in concentration of 2, 3-DPG, because of low affinity for 2, 3-DPG, HbF behaves as if 2, 3-DPG levels are low.\n\"Fetal hemoglobin has considerably less affinity for 2, 3-DPG than does adult hemoglobin. In human blood, the affinity of fetal hemoglobin for 2, 3-DPG is only about 40% that of adult hemoglobin. This makes fetal hemoglobin behave as if 2, 3-DPG levels are low; therefore, the oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the left\". — Clinical physiology in childhood", "cop": 1, "opa": "Low affinity for 2, 3 DPG", "opb": "Reduced pH", "opc": "Increased release of carbon dioxide", "opd": "Oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to right", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "04c29808-7a74-4c02-a63b-2737c6c7f7c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Escape phenomenon in mineralocorticoid excess occurs due to", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Renin", "opb": "Mineralocorticoid like action of cortisol", "opc": "ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)", "opd": "Angiotensin II", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9e42f901-b3b8-4bb3-bef6-89c2a6910a54", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Xanthinurate is a product/intermediate metabolite of", "exp": "Conversion of tryptophan metabolite 3 hydroxy kynurenine to 2 hydroxy anthranilate is impaired in vitamin B6 deficiency? hence large amount of xanthinurate is formed.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Phenylalanine", "opb": "Leucine", "opc": "Tryptophan", "opd": "Isoleucine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8150bea2-dea0-4f7b-8d5f-9b3c8c2a367d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most powerful feedback system for controlling plasma osmolarity and sodium concentration is", "exp": "If osmotic pressure of the plasma is increased more than normal then the osmoreceptors are activated and ADH secretion increased. There's more receptors causes thirst and increase in the water intake. Daddy secretion causes water retention. This leads to dilution of ECF. Ref: page no 564 Textbook of physiology Volume 1 7th edition AK Jain", "cop": 1, "opa": "ADH and thirst", "opb": "Salt", "opc": "Angiotensin renin system", "opd": "Angiotensin rennin system", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "dab07506-4786-4da2-a31f-97c9a6e9f125", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Group B nerve fibres area) Sympathetic preganglionicb) Sympathetic postganglionicc) Parasympathetic preganglionicd) Parasympathetic post ganglionic", "exp": "Types of nerve fibers\nA fibers are fast fibers.\n-        Aα- Somatic motor to extrafusal fibers of muscle spindle, proprioception\n-        Aβ- Kinesthetic, pressure and touch\n-        Aγ- Motor to intrafusal fibers of muscle spindle\n-        Aδ-  Pain, temperature, touch and pressure\n-        B fibers- Autonomic preganglionic (Myelinated)\n-        C fibers- Pain, temperature, autonomic postganglionic (mainly sympathetic)", "cop": 3, "opa": "a", "opb": "bc", "opc": "ac", "opd": "b", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "effa38fd-3049-4d1f-80af-6826afb6030d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The duration of a ventricular myocyte action potential is", "exp": "The diagram depicts the relationship between the electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded on the surface of the body and the duration of a single ventricular myocyte action potential. The duration of the ventricular myocyte refractory period is nearly as long as the action potential, approximately 300 msec. The QRS complex of an ECG represents the electrical potential on the surface of the body produced by the wave of depolarization as it spreads through the ventricle and as each myocyte depolarizes (phase 0). The T wave represents ventricular repolarization (phase 3 in each myocyte). Note that the ST segment occurs during the plateau phase.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Approximately twice as long as the relative refractory period", "opb": "As long in duration as the QRS complex", "opc": "Nearly as long as the QT interval", "opd": "Twice as long in skeletal muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "5da4ee10-c5c3-4af9-bfc1-69a724b8752d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Node of Ranvier is seen in", "exp": "A cross-section of a typical small nerve has many large nerve fibers that constitute most of the cross-sectional area. However, a more careful look revealsmany more small fibers lying between the large ones. The large fibers are myelinated, and the small ones are unmyelinated. The average nerve trunk contains about twice asmany unmyelinated fibers as myelinated fibers. The central core of the fiber is the axon, and the membrane of the axon is the membrane that actually conducts the action potential. The axon is filled in its center with axoplasm, which is a viscid intracellular fluid. Surrounding the axon is a myelin sheath that is often much thicker than the axon itself. About once every 1 to 3 millimeters along the length of the myelin sheath is a node of Ranvier. The myelin sheath is deposited around the axon by Schwann cells in the following manner: The membrane of a Schwann cell first envelops the axon. The Schwann cellthen rotates around the axon many times, laying down multiple layers of Schwann cell membrane containing the lipid substance sphingomyelin. This substance is an excellent electrical insulator that decreases ion flow through the membrane about 5000-fold. At the juncture between each two successive Schwann cells along the axon, a small uninsulated area only 2 to 3 micrometers in length remains where ions still can flow with ease through the axon membrane between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid inside the axon. This area is called the node of Ranvier.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook medical physiology, 13th edition.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cell body", "opb": "Dendrites", "opc": "Axons", "opd": "Terminal butons", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "4e96a28e-a5e0-49a5-9b41-f93a08586580", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Exercise is also prescribed as an adjuvant treatment for depression. Most probably act by", "exp": "Endorphins (\"endogenous morphine\") are endogenous opioid peptides that function as neurotransmitters. They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in veebrates during exercise, excitement, pain, consumption of spicy food, love and orgasm, and they resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a feeling of well-being.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increasing pulse pressure", "opb": "Improving hemodynamics", "opc": "Raising endorphin levels", "opd": "Inducing good sleep", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "e527a6b2-5f8e-4cae-8358-c7efe7d3a92f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chronaxie minimum in", "exp": "Duration for which twice the rheobase strength has been applied to produce an action potential is called chronaxie. It is measure of excitability of the tissues. (REF TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 30)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Mixed nerves", "opb": "Unmyelinated nerve", "opc": "Myelinated nerve", "opd": "Sensory nerves", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "bf102459-0695-402c-9ddf-65ba6447a70f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The function of Phospholamban is", "exp": "Phospholamban inhibits calcium pump on sarcoplasmic reticulum, thereby preventing uptake of Ca++ from the sarcoplasm. \nWhen it is phosphorylated, the Ca++ channels open up and uptake of Ca++ is increased into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Regulates Na+ K+ pump", "opb": "Transports calcium out of the mitrochondria", "opc": "Binds actin with myosin", "opd": "Inhibits Ca++ pump on sarcoplasmic reticulum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f8bdfe8f-48da-4192-adbd-dcf98dc78913", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Lipids are transferred from intestine to liver by", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chylomicrons", "opb": "VLDL", "opc": "HDL", "opd": "LDL", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "0acf2241-a277-4c9f-8561-4c7942ff83de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Total lung capacity depends on", "exp": "The extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure (if enough time is allowed to reach equilibrium) is called the lung compliance.The total compliance of both lungs together in the normal adult human averages about 200 milliliters of air per centimeter of water transpulmonary pressure. That is, every time the transpulmonary pressure increases 1 centimeter of water, the lung volume, after 10 to 20 seconds, will expand 200 milliliters.The total lung capacity is the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effo (about 5800 milliliters); It is equal tothe vital capacity plus the residual volume.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 38 Pulmonary Ventilation", "cop": 3, "opa": "Size of airway", "opb": "Closing tidal volume", "opc": "Lung compliance", "opd": "Residual volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "4fe01b45-eb63-4a2d-b646-16bd09eff838", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compensatory mechanism in a patient with hypovolemic shock", "exp": "In hypovolemic shock cutaneous blood flow is decreased because of vaso construction in skin Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:299,300,301", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased renal blood flow", "opb": "Decrease in coisol", "opc": "Decrease in vasopressin", "opd": "Decreased cutaneous blood flow", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "e7ed5b49-cbd0-4652-abef-edbd8adb741b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In tetany hyperexcitability is due to", "exp": "A i.e. Low Ca++ CausesT Na+ permeabilityA decrease in extra cellular Ca++ Concentration increases the excitability of nerve and muscle cells by decreasing the amount of depolarization necessary to initiate the change in Na+ & IC' conductance that produce the action potentialQ. In fact Ca++ needs to fall only 50% below the normal before spontaneous discharge occur from peripheral nerves, often causing tetany.The voltage gated calcium channels are slightly permeable to Na+ as well as Ca++;when they are activated both Na+ and Ca++ flow to interior of the fiber. When there is deficit of Ca2+ in ECF, Na+ channels become activated (opened) by very little change of membrane potential (from its very negative resting level to a less negative level). Therefore nerve fibers become highly excitable. Sometime discharging repetitively without provocation rather than remaining in resting stage.Conversely, an increase in ECF Ca++ stabilizes the membrane by decreasing excitability.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Low ca ++ causes T permeability to Na+", "opb": "Prevent K. release", "opc": "Prevent Na* & IC- release", "opd": "I.Ca+' produce generation of AP", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f8e0d613-d203-49fb-9abf-b4b05312827c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HbA2 has", "exp": "HbA2 contains 2 alpha and 2 delta chains.Adult Hb referred 5as HbA contains 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.Foetal Hb ie HbF contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains.Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 74", "cop": 3, "opa": "a 2 ss 2", "opb": "a 2 g 2", "opc": "a 2 d 2", "opd": "g 2 d 2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "6156acaf-8340-4b73-9a3f-d79e93477506", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Destruction of anterior cerebellum in a decerebrate animal leads to", "exp": "impaired coordination in the torso or arms and legs frequent stumbling an unsteady gait uncontrolled or repetitive eye movements trouble eating and performing other fine motor tasks slurred speech vocal changes headaches dizziness Ref : guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:781,782,783", "cop": 3, "opa": "No effect on rigidity", "opb": "Increased flexor muscle tone", "opc": "Increased rigidity alpha motor neurons", "opd": "Decrease in rigidity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "015deb48-2e68-4c56-9a2f-c5a1cfe67596", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Postmoem caloricity is seen in", "exp": "Postmoem caloricity A state in which the body temperature remains elevated--or even increases--for up to several hours after death.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Strychnine poisoning", "opb": "Organophosphorus Poisoning", "opc": "Datura poisoning", "opd": "Ergot poisoning", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "06d8f98d-c2de-4223-95c4-de8ac9adec07", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Theta waves\" are seen in", "exp": "The first stage of sleep is characterized by theta waves, which are even slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves. The difference between relaxation and stage 1 sleep is gradual and subtle. A person falling asleep first enters stage 1, the EEG begins to show a low-voltage, mixed-frequency pattern. A theta rhythm (4-7 Hz) can be seen at this early stage of slow-wave sleep. Theta and delta rhythms are normal during sleep, their appearance during wakefulness is a sign of brain dysfunction.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty-Third Edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stage 1 sleep", "opb": "Stage 2 sleep", "opc": "Stage 3 sleep", "opd": "Stage 4 sleep", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "81740eac-3c91-4797-9d6a-551f2d4cdfb1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "P wave is absent in", "exp": "It is characterized by totally irregular and rapid rateThere are no recognizable P waveRef: Medical Physiology for Under Graduate students Indu Khurana 2015 pg no: 202", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrial fibrillation", "opb": "CCF", "opc": "Atrial flutter", "opd": "PSVT", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b0340acb-06f1-4258-ba58-1bc0dd660539", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Facilitation of flexor muscle tone is by", "exp": "Rubrospinal tract facilitates flexor muscle and inhibits extensor muscles.\nVestibulospinal tract facilitates extensor muscle of lower limb and inhibits flexors.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vestibulospinal tract", "opb": "Tectospinal tract", "opc": "Rubrospinal tract", "opd": "Reticulospinal tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e7347dce-3efd-4214-bc30-0aa2696ef978", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ejection fraction is", "exp": "It is the volumetric fraction of fliud ejected from the chamber on each contraction. Normal is greater than 60%", "cop": 1, "opa": "SV/EDV", "opb": "EDV/SV", "opc": "ESV/EDV", "opd": "SV/EDV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "00d4e284-fd7d-49ec-bf75-a609f5a02ba0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "SI unit for measuring Blood pressure is", "exp": "Commonly used - mmHg\n \nSI Unit- kPa", "cop": 3, "opa": "Torr", "opb": "mm Hg", "opc": "kPa", "opd": "Barr", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09e42320-1423-45d4-a5da-0e2b78e6d1cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Platelet helps in clot stabilisation by", "exp": "Ans: b (Release of calcium) Ref Khurana text book of physiologyIf activated factor XIII is given the option you can go for that. Otherwise only correct answer is calcium. Thrombosthenin is involved in clot retraction.Platelet-associated factor XIII provides a means by which to promote clot stabilization and platelet interaction with proteins of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways.Fibrin stabilising factor (factor XIII) which is normally present in the plasma and also released from activated platelets is activated by thrombin to form XIIla but the XIIIa in the prescence of Ca2+ causes formation of covalent crosslinkages between fibrin threads, thus adding tremendous strength to the fibrin meshwork. The fibrin meshwork traps the remaining components of plasma and blood cells to form a solid mass called clotThrombomodulin is a thrombin binding protein produced by all endothelial cells except those in cerebral microcirculation.lt converts thrombin into protein C activator (AIPGME2007)Thrombasthenin is a contractile protein present in platelet involved in clot retraction and not in stabilizationActivated factor XIII will bind to the surface of activated platelets. These platelets then participate in cell-cell or cell-clot interactions, thereby increasing the local concentration of factor XIIIa.The platelet-associated factor Xllla may increase the amount of crosslinking in a fibrin clot, thereby contributing to the aging of the clot and the reduction in the degree of platelet binding. Clot resistance to fibrinolysis is enhanced by platelet factor XEIIa-mediated crosslinking of alpha 2-antiplasmin to fibrin. The binding of factor XIIIa to the platelet surface requires the activation of the platelet fibrinogen receptor, glycoprotein Ilb-IIIa.Thus, platelet-associated factor Xllla may be used as a marker of in vivo platelet activation. Since half of the factor XIII present in blood is provided by the platelets, it is not surprising that this form of factor XIII plays an important role in hemostasis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Release of factor 8", "opb": "Release of calcium", "opc": "Release of thrombomodulin", "opd": "Activation of thrombasthenin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "f91ec883-45fa-4dc4-8a96-899524222811", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increase blood flow to lungs cause", "exp": "Other causes include obstructive sleep apnea, congenital hea disease, chronic hypoxemia, pulmonary thrombosis (blood clots), or left ventricular failure. ... Hemodynamically, PAH can be caused by increased right ventricular output, increased pulmonary systemic vascular resistance, or increased pulmonary venous pressure Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:311,312,313", "cop": 2, "opa": "No change in pulmonary vascular resistance", "opb": "Increased pulmonary vascular resistance", "opc": "Decreases pulmonary vascular resistance", "opd": "Initial increase followed by decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "1cde9e66-f1a0-40d1-86ea-8f0de26a97aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperthyroidism can be caused by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Clonidine", "opb": "Amiodarone", "opc": "Hydralazine", "opd": "Penicillamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3798bfef-bf0c-484c-9d67-712a108ed3b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "3rd heart sound is d/t", "exp": "Occasionally a weak, rumbling third heart sound is heard at the beginning of the middle third of diastole.\nA logical but unproven explanation of this sound is an oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by inrushing blood from the atria.\nThe reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is believed to be that in the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create even the small amount of elastic tension necessary for reverberation.\nThe frequency of this sound is usually so low that the ear cannot hear it, yet it can often be recorded in the phonocardiogram.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Closure of av valve", "opb": "Closure of aortic valve", "opc": "Mid diastolic flow r in the ventricle", "opd": "Atrial contraction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f3f763c-ff0e-4c8e-a6cf-b05b88ec0162", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During moderate exercise, blood flow to brain", "exp": "Ans. c. Does not change Exercise During exercise there is a redistribution of cardiac outputQ Blood flow to the liver, kidneys and splanchnic circulation reducesQ. The blood flow to the exercising skeletal muscles and hea increases manifoldQ The blood flow to the brain remains unchangedQ.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Decreases", "opb": "Increases", "opc": "Does not change", "opd": "First increase, then decreases", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a2920837-fdf0-4d82-8b41-f6c9a5cd3941", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The left shift in the arneth index indicates", "exp": "Arneth count depends on the number of lobes in the nucleus of neutrophils. If the number is less it comes under young series of cells. Shift to left ie more younger cells means neutrophilia, seen in pyogenic infections. Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 3rd edition, page no. 102", "cop": 2, "opa": "Anemia", "opb": "Neutrophilia", "opc": "Splenomegaly", "opd": "Hyperactive bone marrow", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "0746037d-4c49-4b10-8ae5-6a37fccd35ac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calcitonin is secreted by", "exp": "Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland; it is involved in plasma calcium homeostasis and acts to decrease the rate of bone resorption. Preparations of calcitonin are called either calcitonin-human or calcitonin-salmon; the former is a synthetic polypeptide with the same sequence as that occurring naturally in humans, and the latter is either derived from salmon or is a synthetic polypeptide of the same sequence as that found in salmon. They are used in the treatment of severe hypercalcemia, Paget&;s disease of bone, and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-377", "cop": 1, "opa": "Thyroid gland", "opb": "Parathyroid gland", "opc": "Adrenal glands", "opd": "Ovaries", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "d7dace2b-b171-413d-9001-b3cabafb02ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gamma glutamate carboxypeptidase is linked with absorption of", "exp": "Function in the brain GCPII directly cleaves NAAG into NAA and glutamate. NAAG has been shown, in high concentration, to indirectly inhibit the release of neutrotransmitters, such as GABA and glutamate. It does this through interaction with and activation of presynaptic group II mGluRs Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "Riboflavin", "opb": "Niacin", "opc": "Folic acid", "opd": "Pyridoxine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "48a8f065-95a9-4a0c-9bac-7137dd2afd61", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Satiety centre is located at", "exp": "Satiety centre is situated in ventromedial, arcuate, and paraventricular nuclei; lateral hypothalamus. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology;25th edition; pg: 309; table 17-1.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus", "opb": "Dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus", "opc": "Peritrigonal area", "opd": "Lateral nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "fcf76f62-3851-4ebd-894d-4fb529b5056c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "PO2 over 8kPa is (Hp saturation)", "exp": "PO2 over 8kPa is 90%Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology; 24th edition; page no: 642", "cop": 4, "opa": "60%", "opb": "70%", "opc": "80%", "opd": "90%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "e88581a9-bd93-4c83-9ff2-ca9d28e27700", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Circadian rhythms are maintained by", "exp": "Hypothalamic control of circadian rhythm: A large number of physiologic rhythms ( body temperature, sleep-wakefulness, coisol secretion among a host of others ) in the body run to a cyclic pattern that is approximately 25 hours long. These rhythms are entrained to 24 hours due to environmental signals such as light and darkness. These signals are called zeitgebers. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is believed to be responsible for the rhythmicity of these circadian cyclesRef: Guyton & Hall Textbook of medical physiology- a south Indian edition 2014 pg no: 812", "cop": 1, "opa": "Suprachiasmatic nuclei", "opb": "Supra optic nuclei", "opc": "Posterolateral nucleus", "opd": "Ventrolateral nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "a3d54fd0-2f5d-4907-9937-512916c3d1f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major dopaminergic pathway is", "exp": "(A) Nigrostriate pathviay> The long dopamine systems are the nigrostriatal system, which projects from the substantia nigra to the striatum and is involved in Motor control.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nigrostriate pathway", "opb": "Mamillothalamic tract", "opc": "Thalamo cortical relays", "opd": "Cerebral association fibres", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "d91f8d8d-86ba-407d-b644-4935b90be04d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Somatosensory cortex lesion will affect", "exp": "Somatosensory cortex lesion- proprioception and tactile sensations are lost while pain and temperature sensations are preserved.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pain", "opb": "Temperature", "opc": "Localization", "opd": "Vibration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7dcf78cf-7316-43d0-9bda-fcb4dbee36c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum absorption of the water occurs at", "exp": "(Proximal convoluted tubule) (802 - Ganong 22th) (294- K.S 4th) (652- Ganong 23rd)* In the presence / abscence of vasopressin, the greatest fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules* SITE OF REABSORPTIONS1. Substance Reabsorbed from PCT-Glucose, Aminoacid, Na+ ,K+ ,Ca++ ,HCO3 ,Cl- ,PO4, uric acid and water2. Substance Reabsorbed from DCT - Naf ,HCO3 and water3. Substance Reabsorbed from Loop of Henle - Na+ and Cl~**- 80-90% of bicarbonate reabsorption occurs in PCT1. Absorption of water in PCT (obligatory reabsption) i.e. independent of ADH2. Absorption of water in DCT & collecting duct (facultative - reabsorption) i.e. dependent on ADH levels", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "opb": "Distal convoluted tubule", "opc": "Collecting duct", "opd": "Loopofhenle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "3d1e1e67-1a66-463a-be95-cf3ef51ecb55", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Discharge from Baroreceptors causes inhibition of", "exp": "B i.e. Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla", "cop": 2, "opa": "Caudal Ventrolateral Medulla", "opb": "Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla", "opc": "Nucleus ambiguous", "opd": "Nucleus tractus solitarus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "29882704-8cd6-44f9-bd00-1ee152492e73", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The electrogenic Na+ K+ ATPase plays a critical role in cellular physiology by", "exp": "Na, K ATPase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and uses the energy to extrude three Na+ from the cell and take two K+ into the cell for each molecule of ATP hydrolyzed.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Extruding 3 Na+ out of the cell in exchange for taking two K+ into the cell.", "opb": "Extruding 3 K+ out of the cell in exchange for taking two Na+ into the cell.", "opc": "Using the energy in moving Na+ into the cell or K+ outside the cell to make ATP.", "opd": "Using the energy in moving Na+ outside of the cell or K+ inside the cell to make ATP.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cf8611cd-d48f-48f1-825d-53806e578b33", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Urinary metabolite of progesterone", "exp": "Pregnanediol is most abundant plasma as well as urinary metabolite of progesterone. In plasma 80 % is bound to albumin and 18 % to coicosteroid binding globulin. Progesterone has sho half-life and in liver it is conveed to Pregnanediol and conjugated to glucoronic acid and excreted in urine. Ref: Ganong review of Medical physiology 22nd edition Pgno: 443", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pregnanolone", "opb": "Progestriol", "opc": "17-HydroxyPregnanolone", "opd": "Pregnanediol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "384c129b-c6cd-4416-8f75-1ed45b2d127e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oxygen therapy is least useful in", "exp": "Administration of oxygen-rich gas mixtures is of very limited value in hypoperfusion, anemic, and histotoxic Hypoxia because all that can be accomplished in this way is an increase in the amount of dissolved O2 in the aerial blood. This is also true in hypoxic hypoxia when it is due to shunting of unoxygenated venous blood past the lungs. In other forms of hypoxic hypoxia, O2 is of great benefit. Treatment regimens that deliver less than 100% O2 are of value both acutely and chronically, and administration of O2 24 h/d for 2 y in this fashion has been shown to significantly decrease the moality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition page no: 621", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anemia", "opb": "ARDS", "opc": "Alveolar damage", "opd": "COPD", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "8aba2943-f556-4423-a575-80fc49990b65", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum reabsorption of filtered glucose is from", "exp": "Reabsorption is the act or process of absorbing again, as the absorption by the kidneys of substances that were already secreted into the tubules, such as glucose, proteins, or sodium. Glucose molecule is maximum absorbed through PCTRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 682", "cop": 1, "opa": "PCT", "opb": "DCT", "opc": "Collecting disc", "opd": "Thick ascending loop of Henle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "9d69cc68-1a45-40d6-b8d8-c81b810fff9d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "D2O is used to measure volume of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Blood", "opb": "Total body water", "opc": "Extracellular fluid", "opd": "Intracellular fluid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9970d213-e622-4e7c-91a0-48de45042f31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonly used radioisotope for measuring red cell volume", "exp": "Red cell volume is commonly measured by tagging RBC with Chromium 51.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Chromium", "opb": "Cobalt", "opc": "Iron", "opd": "Hydrogen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b9a5967-4dc0-40ea-8bf9-7fe634e4a332", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Distribution of blood flow is mainly regulated by the", "exp": "Arterioles regulate the distribution of blood flow by altering their diameter to increase or decrease the peripheral resistance as required.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Arteries", "opb": "Arterioles", "opc": "Capillaries", "opd": "Venules", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ae3773b2-c801-4738-961c-d4704c74de03", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Initial rapid repolarization in cardiac muscle is mediated through", "exp": "The main factor is opening of K+ channel. Although Ganong has maintained both closure of Na+ channels and opening of one type of K+ channel and closure of Na channel only the recent concept is K+ channel opening is the main reason of phase 1.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Opening of Na channel", "opb": "Opening of Ca channel", "opc": "Opening of K+  channel", "opd": "Closing of Na channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fec28022-fdc9-4056-b9b7-bcb62a45965f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phagocytosis in the CNS is done by", "exp": "Microglia in CNS has phagocytic activity.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Astrocytes", "opb": "Schwann cells", "opc": "microglia", "opd": "Oligocytes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d1bee68f-9d8e-4332-b954-12b632b71771", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mifepristone is most useful for Rx of", "exp": "For treatment of molar pregnancy (hydatidform mole), mifipristone is the drug of choice. Ref mudaliar textbook, obstetrics 6e p156", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fibroids", "opb": "Ectopic pregnancy", "opc": "Threatened aboion", "opd": "Molar pregnancy", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "ed6b8e27-174c-4647-ad8b-37ff7c2bbed9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Primary sites of lymphocyte production are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Bone marrow and Thymus", "opb": "Spleen and Lymph nodes", "opc": "Lymph nodes and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue", "opd": "Spleen and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eb70eca5-1408-4c2c-b14a-3028575e87ca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iron is predominantly absorbed in", "exp": "Almost all iron absorption occurs in the duodenum. Transpo of Fe2+ into the enterocytes occurs divalent metal transpoer 1 (DMT1). Some are stored in ferritin, and the remainder is transpoed out of the enterocytes by a basolateral transpoer named ferropoin 1. A protein called hephaestin (Hp) is associated with ferropoin 1. It is not a transpoer itself, but it facilitates basolateral transpo. In the plasma, Fe2+ is conveed to Fe3+ and bound to the iron transpo protein transferrin. This protein has two iron-binding sites. Normally, transferrin is about 35% saturated with iron, and the normal plasma iron level is about 130 mg/dL (23 mmol/L) in men and 110 mg/dL (19 mmol/L) in women.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 452", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Duodenum", "opc": "Colon", "opd": "Ileum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8e8fa221-77ff-4f27-8250-30d78ca0a8b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sensory function of the Pacinian corpuscle is", "exp": "Detection of Vibration:All tactile receptors are involved in detection of vibration, although different receptors detect different frequencies of vibration.Pacinian corpuscles can detect signal vibrations from 30 to 800 cycles/sec because they respond extremely rapidly to the minute and rapid deformations of the tissues. They also transmit their signals over type Ab nerve fibers, which can transmit as many as 1000 impulses per second. Low-frequency vibrations from 2 up to 80 cycles per second, in contrast, stimulate other tactile receptors, especially Meissner's corpuscles, which adapt less rapidly than do Pacinian corpuscles.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 48 Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses", "cop": 3, "opa": "Crude touch", "opb": "Deep pressure", "opc": "Vibration", "opd": "Priciking pain", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "16631e24-d2a9-4d4d-9f49-0971329a6e24", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Difference between plasma and interstitial fluid is that interstitial fluid contains", "exp": "Plasma has more proteins compared to interstitial fluid due to presence of albumin, globumin, clotting factors, transporter proteins and many more.", "cop": 3, "opa": "More protein and same ions", "opb": "Same protein and low ions", "opc": "Low protein and same ions", "opd": "Low protein and low ions", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cd35d83a-7460-4b47-a698-75bba5466fe4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "AV nodal delay is", "exp": "AV nodal delay- 0.10 to 0.13 sec", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.2 sec", "opb": "0.13 sec", "opc": "0.01 sec", "opd": "0.3 sec", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "17634b47-f883-4b9d-85ee-b3aedad4a75b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vitamin K carboxylates", "exp": "The vitamin K-dependent (VKD)3carboxylase is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the oxygenation of vitamin Khydroquinone, resulting in formation of vitamin K epoxide, in parallel with the carboxylation of multipleglutamate (Glu) residues in vitamin K-dependent proteins Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Aspaate", "opb": "Glutamate", "opc": "Tyrosine", "opd": "Tryptophan", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "aad4e5eb-b156-43f5-8c6e-9aeea80199ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperosmolarity of renal medulla is due to", "exp": "The renal medulla is the innermost pa of the kidney. The renal medulla contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. These structures include the vasa rectae, the venulae rectae, the medullary capillary plexus, the loop of Henle, and the collecting tubule. The renal medulla is hypeonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology; 24th edition; page no: 671", "cop": 4, "opa": "K", "opb": "Na", "opc": "Glucose", "opd": "Cl", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "0c5387e0-c854-41a4-9051-b686f603e82d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The connective tissue layer around each muscle fascicle", "exp": "During embryogenesis, skeletal muscle develops through the fusion of mononucleated precursor cells (myoblasts) into multinucleated myotubes. These subsequently mature into myofibers (muscle fibers) of varying length that contain thousands of nuclei. In adult tissues, these myofibers are arranged in fascicles, each associated with a small pool of tissue stem cells referred to as satellite cells, which can contribute to muscle regeneration following injury. Perimysium is the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers .Ref: Guyton; 13th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Perimysium", "opb": "Epimysium", "opc": "Endomysium", "opd": "Sarcolemma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "aa95be32-799b-4112-b608-ff301b16667c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Starlings law implies", "exp": "This intrinsic ability of the hea to adapt to increasing volumes of inflowing blood is called the frank starling mechanism. Basically, the Frank-Starling mechanism means that the greater the hea muscle is stretched during filling, the greater is the force of contraction and the greater the quantity of blood pumped into the aoa.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 119", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased VR- increased CO", "opb": "Increased discharge - increased CO", "opc": "Increased HR- increased CO", "opd": "Increased BP- increased CO", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ce173d45-230e-4283-9bde-9d50d3d1d3d9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Efferent neuron for skeletal muscle is", "exp": "Efferent neurone for skeletal muscle is alpha motor neurone Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:761,762,763", "cop": 1, "opa": "Alfa motor neuron", "opb": "Gamma motor neuron", "opc": "Ia fibre", "opd": "Ib fibre", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b9e03737-abe4-472f-8f29-ca7b31fede3f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Factor increasing gastric emptying", "exp": "Factors affecting increasing Gastric emptying (predominantly neural pathway is involved) Increased food volume in the stomach- gastric distension - stretch receptor activation -promotes increased emptying from the stomach. Type of food: order of gastric emptying is carbohydrate > protein > fat Gastrin has mild to moderate effect on gastrin emptying. Gastric distension and product of protein digestion stimulates gastrin release while acid in stomach inhibits gastrin release.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Presence of fatty food in stomach", "opb": "Distension of stomach", "opc": "Presence of tryptophan in stomach", "opd": "Presence of acid in stomach", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal System", "id": "8f62daff-9809-45e5-90cd-266231b506af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person with intractable pain over the right leg is benefited by", "exp": "(B) Left Spinothalamic tract cordotomy > Spinothalamic tract Touch sensation is transmitted by ventral spinothalamic tract Pain and temperature pain are transmitted by lateral spinothalamic tract> Fibers of spinothalamic tract cross in the anterior commissure of the cord to the opposite> Hence intractable pain over the right leg is benefited by left spinothalamic tract cordotomy.> In anterolateral cordotomy, the spinothalamic tracts are carefully cut to relieve severe pain.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Right spinothalamic tract cordotomy", "opb": "Left Spinothalamic tract cordotomy", "opc": "Right hemicordotomy", "opd": "Left hemicordotomy", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "80011e2a-4c51-451a-9842-312fe058b0b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "On insulin administration, change expected in ECF is", "exp": "Insulin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans and functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-433", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypocalcemia", "opb": "Hyponatremia", "opc": "Hypoglycemia", "opd": "Hyperkalemia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "cec930d7-fe73-459f-921d-2e9fafc5b8de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Volume of interstitial fluid in a normal adult", "exp": "In a 70 kg man ,60%of body weight is due to water ,about 42 L .of this 10 L is present ias Interstitial fluid Ref.Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.24 table 1.3.2", "cop": 2, "opa": "5L", "opb": "10L", "opc": "15L", "opd": "20L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b641b194-863f-40ce-b35a-3e5bb0727f4f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stagnant hypoxia is seen in", "exp": "Stagnant hypoxia, as its name implies, refers to situations in which blood flow is abnormally low as occurs in shock, syncope or other \"low-flow\" states. In terms of oxygen transpo, decreased blood flow (hypoperfusion) is the primary limitation, and thus, the problem resides with the cardiovascular system Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 353,354,355", "cop": 4, "opa": "COPD", "opb": "Anaemia", "opc": "CO poisoning", "opd": "Shock", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "9fbf8869-0fbc-4ca5-a990-2115ea883048", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Warmth sensation is sensed by", "exp": "(C) Ruffini end organ # Ruffini's corpuscles are encapsulated sensory nerve endings located in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue and they mediate the sense of warmth.> Lamellar corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles are one of the four major types of mechanoreceptor. They are nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure.> Vibrational role may be used to detect surface, e.g., rough vs. smooth.Meissner's corpuscles (or tactile corpuscles) are a type of mechanoreceptor.> They are a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch. In particular, they have highest sensitivity (lowest threshold) when sensing vibrations lower than 50 Hertz.> They are rapidly adaptive receptors. The bulboid corpuscles (end-bulbs of Krause) are cutaneous receptors that have the ability to detect low-frequency vibration.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pacinian corpuscle", "opb": "Meissneir's corpuscle", "opc": "Ruffini end organ", "opd": "Krauses end bulb", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "731ce2d6-9155-412e-b01c-cab28c32751c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac muscle contracts due to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Extracellular Ca2+", "opb": "Sarcoplasmic Ca2+", "opc": "Extracellular Na+", "opd": "Intracellular Na+", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4c655762-f570-439c-a55d-a52b7fd5999d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac output in L/min divided by heart rate equals", "exp": "Ans. (b) Mean stroke volumeRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.544Cardiac output is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)So, Cardiac output/heart rate = stroke volume", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cardiac efficiency", "opb": "Mean stroke volume", "opc": "Cardiac index", "opd": "Mean arterial pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "8ecda26b-420b-497f-a62f-596b60a6db10", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During cardiac imaging, the phase of minimum motion of heart is", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Late systole", "opb": "Mid systole", "opc": "Late diastole", "opd": "Mid diastole", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "80d20f86-9d16-4bb8-97ca-9894b8a555d5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Semicircular canals are stimulated by", "exp": "Rotation causes maximal stimulation of semicircular canals most nearly in the plane of rotation.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:215.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gravity", "opb": "Linear acceleration", "opc": "Rotation", "opd": "Sound", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "ae8c7b72-b959-4460-a914-3db3946c6c20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The raphe nuclei located in lower pons and medulla secrete the following neurotransmitter", "exp": "Serotonin is also found within the brain stem in the midline raphe nuclei which project to poions of hypothalamus, limbic system, neocoex, cerebellum and spinal cord. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 136", "cop": 3, "opa": "Norepinphrine", "opb": "Dopamine", "opc": "Serotonin", "opd": "Acetycholine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "068485c0-2946-4dfb-b39d-2cb3aad618ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Severe anxiety causes", "exp": "Increase in the alveolar ventilation due to hyperventilation and anxiety ,hysteria causes respiratory alkalosis. Ref:page no 569 Textbook of physiology Volume 1 7th edition AK Jain", "cop": 2, "opa": "Respiratory acidosis", "opb": "Respiratory alkalosis", "opc": "Metabolic acidosis", "opd": "Metabolic alkalosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "b63d8228-2176-468e-9638-49bb1056c2b4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Coical representation of body in the cerebrum is", "exp": "The various pas of the body are represented in the precentral gyrus, with the feet at the top of the gyrus and the face at the bottom. The facial area is represented bilaterally, but the rest of the representation is generally unilateral, with the coical motor area controlling the musculature on the opposite side of the body. The coical representation of each body pa is propoionate in size to the skill with which the pa is used in fine, voluntary movement. The areas involved in speech and hand movements are especially large in the coex; use of the pharynx, lips, and tongue to form words and of the fingers and apposable thumbs to manipulate the environment are activities in which humans are especially skilled.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty-Third Edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Horizontal", "opb": "Veical", "opc": "Tandem", "opd": "Oblique", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "cee9b08f-decc-4410-ad51-a5fe28c2ab9f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Motor aphasia refers to defect in", "exp": "In nonfluent aphasia, the lesion is in Broca area. Speech is slow, and words are hard to come by. Patients with severe damage to this area are limited to two or three words with which to express the whole range of meaning and emotion. Sometimes the words retained are those that were being spoken at the time of the injury or vascular accident that caused the aphasia.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Peripheral speech apparatus", "opb": "Verbal expression", "opc": "Auditory comprehension", "opd": "Verbal comprehension", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "45f371c8-e83d-4416-a6a1-da353d2fa092", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The Principal site of absorption of sodium is", "exp": "Other than at thin descending limb of the loop of Henle, all other sites of tubule Na+ are reabsorbed by various mechanisms. \n-        Proximal tubule- 60-70%\n\nNa+- H+ exchange\nNa+- Glucose co-transport\nNa+- amino acid co-transport\nNa+ unitransport\n\n-        The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle - 30%\n\nNa+- 2Cl-- K+ co-transport\n\n-        Early distal tubule- 7%\n\nNa+- Cl- co-transport\n\n-        Late distal tubule and collecting duct - 3%\n\nENaC channels", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "opb": "Distal convoluted tubule", "opc": "Loop of Henle (thick portion)", "opd": "Collecting duct", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7a7ac9e2-4d7b-4207-817f-d1305c132492", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Muscle spindle", "exp": "Muscle spindles are receptors of stretch reflex or monosynaptic reflex.(Ref. Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.514)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Receptor for stretchreflex", "opb": "Antigravity muscle", "opc": "Multisynaptic reflex", "opd": "Excited by strech and contraction of muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "0a76b4e9-33fd-4524-8377-5d52a727a6c0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a stimulus for normal/resting ventilation", "exp": "Juxtacapillary receptors, J-receptors, or pulmonary C-fiber receptors are sensory nerve endings located within the alveolar walls in juxtaposition to the pulmonary capillaries of the lung, and are innervated by fibers of the vagus nerve Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 365,366,367", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stretch receptors", "opb": "J receptors", "opc": "PO2", "opd": "PCO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "6a56b616-83e8-47ba-ba6b-4b4d62ae5fcd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Astereognosis is seen in lesions of", "exp": "(C) Parietal lobe # Lesions in the representational hemisphere produce astereognos is- inability to identify objects by feeling them-and other agnosias.> Agnosia is the general term used for the inability to recognize objects by a particular sensory modality even though the sensory modality itself is intact.> Lesions producing these defects are generally in the parietal lobe.> Especially when they are in the representational hemisphere, lesions of the inferior parietal lobule, a region in the posterior part of the parietal lobe that is close to the occipital lobe, cause unilateral inattention and neglect.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Frontal lobe", "opb": "Occipital lobe", "opc": "Parietal lobe", "opd": "Temporal lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "82d5279b-47cb-4f3c-a998-051dd1de5ff7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fine voluntary movements are transmitted by", "exp": "(A) Lateral corticospinal tract > The nerve fibers that pass from the motor cortex to the cranial nerve nuclei form the corticobulbar tract. The nerve fibers that cross the midline in the medullary pyramids and form the lateral corticospinal tract make up about 80% of the fibers in the corticospinal pathway.> The remaining 20% make up the anterior or ventral corticospinal tract, which does not cross the midline until it reaches the level of the muscles it controls. At this point, its fibers end on interneurons that make contact with motor nerves on both sides of the body.> The lateral corticospinal tract is concerned with skilled movements, and in humans its fibers end directly on the motor neurons.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lateral corticospinal tract", "opb": "Dorsal column", "opc": "Anterior horn", "opd": "Spinothalamic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "4b68dc66-44a2-494c-b9d6-2449ed9b068e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myelin in CNS", "exp": "Oligodendrocytes - myelin formation in cnsSchwann cells - myelin formation in pns Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:80", "cop": 1, "opa": "Oligodendrocyte", "opb": "Schwann cell", "opc": "Astrocyte", "opd": "Microglia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "26ff15bb-fcb0-4259-9cff-8fac33d65954", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Golgi tendon organ helps in detection", "exp": "(Reflex muscle tension): (232-33 Ganong24 edition, 910-A.KJain 5 ; 661-Guyton 12 )Golgi Tendon Organ Helps Control Muscle TensionGTO is an encapsulated sensory receptor through which muscle tendon fibers pass. About 10 to 15 muscle fibers are usually connected to each GTO, and the organ is stimulated when this small bundle of muscle fibers is \"tensed\" by contracting or stretching the muscle. Thus the major difference in excitation of the Golgi tendon organ versus the muscle spindle is that the spindle detects muscle length and changes in muscle length, whereas the tndon organ detects muscle tension as reflected by the tension in itself* GTO has both dynamic response and static response* GTO provide the nervous system with instantaneous information on the degree of tension in each small segment of each muscle* It acts as a protective reflexGolgi tendon organPathway responsible for the stretch reflex and inverse stretch reflex", "cop": 2, "opa": "Muscle length", "opb": "Reflex muscle tension", "opc": "Nutrional status", "opd": "Excretory function", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "e8be6e42-2659-433e-ac11-c7e1da5edfb7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The efferent fiber bundle of the substantia nigra transmits dopamine to one of the following areas", "exp": "Connections in Basal ganglia\n\nSubstantia nigra pars compacta (SNPC) to Striatum (Caudate nucleus & Putamen)- Dopaminergic \nStriatum to Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNPR)- GABA \nStriatum to Globus pallidus inner segment & external segment- GABA \nGlobus pallidus external segment to subthalamic nucleus and internal segment- GABA​\nSubthalamic nucleus to Globus pallidus external segment and internal segment.- Glutamate​\nWithin the striatum- Cholinergic interneurons.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Thalamus", "opb": "Corpus striatum", "opc": "Tegmentum of pons", "opd": "Tectum of midbrain", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d7947b78-40ea-4f75-ab99-5a6791867a60", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'Lucid Interval' may be seen in", "exp": "Lucid interval- This is a period occurring in insanity during which all the symptoms of insanity disappear completely. Lucid interval refers to a brief period during which an insane person regains sanity that is sufficient to regain the legal capacity to contract and to act on his/her own behalf. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 2, "opa": "Intracerebral haemorrhage", "opb": "Insanity", "opc": "Subdural haemorrhage", "opd": "Alcohol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "fc69c1f9-9b5d-4974-a8dd-063b6d0153eb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "One of the ways that cells communicate with each other is by secretion of various molecules. The secreted molecule is known as", "exp": "A signaling molecule is the way by which cells communicate with each other. Three general types of intercellular communication are mediated by messengers in the ECF: neural -in which neurotransmitters are released at synaptic junctions endocrine - in which hormones and growth factors reach cells the circulating blood or the lymph paracrine -in which the products of cells diffuse in the ECF to affect neighboring cells that may be some distance away.", "cop": 2, "opa": "A receptor molecule", "opb": "A signaling molecule.", "opc": "A spectrin tetramer", "opd": "An integrin.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cell Membrane and transpo protiens", "id": "61a964b8-30a2-4925-9885-ecaee386b426", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Homeostasis is Body's mechanisms", "exp": "Homeostasis : refers to maintainence of constant internal environment Hemostasis: refers to stopage of bleeding Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:146,147", "cop": 2, "opa": "Meant to stop bleeding", "opb": "For maintemance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment", "opc": "For maintenace of body posture", "opd": "For maintenance of body blood pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "64705be9-e0f0-4a31-b78a-a1b2cc427ae2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compliance of lungs is", "exp": "The change in lung volume per unit change in airway pressure (DV/DP) is the compliance (stretchability) of the lungs and chest wall. It is normally measured in the pressure range where the relaxation pressure curve is steepest, and the normal value is approximately 0.2 L/cm H2O.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 595", "cop": 1, "opa": "200 ml/cm water", "opb": "500 ml/cm water", "opc": "800ml/cm water", "opd": "1000ml/cm water", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "a2e2c6b1-2731-4fdf-82b6-53e7bdd3b558", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased velocity of conduction in a nerve is favoured by", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased capacitance", "opb": "Decreased capacitance", "opc": "Increased resistance", "opd": "Increased velocity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7395021c-01f5-44fd-b60f-8dd01266a287", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac index is defined as", "exp": "Cardiac index- Cardiac output per minute per square meter of body surface area. Normal- 3.2L/min/ m2.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stroke volume M2/BSA", "opb": "Cardiac output per minute per unit body surface area", "opc": "Systolic pressure/M2 BSA", "opd": "End diastolic volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a1a1dfad-f3cd-4241-902a-beb3cafed9ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "EEG rhythm recorded from the surface of the scalp during REM sleepa) Alphab) Betac) Deltad) Theta", "exp": "Stages of sleep and rhythm\n-        Beta rhythm- Alert, awake, maximum concentration.\n-        Alpha rhythm- Eyes closed, mind wandering, less attentiveness\n-        Theta rhythm- Stage 1 NREM\n-        Sleep spindles, K complex- Stage 2 NREM\n-        Delta rhythm- Deep sleep (Stage 3 & 4 NREM)\n \n-        Beta Rhythm and occasional reappearance of alpha rhythm- REM", "cop": 1, "opa": "ab", "opb": "a", "opc": "ad", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b4da767b-9043-4fc3-aeac-84b231c4ded7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "On changing position from lying down to standing position there is a drop in 10 mm of Hg. Immediately he recovered by 8 mm Hg leaving behind 2 mm Hg. The gain for baroreceptor system for the control of BP is", "exp": "Ans. (b) 4(Ref: Guyton, 13th ed/p.7)The formula for calculating gain is,Gain=ErrorCorrection So here, Gain =8/2=4The degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions is determined by the GAIN of the negative feedbackAny system which leaves error is not 100 percent effective in preventing changeImagine what would happen if the denominator becomes zero???.The ratio becomes infinity.Such a principle is called INFINITE FEEDBACK GAIN PRINCIPLE. It is the KIDNEY which displays infinite feedback gain principle in regulation of BP which means it won't leave any error during correction of BP.It exactly brings BP back to the previous value", "cop": 2, "opa": "2", "opb": "4", "opc": "8", "opd": "10", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "d37c7098-38f3-4814-80c5-2480a5b71518", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Striped fibrosis of kidney is seen in", "exp": "Cyclosporin toxicity is classically alternate fibrosis that is striped fibrosis", "cop": 4, "opa": "Chronic rejection", "opb": "Diabetes mellitus", "opc": "Malignant hypeension", "opd": "Cyclosporin toxicity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5a6da3af-8ec5-4169-831c-99b8f1d8f070", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The satiety centre is located in the", "exp": "(B) Ventromedian nucleus of hypothalamus", "cop": 2, "opa": "Lateral hypothalamic area", "opb": "Ventromedian nucleus of hypothalamus", "opc": "Dorsomedian nucleus of hypothalamus", "opd": "Perifomical region", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "d4c64f05-8578-4182-909c-e7e627fb8b8f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nociception from abdomen is transmitted by", "exp": "Pain is carried by type c fibre. Table 4-1 Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:89", "cop": 3, "opa": "A gamma", "opb": "Aa", "opc": "C fibres", "opd": "B", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "4d1d705f-af07-48c3-87e7-5accafdc5ac1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gas with greatest affinity for haemoglobin", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "O2", "opb": "CO", "opc": "CO2", "opd": "N2O", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c9ba2f5e-1674-4da1-ae32-05071d6c5259", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Clathrins used in", "exp": "In receptor-mediated Endocytosis, clathrin is the receptors for the ligand. The cell membrane fuses around the receptor-ligand complex forming a vesicle. (Ref: Textbook of medical physiology-Geetha N)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Receptor mediated endocytosis", "opb": "Exocytosis", "opc": "Cell to cell adhesion", "opd": "Plasma membrane", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b5f2d2ce-dae0-499d-a6b0-34dc8132a6cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Proprioceptions are carried by", "exp": "Proprioceptions are carried by A alpha fibresRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 158", "cop": 1, "opa": "A alpha fibers", "opb": "A bita fibers", "opc": "B fibers", "opd": "C fibers", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "e1dc515d-3925-436f-a000-71feef771954", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Conduction velocity (m/s) of nerve fibers carrying fast pain is about", "exp": "(C) # Fast pain, like pricking yourself with a needle or touching a burning object, is mainly related to painful stimuli of the skin, mouth and anus. It is transmitted by relatively thick nerve fibers, although this is relative, because they are still microscopically thin, with a diameter of 2 to 5 thousandth of a millimeter. These nerves are called A-delta fibers. Because of their relatively thick size, these nerve fibers allow the pain stimulus to be transferred very fast (at a speed of five to 30 meter/second), hence the name. This is all to make the body withdraw immediately from the painful and harmful stimulus, in order to avoid further damage.# Slow pain, which starts immediately after the fast pain, is transmitted by very thin nerve fibers, called C-nerve fibers (their diameter is between 0.2 to 1 thousandth of a millimeter). Because of their small size, the pain impulse can only be transmitted slowly to the brain, at a speed of less than 2 meters per second. The response of the body is to hold the affected body part immobile (guarding, spasm or rigidity), so that healing can take place.", "cop": 3, "opa": "120", "opb": "70", "opc": "30", "opd": "2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "17646149-271e-4ee3-93fa-bdfae39356b5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transport of carbon monoxide (CO) is diffusion limited because", "exp": "Since CO binds to Hb very rapidly, there is always a pressure gradient for its diffusion. \nThere is no free CO in blood. CO diffusion can be increased only if the thickness of the capillary decreases or if the area of the capillary increases. \nSo transport of CO is diffusion limited.", "cop": 1, "opa": "High affinity of CO for haemoglobin", "opb": "Alveolar membrane is less permeable to CO", "opc": "CO crosses epithelial barrier slowly", "opd": "On exposure to air there is sudden increase in partial pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "01c937ff-c5cb-40b3-b80e-45598b0bfe40", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulmonary aery pressure is", "exp": "The pressure gradient in the pulmonary system is about 7 mmHg, compared with a gradient of about 90 mmHg in the systemic circulation. Pulmonary capillary pressure is about 10 mmHg, whereas the oncotic pressure is 25 mmHg so that an inwardly directed pressure gradient of about 15 mmHg keeps the alveoli free of all but a thin film of fluid. When the pulmonary capillary pressure is more than 25 mm Hg--as it may be, for example, in \"backward failure\" of the left ventricle--pulmonary congestion and edema result.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 602", "cop": 3, "opa": "120/80 mm Hg", "opb": "25/0 mm Hg", "opc": "25/8 mm Hg", "opd": "120/0 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "a7ad0f4e-b0e0-4088-9eaa-519ce43a83d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Arterial O2 content is reduced in one of the following", "exp": "Ans. (b) Anemic hypoxia(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.646)Characterized by reduction in hemoglobin concentration and decline in the O2 -carrying capacity of the blood (reduced arterial O2 content)Anemic hypoxia is seen in Carbon monoxide poisoning and methemoglobinemia", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stagnant hypoxia", "opb": "Anemic hypoxia", "opc": "Histotoxic hypoxia", "opd": "Ischemic hypoxia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "d1891465-4d8e-47c2-8593-89728f5e93a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Initiation of impulse stas in", "exp": "Several inhibitory synapses are located directly on the axon hillock and initial axon segment. This location provides especially powerful inhibition because it has the direct effect of increasing the threshold for excitation at the very point where the action potential is normally generated.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 46; Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters", "cop": 2, "opa": "Axon", "opb": "Axon hillock and initial segment", "opc": "Cell body", "opd": "Dendritic tree", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "db8d2e6d-3d98-4ca1-a145-aa1cf7e2d3b8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phospholipid associated with mechanism of hormone action is", "exp": "Phosphatidylinositol Is a Precursor of Second Messengers The inositol is present in phosphatidylinositol as the stereoisomer, myoinositol. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate is an impoant constituent of cell membrane phospholipids? upon stimulation by a suitable hormone agonist, it is cleaved into diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, both of which act as internal signals or second messengers.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Phosphatidyl choline", "opb": "Phosphatidyl lecithin", "opc": "Plasmalogen", "opd": "Phosphatidyl inositol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "7d275244-2213-4f33-a37d-576ab53dacdc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "With respect to oxygen and carbon dioxide transpo", "exp": "The equilibrium curves are not similar; that for CO2 is steeper and more linear. The blood carries more CO2 than O2. The presence of CO2 will increase the P50. Although red cells carry most of the O2, the plasma carries the majority of the CO2 (mainly as bicarbonate).", "cop": 4, "opa": "The slopes of the oxygen and carbon dioxide content curves are similar", "opb": "Equal amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide can be carried in 100 mL of blood", "opc": "The presence of carbon dioxide decreases the P50 for O2", "opd": "The presence of oxygen lowers carbon dioxide content in the blood", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "fa80e7eb-7c09-4f92-bf0d-6c2ddc96e1a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dorsal column of spinal cord does not carry fibres of", "exp": "(B) Pain # Dorsal column transmits Touch (Fine) Pressure Vibration Proprioception# Lateral spinothalamic tract Pain Temperature> Anterior spinothalamic tract Crude touch Pressures.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vibration", "opb": "Pain", "opc": "Two point discrimination", "opd": "Stereognosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "20fcceb8-8435-42d0-ac68-658e569af1a5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In the nephrons, the vasopressin mainly acts at the level of", "exp": "Ans. d (Collecting tubules); (Ref. Guyton, Physiology, 10th ed., 773)HORMONES ACTING ON KIDNEY HormonesStimulus for secretionActions on kidneys1Vasopressin (ADH)||Plasma osmolalityBlood volume||H2O permeability of principal cells incollecting ducts.Urea absorption in collecting duct.Na+/K+2CI-transporter in thick ascending limb.2Aldosterone||Blood volume (via All)plasma (K+)|Na+ re-absorption,K+secretion, H+ secretion in distal tubule.3Angiotensin II Blood volume (Via renin) Contraction of efferent arteriole | GFR,Na+ HCO3 re-absorption in PCT.4Atrial natriureticpeptide (ANP)|Atrial pressure||Na+ reabsorptionGFR5PTH-Plasma (Ca2+)|Ca2+ reabsorption, | PO43-reabsorption, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D production", "cop": 4, "opa": "Proximal convoluted tubules", "opb": "Distal convoluted tubules", "opc": "Loop of Henle", "opd": "Collecting tubules", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "5388d483-16bc-44c3-ae00-244880ffd8f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osmotic pressure can be calculated by using", "exp": "Osmotic pressure is calculated by van hoofs rule. (REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, PAGE NO - 7)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Bernoulli's law", "opb": "Van't hoff law", "opc": "Ohm's law", "opd": "Poiseulle's law", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "d6e23488-d4e3-4303-937d-948ec8da6cf5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary function of basal ganglia is", "exp": "(A) Preprogramming of voluntary activity > Basal ganglia are involved in the planning and programming of movement or, more broadly, in the process by which an abstract thought is converted into voluntary action. Basal ganglia also play major role in some cognitive processes.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Preprogramming of voluntary activity", "opb": "Control of equilibrium", "opc": "Sensory integration", "opd": "Short term memory", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "16e6a51f-4648-44c8-be33-464a48da5e87", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal intrapleural pressure is", "exp": "The normal external pressure is equal to the normal intrapleural pressure (the pressure in the chest  cavity), which is −4 mm Hg. Note in the figure that a rise in intrapleural pressure, to −2 mm Hg, shifts the entire cardiac output curve to the right by the same amount.  This  shift  occurs  because  to  fill  the  cardiac chambers  with blood requires an extra 2 mm Hg right atrial pressure to overcome the increased pressure on the outside of the heart. Likewise, an increase in intrapleural pressure to +2 mm Hg requires a 6 mm Hg increase in right atrial pressure from the normal −4 mm Hg, which shifts the entire cardiac output curve 6 mm Hg to the right.", "cop": 4, "opa": "1-2 mm Hg", "opb": "2-4 mm Hg", "opc": "9.5-10 mm Hg", "opd": "-3 to -4 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fc236caf-97b0-4080-9ded-fa66db437014", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum water reabsorption in the Gastrointestinal tract occurs in", "exp": "REABSORPTION OF WATER IN THE GIT Jejunum - 5500 ml Ileum - 2000 ml Colon - 1300 ml Total reabsorption - 8800 ml Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition page number:394,395,396", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "da636033-36c2-45bb-9209-fd32698d11e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Impairment of moral and social sense, lack of initiation and difficulty in planning with flight of ideas is a feature of lesion in the", "exp": "(Frontal lobe) (804 -K.Sth)FRONTAL LOBE SYNDROME(Injury or ablation of prefrontal cortex)TEMPORAL LOBE SYNDROME or Kluver Bucy Syndrome1. Emotional instability: There is lack of restraint leading to hostility, aggressiveness and restlessness2. Lack of concentration and lack of fixing attention occur3. There is lack of initiation and difficulty in planning4. Impairment of recent memory occurs.1. Aphasia: Disturbance in speech2. Auditory disturbances - frequent attacks of tinnitus, auditory hallucinations with sounds like buzzing, ringing or humming3. Disturbance in smell and taste sensation4. Dreamy states - feeling of unreality5. Visual hallucination associated with hemianopiaHowever, the memory of remote events is not lost5. Loss of moral and social sense is common and there is loss of love for family and friends6. There is failure to realize the seriousness of the condition the subject has the sense of well - being and also has flight of ideas7. Functional abnormalities(i) Hyperphagia(ii) Loss of control over sphincter of the- urinary bladder or rectum(iii) Disturbances in orientation(iv) Slight tremorPARIETAL LOBE FUNCTIONS1. Somesthetic area 1 is responsible for perception and integration of cutaneous and kinesthetic sensation2. Movements of head and eyeballs3. Discriminative functions(i) Spatial recognition: Tactile localization, two point discrimination and recognition of position and passive movements of limbs(ii) Recognition of intensity of different stimuli(iii) Recognition of similarities and differences between the stimuliOCCIPITAL LOBE FUNCTONS (Visual cortex)1. Primary visual area - 17 is concerned with perception of visual impulses2. Visual association area - 18 - concerned with interpretation of visual impulses3. Occipital eye field - 19 concerned with movement of eyes", "cop": 1, "opa": "Frontal lobe", "opb": "Parietal lobe", "opc": "Temporal lobe", "opd": "Occipital lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "0daf1f51-577c-446f-b884-6a23bb5b14d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Insulin secretion is inhibited by", "exp": "Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline or adrenaline) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. Epinephrine has many functions in the body, regulating hea rate, blood vessel and air passage diameters, and metabolic shifts; epinephrine release is a crucial component of the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Secretin", "opb": "Epinephrine", "opc": "Growth hormone", "opd": "Gastrin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "23fa6f67-0435-4956-8836-1b0d198ef43a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Osteoclasts are inhibited by", "exp": "Osteoclasts are Bone cells that break down and remove bone tissue.Calcitonin- a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland; it is involved in plasma calcium homeostasis and acts to decrease the rate of bone resorption.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-387", "cop": 2, "opa": "Parathyroid hormone", "opb": "Calcitonin", "opc": "1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol", "opd": "Tumor necrosis factor", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "492b2a24-6974-457a-bd30-66aec26a9062", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Equilibrium potential for an ion is calculated using", "exp": "Equilibrium potential for an ion is calculated by Nernst equation. the Nernst potential corre- sponding to this ratio is -94 millivolts because the loga- rithm of 35 is 1.54, and this multiplied by -61 millivolts is -94 millivolts. Therefore, if potassium ions were the only factor causing the resting potential, the resting potential inside the fiber would be equal to -94 millivolts, as shown in the figure. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, 28)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gibbs Donnan equation", "opb": "Goldman equation", "opc": "Nernst equation", "opd": "Henderson Hesselbach equation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "4c01abc3-0f78-4710-b3ab-264174274b2e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Question is Here", "exp": "Ans: a (Clearance) Ref: Ganong,22nd ed, p. 705Clearance of a substance is equal to the concentration of that substance in urine multiplied by urine flow rate divided by arterial plasma level, i.e.Clearance=UxV----PxUx - cone of substance in urineV -urine flow ratePx - cone of substance in plasmaNote:Inulin is used to measure GFR because it is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted in the tubules. But in practice we use creatinine clearance to measure GFR because it is easier to measure.PAHA is used to measure renal plasma flow i.e.Clearance of para-aminohippuric acid is equal to effective renal plasma flow.From the renal plasma flow, the renal blood flow can be calculated by dividing by 1 minus the haematocritRenal blood flow = RPF x1------------(1-Haematocrit)Renal blood flow = 1273ml/min which account for about 25% of cardiac output.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Clearance", "opb": "Glomerular filtration rate", "opc": "Starling's law", "opd": "Nernst equation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "6786e58b-eceb-4b63-929f-c5bc2f34b70d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary action on Nitric oxide (NO) in the gastrointestinal tract is", "exp": "Peristalsis is a reflex response that is initiated when the gut wall is stretched by the contents of the lumen, and it occurs in all pas of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum. The stretch initiates a circular contraction behind the stimulus and an area of relaxation in front of it. The wave of contraction then moves in an oral-to-caudal direction, propelling the contents of the lumen forward at rates that vary from 2 to 25 cm/s. Peristaltic activity can be increased or decreased by the autonomic input to the gut, but its occurrence is independent of the extrinsic innervation. Indeed, progression of the contents is not blocked by removal and resuture ofa segment of intestine in its original position and is blocked only if the segment is reversed before it is sewn back into place. Peristalsis is an excellent example of the integrated activity of the enteric nervous system. It appears that local stretch releases serotonin, which activates sensory neurons that activate the myenteric plexus. Cholinergic neurons passing in a retrograde direction in this plexus activate neurons that release substance P and acetylcholine, causing smooth muscle contraction. At the same time, cholinergic neurons passing in an anterograde direction activate neurons that secrete NO, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), producing the relaxation ahead of the stimulus.</P>REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMANTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO:469,470", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vasodilatation", "opb": "Vasoconstriction", "opc": "Gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation", "opd": "Gastrointestinal slow smooth muscle contraction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "dfd722d1-0501-4079-9012-ae032d6ddaf7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The major ejection force in vomiting is provided by", "exp": "The major ejection force in vomiting is provided by Abdominal muscles.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Reverse peristalsis of intestine", "opc": "Diaphragm", "opd": "Abdominal muscles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "aec5a2e1-8a0b-421e-844c-8ba9d2e85b1d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The processing of short term memory to long term memory is done in", "exp": "(B) Hippocampus # Role of Hippocampus in Memory# HIPPOCAMPUS is currently credited with being the area of the brain in which short term memories are converted into long term memories.> 3 major neuronal pathways have been described in the hippocampus that are responsible for conversion of short term memory into long term memory.> Long term potentiation (LTP) has been used as the cellular model re sponsible for long term memory in the Hippocampus - Journal of Neuroscience> Hippocampus is the site in brain where short term memory are converted into long term memory> Hippocampus is not the site where long term memory is stored.> Memory is a complex function of the brain that uses several storage buffers of differing capacity and duration. It can be divided into three major types: working, episodic, and long-term, or remote, memory.> Memory function includes registration (encoding or acquisition), retention (storage or consolidation), stabilization (consolidation), and retrieval (decoding or recall). Registration and retrieval are conscious processes. The process of encoding is dependent upon the frontal lobes and hippocampal complex, while the process of retrieval requires the frontal lobes.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Prefrontal cortex", "opb": "Hippocampus", "opc": "Neocortex", "opd": "Amygdala", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "ab083ce7-3076-4754-bbae-3223789726c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Membrane integrity of RBC is due to", "exp": "C i.e. SpectrinWhen the membrane of RBC are analyzed by SDS- PAGE, the protein with slowest migration & hence highest molecular weight being designated band 1 or spectrin. Spectrin is the major protein of RBC cytoskeleton responsible for integrity of RBC membraneQ. It has 1a and 2(3 chains forming triple stranded a -helix. At least 4 binding sites can be defined in spectrin (for) 1) Selfassociation 2) Ankyrin (band 2.1) 3) Actin (band 5), and 4) Protein 4.1SpectrinQ, ankyrin (Pyramidal shaped) and other peripheral membrane protein eg. actin, protein 4.1, adducin, tropomyosin & 4.9 help determine the shape, & flexibility of RBC.", "cop": 3, "opa": "G-protein", "opb": "Haemoglobin", "opc": "Spectrin", "opd": "Ankyrin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "260e0fc0-09cc-4170-97ef-14b2af34b448", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "On increasing, vagal tone following occurs in pacemaker", "exp": "Na+ influx causes the pacemaker potential (prepotential). Due to vagal stimulation, the Na+ influx decreases, this leads to a decrease in the slop of prepotential.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased Na+, increased slop", "opb": "Decreased Na+, decreased slop", "opc": "Increased Na+, decreased slop", "opd": "Decreased Na+, increased slop", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea099017-ac8f-4a42-8d38-9bf01bb1ac12", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Smooth muscle cell membrane is", "exp": "Protein kinase C, commonly abbreted to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sarcoplasm", "opb": "Sarcolemma", "opc": "Sarcomere", "opd": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b482d919-146f-4705-8981-76c825a6f0dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type 1 glomus cell secrete neurotransmitter because of oxygen sensitive", "exp": "Type I glomus cells have O2 sensitive K+ channels, whose conductance is reduced in propoion to the degree of hypoxia to which they are exposed. This reduces the K+ efflux, depolarizing the cell and causing Ca2+ influx, primarily L-type Ca2+ channels. The Ca2+ influx triggers action potentials and transmitter release, with consequent excitation. of the afferent nerve endings. The smooth muscle of pulmonary aeries contains similar O2-sensitive K+ channels, which mediate the vasoconstriction caused by hypoxia. This is in contrast to systemic aeries, which contain adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dependent K+ channels that permit more K+ efflux with hypoxia and consequently cause vasodilation instead of vasoconstriction. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, page no: 628, 629 Ref image:", "cop": 4, "opa": "Na+ channel", "opb": "Cl channel", "opc": "Ca+2 channel", "opd": "K+ channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "761f0813-bd10-4063-bcf8-c45f1c662c0d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The pump responsible for gastric acid secretion is", "exp": "Gastric parietal cells are highly specialized for their unusual task of secreting concentrated acid. The cells are packed with mitochondria that supply energy to drive the apical H+,K+-ATPase, or proton pump, that moves H+ ions out of the parietal cell against a concentration gradient. The apical membrane also contains potassium channels, which supply the K+ ions to be exchanged for H+, and Cl- channels that supply the counterion for HCl secretion.", "cop": 3, "opa": "H+ ATPase", "opb": "Na+ - H+ ATPase", "opc": "H+ - K+ ATPase", "opd": "Ca2+ - H+ ATPase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Gastrointestinal System", "id": "172c8e1c-73fb-472e-b0df-6f3f73812e0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The parvocellular pathway, from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex, carnes signals for the detection of", "exp": "(B) Color vision, shape and fine details. > In the optic nerves and visual pathways there are several different types of nerve fibres, of which the magnocellular and the parvocellular pathway are the most important.> The largest path (approximately 80% of the nerve fibres) is the parvocellular pathway that transfers all colour information and high contrast black and white information.> Its nerve fibres are thin and transfer information relatively slowly. In the optic nerve 80% of the nerve fibres are parvocellular fibres and 10% of the fibres are magnocellular fibres.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Movement, depth and flicker.", "opb": "Color vision, shape and fine details.", "opc": "Temporal frequency.", "opd": "Luminance contrast", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Vision and its Elements", "id": "15cad813-17e5-4d13-8153-7e7f8954976c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Renshaw cell inhibition is", "exp": "Renshaw cells are inhibitory cells that transmit inhibitory signals.to the surrounding motor neurons.(Ref: Textbook of Medical physiology GUYTON and HALL page no.763)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Feedback facilitation", "opb": "Feed forward inhibhition", "opc": "Feed forward facilitation", "opd": "Feedback inhibhifion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "eff3b7f6-dad7-4f30-9d4a-6aeda2e11825", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amount of water lost in stools", "exp": "Normal\" Output: 1400-2300 mL/d Urine: 800-1500 mL Stool: 200 mL-250mL Insensible loss: 600-900 mL (lungs and skin). (With fever, each degree above 98.6degF adds 2.5 mL/kg/d to insensible losses; insensible losses are decreased if a patient is undergoing mechanical ventilation; free water gain can occur from humidified ventilation.)Ref: <a href=\"", "cop": 2, "opa": "50ml", "opb": "200ml", "opc": "300ml", "opd": "350ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "f2e24e1b-c934-4c9a-ba71-47cd774d66dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The thick filament is made up of Heavy chain of myosin Light chain of myosin Dystrophin Titin", "exp": "The thick filament or the myosin is made up of the heavy chain of myosin and light chain of myosin The myosin molecule is composed of six polypeptide chains- Two heavy chains, each with a molecular weight of about 200,000 and four light chains with molecular weights of about 20,000 each. The two heavy chains wrap spirally around each other to form helix, which is called the tail of the myosin molecule. One each end of these chains is folded into a globular polypeptide structure called myosin head. These heads contain an actin-binding site and a catalytic site that hydrolyses ATP. Thus, there are two free heads at one end of the double-helix myosin molecule. The four light chains are also pa of the myosin head, two to each head. These light chains help control the function of the head during muscle contraction. Ref: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 13th edition Pgno: 78-79", "cop": 3, "opa": "1, 3, and 4", "opb": "2, 3 and 4", "opc": "1 and 2", "opd": "3 and 4", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "2373fcae-6c51-4afb-92c7-574f70259807", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intrinsic factor is produced by", "exp": "The gastric mucosa contains many deep glands. In the cardia and the pyloric region, the glands secrete mucus. In the body of the stomach, including the fundus, the glands also contain parietal (oxyntic) cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief (zymogen, peptic) cells, which secrete pepsinogens. These secretions mix with mucus secreted by the cells in the necks of the glands. Several of the glands open on a common chamber (gastric pit) that opens in turn on the surface of the mucosa. Mucus is also secreted along with HCO3 by mucus cells on the surface of the epithelium between glands.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMANTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO:431,432", "cop": 2, "opa": "Argentaffin cells", "opb": "Oxyntic cells", "opc": "Chief cells", "opd": "Antral cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "00aaa82a-9f7f-4d28-9a56-bb8ec879092b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "TSH acting through", "exp": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body. It is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. The TSH receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins and is coupled to the Gs proteins.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no-302", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ion channels", "opb": "Nuclear receptors", "opc": "cAMP", "opd": "Cytoplasmic receptors", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "335e33c1-4ad5-44f9-98ac-24ff6e31fc38", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Activation of the baroreceptor reflex", "exp": "The baroreceptors are stretch receptors in the walls of the heart and blood vessels. The carotid sinus and aortic arch receptors monitor the arterial circulation. The baroreceptors are stimulated by distention of the structures in which they are located, and so they discharge at an increased rate when the pressure in these structures rises.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Is primarily involved in short-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.", "opb": "Leads to an increase in heart rate because of inhibition of the vagal cardiac motor neurons.", "opc": "Inhibits neurons in the CVLM.", "opd": "Excites neurons in the RVLM.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6ce09cb2-a046-4a4e-81b1-e0cd679d732f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulmonary artery pressure is", "exp": "Pressures in various portions of CVS\n\nRight ventricle       → 25/0 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic)\nLeft ventricle         → 120/0 mm Hg\nRight atrium          → 2 mm Hg\nLeft atrium            → 5mmHg\nAorta                    → 120/80 mm Hg\nPulmonary artery → 25/8 mm Hg", "cop": 4, "opa": "120/80 mm Hg", "opb": "25/0 mm Hg", "opc": "120/0 mm Hg", "opd": "25/8 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "19b969ad-0f7c-4ae4-b139-26f9324e1eaa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Insulin increases the activity of", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "HMG-CoA reductase", "opb": "HMG-CoA lyase", "opc": "HMG-CoA synthase", "opd": "Thiolase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "09b034cd-b2cb-4a66-bc13-18c161cf54d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "First response to decreased blood volume", "exp": "Baroreceptor reflex is an immediate compensatory mechanism in shock. There is stimulation of aerial baroreceptors and so sympathetic output is increased leading to vasoconstriction and reflex tachycardia. Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 184", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased hea rate", "opb": "Tachypnea", "opc": "Hypotension", "opd": "Disorientation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "08231981-c129-4875-ac62-524833dca847", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Total lung capacity depends upon", "exp": "TLC = (IRV + TV + ERV + RV) When a person inspires maximally, the lungs are at TLC. This total volume of inspired air (3000 + 500) would depend on the distensibility of the lungs. Greater the compliance, more is the distensibility and greater the amount that can be inspired. Conversely, if the compliance is reduced (as in fibrosis), the lungs cannot be distended to a great extent and TLC will be less. TLC is greater in emphysema,Due to incomplete expiration and air trapping beyond compressed airways, residual volume is increased. It may contribute to increase in TLC. However, TLC does not depend on residual volume", "cop": 4, "opa": "Size of airway", "opb": "Closing volume", "opc": "Residual volume", "opd": "Lung compliance", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System Pa 1", "id": "a4937438-b2ae-4ed0-bf60-e91addd57c36", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Active form of Vitamin D", "exp": "(C) Calcitriol # Vitamin D Is Metabolized to the Active Metabolite, Calcitriol, in Liver & Kidney.> Cholecalciferol, either synthesized in the skin or from food, undergoes two hydroxylations to yield the active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or calcitriol.> Ergocalciferol from fortified foods undergoes similar hydroxylation to yield calcitriol.> In the liver, cholecalciferol is hydroxylated to form the 25-hydroxy-derivative, calcidiol.> This is released into the circula-tion bound to a vitamin D binding globulin, which is the main storage form of the vitamin.> In the kidney, calcidiol undergoes either 1 -hydroxylation to yield the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), or 24-hydroxylation to yield a probably inactive metabolite, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24-hydroxycaicidiol).> Some tissues, other than those that are involved in calcium homeostasis, take up calcidiol from the circulation and synthesize calcitriol that acts within the cell in which it was synthesized.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cholecalciferol", "opb": "Calciferol", "opc": "Calcitriol", "opd": "25-hydroxy cholecalciferol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "ba3d0429-59dc-4f64-913f-70611332f923", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intrinsic factor of Castle is secreted by", "exp": "Characteristics of the Gastric Secretions a. In addition to mucus-secreting cells that line the entire surface of the stomach, the stomach mucosa has two impoant types of tubular glands: oxyntic glands (also called gastric glands) and pyloric glands. b. The oxyntic or Parietal (acid-forming) glands secrete hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 406,407,408", "cop": 2, "opa": "Chief bills", "opb": "Parietal cells", "opc": "Mucous cells", "opd": "ss cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "07f00d57-0988-4162-822b-424fa8f995c4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most permissible capillaries are seen in", "exp": "Capillaries are classified in toContinuous or non fenestrated capillaries - Endothelial cells are arranged without any gap in between them. Eg. Skin, BBB. Allows only very small molecules to pass through. Fenestrated capillaries - Gaps in between endothelial cells ranging from 70-100nm in diameter which are lined by basement membrane. Eg. Capillaries of intestinal villi, renal glomeruli, choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain, ciliary process of eyes and endocrine glandsDiscontinuous type- Very wide cleft are present in between endothelial cells. The basement membrane is incomplete or absent. Almost all substance in plasma can cross this gap. Seen in liver sinusoids, sinusoids of spleen, anterior pituitary and parathyroid gland Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 194", "cop": 2, "opa": "Kidney", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Brain", "opd": "Skin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ddbd5348-4545-4df3-85f7-b5456de5b261", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Absent P waves with wide QRS complex indicates serum potassium of", "exp": "Hyperkalemia Couesy of Dr. Michael McCrea a. Tall hyperacute T wave (earliest ECG finding) b. Prolonged PR interval c. Flattened or absent P wave d. Wide QRS complex that eventually blends with the T wave to assume a \"sine wave\" appearance e. Hea blocks f. QT interval normal or shoened Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:184,185,186", "cop": 3, "opa": "5.4 meq/L", "opb": "6.5 meq/L", "opc": "More than 8 meq/L", "opd": "More than 1O meq/L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "70ad64f3-3f18-4b23-a4bb-6ecd86a05609", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major neurotransmitter released at end organ effectors of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system", "exp": "In the parasympathetic division, neurons are cholinergic (that is, acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter). In sympathetic division, neurons are mostly adrenergic (that is, epinephrine and norepinephrine function as the primary neurotransmitters). Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e pg 83", "cop": 1, "opa": "Adrenaline", "opb": "Noradrenalin", "opc": "Dopamine", "opd": "Acetylcholine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "3af48e3d-f1b2-4484-93b4-628c5ef42825", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Receptor for the inverse stretch reflex", "exp": "The receptor for the inverse stretch reflex is in the Golgi tendon organ . This organ consists of a netlike collection of knobby nerve endings among the fascicles of a tendon.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Pacinian corpuscle", "opb": "Meissner’s corpuscle", "opc": "Kraus’ end bulb", "opd": "Golgi tendon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d0329613-e5fc-45a6-b6ae-22da911b5288", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The most useful diuretic agent in the treatment of recurrent calcium stones is", "exp": "The thiazides are useful in the prevention of calcium stones because these drugs inhibit the renal excretion of calcium. In contrast, the loop agents facilitate calcium excretion.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mannitol", "opb": "Furosemide", "opc": "Spironolactone", "opd": "Hydrochlorothiazide", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "295fb5e9-f543-45c4-b9d9-d9efa7221d3f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary function of surfactant is", "exp": "Surfactant is a mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, other lipids, and proteins. The phospholipids line up in the alveoli with their hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing the alveolar lumen. Surface tension is inversely propoional to their concentration per unit area. If the surface tension is not kept low when the alveoli become smaller during expiration, they collapse I accordance with Laplace law. Surfactant molecules move apa as alveoli enlarge during inspiration and surface tension increases, whereas it decreases when they move closer together during expiration.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Kim E Barrett, Susan M Barman, Scott Boitano, Heddwen L Brooks 23rd edition, page no -597", "cop": 2, "opa": "Prevent overexpansion of alveoli", "opb": "Decrease the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli", "opc": "Facilities diffusion of oxygen", "opd": "Prevent airway closure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "5283fa26-10b5-428c-9ef3-92393213322b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Phantom limb sensations are best described by", "exp": "Weber Fechner law - \"Magnitude of sensation felt is proportionate to the log of the intensity of the stimulus\"\nBell Magentic law - In the spinal cord - dorsal roots are sensory and ventral roots are motor \nLaw of projection - Describe phantom  limb sensation", "cop": 4, "opa": "Weber Fechner law", "opb": "Power law", "opc": "Bell-Magendie law", "opd": "Law of projection", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fec6f7d4-6467-407c-ad40-2d1183052f55", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carbon monoxide poisoning causes", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Hypoxic hypoxia", "opb": "Oxygen dissociation curve shifts to left", "opc": "Cyanosis", "opd": "Diffusion capacity of lungs decreases", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3bf70ae0-f64b-400b-ac02-40d1bc7a112a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "GFR is opposed by", "exp": "(B] (Osmotic pressure in glomerular): (680-Ganong 24th edition, 538- Jain 5th, 317-18; Guyton 10th)Glomerular Filtration RateIn normal resting man the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) averages 125cc/min. The ultrafiltrate is derived from an average total renal plasma flow (RPF) of 600 cc/min. The ratio of glomerular ultrafiltrate to renal plasma flow is referred to as the filtration fraction (FF):FF=GFR/RPFWhere, the FF represents the fraction of plasma which is filtered across the glomerular capillary bed. Alterations in the FF can have an important effect on proximal tubular reabsorption of fluid. The glomerular filtration rate is several fold that of fluid movement in capillary beds of other tissues, principally because the surface area available for diffusion plus the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane (Kf) is approximately 100 fold that of other capillary beds.Physical Determinants of Glomerular FiltrationThe net filtration across a capillary bed (including the glomerular capillary membrane wall is governed by the algebraic sum of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure across the capillary wall.Schematic depiction of the physical determinants responsible for the formation of an ultra filtrate of plasma in Bowman's space. The principal driving force for the formation of the glomerular ultrafiltrate is the hydraulic pressure within the glomerular capillary (Pgc)- In contrast, the principle forces opposing filtration include the oncotic pressure ( 1/4 GC) within the glomerular capillary and hydrostatic pressure in Bowmans space (PBS). Net ultrafiltration is further modulated by the hydraulic permeability and surface area of the glomerular capillary (Kf).The glomerular filtration rate can be derived using the following mathematical relationshipGFR = Kf x (PGC-PBS)-(pGC-7pBs)= Kf x (AP-Att)= Kf x Pufwhere; Kf is the membrane porosity * surface area;PGC is the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary network;PBS is the Bowman's space pressure;pGC is the glomerular capillary oncotic pressure;tcBS is the Bowman's space oncotic pressure;AP is the transcapillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC - PBS);Arc is the transcapillary oncotic pressure (rcGC - rcBS) andPUF is the net ultrafiltration pressureSince the glomerular ultrafiltrate is typically protein free, pi BS is equal to zero, and, thus, the oncotic pressure inBowman's space is usually excluded from the above analysis. Therefore, the major direct determinants of GFR include.* PGC* PBS* Kf* rcGCIn addition to the above direct determinants of GFR, RPF also indirectly modulates GFR.PGC - In general, increases in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure will increase GFR while decreases result in the opposite effect.p- In general, increases in Kf will tend to increase GFR while decreases will tend to decrease GFR.PBS- Normally Bowman's space pressure remains constant because of unimpeded flow of glomerular filtrate.An obstruction to urinary out flow distal to Bowman's space will result in a fall in delta P (and hence GFR) incident to a rise in Bowman's space pressure.pGC- The glomerular capillary oncotic pressure is the principle factor opposing glomerular filtrationThe pressure in the glomerular capillaries is higher than that in other capillary beds because the afferent arterioles are short, straight branches of the interlobular arteries. Further more the vessels \"downstream\" from the glomeruli, the efferent arterioles have a relatively high resistance. The capillary hydrostatic pressure is opposed hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule. It is also opposed by the oncotic pressure gradient across the glomerular capillary (pGC - pT) is normally negligible and the gradient is essentially equal to the oncotic pressure of the plasma proteins.Hormones or autocoidsEffect on GFR(i) Norepinephrine, Epinephrine Endothelin,| (ii) Angiotension II -(prevent |)(iii) Endothelial derived nitric oxide prostaglandins (PGE2), Dopamine(iv) High protein intake| (v) Increased blood glucose| Uncontrolled DM|", "cop": 2, "opa": "Osmotic pressure in peritubular", "opb": "Osmotic pressure in glomerular", "opc": "Hydrostatic pressure in peritubular", "opd": "Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "7923f167-6794-4736-b5d5-63b319e8743e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Volume of ECF in body is", "exp": "Total body weight = 0.6 × body weight\nICF = 0.4 × body weight\nECF = 0.2 × body weight\nPlasma = 0.05 × body weight\nInterstitial fluid = 0.15 × body weight", "cop": 2, "opa": "0.1 × body weight", "opb": "0.2 × body weight", "opc": "0.3 × body weight", "opd": "0.4 × body weight", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5dde0f3d-d4d7-42d8-a78d-51ae7e0ede92", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slow pain in nerves is carried by", "exp": "(D) C > Sense organs for pain are free nerve ending found in almost every tissue of the body> PAIN PATHWAY> VPN thalamus Ad(myelinated)... fast pain> DRG> C (unmyelinated)... slow pain dorsal root> Substance P is mediator of pain", "cop": 4, "opa": "a (alpha)", "opb": "b (delta)", "opc": "B", "opd": "C", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "f532df51-10ee-4448-a373-52042f494f8d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac output decreases during", "exp": "Ans. (d) Standing from lying down positionRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.544Cardiac output changesNo change:SleepIncreases during:Anxiety and excitement (50-100%)Eating (30%)Exercise (up to 700%)High environmental temperaturePregnancyEpinephrineDecreases during:Standing from lyingHeart diseases", "cop": 4, "opa": "Moderate increase in environmental temperature", "opb": "Anxiety and excitement", "opc": "Eating", "opd": "Standing from lying down position", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "c2e6fcaa-2f29-47ad-b7e5-0763ebd3b5e7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Largest lung volume is defined by", "exp": "Ans: a (Vital capacity) Please go through diagram given below & make the facts clear. LUNG VOLUMES INSPIRATORY CAPACITY (IC)FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITYVITAL CAPACITYTOTAL LUNG CAPACITY= TV + IRV= ERV + RV= ERV + TV + IRV= ERV+ TV + IRV + RV. Male (L)Female (L)Residual volumeExpiratory reserve volume1.211.10.7Tidal volume0.50.5Inspiratory reserve volumeTotal lung capacity3.361.94.2 Respiratory minute volume= 6 LI minAlveolar ventilation= 4.2L/ minMaximum voluntary ventilation= 125-170 L/minMax work done in breathing=10 kg-m/breathNormal work done in breathing= 0.5 kg-m/ minTimed vital capacity / secFEV1=83% FEV3= 97%REMEMBERTotal lung capacity is measured by1) helium dilution method2) body plethismographyResidual volume is measured by1) N2 washout method.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Vital capacity", "opb": "Functional residual capacity", "opc": "Inspiratory capacity", "opd": "ERV+IRV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "50ca7c87-2724-4c15-a81a-8d057fc4d4b3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caisson’s disease is", "exp": "Sudden decompression of the diver after excess exposure to high pressure: Decompression sickness (synonyms: Bends, Compressed Air Sickness, Caisson Disease, Diver’s Paralysis, Dysbarism):\n\nNitrogen bubbles can develop in the body fluids and can cause minor or serious damage in almost any area of the body (because nitrogen is not metabolized by the body).\nGas bubbles blocking many blood vessels in different tissues cause the symptoms of decompression sickness.\nMost common symptoms (85-90%): Pain in the joints and muscles of the legs and arms. The joint pain accounts for the term \"bends\".\nNervous system symptoms (5-10%): Dizziness, paralysis or collapse and unconsciousness.\nThe chokes (2%): Massive numbers of microbubbles plugging the capillaries of the lungs leading to shortness of breath, often followed by severe pulmonary edema and, occasionally death.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gas embolism", "opb": "Fat embolism", "opc": "Amniotic fluid embolism", "opd": "Tumor embolism", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5f8e905f-3b3f-4678-85fd-9edf58c86ad8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An anterolateral cordotomy relieving pain in right leg is effective because it interrupts the", "exp": "Surgical procedure undeaken to relieve severe pain include cutting the nerve from the site of injury or ventrolateral cordotomy, in which the opposite side spinothalamic tracts are fully cut. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;23rd edition; pg:177", "cop": 3, "opa": "Left dorsal column", "opb": "Left ventral spinothalmic tract", "opc": "Left lateral spinothalmic tract", "opd": "Right lateral spinothalmic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "b03507e9-5c4d-4d87-88e6-4e55a4aef510", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Windkessel effect is seen in", "exp": "Windkessel effects are large vessels that contain large amount of elastic fibres and few amount of smooth muscle fibres. These vessels can distend due to elasticity during systole and can recoil back during diastole. Examples are aoa and its large branches. Since these vessels are elastic, during systole, they are stretched to accommodate the extra blood. The forward flow becomes continuous due to the elastic recoil of vessels during diastole. This recoil effect is called windkessel effect.Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no: 174", "cop": 1, "opa": "Large elastic vessels", "opb": "Capacitance vessels", "opc": "Throughfare channels", "opd": "Capillaries", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "79a288e9-292c-4af7-bdb9-5fe9be8beda2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "According to myogenic hypothesis of renal  autoregulation,  the  afferent  arterioles contract in response to stretch induced by", "exp": "Stretch on smooth muscle (afferent  arterioles) opens Ca+ channel, which causes contraction of afferent arterioles.the medullary interstitium.\nREGULATION OF GFR\nRegulation is done by:\n\nBlood pressure: Autoregulation\nResistance of afferent and efferent anterioles\n\n- Autoregulation: Constant maintenance of renal blood flow or, GFR over the span of renal perfusion pressure (pressure in renal artery minus pressure in renal vein ) from 80 to about 170mm Hg\n- Mechanism of autoregulation:\ni) Myogenic mechanism- contraction or relaxation of anteriolar smooth muscle in response to changes in vascular pressures; mediated by Ca++\nii) Tubule glomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism-mediated by macula densa cells (described later)", "cop": 3, "opa": "NO release", "opb": "Noradrenaline release", "opc": "Opening of Ca2+  channels", "opd": "Adenosine release", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "311ce5fb-4387-4ab7-8b1a-af19d186b8ce", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mitochondria have", "exp": "human mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded circular molecule containing approximately 16,500 base pairs.(REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 23rd EDITION page no.34.)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Plasmid DNA", "opb": "Circular DNA", "opc": "Single stranded DNA", "opd": "Double stranded circular DNA", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "64ff4168-8443-4acf-aa32-c198713837a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hormone involved in regulation of BP", "exp": "Ans. (b) Angiotensin - IIRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.575Angiotensin - II is a vasoconstrictor. By itself, it is involved in short term regulation of BPThe same angiotensin - II is also involved in long term regulation of BP as a part of Renin Angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Serotonin", "opb": "Angiotensin - II", "opc": "Dopamine", "opd": "Prostaglandin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "8655b276-f20a-486f-a78c-811dd17f5ac7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The magnitude of an electrical difference that exists across the membrane can be determined by", "exp": "In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is an equation that relates the reduction potential of an electrochemical reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) to the standard electrode potential, temperature, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing reduction and oxidation Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:58,59,60", "cop": 3, "opa": "Gibbs-Donnan equation", "opb": "Henderson-Hasselbalch equation", "opc": "Nernst equation", "opd": "Fick's law", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "79421873-d4eb-42cd-9456-67a64cadfac3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential is mainly due to", "exp": "Resting membrane potential depends on the concentration of potassium ion. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, 23)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Cl-", "opd": "Mg++", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "6684a624-a428-42b6-9851-51f28757208b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The hyperkinetic features of the Huntington's disease are due to the loss of", "exp": "It is a genetic disease of nervous system inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder usually occurring between 30 and 50 years of age. Site of lesion : There occurs damage to GABAergic and cholinergic neurons of striatum (caudate and putamen ) that project to pallidum The loss of GABAergic pathway to the external pallidum releases inhibition, permitting the hyperkinetic features of the disease to develop. It affects 5 out of 100,000 people worldwide Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition pg no.566", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nigrostriatal dopaminergic system", "opb": "Intrastriatal cholinergic system", "opc": "GABA-ergic and cholinergic system", "opd": "Intrastriatal GABA-ergic and cholinergic system", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "8d0a75e8-a8d5-4db3-bbc3-4570ac7897a6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Selenocysteine residues are present in", "exp": "Selenocysteine is defined as substance with Cysteine containing selenium in place of one sulfur atom.Deiodinase is an enzyme that deiodinates two of the iodinated amino acids (iodothyronines) within the thyroid gland. Selenium-dependent deiodinase conves thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), the more active thyroid hormone.Pyruvate carboxylase an enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of pyruvate, a reaction necessary for gluconeogenesis from lactate or amino acids forming pyruvate and also providing four-carbon compounds for the citric acid cycle. The enzyme is a mitochondrial protein occurring in liver but not in muscle. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal-recessive trait, causes severe psychomotor retardation and lactic acidosis in infants.Xanthine oxidase flavoprotein containing molybdenum; an oxidoreductase catalyzing the reaction of xanthine, O2, and H2O to produce urate and superoxide. Also oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. A lower rate of oxidation is observed in patients with molybdenum cofactor deficiency.Lysyl oxidase is an enzyme, which requires Cu2+ and O2, that oxidizes ceain lysyl residues in collagen to allysyl residues andhydroxylysyl residues to hydroxyalkyl residues; this is a required step for the crosslinking ( aldol condensations and through Amadori rearrangements) of collagen strands; a lower activity of this enzyme is associated with occipital horn syndrome.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pyruvate carboxylase", "opb": "Xanthine oxidase", "opc": "Deiodinase", "opd": "Lysyl oxidase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "d7e34406-baec-4da6-a3e4-619a55e4a55a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Postganglionic sympathetic fibres are", "exp": "The axons of postganglionic neurons are mostly unmyelinated C fibres and terminate on visceral effectors. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:263.", "cop": 2, "opa": "A alpha", "opb": "C", "opc": "B fibres", "opd": "A gamma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "86bb3906-0d25-43c3-97bb-368e87d5b0fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a seriously ill patient, addition of amino acids in diet results in a positive nitrogen balance. The mechanism for this is", "exp": "Nutrition experiments with various levels of calorie and protein intake were carried out on five healthy young men. Three series of experiments with two persons each were undeaken for periods up to 14 days. The first pa of each experiment, with 1100 to 1500 kcal/day, was immediately followed by the second pa, with 3500 to 2300 kcal/day. The concentrations of insulin, free fatty acids, glucose and amino acids were determined in the morning, fasted blood. The nitrogen balance was also determined. When insufficient carbohydrate intake is coupled with normal and high protein content of the food, there is interindividually an initial drop in the insulin concentration. Regardless of the absolute insulin concentration, this drop causes an increase in the free fatty acids and the branched-chain amino acids, together with a decrease in the concentrations of alanine and glycine (threonine) in the blood and a negative nitrogen balance. The high concentrations of branched-chain amino acids and the low threonine concentrations might be involved as feedback regulators in the fuher regulation of the gluconeogenic metabolism. When carbohydrate calories are added to the diet, a simultaneous decrease in the free fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids and increase in the blood concentrations of insulin, alanine, glycine and threonine within 24 to 48 h are only observed with 3500 kcal/day and 0.8 to 1.4 g protein per kg body weight. A positive nitrogen balance, however, is only observed with 1.4 g protein per kg body weight, regardless of the relative changes in the insulin level, while the increase in alanine and decrease in branched-chain amino acids (valine) are greatest at 0.8 g protein per kg body weight and day. In spite of the high glucose level, the falling insulin level provokes counter-regulatory processes in which the low concentrations of branched-chain amino acids and the high threonine (alanine) concentrations may play a role. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:610,611,612", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased Growth hormones secretion", "opb": "Enhanced rate of gluconegenesis", "opc": "Increased absorption of amino acids from diet", "opd": "Increased secretion of Insulin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "53d1857f-06d2-4da0-9d7f-88b4a976ac5d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Body temperature regulation centre is located at", "exp": "Anterior hypothalamus, responds to heat;Posterior hypothalamus, responds to cold. Ref: Ganongs Review of medical physiology;25 th edition ; pg :309; table 17-1.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pituitary", "opb": "Thalamus", "opc": "Hypothalamus", "opd": "Basal ganglia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "72876b0b-9d20-442a-8c02-924c06267331", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vagal stimulation of heart causes", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased heart rate", "opb": "Increased R-R interval in ECG", "opc": "Increased force of heart contraction", "opd": "Increased cardiac output", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea938bae-da3a-4b42-8d51-02ec40bcbeac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Counter irritants applied to decrease pain by action on", "exp": "(B) Inhibition of pain pathways in the dorsal horn gate # Central Inhibition & Counterirritants> Stimulation with an electric vibrator at the site of pain also gives some relief. The relief is due primarily to inhibition of pain path- ways in the dorsal horn gate by stimulation of large-diameter touch-pressure afferents.> The same mechanism is probably responsible for the efficacy of counterirritants.> Stimulation of the skin over an area of visceral inflammation produces some relief of the pain due to the visceral disease.> The old-fashioned mustard plaster works on this principle.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Spatial summation", "opb": "Inhibition of pain pathways in the dorsal horn gate", "opc": "Pain receptor saturation", "opd": "Dorsal root ganglia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "3d3c6a60-add6-418e-9f60-413c99e3d552", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Left lobe of the brain is responsible for", "exp": "Categorial hemisphere (left)- Spoken language, written language, mathematical calculation.\nRepresentational hemisphere (right)- Visuospatial orientation, musical awareness.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Appreciation of music", "opb": "Spatial orientation", "opc": "Visual stimuli processing", "opd": "Using written and spoken language", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "30a04595-8793-4759-bfca-f128b2710bc3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Barometric pressure at 10,000 feet deep in the sea is", "exp": "The approximate barometric at sea level, the barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg; at 10,000 feet, it is only 523 mm Hg; and at 50,000 feet, it is 87 mm Hg. This decrease in barometric pressure is the basic cause of all the hypoxia problems in high-altitude physiology because, as the barometric pressure decreases, the atmospheric oxygen paial pressure (PO2) decreases propoionately, remaining at all times slightly less than 21 percent of the total barometric pressure; At sea level, PO2 is about 159 mm Hg, but at 50,000 feet, PO2 is only 18 mm Hg.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 44; Ation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology", "cop": 2, "opa": "760 mmHg", "opb": "523 mmHg", "opc": "349 mmHg", "opd": "226 mmHg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "7e1f6111-cca4-4453-a693-c734aa636b28", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Substance freely filtered by kidney", "exp": "Ans: b (Inulin) Ref: Ganong 22nd ed/ p.706, 21st ed/ 709The substance which is freely filtered and neither absorbed nor secreted in the tubules is inulin.Creatinine is practically used to measure GFR, because it is easy to measure.Creatinine is secreted by the tubules and some maybe reabsorbed.Clearance of a substance is equal to the concentration of that substance in urine multiplied by urine flow rate divided by arterial plasma level, i.e.Clearance = UxV/PxUx = concentration of substance in urineV - urine flow ratePx = concentration of the substance in plasmaNote:PAHA is used to measure renal plasma flow i.e.Clearance of PAHA is equal to effective renal plasma flow.From the renal plasma flow, the renal blood flow can be calculated by:Renal blood flow = RPF x 1/ (1-Hematocrit)Renal blood flow = 1273ml/min which account for about 25% of cardiac output.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Creatinine", "opb": "Inulin", "opc": "PAHA", "opd": "Glucose", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "7baa0ddb-3cb4-4407-a846-0d0cdb7021ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose transport occur with the help of following ion in absorption in gut region", "exp": "(Na+) (27 -K.S 4th) (318-Ganong 23rd)Sodium co-transport of glucose - Sodium co - transport of glucose occurs during absorption of glucose from the intestine and reabsorption of glucose from renal tubule", "cop": 1, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Ca+", "opd": "Cl-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T.", "id": "e064383e-fee1-48db-a2fd-14be5772df03", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Volume determining preload is", "exp": "Ans. (a) End diastolic volume of ventriclesRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.544Preload is End diastolic volume of ventriclesAfterload is the aortic pressure", "cop": 1, "opa": "End diastolic volume of ventricles", "opb": "End systolic volume", "opc": "Volume of blood in aorta", "opd": "Ventricular ejection volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "b5dc0d7e-feb6-4189-bbc4-4e4fd1338c0e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a neuron, graded electrogenesis occurs at", "exp": "Graded potentials are associated with depolarization of neuron up to threshold level,increased number of graded potential produce action potential Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:675,676,677", "cop": 1, "opa": "Soma - dendritic zone", "opb": "Initial segment", "opc": "Axon", "opd": "Nerve ending", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "3cc86620-bc64-4607-a74b-f2f567e2b306", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Concentration of sodium in ECF is", "exp": "Sodium levels are usually between 136to 145 mmol/L . Blood sodium level less than 136mmol/L mean you have less sodium Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 50", "cop": 3, "opa": "130-136 millimoles/lit", "opb": "132-140 millimoles/lit", "opc": "138-146 millimoles/lit", "opd": "140-147 millimoles/lit", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "26d10aba-6b32-42f7-9219-0636b1f4de23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Role of 2,3 DPG in haemoglobin is", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Unloading oxygen to tissue", "opb": "Increased affinity for oxygen", "opc": "Buffering capacity", "opd": "Osmotic fragility", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6d60e102-787b-4337-b4f5-8d3fd3e5fa4e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal adult CSF pressure is", "exp": "5-15mmHg OR 65- 200 mm CSF/water", "cop": 2, "opa": "1-2 mm Hg", "opb": "6-12 mm Hg", "opc": "15-30 mm Hg", "opd": "730 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "154a48e7-2370-442f-8872-b9cf2073d736", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The enzyme associated with the conversion of androgen to oestrogen in the growing ovarian follicle is", "exp": "C i.e. Aromatase", "cop": 3, "opa": "Desmolase", "opb": "Isomerase", "opc": "Aromatase", "opd": "Hydroxylase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a14f91c3-f43c-4985-81aa-bda6121d9c76", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal respiratory minute volume is", "exp": "Tidal volume X respiratory Rate", "cop": 1, "opa": "Tidal volume X respiratory Rate", "opb": "Tidal volume/ Respiratory Rate", "opc": "TLC/ Respiratory Rate", "opd": "FRC/ Respiratory Rate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe60d8f3-c6c2-4f0f-a340-b2c3b3b1b328", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erythropoiesis in first two months of gestation age takes place in", "exp": "In the first 2 month of gestation. the yolk sac is the main site of blood formation (MESOBLASTIC PHASE) Ref: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 edition pAge No:104", "cop": 1, "opa": "Yolk sac", "opb": "Placenta", "opc": "Amniotic sac", "opd": "Chorion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "bdc13811-cb0b-4b53-a352-1d593079cebd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aerial O2 content is reduced in one of the following", "exp": "the anemic type, in which the amount of functional hemoglobin is too small, and hence the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen is too low Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 353,354,355", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stagnant hypoxia", "opb": "Anemic hypoxia", "opc": "Histotoxic hypoxia", "opd": "Ischemic hypoxia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "ea14bf4a-aa91-49e3-9dba-3103b94583e1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Polar bodies are formed during", "exp": "Polar bodies are one of two small cells formed by the first and second meiotic division of oocytes; the first is usually released just before ovulation, the second not until discharge of the oocyte from the ovary; in mammals, the second polar body may fail to form unless the oocyte has been penetrated by a sperm.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 401", "cop": 3, "opa": "Spermatogenesis", "opb": "Organogenesis", "opc": "Oogenesis", "opd": "Morphogenesis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "295efe50-4394-420e-9db0-0508d76ad4cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brodman's area number for motor area", "exp": "Ans. (a) 4 and 6(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.237)Primary motor cortex Is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe (Brodmann's area 4)Premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex - Brodmann's area 6", "cop": 1, "opa": "4 and 6", "opb": "1,2,3", "opc": "5 and 7", "opd": "16 and 18", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "f46b25b7-10c4-4c1a-bed8-770229774523", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The rate of lymph flow is", "exp": "(120 ml/hr) (116-K.S) (172-Gyton 10th) (593-GN) (535- Ganong 23rd)RATE OF LYMPH FLOW - About 120 ml of lymph flows into blood per hour. Out of this, about 100 ml/hour flows through thoracic duct and 20 ml/hour flows through the right lymphatic duct* The normal 24-hour lymph flow is 2-4 L* The rate of lymph flow is determined by the product of interstitial fluid pressure times the activity of the lymphatic pump* Role of the lymphatic system in controlling interstitial fluid protein concentration, interstitial fluid volume, and interstitial fluid pressure.* Its protein content is generally lower than that of plasma, which contains about 7 g/dLFactors influencing the flow of LymphThe flow of lymph is promoted by the increases in1. Interstitial fluid pressure2. Blood capillary pressure3. Surface area of lymph capillaries by means of dilatation4. Permeability of lymph capillaries5. Functional activities of tissues", "cop": 4, "opa": "l0ml/hr", "opb": "20 ml/hr", "opc": "50 ml/hr", "opd": "120 ml/hr", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "7b94b0cb-359e-4ed8-9597-c01ccda02b86", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Postural reflex with integrating center in spine", "exp": "The crossed extensor reflex or crossed extensor response or crossed extension reflex is a reflex in which the contralateral limb compensates for loss of suppo when the ipsilateral limb withdraws from painful stimulus in a withdrawal reflex Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 775,776,777", "cop": 4, "opa": "Righting reflex", "opb": "Tonic labyrinthine reflex", "opc": "Righting reflex", "opd": "Crossed extensor reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "e9ce5781-1710-4969-ac43-58ad054d33e0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum reabsorption of sodium takes place in", "exp": "(A) Proximal convoluted tubule Transport Proteins Involved in the Movement.of Na+ and CI-Across the Apical Membranes of Renal Tubular Cells.3SiteApical TransporterFunctionProximal tubuleNa/glucose CTNa+ uptake, glucose uptake Na+/Pi CTNa+ uptake, Pi uptake Na+ amino acid CTNa+ uptake, amino acid uptake Na/lactate CTNa+ uptake, lactate uptake Na/H exchangerNa+ uptake, H+ extrusion CI/base exchangerCI- uptakeThick ascending limbNa-K-2CI CTNa+ uptake, CI- uptake, K+ uptake Na/H exchangerNa+ uptake, H+ extrusion K+ channelsK+ extrusion (recycling)Distal convoluted tubuleNaCI CTNa+ uptake, CI- uptakeCollecting ductNa+ channel (ENaC)Na+ uptake# In the proximal tubules, the thick portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the distal tubules, and the collecting ducts, Na+ moves by cotransport or exchange from the tubular lumen into the tubular epithelial cells down its concentration and electrical gradients and is actively pumped from these cells into the interstitial space. Thus, Na+ is actively transported out of all parts of the renal tubule except the thin portions of the loop of Henle. Na+ is pumped into the interstitium by Na+-K+ ATPase. It extrudes three Na+ in exchange for two K+ that are pumped into the cell.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "opb": "Distal convoluted tubule", "opc": "Loop of Henle", "opd": "Collecting duct", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "4e531377-d326-404b-8dd4-284896279735", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The cones in the eye are", "exp": "(C) Associated with higher visual acuity than the rods > The rods and cones, which are next to the choroid, synapse with bipolar cells, and the bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells. The axons of the ganglion cells converge and leave the eye as the optic nerve.> Horizontal cells connect receptor cells to the other receptor cells in the outer plexiform layer.> Amacrine cells connect ganglion cells to one another in the inner plexiform layer.> They have no axons, and their processes make both pre- and postsynaptic connections with neighboring neural elements.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Not responsible for colour vision", "opb": "More sensitive to light than the rod", "opc": "Associated with higher visual acuity than the rods", "opd": "Dependent on Vitamin-A for their function", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Vision and its Elements", "id": "4555865c-b4f3-446d-bd7d-9f21d26820e4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Immune rejection in fetus is prevented by", "exp": "Chorionic gonadotropin (human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (hCG) is a glycopeptide hormone that is produced by cells of the fetal placenta and maintains the function of the corpus luteum during the first few weeks of pregnancy. It is thought to promote steroidogenesis in the fetoplacental unit and tostimulate fetal testicular secretion of testosterone. It can be detected by immunoassay in the maternal urine within days after feilization; this provides the basis for the most commonly used pregnancy test. Due to its highly negative charge, hCG may repel the immune cells of the mother, protecting the fetus during the first trimester. It has also been hypothesized that hCG may be a placental link for the development of local maternal immunotoleranceRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-414", "cop": 1, "opa": "HCG", "opb": "HPL", "opc": "Oestrogen", "opd": "Progesterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "5f82b086-a784-4762-8fc6-8a5ddf088723", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adrenaline acts through", "exp": "Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine acts via seven pass receptor or Serpentine receptor.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Single pass receptor", "opb": "Four pass receptor", "opc": "Seven pass receptor", "opd": "Ligand gated channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cae10dd3-5541-4a80-aa1a-70a7bc4839e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal CSF protein measured at basal cistern is", "exp": "(B) 20-50 mg/dL CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDConstituentReference RangeSI UnitsConventional UnitsOsmolarity292-297 mmol/kg water292-297 mOsm/LElectrolytes * Sodium137-145 mmol/L137-145 meq/L* Potassium2.7-3.9 mmol/L2.7-3.9 meq/L* Calcium1.0-1.5 mmol/L2.1-3.0 meq/L* Magnesium1.0-1.2 mmol/L2.0-2.5 meq/L* Chloride116-122 mmol/L116-122 meq/L* CO2 content20-24 mmol/L20-24 meq/LPCO26-7 kPa45-49 mmHgpH7.31-7.34 Glucose2.22-3.89 mmol/L40-70 mg/dLLactate1-2 mmol/L10-20 mg/dLTotal protein: * Lumbar0.15-0.5 g/L15-50 mg/dL* Cisternal0.15-0.25 g/L15-25 mg/dL* Ventricular0.06-0.15 g/L6-15 mg/dL* Albumin0.066-0.442 g/L6.6-44.2 mg/dL* IgG0.009-0.057 g/L0.9-5.7 mg/dLCEREBROSPINAL FLUID* IgG index0.29-0.59 * Oligoclonal bands (OGB)<2 bands not present in matched serum sample Ammonia15-47 mmol/L25-80 ng/dLCreatinine44-168 pmol/L0.5-1.9 mg/dLMyelin basic protein<4 ng/L CSF pressure 50-180 mmH2OCSF volume (adult)-150 mL Red blood cells00Leukocytes Total0-5 mononuclear cells per pL Differential * Lymphocytes60-70% * Monocytes30-50% * NeutrophilsNone", "cop": 2, "opa": "0-- 10 mg/dL", "opb": "20 -- 50 mg/dL", "opc": "10 -- 25mg/dL", "opd": "More than 100 mg/dL", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "621951f7-71e2-4c2e-ad71-457e0fcb6944", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "By spirometry, one can measure", "exp": "Most lung volumes are measured by Spirometer. Residual volume, total lung capacity, and functional residual capacity cannot be measured with a spirometer.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 593", "cop": 4, "opa": "Residual volume", "opb": "FRC", "opc": "TLC", "opd": "Tidal volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "4d83e149-eb97-4360-aa9a-b053620d6c1a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulse pressure in a paicular vessel is determined chiefly by", "exp": "In advancing age due to loss in elasticity of blood vessels, stretching decreases which results in increased pressure during systole with normal diastolic blood pressure (systolic hypeension). The blood vessels behave like a rigid tube. It is characterized by high pulse pressure. Pulse pressure is determined by elasticity of vessel wall that varies inversely with total peripheral resistance.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Distance from hea", "opb": "Frictional characteristics of lumen", "opc": "Distensibility", "opd": "Cross-sectional area", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "4228e1cd-a6d2-4865-b6fc-fdc42771d526", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inulin clearance is equal to", "exp": "Inulin clearance is equal to about 125ml/min, which is the GFR.", "cop": 3, "opa": "55 ml/min", "opb": "625 ml/min", "opc": "125 ml/min", "opd": "40 ml/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "384491e5-d846-44a4-bc64-c14a5b345396", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During inspiration diaphragm", "exp": "(A) (Contract) (683, Sembulingam 6th)Diaphragm principal muscle of inspiration* On contraction, the diaphragm descends increasing the vertical diameter of the thorax* During inspiration, due to the contraction, muscle fibers are shortened, but the central tendinous portion is drawn downwards so the diaphragm is flattened. Flattening of diaphragm increases the vertical diameter of the thoracic cageDIAPHRAGM* Motor nerve supply-phrenic nerves ** are the sole motor supply to the diaphragm* Sensory nerve supply- central part- phrenic nerve -peripheral part- Lower six thoracic nerve* Bochdalek hernia occurs through -posterolateral part of diaphragm , more common in left side- Visceral contents herniate and fill the chest cavity stomach and transverse colon are the commonest content of Bochdalek hernia- The abdominal cavity is small and undeveloped and remains scaphoid ** after birth- The herniated viscera as a space occupying lesion and prevent normal lung development- BH can be accurately diagnosed prenately as early as 15th weeks of gestation by USG* Morgagnian Hernia- It is retrosternal hernia ** (occurs through the space between the xiphoid and costal origins of the diaphragm* Level of the diaphragm is highest in the supine position lowest while sitting, and intermediate while standing* The sole motor nerve supply of the diaphragm is phrenic nerve (C4)* Hiccough or hiccup is the result of spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm* Bilateral phrenic nerve paralysis results in adequate ventilation to maintain life* Diaphragmatic ruptures is more common on the LEFT side 9 time more common than right the right diaphragm is protected by two mechanism the liver on the right and the heart in the centre have buffering effect that diffuses the sudden increases in intra-abdominal pressureBochdalek-hernia- Most Bochdalek hernia are on the left side (-80%) and may rarely be bilateral- Compression of the lung results in pulmonary hypoplasia, involving both the lungs( ipsilateral >contralateral- Pulmonary vasculature is also abnormal leading to pulmonary hypertension.- Thus the two main factors that affect morbidity and mortality are pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension.- The most frequent clinical presentation of CDH is respiratory distress due to severe hypoxemia.- The anteroposterior diameter of the chest may be large along with a scaphoid abdomen.- The diagnosis of CDH can be made prenatally by ultrasound.- The postnatal diagnosis is relatively straightforward because a plain chest radiograph demonstrates the gas bubbles or loops of bowel within the chest. There may also be a mediastinal shift away from the hernia.- Historically. The surgical repair of a CDH was considered to be a surgical emergency because it was bell the abdominal viscera within the chest prevented the ability to ventilate. More recently with the recognit role of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypoplasia and the adverse effects of early operative repair; pulmonary function has caused a policy of delayed repair. Thus most pediatric surgeons wait for a variable (24 to 72 hrs) to allow for stabilization of the infant before doing surgical repair.* About contents of the cong. Diaphragmatic hernia.- Most books of surgery write that any abdomen viscera can herniate.- CSDT writes that ''Bowel, spleen & liver sometimes herniate into the chest\".* Bag and Mask ventilation is contraindicated in diaphragmatic hernia* Most common prognosis factor in CDH pulmonary hyper tension* Most common site of Morgagni hernia is RIGHT ANTERIOR.* Morgagni hernia is a rare form of cong, diaphragmatic hernia occurring through foramen of Morgagni or space of Larrey i.e, space between the sternal and costal origins of the diaphragm)- It is more common on right side.- Usually it is asymptomatic- Most common viscera to herniate through space of Morgagni is transverse colon (Bailey &Love 24/e,p873)Also know:- Superior epigastric vessels pass through foramen of Morgagni", "cop": 1, "opa": "Contract", "opb": "Relaxes", "opc": "Does nothing", "opd": "Expands", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "94325b04-6ac0-4f5b-b96e-56e1d3317336", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Otto Loewi is famous for discovery of", "exp": "Otto Loewi is famous for discovery of acetylcholine for which he received a Nobel price. so the option 2.(Reference: www.nobelprize.org)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Succinyl choline", "opb": "Acetyl choline", "opc": "Adrenaline", "opd": "Noradrenaline", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "4e6c00e4-ba44-4455-af58-c60e7e1f5348", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Repetitive stimulation increases pain sensation, the probable cause is", "exp": "Repetitive stimulation causes release of chemical mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins etc, which increase the sensitivity of nociceptors.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyper-sensitization", "opb": "Decreased reflex time", "opc": "Increase in threshold of pain", "opd": "Decreased receptor area", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c0b6a239-988f-4b64-9400-b05f0dda5294", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "cAMP acts by", "exp": "Cyclic AMP is formed from ATP by the action of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and conveed to physiologically inactive 5&;AMP by the action of the enzyme phosphodiesterase. Some of the phosphodiesterase isoforms that break down cAMP are inhibited by methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline. Consequently, these compounds can augment hormonal and transmitter effects mediated cAMP. Cyclic AMP activates one of the cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A, PKA) that, like protein kinase C, catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins, changing their conformation and altering their activity. In addition, the active catalytic subunit of PKA moves to the nucleus and phosphorylates the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB). This transcription factor then binds to DNA and alters transcription of a number of genes.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 23rd edition, Page no: 56", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increasing Na K secretion", "opb": "Increasing K secretion", "opc": "Increasing Cl secretion", "opd": "Increasing Na secretion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "ebb58f7f-3762-46d3-be9d-d60518e1b451", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iron is absorbed predominantly in the", "exp": "Iron absorption occurs predominantly in the duodenum and upper jejunum ( Muir and Hopfer, 1985) (Figure 1). The mechanism of iron transpo from the gut into the bloodstream remains a mystery despite intensive investigation and a few tantalizing hits. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Duodenum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "4146ba27-557b-4dcf-b2a2-a6a85aac1efa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best prognosis in nerve injury", "exp": "Neurapraxia is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system in which there is a temporary loss of motor and sensory function due to blockage of nerve conduction, usually lasting an average of six to eight weeks before full recovery.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neuropraxia", "opb": "Axonotemesis", "opc": "Neurotemesis", "opd": "Complete transaction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "70ccdb13-7ec5-4de9-aeaf-6ffb4d184372", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aphasia is most likely associated with a lesion in", "exp": "Broca's area is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Broca's area", "opb": "Sensory area", "opc": "Primary motor area", "opd": "Visual area", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d662a72d-b2aa-429d-aea6-22171465d32d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pyramids are formed by", "exp": "The pyramidal tracts include both the coicospinal and coicobulbar tracts. These are aggregations of upper motor neuron nerve fibres that travel from the cerebral coex and terminate either in the brainstem (coicobulbar) or spinal cord (coicospinal) and are involved in control of motor functions of the body.The coicospinal tract conducts impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. It is made up of a lateral and anterior tract. The coicospinal tract is involved in voluntary movement. The majority of fibres of the coicospinal tract cross over in the medulla, resulting in muscles being controlled by the opposite side of the brain. The coicospinal tract also contains Betz cells (the largest pyramidal cells), which are not found in any other region of the body.The nerves within the coicospinal tract are involved in movement of muscles of the body. Because of the crossing-over of fibres, muscles are supplied by the side of the brain opposite to that of the muscle. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:765,766,767", "cop": 4, "opa": "Arcuate nucleus", "opb": "Vestibular nuclei", "opc": "Interstitial cells of cajal", "opd": "Lateral coicospinal tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9bf0734f-da78-48f5-8db8-19d233168e6e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oxygen as an emergency drug is contraindicated in", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Anaphylaxis", "opb": "Asthma", "opc": "Hyperventilation", "opd": "COPD", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0162ecf7-4292-4899-a8b8-421bff23a631", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The final sugars in intestinal chyme are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Glucose and fructose", "opb": "Ribose and mannose", "opc": "Ribose and xylulose", "opd": "Xylulose and fructose", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "eaae9ff2-57e0-4987-91b7-aa9ee8d1d304", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum blood flow per 100 gram of organ is seen in", "exp": "Organ\nBlood flow / 100gm of organ\n\n\n\n\n\nKidney\n\t\t\tLiver\n\t\t\tBrain\n\t\t\tSkeletal muscle\n\n400ml / 100gm / min\n\t\t\t100ml / 100gm / min\n\t\t\t50ml / 100gm / min\n\t\t\t2-4ml / 100gm / min", "cop": 3, "opa": "Brain", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Skeletal muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "27d39a4e-31c7-4ec2-9a7e-cd8ef825a1ec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of Kupffer cells in liver is", "exp": "Kupffer cells (KC) constitute 80-90% of the tissue macrophages present in the body. They reside within the lumen of the liver sinusoids and are therefore constantly exposed to gut-derived bacteria, microbial debris, and bacterial endotoxins, known to activate macrophages & has got phagocytic action. Ref: Medical Physiology, Indu Khurana", "cop": 1, "opa": "Phagocytic", "opb": "Lytic", "opc": "Secretory", "opd": "Excretory", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "ccfc4ade-afe7-42b9-8200-90c08b14a9b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amount of blood in hea", "exp": "Out of 5000 mL blood in our body 12% is in the hea cavitiesWhich is nearly 600Therefore generally 500-600 mL BLOOD IN HEARef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:543", "cop": 2, "opa": "250-300 ml", "opb": "500-600 ml", "opc": "1-2 litre", "opd": "100-200 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "4239ae35-6b2d-44d5-8743-c0d0286deed2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neurotransmitter of inner hair cells", "exp": "Hair cells: - Hair cells are surrounded by endolymph Endolymph is high in K+ concentration. Basilar fibre vibration | Shearing force created in Reticular lamina & tectorial membrane | Bending of the stereocilia | Opening of K+ channels | K+ enter hair cells | Depolarization Of hair cells. | Depolarization then open voltage gated Ca++ channels. | Ca++ enter hair cells | Glutamate (NT) is released at the synapse | Glutamate causes excitation of the VIIIth nerve", "cop": 2, "opa": "GABA", "opb": "Glutamate", "opc": "Glycine", "opd": "Acetyl choline", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses", "id": "22140985-b7e0-4fc2-bd12-3e61746a8f0b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cause of vasodilation in spider nevi", "exp": "B i.e. EstrogenIn chronic liver disease (especially cirrhosis) and pregnancy, impaired estrogen metabolism and consequent hyper estroenemiaQ leads to spider angiomata/nevi (superficial, toous aerioles, that unlike simple telangiectases, typically fill from the center outwards and occur invariably on upper half of body) and palmar erythema (mottled redness of thenar & hypothenar eminences).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Testosterone", "opb": "Estrogen", "opc": "FSH", "opd": "Hepatotoxin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "61db1de1-7932-4912-afb4-b2e029a8db71", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Einthoven's law", "exp": "Einthoven's Law states that if the electrical potentials of any two of the three bipolar limb electrocardiographic leads are known at any given instant, the third one can be determined mathematically by simply summing the first two (but note that the positive and negative signs of the different leads must be observed when making this summation). Thus the sum of the voltages in leads I and III equals the voltage in lead II.", "cop": 1, "opa": "I + III = II", "opb": "I – III = II", "opc": "I + II + III = 0", "opd": "I + III = avL", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "cc1a17b2-77f9-426e-b518-799d5ad464ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Swimming pool granuloma is caused by", "exp": "Mycobacterium marinum can cause cellulitis or granulomas on skin surfaces exposed to the water in aquariums or injured in swimming pools.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mycobacterium bovis", "opb": "Mycobacterium ulcerans", "opc": "Mycobacterium kansasii", "opd": "Mycobacterium marinum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "31ea56d4-abd7-458a-b003-80e4b7b2d07f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bile acid has a detergent action due to", "exp": "Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Many waste products, including bilirubin, are eliminated from the body by secretion into bile and elimination in feces. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:437,438,439", "cop": 3, "opa": "Formation of soap", "opb": "Formation of zwitter ion", "opc": "Amphipathic in nature", "opd": "Formation of medium chain triglycerides", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "4813aff0-94b0-4b7c-a9d6-de52225a4f62", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypoxiema independent of", "exp": "Hb [Ref: Ganong 23/e p617; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxemiaj Hypoxemia is decreased paial pressure of oxygen in blood. It is the oxygen that is dissolved in the blood not attached with hemoglobin; thus it does not depend on Hemoglobin. Hypoxemia is one of the types of Hypoxia kla Hypoxic Hypoxia. The Hypoxia dependent on hemoglobin is anemic Hypoxia. Hypoxia is defined as 0, deficiency at the tissue level. Hypoxia has been divided into four types. (1) Hypoxic hypoxia, in which the P02 of the aerial blood is reduced; (2) Anemic hypoxia, in which the aerial P02 is normal but the amount of hemoglobin available to carry 02 is reduced; (3) Stagnant or Ischemic hypoxia, in which the blood .flow to a tissue is so low that adequate 02 is not delivered to it despite a normal P02 and hemoglobin concentration; and (4) Histotoxic hypoxia, in which the amount of 02 delivered to a tissue is adequate but, because of the action of a toxic agent, the tissue cells cannot make use of the 02 supplied to them. Hypoxic Hypoxia (Hypoxemia) Hypoxic Hypoxia is the most common form of hypoxia seen clinically. Causes: 1.Low inspired paial pressure of oxygen (low Pi02) 2. Alveolar hypoventilation 3.Impairment of diffusion across blood-gas membrane 4.Ventilation-perfusion inequality 5. Shunt In contrast, primary hemoglobin deficiency, e.g. anemia is not a cause, since it doesn't decrease the paial pressure of oxygen in blood. Low inspired oxygen paial pressure (low PiO2) If the paial pressure of oxygen in the inspired gas is low, then a reduced amount of oxygen is delivered to the alveoli of the lung. The reduced oxygen paial pressure can be a result of reduced fractional oxygen content (low Fi02) or simply a result of low barometric pressure, as can occur at high altitudes. This reduced Pi02 can result in hypoxemia even if the lungs are normal. Alveolar hypoventilation If the alverolar ventilation is low, there may be insufficient oxygen delivered to the alveoli each minute. (e.g., airway obstruction, depression of the brain's respiratory center, or muscular weakness). Impaired diffusion Impaired diffusion across the blood-gas membrane in the lung can cause hypoxemia, e.g. pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis Shunt Shunting of blood from the right side to the left side of the circulation (right-to-left shunt) is a powerful cause of hypoxemia. The shunt may be intracardiac (tong. cyanotic hea disease) or may be intrapulmonary.(Note that Left-toright shunting does not cause hypoxemia.) Ventilation-perfusion inequality Ventilation-perfusion inequality (or ventilation-perfusion mismatch) is a common cause of hypoxemia in people with lung disease. It is the areas of the lung with ventilation/perfusion ratios that are less than one (but not zero) that cause hypoxemia by this mechanism. A ventilation/perfusion ratio of zero is considered a shunt. (Not sure how PCO\\\\ is linked with hypoxemia or PaO2 ; possibl! hypoxemia causes lryperventilation which leads todecreased alveolar and aeial PCO2)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Fi02", "opb": "altitude", "opc": "Hb", "opd": "PaCO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7d1afcaa-d454-4382-a3de-c3a36c7e333c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Antiperistalsis is more commonly seen in", "exp": "Excessive distention or irritation of the duodenum provides an especially strong stimulus for vomiting. In the early stages of excessive gastrointestinal irritation or overdistention, antiperistalsis begins to occur, often many minutes before vomiting appears.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Colon", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Duodenum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "82cd7851-41d1-4e5f-aec4-4bbfd77b3d3a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Preload to the hea depends upon", "exp": "When the muscle is stretched, the developed tension increases to a maximum and then declines as stretch becomes more extreme. Starling pointed this out when he stated that the \"energy of contraction is propoional to the initial length of the cardiac muscle fiber\" (Starling's law of the hea or the Frank-Starling law). For the hea, the length of the muscle fibers (ie, the extent of the preload) is propoional to the end-diastolic volume.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 546", "cop": 3, "opa": "End-diastolic pressure", "opb": "End-systolic pressure", "opc": "Stroke volume", "opd": "Cardiac output", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8b4372b1-da10-4e97-85fe-d272483edfa3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mycophenolate mofetil is used in", "exp": "Mycophenolate mofetil is an immunosuppressant used to prevent rejection of allogeneic cardiac, hepatic, and renal transplants. It is administered orally or intravenously. indications It is used to prevent rejection of organ transplants and for prophylaxis of organ rejection in allogeneic cardiac transplants. Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to this drug or to mycophenolic acid prohibits its use.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 23rd edition Page no:75", "cop": 1, "opa": "Prevention of organ transplantation rejection", "opb": "Tuberculosis", "opc": "Leprosy", "opd": "Methanol posisoning", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "4b40bc88-ed51-4594-a0ec-949679ec57b6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During standing, in apex of lung", "exp": "In respiratory physiology, the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio or V/Q ratio) is a ratio used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables: V or V - ventilation - the air that reaches the alveoli. Q or Q - perfusion - the blood that reaches the alveoli the capillaries Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:331,332,333", "cop": 3, "opa": "Blood flow is high", "opb": "Ventilation is high", "opc": "V/Q is high", "opd": "V/Q is low", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "7612de3f-a776-4f42-91f0-0460de1dccc4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "QRS complex is due to", "exp": "P wave is primarily produced by atrial depolarization, the QRS complex is dominated by ventricular depolarization, and the T wave by ventricular repolarization. The U wave is an inconstant finding that may be due to ventricular myocytes with long action potentials. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 522", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ventricular repolarization", "opb": "Atrial depolarization", "opc": "Conduction through AV node", "opd": "Ventricular depolarization", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "c4dde2ec-619d-419e-9623-bb3c83172be1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The systolic pressure in the right ventricle is", "exp": "The systolic pressure in the right ventricle is about 25 mmHg. Normal Value for Hemodynamic parameters Parameter Pressure (mmHg) Aerial BP Systolic Diastolic Mean Aerial pressure(MAP) 90-140 60-90 70-105 Right Ventricle Systolic Diastolic 15-25 0-8 Pulmonary aery Systolic Diastole Mean 15-25 8-15 10-20 Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Mean 6-12 Left atrium Mean 6-12 Right atrium ( central venous pressure) Mean 2-6 Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition Pgno: 529", "cop": 1, "opa": "25 mmHg", "opb": "85 mmHg", "opc": "95 mmHg", "opd": "100 mmHg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "8a72a82a-6514-467e-a016-e08445199775", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Basal electrical rhythm of GIT is  produced by", "exp": "Smooth muscle of GIT shows spontaneous fluctuation in membrane potential (between - 65mV and - 45mv) this is called  basal electrical rhythm. It is produced by interstitial cells of cajal.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Meissner plexus", "opb": "Myentric plexus", "opc": "Interstitial cells of cajal", "opd": "Smooth muscle at cardiac end of stomach", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fcc9f216-f61d-421b-8256-b9dcedc98c51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "PGs in semen is secreted by", "exp": "The seminal vesicles secrete a significant propoion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen. Lipofuscin granules from dead epithelial cells give the secretion its yellowish color. About 50-70% of the seminal fluid in humans originates from the seminal vesicles, but is not expelled in the first ejaculate fractions which are dominated by spermatozoa and zinc-rich prostatic fluid.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-419", "cop": 2, "opa": "Prostate", "opb": "Seminal vesicle", "opc": "Sperms", "opd": "Testes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "55b1ba9f-8247-4fb2-863e-d43347636895", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fever associated with infection", "exp": "Fever right shifts the oxygen dissociation curve, which allows for a greater release of oxygen to the tissue, making oxygen easily available to neutrophils and monocytes for use in the oxygen-dependent myeloperoxidase system of bactericidal killing. Having more oxygen available to tissue also enhances wound healing. In addition, fever interferes with bacterial and viral replication by providing a hostile environment for incubation. Fever is produced by the release of interleukin-I from macrophages. Interleukin-I, in turn, stimulates the hypothalamus to synthesize prostaglandins, which interact with the thermoregulatory center to produce fever.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Accelerates bacterial and viral replication", "opb": "Left shifts the oxygen dissociation curve", "opc": "Is due to interleukin-1 released from CD4 T-helper cells", "opd": "Increase oxygen release to tissue", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "fefb2a6d-129a-4ebd-9100-fcdb862c98a2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not a Glycoprotein hormone", "exp": "Vasopressin a hormone secreted by cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior pituitary for release as necessary; it stimulates contraction of the muscular tissues of the capillaries and aerioles, raising the blood pressure, and increases peristalsis, exes some influence on the uterus, and influences resorption of water by the kidney tubules, resulting in concentration of urine.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; Page no: 303", "cop": 4, "opa": "EH", "opb": "FSH", "opc": "GH", "opd": "Vasopressin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "16ab8074-6273-4ada-ac72-74580f1f2933", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most predominant cells in pars nervosa are", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Basophilic", "opb": "Acidophilic", "opc": "Pituicytes", "opd": "Chromatophobe cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b6a70cbb-9546-428e-bf57-762be87327b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heat loss at an ambient temperature of 21 degree takes place through", "exp": "Radiation is a process of heat transfer to or from the surroundings mediam . It doesn't require any conducter Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:863,864", "cop": 2, "opa": "Respiration", "opb": "Radiation", "opc": "Sweating", "opd": "Urine and faeces", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "3512ea57-789b-4eff-b998-2a5416eb0794", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Zona glomerulosa secretes", "exp": "Zona glomerulosa is the outer layer of the coex of the suprarenal gland just beneath the capsule; secretes aldosterone.Aldosterone is a mineralocoicoid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal coex; its major action is to facilitate potassium exchange for sodium in the distal renal tubule, causing sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen loss. Coisol is the principal glucocoicoid produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal coex. It promotes gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, suppresses protein synthesis, inhibits inflammatory and immune responses, and has mild mineralocoicoid (for example, hypernatremic, kaliuretic, antidiuretic) effects.Testosterone the principal male sex hormone (androgen) that is produced by Leydig&;s cells of the testes in response to luteinizing hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It is also produced by the adrenal coex in both males and females. Its chief function is to stimulate the development of the male reproductive organs, including the prostate, and the secondary sex characters, such as the beard. It encourages the growth of bone and muscle and helps maintain muscle strength.Catecholamines are any of a group of monoamines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, that act as neurotransmitters and hormones.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-354", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aldosterone", "opb": "Coisol", "opc": "Testosterone", "opd": "Catecholamines", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "af44d52c-d81b-4832-b28f-8b9b0c42de20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Koakoffs sounds are due to", "exp": "Korotkoffs sounds are due to aerial turbulence on occlusion of the vessel. The streamline flow in the unconstricted aery is silent. But when the aery is narrowed, the velocity of flow through the constriction exceeds the critical velocity and turbulent flow results. Turbulent flow in the paly occluded brachial aery sets up the vibration (oscillations) of the vessel wall which are heard through the stethescope and are known as koratkoffs sounds. Phase Description K-1 Tapping sound Corresponds to systolic BP K-2 Murmur (soft swishing sound) K-3 Loud and clear tapping sound K-4 Muffled sound K-5 Disappearance of sounds Corresponds to Diastolic BP Note K-4 (muffles sound) corresponds to DBP in Adults after excercise Children Hypehyroidism Aoic regurgutation Patients with aeriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis Ref: Ganong&; s Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition Pgno: 567", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased laminar flow on application of pressure", "opb": "Closure of aoic valve in diastole", "opc": "Aerial turbulence on occlusion of vessel", "opd": "Normal sound existing, even without application of cuff", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "03ca1bf0-d87f-436f-a8b4-6bb5397eca2b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compound action potential is", "exp": "When a nerve bundle is stimulated, more than one axon may be excited. The electrical recording of combination of action potential is called compound Action Potential.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Repetitive stimulation of single nerve fibre", "opb": "Two nerve fibres stimulated simultaneously", "opc": "Repetitive stimulation of mixed nerve fibre", "opd": "Increase in strength of stimulus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "bc24a976-7b21-42a7-b96c-c5d4ff8d94e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most common cause of secondary amenorrhea is", "exp": "C. i.e. (Pregnancy) (447- Ganong 22nd) (422 - Ganong 23rd)* If menstrual bleeding has never occurred the condition is called primary amenorrhea* Cessation of cycle in a woment with previously normal periods is called secondary amenorrhea. The commonest cause of secondary amenorrhea is pregnancy*** Effect of pregnancy on respiration is - Increased tidal volume*** Sec-amenorrhoea is - Absence of menstruation for > 6 months*** Hypothalamic amonorrhoea is seen in - Kallaman *s syndrome**", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypogonadism", "opb": "Hypopituitarism", "opc": "Pregnancy", "opd": "Ovarian tumor", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "86760501-54a5-49d0-b8a2-6aab89b057ed", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type I muscle fibers rich in myosin heavy chain are", "exp": "Ans. d (Slow contracting, resistant to fatigue)Two Major Fiber Types: type I and type II fibers Type IType II Slow TwitchFast TwitchMyosin ATPaseLowHighEnergy utilizationLowHighMitochondriaManyFewColorRedWhiteMyoglobinYesNoContraction rateSlowFastDurationProlongedShortResistance to fatigueincreased /morelessEducational points:ProteinLocationComment orjunctionTitinReaches from the Z line to the M lineLargest protein in body. Role in relaxation of muscle.NebulinFrom Z line along length of actin filamentsMay regulate assembly and length of actin filaments.ctr Act in inAnchors actin to Z linesStabilizes actin filaments.DesminLies alongside actin filamentsAttaches to plasma membrane (plasmalemma).DystrophinAttached to plasmalemmaDeficient in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.Mutations of its gene can also cause dilated cardiomyopathy.CalcineurinCytosolA calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase.May play important roles in cardiac hypertrophy and in regulating amounts of slow and fast twitch muscles.Myosin-binding protein CArranged transversely in sarcomere A-bandsBinds myosin and titin. Plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the sarcomere.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Fast contracting, susceptible to fatigue", "opb": "Slow contracting, susceptible to fatigue", "opc": "Fast contracting, resistant to fatigue", "opd": "Slow contracting, resistant to fatigue", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "f51d6bb6-73c6-4d09-84d5-e4c9fef7c0e8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Type I muscle fibers are", "exp": "Type 1 muscle fibres are present in slow muscle. They are red muscles because have greater capillary network. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N, PAGE NO - 44)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Red", "opb": "Anerobic", "opc": "Large", "opd": "Glycolytic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "c29680d9-2482-400b-89df-18ac52250a7a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An index of the binding affinity of a hormone for its receptor can be obtained by examining the", "exp": "Scatchard plots of hormone-receptor binding data give information regarding the number of receptors and the affinity of the hormone for its receptor. The x-intercept provides data regarding total receptor number, and the slope is equal to the negative of the association constant (-Ka).", "cop": 2, "opa": "Y-intercept of a Scatchard plot", "opb": "Slope of a Scatchard plot", "opc": "Maximum point on a biological dose-response curve", "opd": "X-intercept of a Scatchard plot", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "79d27b8d-c24f-436c-b023-5d664174449f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure curve is caused by", "exp": "The dicrotic notch, a small oscillation on the falling phase of the pulse wave caused by vibrations set up when the aortic valve snaps shut, is visible if the pressure wave is recorded but is not palpable at the wrist. The pulmonary artery pressure curve also has a dicrotic notch produced by the closure of the pulmonary valves.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Closure of the mitral valve.", "opb": "Closure of the tricuspid valve.", "opc": "Closure of the aortic valve.", "opd": "Closure of the pulmonary valve.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0a0be3a-42bf-4ea1-94a7-9f615a3f3a4a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest cause for hyperparathyroidism is", "exp": "A parathyroid adenoma causes the affected gland to release more PTH than it should. This disrupts your calcium and phosphorus balance. This condition is called hyperparathyroidism. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Single adenoma", "opb": "Multiple adenomas", "opc": "Single gland hyperplasia", "opd": "Multiple gland Hyperplasia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "624a5c82-b98b-4157-a113-6ce0f288b8e3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Menopausal hot flushes coincides with", "exp": "Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 636,637,638", "cop": 3, "opa": "FSH secretion", "opb": "Decrease in estrogen", "opc": "LH surge", "opd": "Increase in progesterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "3374b981-7ef3-4c52-b475-468e13ff23a8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In sickle cell anemia", "exp": "Sickle cell anemia is caused by mutation in the beta globin chain, that changes the amino acid glutamate to valine in the 6th position of beta globin chain of HbRef: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 3rd edition, page no. 94", "cop": 2, "opa": "Glutamate replaces valine", "opb": "Valine replaces glutamate", "opc": "Valine replaces aspaate", "opd": "Aspaate replaces valine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2846cec0-f515-409f-a2ba-2e78e4443c75", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum osmotic gradient is found in", "exp": "In inner medulla osmotic gradient is high as 1200milliosmolarRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 687", "cop": 2, "opa": "Outer medulla", "opb": "Inner medulla", "opc": "Outer coex", "opd": "Inner coex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "0e7abe2b-37a7-4bb5-a427-47968a51598d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A person unacclimatised develops pulmonary edema", "exp": "When they first arrive at a high altitude, many individuals develop transient \"mountain sickness.\" This syndrome devel- ops 8 to 24 h after arrival at altitude and lasts 4 to 8 d. It is characterized by headache, irritability, insomnia, breathlessness, and nausea and vomiting. Its cause is unsettled, but it appears to be associated with cerebral edema. The low PO2 at high altitude causes aeriolar dilation, and if cerebral autoregulation does not compensate, there is an increase in capillary pressure that ors increased transudation of fluid into brain tissue. Individuals who do not develop mountain sickness have a diuresis at high altitude, and urine volume is decreased in individuals who develop the condition. High-altitude illness includes not only mountain sickness but also two more serious syndromes that complicate it: high-altitude cerebral edema and high-altitude pulmonary edema. In high-altitude cerebral edema, the capillary leakage in mountain sickness progresses to frank brain swelling, with ataxia, disorientation, and in some cases coma and death due to herniation of the brain through the tentorium. High-altitude pulmonary edema is a patchy edema of the lungs that is related to the marked pulmonary hypeension that develops at high altitude. It has been argued that it occurs because not all pulmonary aeries have enough smooth muscle to constrict in response to hypoxia, and in the capillaries supplied by those aeries, the general rise in pulmonary aerial pressure causes a capillary pressure increase that disrupts their walls (stress failure).Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 619", "cop": 3, "opa": "19 - 21 days", "opb": "2nd - 3rd month", "opc": "2 - 3 days", "opd": "6 - 7 days", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "372182d0-0871-48fd-895e-808d907d12d3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most diffusible ion in excitable tissue is", "exp": "Most diffusible ion in excitable tissue skeletal muscle and nerve cell is potassium Ref: www.gradestack.com", "cop": 2, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "K+", "opc": "Ca++", "opd": "Cl-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "50dbba37-b3ac-440c-875b-bcd9fd368989", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Seoli cells have receptors for", "exp": "Seoli cells elongated cells in the seminiferous tubules that ensheathe spermatogenic cells, providing a microenvironment that suppos spermiogenesis and spermatocytogenesis; they secrete androgen-binding protein and establish the blood-testis barrier by forming tight junctions with adjacent Seoli cells. In the male, the FSH receptor has been identified on the Seoli cells that are critical for spermatogenesis.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-420", "cop": 1, "opa": "FSH", "opb": "LH", "opc": "Inhibin", "opd": "Progesterone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "5c79e65f-44c5-4295-ae44-5fd4823f11f5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stereoanesthesia is due to lesion of", "exp": "(C) Cerebral cortex # Stereognosis:> The ability to identify objects by handling them with out looking at them is called stereognosis.> Ability obviously depends upon relatively intact touch & pressure sensation & is compromised when the dorsal columns are dam- aged.> It also has a large cortical component; impaired cortex & sometimes occurs in the absence of any detectable defect in touch & pressure sensation when there is a lesion in the parietal lobe posterior to the postcentral gyrus.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Nucleus Gracilis", "opb": "Nucleus cuneatus", "opc": "Cerebral cortex", "opd": "Spinothalamic tract", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "56baa643-0eb4-4dd2-9cbb-a2be4f42e1a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulmonary function changes seen in Emphysema are", "exp": "Changes in lung function tests in obstructive lung diseases- Eg: Emphysema\nTLC- Increase\nRV- Increase\nFRC- Increase\nPeak expiratory flow rate- Decrease\nFEV1- Decreased out of proportion to FVC (Forced vital capacity)\nForced expiratory vital capacity (FEVC)- Normal to slightly decreased\nFEV1/FEVC- Decreased (May decrease as low as 20-30%)\nChanges in lung function tests in restrictive lung diseases\nTLC- Decreased\nRV- Decreased\nFRC- Decreased\nForced mid-expiratory flow rate- Decrease\nFEV1- Decreased in proportion to FVC (Forced vital capacity)\nForced vital capacity (FVC)- Decreased \nFEV1/FEVC- Near-normal or increased.\nLung compliance- decreased\nDiffusion capacity- decreased", "cop": 1, "opa": "↑TLC", "opb": "↓RV", "opc": "↑FEV1", "opd": "↑VC", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5b357353-1e9f-447a-a158-600457d92c8f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The extrinsic pathway of clotting is activated by", "exp": "The extrinsic system is triggered by the release of tissue thromboplastin, a protein–phospholipid mixture that activates factor VII.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Release of tissue thromboplastin", "opb": "Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin", "opc": "Formation of prothrombin", "opd": "Release of calcium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "812135df-f6e2-4b71-8578-0ff2149e6243", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The nerve root value of knee jerk reflex is", "exp": "(B) L2 L3 L4 > Knee Jerk reflex: Striking the patellar tendon with a tendon hammer just below the patella stretches the sensory nerve fiber of the femoral nerve which synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L4 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres.> From there, an alpha-motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction.> This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick> This reflex helps maintain posture and balance, allowing one to walk without consciously thinking about each step.> The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc.> There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle.> Instead the bipolar sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. However, there is an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle.> It tests L2, L3, and L4.", "cop": 2, "opa": "T12 L1 L2", "opb": "L2 L3 L4", "opc": "L5S1", "opd": "S2 S3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "25b671f3-4477-4297-9f89-5245788d51f7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Functional residual capacity represents the volume of air remaining in lungs", "exp": "Functional residual capacity * Functional residual capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after expiration of a normal breath * Normal value - 2.5 L * (Residual volume + Expiratory reserve volume) Ref:- Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 25th ed; pg num:- 629", "cop": 4, "opa": "After forceful expiration", "opb": "After forceful inspiration", "opc": "After normal inspiration", "opd": "After normal expiration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "115cd6e0-a168-43e5-bd6e-3732fca0e23d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myocardial oxygen demand depend upon", "exp": "Oxygen consumption has also been shown to be nearly propoional to the tension that occurs in the hea muscle during contractionOxygen consumption has also been shown to be nearly propoional to the tension that occurs in the hea muscle during contraction multiplied by the duration of time that the contraction persists, called the tension-time indexRef: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (12th Edn) page No:209", "cop": 2, "opa": "Preload", "opb": "Afterload", "opc": "Intramyocardial tension", "opd": "Myocardial muscle mass", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b60e064f-c982-49c0-a8f7-75f4f6075462", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stereocilia and kinocilium are present in", "exp": "(B) Inner ear > A kinocilium is a special type of cilium on the apex of hair cells located in the sensory epithelium of the vertebrate inner ear. Stereocilia (or stereovilli) are apical modifications of the cell, which are distinct from cilia and microvilli, but closely related to the latter. They are found in three regions of the body: the ductus deferens, the epididymis and the inner ear.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tongue", "opb": "Inner ear", "opc": "Nose", "opd": "Eye", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium", "id": "8d07a565-697f-46c8-b7d1-282a639c4d3a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperinflation of the lungs is prevented by", "exp": "Hering-Breuer inflation reflex: This reflex is mediated by pulmonary stretch receptors in which inflation of lungs above a particular volume results in reflex inhibition of inspiration and union of expiration.\nThe reflex tends to limit the tidal volume while increasing the respiratory frequency.\nHering-Breuer deflation reflex: - Rapid deflation of lungs tends to initiate prolonged inspiration, i.e., reflex hyperpnea in response to deflation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hering Breuer reflex", "opb": "Irritation reflex", "opc": "Cushing reflex", "opd": "Bainbridge reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ea876b18-3900-4750-b7ce-c34152d1e731", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The following diagram is from adrenal gland, name the hormone produced from the area marked as \"A\"", "exp": "Layer A is Zona glomerulosa, it produces aldosterone Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 353", "cop": 1, "opa": "Aldosterone", "opb": "Coisol", "opc": "Epinephrine", "opd": "Androgen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f08f4da8-d6c9-4ca9-9f05-ffda2f1f6a13", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CO2 content in aerial blood is", "exp": "Approximately 49 mL of CO2 in each deciliter of aerial bloodRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 613", "cop": 4, "opa": "19ml/dl", "opb": "29ml/dl", "opc": "36ml/dl", "opd": "49 ml/dl", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "52b96d36-cbd7-47aa-b841-6b6371e1e97e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thickening of axon leads to", "exp": "Thickening of axon leads to increased speed of conduction as the action potential velocity increases propoionately with axon diameter. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:76,77,78", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased speed of conduction", "opb": "Decreased speed of conduction", "opc": "Increased absolute refractory period", "opd": "Unmyelination", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9f2e6ab9-adc7-4bdb-bac0-95a078135124", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood supply of liver in ml/min. is", "exp": "The blood inflow rate to the liver is about 1500 mL/min in a normal adult. On the other hand, blood draw rates to a BAL system are restricted to the range of 100-300 mL/min. Toxins that are rapidly cleared by the liver (for example, the ammonia clearance of the normal human liver is several hundred mL/min) cannot be effectively eliminated from the systemic blood by BAL systems currently under clinical evaluation. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:418,419,420", "cop": 2, "opa": "500", "opb": "1500", "opc": "3000", "opd": "5000", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "e39d693c-49a0-47a1-beef-6d860b9f3295", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "'d' (delt", "exp": "(A) Deep sleep # A delta wave is a large, slow (2 Hz or less) brain wave recorded with an EEG and is usually associated with deep sleep.> Delta activity is characterized by frequencies under 3 Hz and is absent in awake healthy adults, but is physiological and normal in awake children under the age of 13 years.> Delta waves are also naturally present in stage three and four of sleep (deep sleep) but not in stages 1,2, and rapid eye movement (REM) of sleep. Finally, delta rhythm can be observed in cases of brain injury and comatic patients.> Human non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is divided in the categories 2,3, and 4 by the percentage of slow waves.> \"Delta waves occur mainly in infants, sleeping adults or adults with brain tumors. Theta waves occur mainly in children ages 2-5 years old. Alpha waves occur in adults who have their eyes closed or who are relaxed. Beta waves mainly occur in adults who are awake, alert or focused.\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deep sleep", "opb": "Awake", "opc": "REM sleep", "opd": "during mental activity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "592ec7bd-7be2-4bcc-90af-2eceb861cc89", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Elimination of waste product from a normal person requires a minimal amount of urine of", "exp": "For excretion of solutes (waste products) from kidney:-\nNormal (at a concentration of 290 mOsm/L) → 1 litre of urine per day is required.\nWhen there is maximum concentration (1400 mOsm/L) → Only 500 ml of urine per day is required.\nWhen there is maximum dilution (30-50 mOsm/L) → 23.3 L of urine is required.", "cop": 2, "opa": "100 ml", "opb": "500 ml", "opc": "100 ml", "opd": "2000 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3b524af0-7b1c-487d-b636-c75b3379bf85", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Result of storage of packed RBCs", "exp": "Answer: b) Decrease in 2-3DPG.* 2, 3-BPG is essential for the normal oxygen transport function of hemoglobin.* However, storing blood in the currently available media results in a decrease in 2, 3-PBG.* Stored blood displays an abnormally high oxygen affinity, and fails to unload its bound oxygen properly in the tissues.* Hemoglobin deficient in 2,3-BPG thus acts as an oxygen \"trap\" rather than as an oxygen transport system.* Transfused RBCs are able to restore their depleted supplies of 2,3-BPG in 6-24 hours.* However, severely ill patients may be compromised if transfused with large quantities of such 2, 3-BPG-\"stripped\" blood.* Note: The maximum storage time for red cells has been doubled (21 to 42 days, with median time of 15 days) by changes in H+, phosphate and hexose sugar concentration, and by the addition of adenine. Although the content of 2,3-BPG was not greatly affected by these changes, ATP production was increased and improved RBC survival.* Transfusion of large volumes of stored blood, which has a low level of 2,3-BPG can lead to sudden hypoxia, since it can cause a left-shifted ODC.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Oxy-hemoglobin curve shift to right", "opb": "Decrease in 2-3DPG", "opc": "Increase in pH", "opd": "Decrease in lactate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "23223085-cf3b-4783-822f-7f57d5c54acd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CO2 is primarily transpoed in the aerial blood as", "exp": "D i.e. Bicarbonate Transpo of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate ions accounts for approximately 70% of transpoed carbon dioxide from the tissues to lungs Q. So CO2 is transpoed as plasma HCO3 - > RBC > HCO3- > Carbamino compound > dissolved CO2 Q &Transpo of Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is transpoed in the blood as: HCO3- (70%) > carbamino compounds (23%) > dissolved CO2 (7%) Chloride Shift/ Hamburger Phenomenon When the negatively charged (HCO3-) bicarbonate ions move out of red blood cell into the plasma, to maintain the electrolytic equilibrium the negatively charged chloride ions move into the Red blood Cells from plasma (In plasma plenty of sodium chloride is present). This process is mediated by band 3 membrane protein Chloride shift occurs in: 1 secondQ Hematocrit of venous blood is: greater (by 3%)than that of aerial bloodQ PH of venous blood (7.36) is lower than that of aerial blood (7.40)Q * For each CO2 molecule added to RBC there is increase in one osmotically active paicle in cell either HCO3- or CI-. So RBC take up water & swell. For this reason plus a fact that some aerial fluid returns lymphatics rather than the veins, the hematocrit of venous blood is 3% greater than aerial bloodQ. Amount of 02 enters the body/min = 250 inVininQ Amount of CO2 excreted by lung/ min = 200 inVininQ (288 L/day)Q * CO2 is 20 times more soluble than 02", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dissolved CO2.", "opb": "Carbonic Acid.", "opc": "Carbamino-hemoglobin.", "opd": "Bicarbonate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "21ec65bc-a0f9-4c62-b8b0-0d3dc5f8b331", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cyanosis does not occur in severe anemia because", "exp": "Because reduced Hb is purple, a low aerial O2 saturation causes cyanosis. However, this is not a reliable sign of mild desaturation because its recognition depends on so many variables, such as lighting conditions and skin pigmentation. Because it is the amount of reduced Hb that is impoant, cyanosis is often marked when polycythemia is present but is difficult to detect in anemic patients.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin secretion", "opb": "Oxygen carrying capacity of available Hb is increased", "opc": "Critical concentration of Hb required to produce cyanosis is reduced", "opd": "Oxygen Dissociation Curve shifts to right", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "64d7d805-c369-422b-af10-548cda6a1692", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Feilization occurs at", "exp": "The ampulla is the second poion of the fallopian tube. It is an intermediate dilated poion, which curves over the ovary.It is the most common site of human feilization.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-413", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cervix", "opb": "Uterus", "opc": "Ampulla", "opd": "Ovary", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a08d68f0-d042-4233-8860-60834f18a6a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "HCO3 is absorbed through", "exp": "Ans. (c) PCT", "cop": 3, "opa": "Cortical collecting duct", "opb": "Medullary collecting duct", "opc": "PCT", "opd": "DCT", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion", "id": "8b3441ac-6606-4c36-a0cc-bb083ed40618", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Not absorbed from the PCT", "exp": "PCT is the convoluted poion of the veebrate nephron lying between Bowman&;s capsule and the loop of Henle; functions in the resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 685", "cop": 4, "opa": "Na+", "opb": "Phosphate", "opc": "HCO3-", "opd": "H+", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "9db3f164-9bd7-4065-8e95-564540747916", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ganglion of hay fever is", "exp": "In hay fever, the allergen-reagin reaction occurs in the nose. Histamine released in response to the reaction causes local intranasal vascular dilation, with resultant increased capillary pressure and increased capillary permeability. Both these effects cause rapid fluid leakage into the nasal cavities and into associated deeper tissues of the nose, and the nasal linings become swollen and secretory. Pterygopalatine ganglion is also called as hay fever ganglion because it serves as a relay station for secretomotor fibres to the -lacrimal glands -mucous glands of nose -paranasal sinuses -palate -pharynx. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 671,672,673", "cop": 2, "opa": "Otic ganglion", "opb": "Ptery gopalatine ganglion", "opc": "Submandibular ganglion", "opd": "Geniculate ganglion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "2a0c44e1-aad2-4c94-a0dc-566a3a878546", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Minimal reabsorption in kidney occurs for", "exp": "Minimal reabsorption for ureaRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 682, 681", "cop": 1, "opa": "Urea", "opb": "Glucose", "opc": "Na", "opd": "HCO3", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "6ef43362-4d2f-433c-b8dd-9197ba101393", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a normal resting person, breathing air at sea level with RQ of 0.8, Pa CO2 of 40mm Hg, Pi O2 of 149 mm Hg and Fi O2 of 21 %. Calculate alveolar partial pressure of oxygen", "exp": "From Alveolar Gas Equation,\nAlveolar partial pressure of Oxygen is", "cop": 1, "opa": "100 mm Hg", "opb": "90 mm Hg", "opc": "120 mm Hg", "opd": "80 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0e9d2ec2-fadc-419a-a8f5-b14e8fe679f2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Carbon dioxide transpoed in blood mostly as", "exp": "Transpo of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Carbon dioxide molecules are transpoed in the blood from body tissues to the lungs by one of three methods: dissolution directly into the blood, binding to hemoglobin, or carried as a bicarbonate ion. Several propeies of carbon dioxide in the blood affect its transpo Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:359,360,361", "cop": 3, "opa": "Carnbon Hb", "opb": "In combination with plasma proteins", "opc": "Bicarbonate", "opd": "Carbonic acid dissolved in plasma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "de8e0d6c-88f3-42cd-a4de-008074936981", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A mountaineer ascents 18,000 feet in 2 days without supplemental oxygen. At the height of ascent the changes area) ↑ed PaCO2b) ↓ed Barometric pressurec) ↓ed Inspired O2 d) ↓ed PaO2e) ↑ed pH", "exp": "At high altitude, the atmospheric pressure is low and partial pressure of O2 in air is low. This results in decreased PaO2, though the fraction of inspired air remains same. Hyperventilation results in CO2 washout and respiratory alkalosis.", "cop": 3, "opa": "abc", "opb": "ade", "opc": "bde", "opd": "bce", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ceafc12f-9254-4c97-84f3-cbc399a20541", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erythropoietin is/are produced by", "exp": "Ans. (b) Interstitial cells of the peritubular capillary bed of the kidneys(Ref. Ganong25th edp.701)Major source of erythropoietin is Interstitial cells of the peritubular capillary bed of the kidneys", "cop": 2, "opa": "Juxtaglomerular cells", "opb": "Interstitial cells of the peritubular capillary bed of the kidneys", "opc": "Pars recta of PCT", "opd": "Macula densa", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "920af41d-5bc8-4f8f-9932-ec98e2f44a5a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Golgi tendons and muscle fibre ratio are", "exp": "Approximately about 1 golgi tendon organ innervate 10 to 20 muscle fibers They are responsible for inverse stretch reflex Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:689", "cop": 2, "opa": "1:07", "opb": "1:13", "opc": "1:25", "opd": "1:40", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5c82439a-3dd0-4d2f-9312-e1ee181bac17", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tremors on movements is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Spinal cord injury", "opb": "Thalamus injury", "opc": "Internal capsule injury", "opd": "Cerebellum injury", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1f0fdac2-b545-4e86-a663-9fd39d58bf3a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The representational hemisphere (cerebral) is better than the categorical hemisphere at", "exp": "Left hemisphere is specialized for language and analytical ability, and is also called categorical hemisphere. The right hemisphere specialized for visuospatial ability is the representational hemisphere --is true for 97% of all people Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:543,544,545", "cop": 2, "opa": "Language functions", "opb": "Recognition of objects by their form", "opc": "Understanding oprinted words", "opd": "Mathematical calculation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "0f4d1c35-019c-48ee-8107-b1153340ed1e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Total cutaneous blood flow is", "exp": "At rest, the cutaneous blood flow is approximately 450 ml/min in the average ... It accounts for 5% of the total body oxygen consumption.", "cop": 3, "opa": "1500 ml/min", "opb": "1000 ml/min", "opc": "450 ml/min", "opd": "250 ml/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2c79d676-7dac-497a-9e69-039c7965acfe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in brain (Cerebellum, cerebral cortex etc.) is", "exp": "(A) GABA # Inhibitory amino acids:> Glycine in brain stem & spinal cord> GABA in brain (Cerebellum, cerebral cortex etc.)# Excitatory amino acids:> Glutamate in cerebral cortex & brain stem> Aspartate in spinal cord.", "cop": 1, "opa": "GABA", "opb": "Glutamate", "opc": "Aspartate", "opd": "Acetylcholine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "be76c540-df49-47e0-a5be-d4a7a4884866", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compliance of lungs is measured by", "exp": "For practical purpose, lung compliance is measured by different methods. Based on the method of measurement, lung compliance can be described as static or dynamic Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 318,319,320", "cop": 1, "opa": "Elasticity", "opb": "Amount of air", "opc": "Blood flow", "opd": "Presence if fluid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "4e6614ea-acd4-491a-b3b7-42224c71a7e1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of oxytocin", "exp": "Oxytocin - a hypothalamic hormone stored in and released from the posterior pituitary; it may also be prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of domestic animals. It acts as a powerful stimulant to the pregnant uterus, especially toward the end of gestation, and also causes milk to be expressed from the alveoli into the lactiferous ducts during breastfeeding.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-311", "cop": 1, "opa": "Milk ejection", "opb": "Milk secretion", "opc": "Ovulation", "opd": "Maintenance of pregnancy", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "2e2f3f1a-7131-4de8-8995-a357518b6558", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pressure sensation is carried by", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "A α fibres", "opb": "Aβ fibres", "opc": "Aγ fibres", "opd": "Aδ fibres", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "79bc22fc-c867-412f-b299-36274ea946b4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increase in threshold level on applying subthreshold, slowly rising stimulus is kia", "exp": "B i.e. Accomodation", "cop": 2, "opa": "Adaptation", "opb": "Accomodation", "opc": "Refractoriness", "opd": "Electrotonus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4e5dcb20-7854-4f7e-8fd4-7cacd54764f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bile acids are synthesized from", "exp": "Bile is a digestive juice formed continuously in liver. Bile contains organic substances like bile salts which are formed when conjugated bile acids combine with Na/K. Bile acids are of two types: Primary bile acids are choilc acid & chenodeoxycholic acid.These are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol. Secondary bile acids are deoxycholic acid & lithocholic acid. These are formed from the primary bile acids in the colon by the action of intestinal bacteria.Ref: Medical Physiology, Indu Khurana", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cholesterol", "opb": "Amino acids", "opc": "Bilirubin", "opd": "Protein", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "001f850a-4e6f-4625-905a-87907e1b4b48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "On acclimatizing to new height, our body maintains the body pH by", "exp": "Ans: d (Increasing 2,3-DPG) Ref: Ganong 22nd ed/ p.686AcclimatizationAn acclimatized person is one who has developed compensatory mechanisms, so that hypoxia causes less adverse effects on the body.Compensatory mechanisms in acclimatization:-*Ventilatorv response:-The initial ventilatory response is small as alkalosis tends to counteract effect of hypoxia. However, ventilation increases over the next 4 days. After 4 days, ventilatory response begins to decline slowly.The respiratory alkalosis produced by hyperventilation shifts O2-Hb dissociation curve to the left, but a concomitant increase in 2,3- DPG tends to decrease the O2 affinity of haemoglobin.*Bloodresponse:-Erythropoetin secretion increases and then falls after 4 days.The increase in RBC begins in 2-3 days (polycythemia)* Compensatory changes in tissue:-Mitochondria increases in number.Myoglobin increases.Cytochrome oxidase content increases.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Retaining HCO3", "opb": "Excretion of HCO3 by kidney", "opc": "Producing more Hb which is a buffer", "opd": "Increasing 2,3-DPG", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "32d0c54a-a7b6-4366-9ed0-f4f3c2f81900", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Transpo of neutral substances across the cell membrane occurs", "exp": "D i.e. DiffusionTranspo simple passive diffusion is oured by small size, lipid solubility (hydrophobicity) absence of charge (neutrality), and absence of polarity (nonpolar nature)Q.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Porins", "opb": "Lonophore", "opc": "Lipopolysaccharides", "opd": "Diffusion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ec4a4744-d6ab-4e26-9fc5-307e1ac2536c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential in nerve fibre", "exp": "D i.e. Depends on potassium ion equilibrium", "cop": 4, "opa": "Is equal to the potential of ventricular muscle fibre", "opb": "Can be measured by surface electrodes", "opc": "Increases as extra cellular K+ increases", "opd": "Depends upon K+ equilibrium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b0e8326b-66c4-4f44-b867-b664f9a816fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Striate coex of brain controls", "exp": "Striate coex is the primary sensory coical area for vision. Damage to striate coex causes blind regions, called scotomas, in the field of vision Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:753,754,755", "cop": 2, "opa": "Speech", "opb": "Vision", "opc": "Balance", "opd": "Audiotory", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3521a733-3b82-40d1-8cdb-a2466f72f320", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fouh hea sound is caused by", "exp": "A fouh sound can sometimes be heard immediately before the first sound when atrial pressure is high or the ventricle is stiff in conditions such as ventricular hyperophy. It is due to ventricular filling and is rarely heard in normal adults.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 542", "cop": 4, "opa": "Closure of AV valves", "opb": "Closure of semilunar valves", "opc": "Rapid ventricular filling", "opd": "Atrial contraction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "84299061-ecb0-4a12-9d0b-edf7e104776c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The mass movement of the colon would be abolished by", "exp": "Distension of the colon and gastro - colic reflex stimulates mass movement through the myenteric plexus / Auerbach plexus. So if it destroyed, mass movement gets abolished.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Extrinsic denervation", "opb": "Distension of the colon", "opc": "Gastrocolic reflex", "opd": "Destruction of auerbach's plexus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2f7ecb3c-cc59-4e2d-a452-b649ebe721d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Elasticity of hea muscle mainly depends on", "exp": "Titin, the largest known protein (with a molecular mass near 3,000,000 Da), connects the Z lines to the M lines and provides scaffolding for the sarcomere. It contains two kinds of folded domains that provide muscle with its elasticity.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 101", "cop": 3, "opa": "Myosin", "opb": "Acitn", "opc": "Titin", "opd": "Troponin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "87cf1212-ad34-44a6-a1a9-6482266a32c9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Plasma ceruloplasmin alpha 2 globulin is a", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "alpha 1 globulin", "opb": "alpha 2 globulin", "opc": "beta 1 globulin", "opd": "beta 2 globulin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1eb3a07c-0761-4109-b442-1df43d6381ef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Resting membrane potential is maintained due to", "exp": "K+ is responsible for resting membrane potential It diffuses passively across the k+ channal from high to low concentration Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:34,35,36", "cop": 1, "opa": "K+", "opb": "Na+", "opc": "Mg++", "opd": "Cl-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "795b5501-3d1f-4ecb-95ee-323a97948a03", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major androgen precursor from adrenal coex is", "exp": "DHEA( dehydroepiandrosterone) is an androgenic steroid hormone secreted largely by the adrenal coex and found in human urine.(DHEA), Asteroid secreted chiefly by the adrenal coex, but also by the testis; it is the principal precursor of urinary 17-ketosteroids. Weakly androgenic itself, it is metabolized to d-5 androstenediol, a hormone with both androgenic and estrogenic effects, and is one of the precursors of testosterone. Serum levels are elevated in adrenal virilism. It may function as a neurotransmitter.Dihydrotestosterone an androgenic hormone formed in peripheral tissue from testosterone; thought to be the androgen responsible for development of the male primary sex characters during embryogenesis and of male secondary sex characters at pubey, and for adult male sexual function.Testosterone the principal male sex hormone (androgen) that is produced by Leydig&;s cells of the testes in response to luteinizing hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Androstenedione an androgenic steroid produced by the testis, adrenal coex, and ovary; conveed metabolically to testosterone and other androgens.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-423", "cop": 3, "opa": "Testosterone", "opb": "Dihydrotestosterone", "opc": "DHEA", "opd": "Androstenedione", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "f274d242-929c-4e07-b8dd-fbdfd4f5a261", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myotatic reflex is carried by", "exp": "The stretch reflex (myotatic reflex) is a muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle. It is a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. When a muscle lengthens, the muscle spindle is stretched and its nerve activity increases.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 158", "cop": 2, "opa": "Golgi tendon organ", "opb": "Muscle spindle", "opc": "Free nerve endings", "opd": "C. fibres", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5ebac6bc-2195-4557-a486-5b3fd29fe8ee", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Disruption of the hypothalamic pituitary poal system will lead to", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "High circulating levels of PRL, low levels of LH and FSH, and ovarian atrophy", "opb": "Enhanced follicular development as a result of increased circulating levels of PRL", "opc": "Ovulation, followed by increased circulating levels of progesterone", "opd": "A reduction of ovarian inhibin levels, followed by increased circulating FSH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "73c6df5d-917e-4d4a-9fac-4c592fca121a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Afferent fibres for stretch reflex includes", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Ia and Ib  fibres", "opb": "Ia  and II fibres", "opc": "Ib  and II fibres", "opd": "Golgi tendon organ", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9288f16d-7b7d-48c6-8f24-023deac93658", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ovarian reserve is best indicated by", "exp": "B i.e. FSHOvarian reserve can be best assessed by measuring FSH levels on 3rd day of menstrual cycle, clomiphene citrate challenge / provocative test (measures FSH levels on cycle day 10 after antiestrogen clomiphene citrate 100 mg administration from day 5 to 9). Serum inhibin B level and ultrasonic scanning to count the number of antral follicles in ovary are other methods.Ovarian Reserve- It refers to the size of resting / nongrowing /primordial follicle population, which reflects the quantity (no) of growing follicles and quality of oocytes within it. So ovarian reserve determines the functional reproductive potential of ovary.- Under the influence of FSH and LH, there is rapid growth of several follicles in ovary, during first few days of each menstrual cycle. But after a week only 1 follicle begins to outgrow all the others /which involute by a process called atresia and thus preventing more than one child from developing with each pregnancy).- Ovarian reserve (& capacity of ovary to produce eggs) decline with advancing age. Best predictor of ovarian reserve is age. Tests that can determine ovarian reserve include", "cop": 2, "opa": "LH", "opb": "FSH", "opc": "LH/ FSH ratio", "opd": "Estrogen", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "627645d7-e5c0-4410-a412-b7175d50122c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Albumin exeing high oncotic pressure because", "exp": "Albumin (69000)molecular weight is less compared to globulin(90000-150000) and fibrinogen (340000).80%of osmotic pressure of blood is exeed by albumin since it has highest concentration. Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 67", "cop": 2, "opa": "High molecular weight and low concentration", "opb": "Low molecular weight and high concentration*", "opc": "High molecular weight and high concentration", "opd": "Low molecular weight and low concentration", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "81d568da-8ebe-42f4-bd50-ed44f4b3f7f3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The parvocellular pathway, from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex, carries signals for the detection of", "exp": "The parvocellular pathway, from the lateral geniculate nucleus (Layers 3-6) to the visual cortex, carries signals for the detection of colour vision, texture, shape and fine details.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Movement, depth and flicker", "opb": "Color vision, shape and fine details", "opc": "Temporal frequency", "opd": "Luminance contrast", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "36728178-a9de-4d28-a2d1-b7b38474ada9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spermatogenesis takes place in", "exp": "Spermatogenesis is the entire process by which spermatogonial stem cells(in seminiferous tubule) divide and differentiate into sperms. The process has three phases: spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-420", "cop": 2, "opa": "Epididymis", "opb": "Seminiferous tubule", "opc": "Ductus deferens", "opd": "Prostate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "e424e96c-acae-4aa8-b7f8-ed5233943427", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Area of brain responsible for self stimulation reward on induction", "exp": "C i.e. Medial forebrain bundle", "cop": 3, "opa": "Periaqueductal area", "opb": "Mesencephalon", "opc": "Medial forebrain bundle", "opd": "Periventricular region of hypothalamus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c7e15eb1-89d1-43a8-94b3-33fed7d2895a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal plasma osmolality in mOsmol/kg H2O", "exp": "The osmolarity is the number of osmoles per litre of solution The freezing point of normal human plasma averages -0.54 degC, which corresponds to an osmolal concentration in plasma of 290 mOsm/L Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:6", "cop": 1, "opa": "290", "opb": "385", "opc": "485", "opd": "585", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "d92ecd6b-0799-4b9f-8e36-7522462a34d1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Group B muscle fibres are", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Sympathetic preganglionic", "opb": "Sympathetic post ganglionic", "opc": "Parasympathetic preganglionic", "opd": "Parasympathetic post ganglionic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "842cd900-372f-4fe0-8289-78e6df3c2c29", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Umami\" is type of", "exp": "Ans. c (Taste sensation) (Ref. Ganong Physiology 23rd/pg. Chapter 10, Figure 10-6.)Umami is the fifth taste sense triggered by glutamate and particularly by the monosodium glutamate (MSG) used so extensively in Asian cooking. The taste is pleasant and sweet but differs from the standard sweet taste. The action of umami receptors explains why foods treated with MSG often taste fuller.UMAMI# Humans have five established basic tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salt, and umami.# Umami is one of the five basic tastes sensed by specialized receptor cells present on the human tongue.# Umami is a Japanese word meaning \"savory\" or \"meaty\" and thus applies to the sensation of savoriness--specifically, to the detection of glutamates, which are especially common in meats, cheese and other protein-heavy foods.# Afferent nerves to the nucleus tractus solitarius contain fibers from all types of taste buds, without any clear localization of types.TASTE RECEPTORS# The sour taste is triggered by protons.# Umami taste is due to activation of a truncated metabotopic glutamate receptor, mGluR4, in the taste buds, and the agonists are purine 5-ribonucleotides such as IMP and GMP in the food.# Bitter taste is produced by a variety of unrelated compounds, many of which are poisons. It was originally thought that a single bitter receptor was linked to the heterotrimeric G protein gustducin.# A taste modifier protein, miraculin, has been discovered in a plant. When applied to the tongue, this protein makes acids taste sweet.# A protein that binds taste-producing molecules has been cloned. It is produced by Ebner's glands--glands that secrete mucus into the cleft around vallate papillae and probably have a concentrating and transport function similar to that of the OBP in olfaction.# In humans, the taste buds are located in the mucosa of the epiglottis, palate, and pharynx and in the walls of the fungiform and vallate papillae of the tongue.# The fungiform papillae are rounded structures most numerous near the tip of the tongue; the vallate papillae are prominent structures arranged in a V on the back of the tongue. Each fungiform papilla has up to five taste buds, and they are usually located at the top of the papilla.# The larger vallate papillae each contain up to 100 taste buds, usually located along the sides of the papillae. The small conical filiform papillae that cover the dorsum of the tongue do not usually contain taste buds.# There are a total of about 10,000 taste buds.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Color blindness", "opb": "Smell sensation", "opc": "Taste sensation", "opd": "Deafness", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "c2e3ed98-67df-4812-9cdf-6358a6212689", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Skilled voluntary movement is initiated at", "exp": "\"The fundamental impulses for the muscle contraction originate from the motor cortex\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "Cerebral cortex (motor cortex)", "opb": "Basal ganglia", "opc": "Cortical association", "opd": "Cerebellum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4869f3c9-f35c-4d0d-9672-2b84372c790d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Baroreceptors stimulation would result in", "exp": "Baroreceptor stimulation results in\n\nInhibition of sympathetic activity\nExcitation of parasympathetic activity\nDecrease in heart rate\nDecrease in blood pressure", "cop": 4, "opa": "Inhibition of para sympathetic activity", "opb": "Excitation of sympathetic activity", "opc": "Increase in heart rate", "opd": "Decrease in blood pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1aac741e-cf86-47b1-a2b7-b16d1ec1c2d5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chemical regulation of respiration is not affected by", "exp": "The chemical control of breathing is aimed at maintaining the PCX and PCO2 of arterial blood at about 95 mm Hg and 40 mm Hg, respectively.\nChemical signals which regulate respiration are sensed by respiratory chemoreceptors. Respiratory chemoreceptors are sensory receptors for detection of PO2 PCO2 and pH of blood. Their location may be central ( within the CNS) or peripheral (in the PNS). They bring about reflex changes in the rate and depth of respiration in response to change in PO2 PCO2 and pH. The response to changes in PO2 (hypoxia) is mediated entirely by peripheral chemoreceptors, whereas the response to hypercapnia ( ↑ PCO2) and academia (↓ pH) is mediated mainly (75%) by central chemoreceptors and partly (25%) by peripheral chemoreceptors.", "cop": 2, "opa": "pH", "opb": "BP", "opc": "pO2", "opd": "pCO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "795b9f7d-3315-4107-9b25-71405b293f49", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "2nd hea sound is due to", "exp": "The second is a shoer, high-pitched \"dup\" (second sound), caused by vibrations associated with the closure of the aoic and pulmonary valves just after the end of ventricular systole.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 542", "cop": 2, "opa": "Closure of AV valves", "opb": "Closure of aoic valve", "opc": "Inthrushing of blood", "opd": "Atrial contraction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "750ffe34-450f-4155-aa87-9b3e979940ac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The second messengers cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP", "exp": "The cAMP is called a second messenger because it is not the hormone itself that directly institutes the intracellular changes; instead, the cAMP serves as a second messenger to cause these effects.For a few peptide hormones, such as the atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which is only slightly different from cAMP, serves in a similar manner as a second messenger.Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP Second Messenger SystemStimulation of adenylyl cyclase, a membrane-bound enzyme, by the Gs protein then catalyzes the conversion of a small amount of cytoplasmic adenosine triphosphate into cAMP inside the cell. This then activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which phosphorylates specific cell proteins, triggering biochemical reactions that ultimately lead to the cell's response to the hormone.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 75; Introduction to Endocrinology", "cop": 2, "opa": "Activate the same signal transduction pathways", "opb": "Are generated by the activation of cyclases", "opc": "Activate the same protein kinase", "opd": "Are impoant only in sensory transduction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "b420f896-d104-486e-b43c-acfa400c1e7e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Brain pa resistant to hypoxia is", "exp": "The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior pa of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. In the human brain, the brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Sometimes the diencephalon, the caudal pa of the forebrain, is included.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 246", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cerebral coex", "opb": "Basal ganglia", "opc": "Thalamus", "opd": "Structures in brainstem", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "5b00a5be-eaa8-49b4-8cf7-67f95292a5aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The weight of the uterus at 8 weeks postpaum is", "exp": "The uterus weight about 1000 to 1200 gm immediately after delivery, As a result of involution, it decreases in weight to about 500 gm by one week, and to about 30 gm at the end of second week At the end of 6 weeks, its measurement is almost similar to that of the non-pregnant state and weight about 60 gm.", "cop": 1, "opa": "100 g", "opb": "500 g", "opc": "700 g", "opd": "900 g", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "5b0fcec0-0b08-4f9e-b872-0fcad5774eef", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "For development of alveolar PO2 of 60 mm Hg and high altitude illness to develop in an otherwise healthy person from sea level, rapid ascent to following height is required", "exp": "People have different susceptible to altitude sickness,on an average it begins around 2000 to 3000 meters above sea level Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:375,376", "cop": 2, "opa": "2,000 meters", "opb": "3,000 meters", "opc": "4,000 meters", "opd": "5,000 meters", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "a637aad7-9b7a-474a-9c44-8c190f1b65dd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Beta 2 transferrin is found in", "exp": "Beta 2 transferrin is found in CSF Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:813,814,815", "cop": 4, "opa": "Blood", "opb": "Tear", "opc": "Urine", "opd": "CSF", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "69df1070-ef84-4c29-9f8a-cf17064e8246", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Afterhyperpolarization due to", "exp": "Slow return of the K+ channels to the closed state thus K+ efflux.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK Jain 5th edition page no.36)", "cop": 4, "opa": "Na efflux", "opb": "Na+ influx", "opc": "CI influx", "opd": "K+ efflux", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "4578a628-371a-44c8-917e-edb0fa420942", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Best prognosis in never injury", "exp": "Ans. (a) Neuropraxia(Ref: Maheshwari, orthopedics/p.60)Neuropraxia#Nerve in continuity#Due to compression or ischemia#Only local conduction block seen#Spontaneous recovery in minutes (best prognosis)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Neuropraxia", "opb": "Axonotmesis", "opc": "Neurotmesis", "opd": "Complete transaction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "45a85316-de10-4fdb-b442-da43271768fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prolactin release is inhibited by", "exp": "Dopamine serves as the major prolactin-inhibiting factor or brake on prolactin secretion. Dopamine is secreted into poal blood by hypothalamic neurons, binds to receptors on lactotrophs, and inhibits both the synthesis and secretion of prolactin. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 550,551,552", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dopamine", "opb": "Dobutamine", "opc": "Sleep", "opd": "Stress", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "7ce35ca1-9dd1-42d7-8d66-f8d1f151451d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Iron absorption occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Duodenum", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c62a55e9-053d-4c83-83ac-5293b9c67414", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In right handed individuals, the left cerebral hemisphere is more developed than the right cerebral hemisphere. The left cerebral hemisphere is mainly responsible for", "exp": "Ans. d.Written and spoken language", "cop": 4, "opa": "Appreciation of music", "opb": "Spatial orientation", "opc": "Visual stimuli processing", "opd": "Written and spoken language", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5912bd5b-f155-4710-ae1b-50d597978aec", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The maintenance of posture in a normal adult human being depends upon", "exp": "(A) Integrity of reflex arc.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Integrity of reflex arc.", "opb": "Muscle power.", "opc": "Type of muscle fibres.", "opd": "Joint movements in physiological range", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "2bd1d04b-7995-492a-8b86-c59cc960996b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The part of nephron \"least permeable to water\" is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Proximal tubule", "opb": "Descending Limb of loop of Henle", "opc": "Ascending limb of loop of Henle", "opd": "Collecting tubule", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "00204f64-2f4d-4256-996b-d2c2cc4f5e91", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Circadian rhythm is regulated by", "exp": "Circadian rhythm refers to the rhythmic fluctuations in ceain physiological parameters of the body. The suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus are the main site of most circadian rhythms in the body. The suprachiasmatic nuclei receive impoant inputs from: The eyes retinohypothalamic fibres. The lateral geniculate nuclei. Visual fibers pass to several older areas of the brain from the optic tracts to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, presumably to control circadian rhythms that synchronize various physiological changes of the body with night and day. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 810,811,812", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dorsomedial", "opb": "Ventromedial", "opc": "Supraoptic", "opd": "Suprachiasmatic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "91e396fd-6a02-4840-a3ec-b0e80dffb09a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The parvocellular pathway, from die lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex, carries signals for the detection of", "exp": "From the lateral geniculate nucleus, a magnocellular pathway and a parvocellular pathway project to the visual cortex. The parvocellular pathway, from layers 3–6, carries signals for color vision, texture, shape, and fine detail. The parvocellular pathway also carries color opponent data to the deep part of layer 4.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Movement, depth and flicker", "opb": "Color vision, shape and fine details", "opc": "Temporal frequency", "opd": "Luminance contrast", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b96cc15e-7330-4878-adc3-1eae36f62b60", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calmodulin acts by", "exp": "Calmodulin contains myosin light-chain kinase, which phosphorylates myosin and phosphorylase kinase which activates phosphorylase.(Ref: Textbook of physiology AK JAIN 5th edition page no.20)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Opening of Na+ channels", "opb": "Phosphorylation of myosine by protein kinase", "opc": "Activation of Na+-K+ pump", "opd": "Dephosphorylation by protein kinase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "38ce90f3-409b-48a3-902a-1ce49b75ad1b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nernst potential for K", "exp": "In case of K+, concentration gradient is outwards and electric gradient is inwards. The Nernst potential of K+ is -90mV.(Ref: Textbook of physiology 5th edition page no.33)", "cop": 2, "opa": "90", "opb": "-90", "opc": "70", "opd": "-70", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "096908a7-b25d-4fa2-a251-1db0db5bf821", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Catabolism of H2O2 is carried out by", "exp": "Peroxisome contain enzyme that oxidize various organic substances producing H2O2(REF TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N, PAGE NO - 10)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Peroxisomes", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Lysosomes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "9080a3a2-6f30-4760-a430-33e4f8918228", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "NERST's potential of Na+ is", "exp": "NERNST potential of an ion is the potential at which there is net flow of the ion across the cell membrane..........and for sodum it's about +55mv to +60mv REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY -23rd EDITION. Page No-7)", "cop": 1, "opa": "60", "opb": "-60", "opc": "90", "opd": "-80", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "021a419f-20c1-4baf-9bbc-e707774b9c2d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most important buffer system present in the distal convoluted tubule", "exp": "Most important buffer in proximal tubules - Bicarbonate\nMost important buffer in distal tubules - Ammonia", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bicarbonate", "opb": "Phosphate", "opc": "Protein", "opd": "Ammonia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6cf15212-fe8c-43ec-9279-f9774337ab6b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Commonest cause of Cushing syndrome is", "exp": "MC cause of Cushing's syndrome is iatrogenic exogenous administration of steroids. MC endogenous cause of Cushing's syndrome is bilateral adrenal hyperplasia secondary to hypersecretion of ACTH from pituitary or from an ectopic non-pituitary source", "cop": 4, "opa": "Adrenal adenoma", "opb": "Carcinoma", "opc": "Atrophy", "opd": "Hyperplasia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "c431392d-4918-4b46-8025-ec3e489f5aa3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pacemaker generating the rhythm for breathing is", "exp": "Pro-Botzinger complex generates the rhythm for automated breathing. These are also known as pacemaker cells located in the medulla. These are the first set of neurons which initiate inspiration. These neurons discharge rhythmically, and they produce rhythmic discharges in the phrenic motor neurons. Breathing is under the control of both the following: Voluntary control: Located in the cerebral coex ( coicospinal tract) Automatic Control: Driven by pacemaker cells in the medulla (Pre-Botzinger complex). These activate motor neurons cervical (Phrenic nerve innervating diaphragm) and thoracic spinal cord (external intercostal muscle). There is a reciprocal innervation to expiratory and inspiratory muscles in that motor neurons supplying expiratory muscles are inactive when motor neurons supplying inspiratory muscles are active, and vice versa. Inspiration Initiation Pre-Botzinger complex (pacemaker cells) in Medulla Maintenance Apneustic center in lower pons stimulates Dorsal group of neurons in the medulla Termination Apneustic center initiated by vagus and Pneumotaxic center Regulation of expiration: During quiet breathing, expiration is a passive process; there is no firing of neurons. Ventral respiratory group of neurons are involved in forceful expiration like during excercise. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition Pgno: 646", "cop": 3, "opa": "Pneumotaxic centre", "opb": "Dorsal group of neurons in the medulla", "opc": "Pre-Botzinger complex", "opd": "Apneustic centre", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "a8fb81bb-a871-465b-b6d4-bf22fdfeb4cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Aerobic capacity is increased by", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Prolonged exercise routine", "opb": "Strenuous exercise", "opc": "Regular 3 minute exercise", "opd": "Spurt of exercise", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fe3389a5-3001-4770-8c8b-23eaa340c947", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most of the CO2 transported in the blood is", "exp": "The CO2 that diffuses into red blood cells is rapidly hydrated to H2CO3 because of the presence of carbonic anhydrase.\nThe H2CO3 dissociates to H+ and HCO3-, and the H+ is buffered, primarily by hemoglobin, while the HCO3- enters the plasma.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dissolved in plasma.", "opb": "In carbamino compounds formed from plasma proteins.", "opc": "In carbamino compounds formed from hemoglobin.", "opd": "In HCO3–", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c42c9f8c-5dc1-4fb1-8a13-9d0d7fc05e75", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maternal chromosome 15 disomy results in", "exp": ".", "cop": 1, "opa": "Prader Willi Syndrome", "opb": "Fragile x syndrome", "opc": "Marfan's syndrome", "opd": "Angelman Syndrome", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3df016f6-2f61-4097-91ca-847b25d41448", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inverse stretch reflex is due", "exp": "Golgi tendon", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trail fibre ending", "opb": "Golgi tendon", "opc": "Tail fibre ending", "opd": "Muscle spindle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4bf242bb-d746-44f4-a9e2-37fe719e7664", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Spermatogenesis is mostly controlled by", "exp": "Spermatogenesis is the process in which spermatozoa are produced from spermatogonial stem cells by way of mitosis and meiosis. The initial cells in this pathway are called spermatogonia, which yield primary spermatocytes by mitosis. The primary spermatocyte divides meiotically (Meiosis I) into two secondary spermatocytes; each secondary spermatocyte divides into two spermatids by Meiosis II. These develop into mature spermatozoa, also known as sperm cells.LH appears to have little role in spermatogenesis outside of inducing gonadal testosterone productionRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-420", "cop": 3, "opa": "Inhibin", "opb": "FSH", "opc": "LH", "opd": "GnRH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "1d693ade-8d09-4a3d-9c0a-d75747bae255", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Heparin acts by activation of", "exp": "Ans: c (Antithrombin III) Ref: Ganong 22nd ed/p.543.* Heparin (acid proteoglycan) binds to cationic site of antithrombin III and greatly potentiates its activity. Heparin antithrombin complex removes free thrombin from blood.* Thrombin is an activator of factor 5 and 8.* Heparin- antithrombin complex also inhibits activated clotting factors IX. X, XI, XII.* Antidote for heparin is Protamine sulphate.* Direct thrombin inhibitors are bivaluridin, lepirudin and agratroban.* Plasminogen is activated by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA).* Plasminogen (profibrinolysin), when activated becomes plasmin (fibrinolysin), which digests fibrin and fibrinogen with the production of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) that inhibit thrombin. It also lyses prothrombin, factor V, VIII and XII.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Plasmin", "opb": "TPA", "opc": "Antithrombin III", "opd": "Fibrinolysin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "f07c4111-8fbf-483b-87ea-79f7a6f75cbb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The function of myenteric plexus is mainly", "exp": "Enteric Nervous System (ENS)\n\nOrganized into ganglia interconnected by 2 plexuses:\n\n— Outer myenteric  (Auerbach's) plexus found along entire length of GI tract\n— Inner submucosal (Meissner's) plexus located only in small and large intestine\n\nENS contains 100 million neurons and similar diversity of neurotransmitters as CNS\n\n— Has interneurons, sensory, autonomic ganglia.\n— Peristalsis is controlled by ENS\nNOTE:\n\nMyenteric plexus is primarily concerned with motor control of longitudinal and circular muscles.\nMeissner plexus is mainly involved in intestinal secretions.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sympathetic", "opb": "Motor", "opc": "Mixed", "opd": "Parasympathetic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0c27561d-5b96-45e5-978d-1cd20c34417c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Relaxation of mesangial cells is caused by", "exp": "Dopamine causes relaxation of mesangial cells. Other three are agents causing contraction.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, page no: 646", "cop": 2, "opa": "Histamine", "opb": "Dopamine", "opc": "Angiotension 2", "opd": "Vasopressin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "acccccb6-28fa-44fd-bab9-a1d11f0f8cf8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dysmetria is seen in lesions of", "exp": "Dysmetria is manifested by past pointing in the cerebellum. The cerebellum controls all aspects of movements like rate, range, direction & force of movement, hence ataxia is a prominent feature of the cerebellar disease Ref : Ganong 25th ed/page 248", "cop": 2, "opa": "Basal ganglia", "opb": "Cerebellum", "opc": "Pons", "opd": "Cerebral coex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "f5e536a9-ea5f-4e0f-b70a-3d546907fb5e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulmonary function test of FEV1 ↓, FEV1 / FVC ↑ or Normal with ↓ Compliance of lung tissue is seen in", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Obstructive lung disease", "opb": "Emphysema", "opc": "Bronchial asthma", "opd": "Restrictive lung disease", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c2e877f6-5012-4187-b38c-e2fec62c3594", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "TSH secreted from the pituitary gland is under control by", "exp": "(A) TRH and T3, T4", "cop": 1, "opa": "TRH and T3, T4", "opb": "Releasing factors same as those of cortisol", "opc": "Releasing factors bypass neurohypophysis to act on the anterior pituitary", "opd": "TRH only", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "80fdb275-20f5-42b0-ba3f-66bb48b628fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Total lung capacity is", "exp": "Total lung capacity - Maximum amount of air the lungs can contain (RV + VC)- 5900 mlRef: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 593", "cop": 3, "opa": "5600 ml", "opb": "5800 ml", "opc": "5900 ml", "opd": "6 liters", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "f5cfd349-8da7-4b06-be57-780fd90fdd0c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The approximate amount of air left in the lungs after maximal forced expiration in a normal woman is", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "0.5 L", "opb": "2.0 L", "opc": "1.1 L", "opd": "1.8 L", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "92a6fc20-3699-40a4-90db-93d9d84ee89c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Valve of Hasner is present at", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "Stensons duct", "opb": "Common bile duct", "opc": "Naso lacrimal duct", "opd": "Maxillary Sinus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b4aab4b2-2173-4ef2-905d-8cb5a3c8934e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose increases plasma insulin by a process that involves", "exp": "Ans. (b) GLUT 2(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.432)The most important stimulus for secretion of insulin is glucoseGlucose enters pancreatic beta cells through glucose transporter- 2 (GLUT -2)", "cop": 2, "opa": "GLUT 1", "opb": "GLUT 2", "opc": "GLUT 3", "opd": "SGLT 1", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "fa094796-0870-4ca2-9853-ef5b34c559e9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood flow to brain is not influenced by", "exp": "Carotid and aoic bodies have very high rates of blood flow. These receptors are primarily activated by a reduction in paial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), but they also respond to an increase in the paial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) That is chemo receptors regulating blood flow to brain are insensitive to PaO2 despite the fact that it controls O2 content Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No: 562", "cop": 2, "opa": "PaC02", "opb": "P02", "opc": "Cerebral circulation", "opd": "Systemic circulation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b4d25381-8264-455d-a078-419da742a828", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "D2O is used to measure", "exp": "The concentration of the marker in the plasma is measured and from this value, the total body water can be measured. The markers are D2O, tritium oxide, aminopyrine.(Ref: Textbook of medical physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.61)", "cop": 3, "opa": "ECE Volume", "opb": "ICF volume", "opc": "TBW volume", "opd": "Plasma volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "1b7e02a2-f110-4aec-a932-c533cdc4d2c7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The mode of secretion of sebaceous gland is", "exp": "Sebaceous  Glands \nSebaceous glands, producing an oily secretion, are widely  distributed all over the dermis of the skin, except for the palms and soles.\nSebaceous glands are holocrine in nature, i.e. they produce their secretion by complete fatty degeneration of the central cells of the alveolus, which are then replaced by the proliferating peripheral  cells. The secretion is under hormonal control, especially the androgens. The oily secretion of sebaceous glands is called sebum.\nReference: BD Chaurasia’s Handbook of GENERAL ANATOMY Fourth  Edition page no 180", "cop": 2, "opa": "Merocrine", "opb": "Holocrine", "opc": "Apocrine", "opd": "Eccrine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f23d4ef8-c76e-4619-a216-9fcd3d4c2fe7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Liddle syndrome is caused by a genetic defect in", "exp": "Liddle syndrome is caused by hyperactivity of the Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (ENaC) of the principal cell of the coical collecting tubule. Liddle syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of renal epithelial transpo that clinically resembles primary aldosteronism with hypeension and hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis and with low plasma renin and aldosterone levels. Bater syndrome (Mimics loop diuretics) Gitelman&;s syndrome (MImics Thiazide Diuretics) Liddle Syndrome (Mimics Primary Aldosteronism) Autosomal recessive disorders Autosomal recessive disorder Autosomal Dominant Genetic defect in the thick ascending limb of loop of henle Defects in Na-K-2Cl co-transpoer , K or Cl channels result in lack of concentrating ability Genetic defect in the distal tubule Defect in Na-Cl cotranspoer in the distal tubule Genetic defect in the collecting tubule Caused by hyperactivity of the Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (ENaC) of the principal cell of the coical collecting tubule Presentation Diagnosis Hypokalemic- Metabolic acidosis with Hypeension Liddle&;s syndrome Hypokalemic Metabolic Alkalosis without hypeension Bater syndrome (Increased urinary Ca Excretion) Gitelman&;s syndrome (Decreased Urinary Ca Excretion) Ref: Ganong", "cop": 3, "opa": "Na-K-2Cl co-transpoer in the thick ascending limb of loop of henle", "opb": "Na-Cl cotranspoer in the distal tubule", "opc": "ENasodium Channel in collecting duct/tubule", "opd": "The aquaporin 2 (AQP2) channel in collecting duct", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "b73cdbfa-5348-4180-8d1d-c0f795aa0202", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "At the sta of inspiration, the intrapleural pressure at the base of the lungs is", "exp": "At the sta of inspiration intrapleural pressure of the lung is 2.5 mm HG Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:316,317,318", "cop": 3, "opa": "1.5 mm of Hg", "opb": "1 mm of Hg", "opc": "2.5 mm of Hg", "opd": "6 mm of Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "558ba391-7a00-4dcf-80bb-5bdc19a869fd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Group A nerve fibers most susceptible to", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Pressure", "opb": "Hypoxia", "opc": "Local anaesthesia", "opd": "Temperature", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "61693b36-85c7-4062-8c3d-caac175528e1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "\"Intranuclear inclusions\" in oligodendrocytes are seen in", "exp": "progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, JC virus-infected oligodendroglia display 2 distinct patterns of intranuclear viral inclusions: full inclusions in which progeny virions are present throughout enlarged nuclei and dot-shaped inclusions in which virions are clustered in subnuclear domains termed \"promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies\" (PML-NBs) Surrounding the demyelinated areas, the oligodendrocytes are enlarged and contain intranuclear inclusionbodies filled with papovavirus paicles, often forming pseudocrystalline arrays Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 4, "opa": "Creutzfeldt Jacob disease", "opb": "Polio", "opc": "Japanese encephalitis", "opd": "Progressive multiple encephalopathy", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3b0c9b7a-14cb-4f17-81e1-6f0c34d5d847", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "| ECF K+ levels are seen in", "exp": "(C) Endolymph # Endolymph is formed in the scala media by the stria vascularis and has a high concentration of K+ and a low concentrtion of Na+.> Cells in the stria vascularis have a high concentration of Na+-K+ATPase.> In addition, it appears that there is a unique electrogenic K+ pump in the stria vascularis, which accounts for the fact that the scala media is electrically positive by 85 mV relative to the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ectolymph", "opb": "Aqueous humour", "opc": "Endolymph", "opd": "Vitreous humour", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium", "id": "7766fae5-d6fe-4500-a011-c9050d8f2a15", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nightmare is seen in", "exp": "REM sleep events\n-        Narcolepsy\n-        Night mares\n \n-        Nocturnal penile tumescence", "cop": 1, "opa": "REM sleep", "opb": "Stage II NREM sleep", "opc": "Stage IV NREM sleep", "opd": "Stage I NREM sleep", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "26fb4714-5a7b-450e-b3d1-f70c06a19d98", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amacrine cells secrete", "exp": "Amacrine cells secrete neurotransmitters that act as inhibitors like GABA, Glycine, dopamine, acetylcholine, indolamine etc.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Acetylcholine", "opb": "Glutamate", "opc": "Adrenaline", "opd": "Noradrenaline", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "170cad32-4e68-43ab-a209-b6c1481e6c7a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vasopressin acts bya) Water transport across collecting ductb) Water absorption at medullary ductsc) Water secretion at loop of Henled) Water transport at PCT", "exp": "Angiotensin II acts on \n\nPCT\nThick ascending limb of loop of Henle\nDCT\nCollecting duct\n\n Aldosterone acts on\n\nLate DCT\nCollecting duct\n\n ADH acts on\n\nDCT\nCollecting duct\n\n ANP acts on\n\nDCT\nCollecting duct", "cop": 1, "opa": "ab", "opb": "a", "opc": "ad", "opd": "bc", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "23a88644-6d26-4cdc-bd5d-cd5df5d76096", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Intrapulmonary shunting refers to", "exp": "A pulmonary shunt often occurs when the alveoli fill with fluid, causing pas of the lung to be unventilated although they are still perfused. Intrapulmonary shunting is the main cause of hypoxemia (inadequate blood oxygen) in pulmonary edema and conditions such as pneumonia in which the lungs become consolidated Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:333,334,335", "cop": 4, "opa": "Anatomical dead space", "opb": "Alveolar dead space", "opc": "Wasted ventilation", "opd": "Perfusion in excess of ventilation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "489054da-5c53-4ef1-9c97-a9990d91677f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increase in intracranial pressure is NOT associated with", "exp": "Raised intracranial pressure initiates Cushing’s reflex. Cushing’s reflex leads to a rise in arterial pressure, which restores the blood supply to the brain. At the same time, the raised BP causes reflex Bradycardia through the baroreceptors.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Deterioration of consciousness", "opb": "Tachycardia", "opc": "Respiratory depression", "opd": "Increase in BP", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "2717e2da-9775-437d-aaac-06c975bb2d39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pricking pain, cold , crude touch is conducted by", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "A alpha", "opb": "A beta", "opc": "A gamma", "opd": "A delta", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7882c1cb-490a-4fde-9fa7-32977f4b7758", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caspase are involved in", "exp": "The activation of the caspase cascade is the most central step in apoptosis.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Nerve processing", "opb": "Cell signaling", "opc": "Inflammation", "opd": "Apoptosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "cf1f437f-3205-4220-bba2-60667d077050", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slow vibration sensation is mediated by", "exp": "Touch and pressure are sensed by 4 types of mechanoreceptors : Meissner's corpuscles (respond to changes in texture. and slow vibrations) Merkel cells (respond to sustained pressure and touch) Ruffini corpuscles (respond to sustained pressure ) Pacinian corpuscles (respond to deep pressure and fast vibrations) Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition pg no: 382", "cop": 4, "opa": "Merkel's disc", "opb": "Ruffini's endogran", "opc": "Pacinian capsule", "opd": "Meissner corpuscles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "6636dccf-3b08-4fe9-9fb2-b4519b80f1c3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Compared with serum, CSF has", "exp": "Compared with serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has a higher chloride concentration. CSF is an ultrafiltrate of plasma. It is produced primarily by the choroid plexus cells in the lateral ventricles. From the lateral ventricles, CSF flows through the foramen of Munro into the third ventricle, through the aqueduct of Sylvius, and into the fouh ventricle. It then exits the fouh ventricle through the foramina of Luschka and Magendie and enters the subarachnoid space located between the arachnoid and pia mater. The CSF in the subarachnoid space cushions the brain and spinal cord. CSF is resorbed through the arachnoid villi, extending into the dural venous sinuses located along the summit of the brain. The venous sinuses empty into the jugular venous system.CSF has a lower glucose, lower protein (15 to 45 mg/dl), fewer lymphocytes, and higher chloride (120 to 130 mEq/dl) than serum. These differences help distinguish serum from CSF in trauma cases.", "cop": 1, "opa": "A higher chloride concentration", "opb": "A higher protein concentration", "opc": "The same glucose concentration", "opd": "More lymphocytes per microliter", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "d8882547-e2e8-406f-968f-ee68c4efe79b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Preload leads to", "exp": "The force of contraction of cardiac muscle depends on its preloading and its after loading. The initial phase of contraction is isometric; the elastic component in series with the contractile element is stretched and the tension increases until it is sufficient to lift the load. The tension at which load is lifted is the afterload. The muscle then contracts isotonically. In vivo preload is the degree to which myocardium is stretched before it contracts.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology, 24th edition.Pg no. 547", "cop": 2, "opa": "Isovolumetric relaxation", "opb": "Isovolumetric contraction", "opc": "Peripheral resistance", "opd": "Parasympathetic nervous system activation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "1f76b5e8-3841-40f8-8a28-31f8a857c844", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Local anesthetics depress transmission first in", "exp": "Local anesthetics depress transmission in the group C fibre before they affect group A touch fibres. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology;25th edition; pg: 95.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Group A alpha-fibers", "opb": "Group A bita-fibers", "opc": "Group B fibers", "opd": "Group C fibers", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "4e29d62e-fdb0-4637-9a68-bc6804c0d950", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ohopnea is hea failure develops due to", "exp": "When a normal individual lies down, the pulmonary blood volume increases by up to 400 mL When the person stands up this blood is discharged into the general circulation. This shift is the cause of the decrease in vital capacity in the supine position and is responsible for the occurrence of ohopnea in hea failure. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:603 In normal individuals ,this has minimal effect but in patients whom the additional volume cannot be pumped out by the left ventricle because of disease there is a significant reduction in vital capacity and pulmonary compliance and leads to shoness of breath.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Reservoir function of pulmonary veins", "opb": "Reservoir function of leg veins", "opc": "Reservoir function of pulmonary aeries", "opd": "Reservoir function of leg aeries", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "27df1fa5-f463-4c92-ac54-d4ac8b03da6d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal CSF volume in adults is", "exp": "(B) 150 ml # CEREBROSPINAL FLUID:> Lumbar CSF pressure is normally 70-180 mm CSF.> Up to pressures well above this range, the rate of CSF formation is independent of intraventricular pressure.> However, absorption, which takes place largely by bulk flow, is proportionate to the pressure.> At a pressure of 112 mm CSF, which is the average normal CSF pressure, filtration and absorption are equal.> Below a pressure of approximately 68 mm CSF, absorption stops.", "cop": 2, "opa": "50 ml", "opb": "150 ml", "opc": "500 ml", "opd": "300 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "ff4e04fb-2c5d-46eb-bd92-fad2d78ef8e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inverse stretch reflex is due to", "exp": "The receptor for the inverse stretch reflux is in the Golgi tendon organ.(Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 23rd edition page no.162)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Trail fibre ending", "opb": "Golgi tendon", "opc": "Tail fiber ending", "opd": "Muscle spindle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "d05b82eb-2944-402d-b447-f1ea84af1e08", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The hormone associated with cold adaption is", "exp": "Thyroxine increases the metabolism.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Growth hormone", "opb": "Thyroxine", "opc": "Insulin", "opd": "Melanocyte stimulating hormone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a5d9f949-0cc1-4f57-aaaf-bb727e39ed3b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "P wave is absent", "exp": "Ans. (a) Atrial fibrillationRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.524P wave is absent in atrial fibrillationInstead of p waves, only fibrillatory f waves are seenP wave is absent also in hyperkalemia", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrial fibrillation", "opb": "CCF", "opc": "Atrial flutter", "opd": "PSVT", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "d2063f81-c4d5-4c4d-896f-4dda99adfd2d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most distinguishing feature between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle", "exp": "Troponin is the calcium binding protein in the Skeletal muscle. In smooth muscle, calmodulin is the calcium binding protein. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 40,59)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Troponin", "opb": "Tropomyosin", "opc": "Myosin", "opd": "Actin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "63d69f44-acf0-4204-9914-b83f111acc98", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "At the end of isovolumetric relaxation phase", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrioventricular valve opens", "opb": "Atrioventricular valve close", "opc": "Corresponds to peak of C wave in JVP", "opd": "Corresponds to T wave in ECG", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1d0243f8-c690-4ad8-af3d-9806a4626cca", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In infants, defecation often follows a meal. The cause Gastroileal reflex of colonic contractions in this situation is", "exp": "Gastrocolic reflex refers to the contraction of colon induced by entry of food into the stomach. This reflex results in an urge to defaecate after a meal. Because of this, defaecation after meals is a rule in children.However, in adults, the bowel training suppresses this reflex. Ref: Medical physiology, Indu Khurana", "cop": 4, "opa": "Gastroileal reflex", "opb": "Enterogastric reflex", "opc": "Increased circulating levels of GCR", "opd": "Gastrocolic - reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "1e508297-640e-42a3-8ba1-f302a1d21bc6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The setting of posture before a planned movement is believed to be by", "exp": "Premotor cortex is believed to be involved in getting prepared the body for a planned movement, especially the control of proximal limb muscles needed to orient the body for movement.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Premotor cortex", "opb": "Motor cortex", "opc": "Frontal", "opd": "Supplementary motor cortex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ca21257d-cb22-40d6-8f84-268a9c36361c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Submucosal plexus of GIT", "exp": "Two major networks of nerve fibers are intrinsic to the gastrointestinal tract: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus), between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers, and the submucous plexus (Meissner's plexus), between the middle circular layer and the mucosa. Collectively, these neurons constitute the enteric nervous system. The system contains about 100 million sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons in humans--as many as are found in the whole spinal cord and the system is probably best viewed as a displaced pa of the central nervous system (CNS) that is concerned with the regulation of gastrointestinal function. It is sometimes referred to as the \"little brain\" for this reason. It is connected to the CNS by parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers but can function autonomously without these connections. The myenteric plexus innervates the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers and is concerned primarily with motor control, whereas the submucous plexus innervates the glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells, and submucosal blood vessels and is primarily involved in the control of intestinal secretion. The neurotransmitters in the system include acetylcholine, the amines norepinephrine and serotonin, the amino acid g-aminobutyrate (GABA), the purine adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the gases NO and CO, and many different peptides and polypeptides. Some of these peptides also act in a paracrine fashion, and some enter the bloodstream, becoming hormones. Not surprisingly, most of them are also found in the brain.REF: GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, KIM BARRETT, HEDDWEN BROOKS, SCOTT BOITANO, SUSAN BARMANTWENTY THIRD EDITIONPAGE NO:448", "cop": 3, "opa": "Myenteric plexus", "opb": "Auerback's plexus", "opc": "Meissner's plexus", "opd": "Extrinsic nerves", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "9da6df98-ef08-4fce-82cb-969f44cfb23f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The blood pressure measured by a sphygmomanometer", "exp": "At the point at which systolic pressure in the aery just exceeds the cuff pressure, a spu of blood passes through with each heabeat and, synchronously with each beat, a tapping sound is heard below the cuff.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 25th Edition. Page: 577", "cop": 2, "opa": "Is lower than the intraaerial pressure", "opb": "Is higher than the intraaerial pressure", "opc": "Is same as the intraaerial pressure", "opd": "Is the same with different cuff sizes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "60a3c729-6898-4d1f-a086-dcf6a998bc38", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mineral essential for Hb synthesis", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Copper", "opb": "Sodium", "opc": "Potassium", "opd": "Phosphorus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6a66e885-ca2d-42da-b3bc-581818384d5a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Daily insensible water loss through respiratory tract is", "exp": "insensible water loss includes respiratory loss and water loss through skin Water loss through skin-350 Insensible loss through respiratory tract-350 Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition pg 43", "cop": 3, "opa": "100ml", "opb": "200ml", "opc": "350ml", "opd": "700ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5b8936d7-7c63-48bf-8628-63576f02a8b9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Regarding Dead space Volume in a normal individual", "exp": "The space in the trachea, bronchi, and other air passages which contains air that does not reach the alveoli during respiration, the amount of air being about 140 milliliters. Also known as anatomical dead space. (physiology) A calculated expression of the anatomical dead space plus whatever degree of overventilation or underperfusion is present; it is alleged to reflect the relationship of ventilation to pulmonary capillary perfusion. Also known as physiological dead space.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23ed edition, page no:599", "cop": 3, "opa": "Anatomical dead space>Physiological dead space", "opb": "Anatomical dead space=Physiological dead space", "opc": "Anatomical dead space<Physiological dead space", "opd": "Anatomical dead space is not related to Physiological dead space", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "670989c9-a936-4b7d-a933-aebb2839ead7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Micelles are formed by", "exp": "Bile salts help in the absorption of Fatty acidsMonoglycerides CholesterolOther lipids from the intestinal tractThey do this by forming very small physical complexes with these lipids; the complexes are called micelles. As amphipathic molecules with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, conjugated bile salts sit at the lipid/water interface and, at the right concentration, form micelles. Ref:Guyton ,11e,pg no:840", "cop": 2, "opa": "Triacylglycerol in polar solvent", "opb": "Amphipathic lipids in water", "opc": "Triacyl glycerol in gut", "opd": "Cholesterol esters", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b6d4f087-2a54-4458-b8e6-be2f7ba28cc4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The decrease in p50 in Oxygen Dissociation curve is due to increase in", "exp": "Conversely, a fall in temperature or a rise in pH shifts the curve to the left, and a lower Po2 is required to bind a given amount of O2. A convenient index for comparison of such shifts is the P50, the Po2 at which hemoglobin is half saturated with O2. The higher the P50, the lower the affinity of hemoglobin for O2. Reference: Berne& Levy Physiology updated 6th ed, p 462", "cop": 1, "opa": "pH", "opb": "Oxygen", "opc": "Temperature", "opd": "CO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "0cc94489-d5e9-4115-aa54-7b6cafaf3361", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Inner mitochondrial membrane contains protein to lipid ratio as", "exp": null, "cop": 3, "opa": "1:01", "opb": "2:01", "opc": "3:01", "opd": "4:01", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "98eba367-7c3c-49f9-b745-2c5196532304", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The resting membrane potential depends mainly on gradient of", "exp": "Ans. b (Potassium). (Ref. Ganong Physiology, 21st ed., 55, 56)Myocardial action potentialPhase 0Rapid upstrokeVoltage-gated Na-channels open.Phase 1Initial repolarizationInactivation of voltage-gated Na+ balances K+ effiux.Phase 2PlateauCa2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels balances K+ efflux.Ca2+ influx triggers myocyte contraction.Phase 3Rapid repolarizationMassive K+ efflux due to opening of voltage gated slow K+ channels and closure of voltage-gated Ca2+ channelsPhase 4Resting potentialHigh K+ permeability through K+ channels", "cop": 2, "opa": "Sodium", "opb": "Potassium", "opc": "Chloride", "opd": "Calcium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "b735bf17-7282-426a-afbc-0e8b1335bea1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from PCT or absorbed from intestinal lumen by", "exp": "Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from PCT by sympo along with sodium. Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no; 682 Ref of image;", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sympo", "opb": "Antipo", "opc": "Unipo", "opd": "Primary active transpo", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "49daccf6-fc9e-48e6-8f89-8bcb78afd4cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bitemporal hemianopia is seen in lesion of", "exp": "(B) Optic chiasma > Bitemporal hemianopsia - The loss of the fields closest to the temples.Bitemporal hemianopsia most commonly occurs as a result of tumors located at the mid-optic chiasm.> Since the adjacent structure is the pituitary gland, some common tumors causing compression are pituitary adenomas, and craniopharyngiomas.> Also another relatively common neoplastic etiology is meningiomas. An etiology of vascular origin is an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery which arise superior to the chiasm, enlarge, and compress it from above.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Optic tract", "opb": "Optic chiasma", "opc": "Optic nerve", "opd": "Occipital lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Vision and its Elements", "id": "5a052a3a-ebb5-425a-83b1-03ba8754441e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Volume of blood in a child, per kg of body weight", "exp": "Newborn baby weighing between 5 and 8 lbs. (2.3 to 3.6 kg) has only about 1 cup (0.2 liters) of blood in their body. therefore approximately per kg of body weight, it comes around 60-70kg.", "cop": 1, "opa": "60-70 ml", "opb": "100-150 ml", "opc": "150-200 ml", "opd": "200-250 ml", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "da0e6fd6-3e2e-49db-a297-e8eb02f52b8b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bowl of spaghetti appearance is seen in", "exp": "Some of the filamentous (negatively stained) virions were fused together, end-to-end, giving the appearance of a \"bowl of spaghetti.\"", "cop": 1, "opa": "Ebola virions", "opb": "Adenovirus", "opc": "Marburg Viruses", "opd": "Polio virus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "b8517a64-b10d-48f2-9b68-9f9ba5e6a0ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sensitivity of chemoreceptors in COPD", "exp": "The main chemoreceptors involved in respiratory feedback are: Central chemoreceptors: These are located on the ventrolateral surface of medulla oblongata and detect changes in the pH of spinal fluid. They can be desensitized over time from chronic hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and increased carbon dioxide Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:365,366,367", "cop": 3, "opa": "Decreased to H+", "opb": "Increased to H+", "opc": "Increased to PCO2", "opd": "Increased to PO2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "42f1c17a-65ee-4b24-b0f4-83786c2c1052", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The electrical potential difference necessary for a single ion to be at equilibrium across a membrane is best described by the", "exp": "At normal body temperature (37degC), the electrical difference that will balance a given concentration difference of univalent ions--such as Na+ ions--can be determined from the following formula, called the Nernst equation.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 4 Transpo of Substances Through Cell Membranes", "cop": 4, "opa": "Goldman equation", "opb": "van't Hoff equation", "opc": "Fick's law", "opd": "Nernst equation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "03596924-87f8-477d-8b0b-546a95950c39", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ectopic rest of normal tissue is known as", "exp": "choristoma is an ectopic rest of normal tissue. These are proliferation of any histologically normal tissue in an abnormal location Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e", "cop": 1, "opa": "Choristoma", "opb": "Hamaoma", "opc": "Pseudotumor", "opd": "Lymphoma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "8f3d42e3-2f21-4606-b7f9-388da6b95dcb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Efferent's from cerebellum is through", "exp": "The only output from the cerebellum is the axons of Purkinje cells, they are the biggest neurons of CNS & are inhibitory in nature (GABA ) Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 250", "cop": 3, "opa": "Golgi cells", "opb": "Basket cells", "opc": "Purkinje cells", "opd": "Bipolar cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9582b5cd-7ec8-442d-8112-8b45a4d4414a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Thromboxane A, is produced mainly by", "exp": "Platelet Activating Factor(PAF) secreted by platelets act G protein-coupled receptor to produce arachidonic acid derivative like Thromboxane A2 Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition pg no:75 Thromboxane A2 is produced by activated platelets during hemostasis and has prothrombotic activity. It activates new platelets and increase platelet aggregation.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Vascular endothelium", "opb": "Platelets", "opc": "Liver", "opd": "Damaged tissue", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "95e66e93-de4a-4e80-b6b3-e354fb5aba55", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major cation in ECF", "exp": "Na, K ATPase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and uses the energy to extrude three Na+ from the cell to ECF and take two K+ into the cell for each molecule of ATP hydrolyzed.(REF: GANONG'S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 23rd EDITION page no.47.)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Na", "opb": "K", "opc": "PO4-2", "opd": "Mg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "f95ab6b1-1a96-48de-b570-0ff93c608670", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Calculate alveolar ventilation per minute of a patient with respiratory rate of 12/min, tidal volume is 500ml.", "exp": "Alveolar Ventilation\n= (Tidal volume - Dead space) X Respiratory rate\n= (500 - 150) X 12\n= 350 X 12\n= 4.2 L / min", "cop": 3, "opa": "6 L / min", "opb": "4.8 L / min", "opc": "4.2 L / min", "opd": "4 L / min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4954c7f6-8a1d-483d-ab1f-404928e9b8bf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Following change is noted during exercise.", "exp": "Body temperature increases 00767837] Heat is produced whenever muscles contract. This is due to 2 reasons The maximal efficiency for conversion of nutrient energy into muscle work, even under best conditions, is only 20 to 25 per cent. Almost all the energy used to contract the muscle is conveed into heat d/t overcoming viscous resistance to the movement of the muscle and joints. overcoming the friction of blood flowing through the blood vessels. other similar effects. Changes in Muscle blood flow during exercise: The blood flow of resting skeletal muscle is low (2-4 ml./100 g/inin). The muscle blood flow can increase a maximum of about 25 fold during the most strenuous exercise. Almost one half of this increase in flow is due to intramuscular vasodilatation caused by the direct effects of increased muscle metabolism. The remaining increase results from multiple factors, the most impoant of which is probably the moderate increase in aerial blood pressure that occurs in exercise, usually about a 30 per cent increase. The increase in pressure not only forces more blood through the blood vessels but also stretches the walls of the aerioles and fuher reduces the vascular resistance. The local mechanisms maintaining a high blood flow in exercising muscle include a fall in tissue P02, a rise in tissue PCO2, and accumulation of K+, and other vasodilator metabolites. The rise in temperature fuher dilates the vessels. The increase in blood flow is instantaneous (and not half a minute later). When the contractions first begin, blood flow briefly decreases because of compressive forces exeed by the contracting muscles on the vasculature within the muscle. Each time the muscles contract aerial inflow decreases due to extravascular compression, and then aerial inflow increases as the muscles relax. This is repeated each time the muscles contract and relax. If flow were measured in the outflow vein, the venous outflow would increase during contraction and decrease during relaxation - the opposite of what occurs on the aerial side of the circulation. After just a couple of seconds, mean and peak flows begin to increase. After 15-20 seconds the increased flow will reach a steady state that is determined by the force and frequency of contraction, and the metabolic demands of the tissue. When contractions cease, blood flow may transiently increase because of the loss of compressive forces, and then over the next minute or so the flow will return to control. Blood flow can sometime increase at or even before the sta of exercise. This shows that the initial rise in muscle blood flow in probably a neurally mediated response. Once exercise has staed the high blood flow is maintained by the local mechanisms as described above. Blood flow to brain remains unchanged during exercise. Below given table shows that exercise causes increased blood flow to the exercising muscle with reduction of flow to liver, kidney, GI tract and inactive muscles. Blood flow to the brain remains unchanged. Quiet standing Exercise Cardiac Output 5900 24000 Blood flow to: Hea 250 1000 Brain 750 750 Active skeletal muscle 650 20850 Inactive skeletal ' muscle 650 300 Skin 500 500 Kidney, liver, GIT 3100 600 Lymphatic Flow: The lymphatic system. unlike the circulatory system, has no pump to move lymph fluid. Any form of exercise that incorporates major muscle groups and deep breathing will encourage lymph flow. Muscle movement squeezes lymph vessels.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Blood flow to brain increases with increase in mean systolic blood pressure.", "opb": "Body temperature increases", "opc": "Lymphatic flow from muscle decreases", "opd": "Blood flow to muscles increase after half a minute.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "23dabcd0-f855-49fb-bdb6-3478a318a50f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Human brain is more intelligent than monkey's brain due to", "exp": "Association areas, which are related to intelligence and higher functions, are about 85% of the human brain. These are smaller in other animals.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Larger brain", "opb": "Increased convulations", "opc": "Increased brain area compared to body surface area", "opd": "More blood supply", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f4325f54-36ac-4826-88ce-e85d13fd379c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The first reflex response to appear as spinal Shock wears off in humans is", "exp": "(B) Withdrawal reflex CENTERREFLEXESCerebral cortex* Conditional reflexes* Optical righting reflex* Placing reaction* Hooping reactionSpinal cord* Stretch reflexes* Positive supporting reaction* Negative supporting reactionMidbrain* Righting reflexes* Neck righting reflex* Labrynthine righting reflex* Body or head righting reflex* Body on body righting reflex* Locomotor reflexesMedulla* Tonic labrynthine reflex* Tonic neck reflexThalamus* Locomotor reflex", "cop": 2, "opa": "Tympanic reflex.", "opb": "Withdrawal reflex", "opc": "Neck righting reflex", "opd": "Labyrinthine reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "f5b491d8-436e-41d8-8d50-2b59c357541a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Difference in trajectory between inspiratory loop and the expiratory loop in the curve is due to", "exp": "Ans. (b) Difference in conc, of surfactant during inspiration and expiration(Ref - Boron, Medical physiology, 2nd ed p.634)Important points to be noted in compliance curve are:The curve has inspiratory and expiratory componentsNote that the inspiratory and expiratory compliance curves do not coincide. This difference is called hysteresisThe difference between the inflation and the deflation paths--hysteresis--exists because a greater transpulmonary pressure is required to open a previously closed airway, owing to a deficit of surfactant at the air-water interface, than to keep an open airway from closing, reflecting abundant surfactantCompliance is the slope DV/DPThe lung volume at any given pressure is greater during expiration than during inspirationCompliance is greatest at mid pressure range", "cop": 2, "opa": "Difference in alveolar pressure during inspiration and expiration", "opb": "Difference in conc, of surfactant during inspiration and expiration", "opc": "Difference in airway resistance during inspiration and expiration", "opd": "Inspiration is active and expiration is passive", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory System", "id": "1ee82d8f-afe4-4af9-b5b3-36c271947c51", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pulmonary wedge pressure is indirectly", "exp": "(A) Left atrial pressure # Pulmonary capillary pressure is about 10 mm Hg.> Whereas the oncotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, which keeps the alveoli free of fluid.> When pulmonary capillary pressure is more than 25 mm Hg - as it may be, for example, when there is \"backward failure\" of the left ventricle-pulmonary congestion and edema result.> Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or PCWP (also called the pulmonary wedge pressure or PWP, or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure or PAOP) is the pressure measured by wedging a pulmonary catheter with an inflated balloon into a small pulmonary arlerial branch.> Because of the large compliance of the pulmonary circulation, it provides an indirect measure of the left atrial pressure.> For example, it is considered the gold standard for determining the cause of acute pulmonary edema; this is likely to be present at a PCWP of >20mmHg.> It has also been used to diagnose severity of left ventricular failure and mitral stenosisCalculating PCWP is also important in diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Physiological pressure: 6-12 mm Hg.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Left atrial pressure", "opb": "Right atrial pressure", "opc": "Right ventricular pressure", "opd": "Left ventricular pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "530b0127-d800-499b-9db3-20a0af9c72e2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The major initiating response for peristalsis is", "exp": "The major initiating response for peristalsis is local stretching of the gut. Peristalsis is a reflex that is initiated when the gut wall is stretched by the contents of the lumen. It occurs in all pas of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum. The stretch initiates a circular contraction behind the stimulus and an area of relaxation in front of it. The wave of contraction then moves in an oral-to-caudal direction. This propels the contents of the lumen forward at rates that vary from 2 to 25 cm/s Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition Pgno: 485", "cop": 2, "opa": "Hormonal", "opb": "Local stretching of gut", "opc": "Neural", "opd": "Gastric acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "d3a11700-d0e9-48d6-a258-85567b37f5fa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pseudounipolar cells", "exp": "Ans. (d) Dorsal Root Ganglion(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.86)Pseudo unipolar neuron* Are variants of bipolar cells in which one ends goes to the spinal cord and the other end goes to peripheral skin* Example- Dorsal root ganglion cell", "cop": 4, "opa": "Sympathetic ganglia", "opb": "Parasympathetic", "opc": "Cranial nerve ganglion", "opd": "Dorsal Root Ganglion", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "7ec6d66d-efc1-4410-bb5d-40b35dffa490", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Buerger waves (alpha waves) of EEG have the rhythm per sec of", "exp": "Stages of sleep and rhythm\n-        Beta rhythm- Alert, awake, maximum concentration- 13-30Hz\n-        Alpha rhythm- Eyes closed, mind wandering, less attentiveness- 8-13Hz\n-        Theta rhythm- Stage 1 NREM- 4-7 Hz\n-        Sleep spindles, K complex- Stage 2 NREM\n-        Delta rhythm- Deep sleep (Stage 3 & 4 NREM)- 3-5 Hz\n-        Beta Rhythm and occasional alpha rhythm- REM", "cop": 3, "opa": "0-4", "opb": "7-Apr", "opc": "13-Aug", "opd": "13-30", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9e756e0b-9bf4-45a1-9bf4-976ba762f958", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cell motility is due to protein", "exp": "Microtubules contains globular proteins - α and β tubulin which helps in cell motility and intracellular transport.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Motilin", "opb": "Centromere", "opc": "Microtubule", "opd": "Microfilament", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "1a8982aa-bdd5-4258-ad3f-0f17785f4bd5", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Structure not passing through the esophageal hiatus", "exp": "the esophageal hiatus is an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus and the vagus nerve pass. It is located in the right crus, one of the two tendinous structures that connect the diaphragm to the spine. Fibers of the right crus cross one another below the hiatus Left Phrenic Nerve Passes anteriorly over the medial pa of the left subclan aery. ... Crosses the aoic arch and bypasses the vagus nerve. Coursesalong the pericardium of the leftventricle. Pierces and innervates the inferior surface of the diaphragm", "cop": 1, "opa": "Left phrenic nerve", "opb": "Left gastric aery", "opc": "Left vagus nerve", "opd": "Right vagus nerve", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "291fc9fb-2148-483b-89a3-0a7d9a609351", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood flow to skeletal muscles (ml/min)", "exp": "Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise Very strenuous exercise is one of the most stressful condi- tions that the normal circulatory system faces. This is true because there is such a large mass of skeletal muscle in the body, all of it requiring large amounts of blood flow. Also, the cardiac output often must increase in the nonathlete to four to five times normal, or in the well-trained ath- lete to six to seven times normal, to satisfy the metabolic needs of the exercising muscles. Rate of Blood Flow Through the Muscles During rest, blood flow through skeletal muscle averages 3 to 4ml/min/100g of muscle. During extreme exercise in the well-conditioned athlete, this can increase 25- to 50-fold, rising to 100 to 200ml/min/100g of muscle. Peak blood flows as high as 400ml/min/100g of muscle have been repoed in thigh muscles of endurance-trained athletes. Blood Flow During Muscle Contractions. Figure 21-1 shows a record of blood flow changes in a calf muscle of a human leg during strong rhythmical muscular exercise. Note that the flow increases and decreases with each muscle contraction. At the end of the contractions, the blood flow remains very high for a few seconds but then returns toward normal during the next few minutes. The cause of the lower flow during the muscle contrac- tion phase of exercise is compression of the blood vessels by the contracted muscle. During strong tetanic contrac- tion, which causes sustained compression of the blood vessels, the blood flow can be almost stopped, but this also causes rapid weakening of the contraction. Increased Blood Flow in Muscle Capillaries During Exercise. During rest, some muscle capillaries have little or no flowing blood. But during strenuous exercise, all the capillaries open. This opening of dormant capillaries diminishes the distance that oxygen and other nutrients must diffuse from the capillaries to the contracting muscle fibers and sometimes contributes a twofold to threefold increased capillary surface area through which oxygen and nutrients can diffuse from the blood to the tissues. Control of Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscles Local Regulation--Decreased Oxygen in Muscle Greatly Enhances Flow. The tremendous increase in muscle blood flow that occurs during skeletal muscle activity is caused mainly by chemicals acting directly on the muscle aerioles to cause dilation. One of the most impoant chemical effects is reduction of oxygen in the muscle tissues. When muscles are active they use oxygen rapidly, thereby decreasing the oxygen concentration in the tissue fluids. This in turn causes local aeriolar vaso- dilation because the aeriolar walls cannot maintain contraction in the absence of oxygen and because oxy- gen deficiency causes release of vasodilator substances. Adenosine may be an impoant vasodilator substance, but experiments have shown that even large amounts of adenosine infused directly into a muscle aery cannot increase blood flow to the same extent as during intense exercise and cannot sustain vasodilation in skeletal muscle for more than about 2 hours. Founately, even after the muscle blood vessels have become insensitive to the vasodilator effects of adeno- sine, still other vasodilator factors continue to maintain increased capillary blood flow as long as the exercise continues. These factors include (1) potassium ions, (2) adenosine triphosphate (ATP), (3) lactic acid, and (4) carbon dioxide. We still do not know quantitatively how great a role each of these plays in increasing muscle blood flow during muscle activity; this subject was dis- cussed in additional detail in Chapter 17. Nervous Control of Muscle Blood Flow. In addition to local tissue vasodilator mechanisms, skeletal muscles are provided with sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves and (in some species of animals) sympathetic vasodilator nerves as well. Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor Nerves. The sympa- thetic vasoconstrictor nerve fibers secrete norepineph- rine at their nerve endings. When maximally activated, this can decrease blood flow through resting muscles to as little as one-half to one-third normal. This vasocon- striction is of physiologic impoance in circulatory shock and during other periods of stress when it is necessary to maintain a normal or even high aerial pressure. In addition to the norepinephrine secreted at the sym- pathetic vasoconstrictor nerve endings, the medullae of the two adrenal glands also secrete large amounts of nor- epinephrine plus even more epinephrine into the circu- lating blood during strenuous exercise. The circulating norepinephrine acts on the muscle vessels to cause a vaso- constrictor effect similar to that caused by direct sympa- thetic nerve stimulation. The epinephrine, however, often has a slight vasodilator effect because epinephrine excites more of the beta-adrenergic receptors of the vessels, which are vasodilator receptors, in contrast to the alpha vasocon- strictor receptors excited especially by norepinephrine At rest, skeletal muscle blood flows may be 1-4 ml/min per 100g; maximal blood flows may reach 50-100 ml/min per 100g depending upon the muscle type. Therefore, blood flow can increase 20 to 50-fold with maximal vasodilation or <a style=\"color: ; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif;\" href=\" hyperemia</a> Totally800ml", "cop": 4, "opa": "100", "opb": "200", "opc": "400", "opd": "800", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "fc263636-3b17-4148-a2b1-8d3f6ceba90f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The primary form of coisol in the plasma is", "exp": "The majority of coisol is bound to a specific carrier protein, coicosteroid binding globulin (CBG), while smaller amounts are bound nonspecifically to albumin. Few, if any, coisol receptors would be expected in the plasma and transthyretin binds primarily thyroxine.Ref: Guyton; 13th edition", "cop": 4, "opa": "Bound to albumin", "opb": "Bound to transthyretin", "opc": "Free in solution", "opd": "Bound to coicosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "490d97e6-2d88-4eb0-8e9c-4faea8b39076", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased velocity of conduction in a nerve is oured by", "exp": "In unmyelinated fibers, electrical impulses (action potentials) travel as continuous waves, but, in myelinated fibers, they \"hop\" or propagate by saltatory conduction. ... Myelin decreases capacitance and increases electrical resistance across the axonal membrane (the axolemma) Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:57,58,59", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increased capacitance", "opb": "Decreased capacitance", "opc": "Increased resistance", "opd": "Increased velocity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3c29df3c-12ec-4f1f-ac5d-ce9d81ee2d4e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal range of serum osmolarity is", "exp": "Normal serum osmolarity ranges from 275 to 295 mOsm/L It is used to monitor hyponatremia,and other conditions Reference : guyton and hall12 Ed pg no: 45,46,47", "cop": 3, "opa": "350-375", "opb": "200-250", "opc": "270-285", "opd": "300-320", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "614e4caa-0d5d-4863-ba25-e2de60a1ec46", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 0.5 litre blood loss in 30 minutes will lead to", "exp": "B i.e. Slight increase in H.R, normal BPBlood loss of upto 20% of blood volume are normally tolerated by redistribution of blood flow, mediated by vasospasmQ.500m1 blood accounts for about 10% of total blood volume (5 litres)Blood loss<15%15-30%Q30-40%>40%BPNo changeNo changeReducedMarkedly reducedHea rateSlight Increase100-120 (slight)>120, weak>120, threadyRespiratory rateNormalIncreased>2020-30", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increase in HR, decrease in BP", "opb": "Slight increase in HR, normal BP", "opc": "Decrease in HR and BP", "opd": "Prominent increase in HR", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "745d66bc-f871-46b3-8968-00d78cb07b09", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Clathrin is used in", "exp": "Ans. (a) Receptor mediated endocytosisClathrin is involved in receptor mediated endocytosisClathrin is required for the endocytosis of LDL receptor cholesterol, transferrin bound iron, Nerve growth factor (Neurotrophins), hormones(insulin), epidermal growth factor", "cop": 1, "opa": "Receptor mediated endocytosis", "opb": "Exocytosis", "opc": "Cell to cell adhesion", "opd": "Plasma membrane", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "ebf76f26-7b2d-4d6a-9497-6e8162917e8a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Depth of inspiration controlled by", "exp": "The pneumotaxic center, also known as the pontine respiratory group (PRG), is a network of neurons in the rostral dorsal lateral pons. It consists of the subparabrachial nucleus and the medial parabrachial nucleus. It is considered an antagonist to the apneustic center, which produces abnormal breathing during inhalation. It limits inspiration. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 370,371,372", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pneumotaxic center", "opb": "Posterior medulla", "opc": "Apneustic center", "opd": "Pons", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "733352bf-5f6f-4882-b48c-2201a8a0f1ac", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Regulation of coronary circulation", "exp": "Ans. (b) AutoregulatoryRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.612AutoregulationIt is the capacity of the tissue to regulate their blood flow - intrinsic basal myogenic toneLocal Metabolism is the primary controller of coronary flow - O2 demand is a major factorThis mechanism works well even when the nerves are removed", "cop": 2, "opa": "Autonomic", "opb": "Autoregulatory", "opc": "Hormonal", "opd": "Sympathetic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "bfb5fab7-0de0-4f99-bd65-de33dbbff995", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a foetus, the insulin secretion begins by", "exp": "Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides. In mammals, insulin is synthesized in the pancreas within the b-cells of the islets of Langerhans. One million to three million islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) form the endocrine pa of the pancreas, which is primarily an exocrine gland. The endocrine poion accounts for only 2% of the total mass of the pancreas. Within the islets of Langerhans, beta cells constitute 65-80% of all the cellsRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no-432", "cop": 1, "opa": "3rd month", "opb": "5th month", "opc": "7th month", "opd": "9th month", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "b4727e84-714f-4da6-864e-eff85cef7c9d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mass movement of the colon would be abolished by", "exp": "Mass movements are special type of peristaltic contractions which are observed in colon only. A mass movement can be initiated by Gastrocolic reflex Intense stimulation of parasympathetic nerves Overdistension of a segment of colon Gastrocolic reflex refers to contraction of colon induced by entry of food into the stomach. This reflex results in an urge to defecate after a meal. Gastrocolic reflexes results from distension of stomach & duodenum & these are transmitted by way of autonomic nervous system. Trypanosoma cruzi, a species of parasitic euglenoid protozoan causes destruction of Auerbach&;s plexus in walls of colon which leads to the blockage of both the peristalsis & mass contractions. Therefore, the feces pass with difficulty & get accumulated in large intestine leading to dilatation of colon (megacolon). Reference: Medical Physiology, Indu Khurana", "cop": 4, "opa": "Extrinsic denervation", "opb": "Distension of the colon", "opc": "Gastrocolic reflex", "opd": "Destruction of auerbach's plexus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "b58182b5-368e-4797-a9ca-7ec95c655e9a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hydroxyethyl starch is a", "exp": "C i.e. Plasma expander Plasma expanders are high molecular weight substances which exe colloidal osmotic pressure and when infused intravenously retain fluid in the vascular compament.Substances em lo ed as Plasma expanders include Human albuminDextran QHydroxyethyl starch (Hetastarch) QDegraded gelatin polymerPolyvinyl pyrrolidane", "cop": 3, "opa": "Vasodilator", "opb": "Inotrope", "opc": "Plasma expander", "opd": "Diuretic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e1fef2eb-9276-4e6d-b9c0-03211cbdf6de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bradykinin causes", "exp": "They cause contraction of visceral smooth muscle, but they relax vascular smooth muscle NO, lowering blood pressure. Bradykinin is a potent vasodilator. (Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology 23rd Edition page no.566)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stimulation of the visceral smooth muscle", "opb": "Stimulation of the vascular smooth muscle", "opc": "Inhibition of the visceral smooth muscIe", "opd": "Inhibition of the vascular smooth muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "2fb000b6-cef4-41d7-bb89-b335fccec16f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hypocalcemia due to calcitonin is by", "exp": "Calcitonin lowers circulating calcium and phosphate levels. It exes its calcium-lowering effect by inhibiting bone resorption. This action is direct, and calcitonin inhibits the activity of osteoclasts in vitro. It also increases Ca2+ excretion in the urine. More hormone is secreted in young individuals, and it may play a role in skeletal development. In addition, it may protect the bones of the mother from excess calcium loss during pregnancy. Bone formation in the infant and lactation are major drains on Ca2+ stores, and plasma concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol are elevated in pregnancy. They would cause bone loss in the mother if bone resorption were not simultaneously inhibited by an increase in the plasma calcitonin level.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased excretion in kidney", "opb": "Decreased bone resorption", "opc": "Decreased intestinal reabsorption", "opd": "Decreased renal reabsorption", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "a474364f-70e6-478c-b118-1c6aa97ee913", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Duration of second hea sound is", "exp": "The second sound lasts about 0.12 s, with a frequency of 50 Hz. It is loud and sharp when the diastolic pressure in the aoa or pulmonary aery is elevated, causing the respective valves to shut briskly at the end of systole.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 542", "cop": 1, "opa": "0.12 Sec", "opb": "0.1 Sec", "opc": "0.15 Sec", "opd": "0.2 Sec", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "50ddfe98-d1bf-4d29-b5c0-8b5bc06b0377", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Ascending pain pathway is inhibited in dorsal midbrain by", "exp": "The cell bodies of serotonin containing neurons are localized in the raphe nuclei of midbrain and brainstem. ... Serotonin therefore acts descending pathway to modulate spinal pain signals Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:699,700,701", "cop": 1, "opa": "5-HT (serotonin)", "opb": "Noradrenaline 1", "opc": "Substance P", "opd": "Glutamate", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "7f71f66b-70c1-4291-ad5f-79874df594b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of basal ganglia", "exp": "Neurons in the basal ganglia, like those in the lateral poions of the cerebellar hemispheres, discharge before movements begin. This observation, plus careful analysis of the effects of diseases of the basal ganglion in humans and the effects of drugs that destroy dopaminergic neurons in animals, have led to the idea that the basal ganglia are involved in the planning and programming of movement or, more broadly, in the processes by which an abstract thought is conveed into voluntary action. They influence the motor coex the thalamus, and the coicospinal pathways provide the final common pathway to motor neurons.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition", "cop": 2, "opa": "Temperature regulation", "opb": "Planning & programming of movement", "opc": "Gross motor activity", "opd": "Equilibrium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "c0cfc1fc-cef4-47b1-bb6c-64ca395cd3d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Action of ADH", "exp": "Ans. (b) Reabsorption of water in DCT(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.696)ADH facilitates water resorption by acting in DCT and collecting tubules", "cop": 2, "opa": "Reabsorption of Na+ in DCT", "opb": "Reabsorption of water in DCT", "opc": "Reabsorption of Glucose in DCT", "opd": "Reabsorption of HCO3 in DCT", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Kidneys and Body Fluids", "id": "d7ea792d-41d0-42ca-a146-52d499cbe210", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum postprandial motility is seen in", "exp": "Nonpropagating colonic motor activity increased in all colonic segments immediately after eating the meal (p less than 0.05). The increase in motility was significantly greater in the descending colon than in the transverse and sigmoid colon (p less than 0.05). In one-half of the subjects propagating contractions occurred postprandially. The movement of the intraluminal tracer occurred during both types of motility. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:442,443,444", "cop": 3, "opa": "Ascending colon", "opb": "Transverse colon", "opc": "Descending colon", "opd": "Sigmoid colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "86d03d19-39d3-4ada-bd2e-0edbbb9ee168", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to right in", "exp": "ODC shifted to right in anemia. Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 610 The causes of shift to right can be remembered using the mnemonic, \"CADET, face Right!\" for CO2, Acid, 2,3-DPG, Exercise and Temperature. Ref: wikipedia", "cop": 3, "opa": "Hyperkalemia", "opb": "Hypokalemia", "opc": "Anemia", "opd": "Metabalic alkalosis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "db4e04f6-7272-4290-8057-0fcc841d1002", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Roots valves of deep tendon reflexes", "exp": "Deep tendon reflex also usually refers to this sense. A deep tendon reflex is often associated with muscle stretching. Tendon reflex tests are used to determine the integrity of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system, and they can be used to determine the presence of a neuromuscular disease. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 775,776,777", "cop": 1, "opa": "Biceps jerk C5, C6", "opb": "Supinator jerk C7", "opc": "Triceps Jerk C8", "opd": "Ankle jerk L4, L5", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "dde23441-b4ff-4a85-8a3a-c1d03b7d672b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sperms acquirs motility in", "exp": "(Epididymus) (424- Gcmong22nd) (421- K.S 4th)(404- Ganong 23rd)Maturation of sperm in the Epididvmus* Sperm removal from the seminiferous tubules and from the early portions of the epididymis are non motile and they cannot fertilize an ovum. However, after the sperm have been in the epididymus for some 18 to 24 hours , they develop the capability of motility* After ejaculation, the sperm become motile and they become capable of fertilizing of ovum, a process called maturation* Capacitance of sperm is attained in - Fallopian tube**", "cop": 2, "opa": "Testis", "opb": "Epididymus", "opc": "Vas deferences", "opd": "Seminal vesicles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology and Reproduction", "id": "c2635c12-fb2e-4260-b2b4-ff1c0d8818aa", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Major regulator of interdigestive myoelectric complexes", "exp": "C i.e. Motilin - Glucagon derivative GLP- 1 (7-36) amide (most potent) > gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) also known as glucose -dependent insulinotropic polypeptide >> gastrin, CCK, secretin and glucagon stimulates insulin secretionQ. But only GLP-1 (7-36) amide & GIP stimulate insulin secretion when adminstered in dose that produce blood levels comparable to those produced by oral glucose. - Motolin is secreted by entero chromaffin cells & M0 cells in stomach, small intestine and colon during fasting. It is released cyclically (so 1' ed levels) at intervals of 90- 100 minutes in a fasted person which stimulates waves of gastrointestinal motality called myoelectric interdigestive cmplexes (MIC). Erythromycin binds to motolin receptors so its derivatives may be of value in treating decreased intestinal motality. - Neurotensin is produced by neurons & cells of ileum. Its release is stimulated by fatty acid and it increases ileal blood flow and inhibits gastro intestinal motality. - GIP is produced by K cells in mucosa of duodenum & jejunum. Its secretion is stimulated by glucose & fatQ in duodenum. It is named so because in large doses it inhibits gastric secretion & motality. However in small dose (that are seen after meal) it does not have significant gastric inhibitory activity.", "cop": 3, "opa": "VIP", "opb": "GIP", "opc": "Motilin", "opd": "Neurotensin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "ebb4bdd5-9a87-4d08-982b-085b0f35a971", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Function of basal ganglia include", "exp": "Basal ganglia are involved in planning and programming of movement or more broadly in the process by which an abstract thought is conveed into voluntary action which is required for skilled movements. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:251", "cop": 2, "opa": "Emotions", "opb": "Skilled movements", "opc": "Coordination of movements", "opd": "Maintenance of equilibrium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "e193eac4-5b77-40ed-a407-30e22e5e1d9c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tubuloglomerular feedback occurs in", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "ADH secretion in collecting duct", "opb": "Constant solute load on distal tubule", "opc": "Macula densa", "opd": "Balance between ascending and descending loop of henle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a0fe9980-e95e-44df-b2e4-1f9ba009ac16", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cutaneous vasoconstriction is mediated by", "exp": "Sympathetic noradrenergic division constricts the blood vessels of the skin(which limits bleeding from wounds). Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 268.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sympathetic adrenergic nerves", "opb": "Sympathetic cholinergic nerves", "opc": "Parasympathetic cholinergics", "opd": "Somatic nerves", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "bc773b1e-d4ae-4158-b46b-f6ff607365de", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Equlilibrium potential of resting membrane for a given electrolyte is given by", "exp": "Nernst equation gives equilibrium potential for a paicular ion Goldman equation gives equilibrium potential for more than 1 ion Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:58,59,60", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nernst", "opb": "Goldman", "opc": "Faraday", "opd": "Donnan-Gibbs", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "841104c2-078f-4d98-994c-c86894033b31", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "For a sensory nerve fiber that is connected to a Pacinian corpuscle located on palmar surface of the right hand, the synaptic connection with the subsequent neuron in the corresponding sensory pathway is located in", "exp": "The Pacinian corpuscle transmits a modality of sensation (vibration) that is transmitted in the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system. The first synaptic connection in this sensory pathway is in the dorsal column nuclei on the ipsilateral side of the body", "cop": 1, "opa": "The right dorsal column nucleus", "opb": "The left dorsal column nucleus", "opc": "The dorsal horn of the right side of the spinal cord", "opd": "The dorsal horn of the left side of the spinal cord", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Sensory System", "id": "3907eae5-1b5a-4224-a3aa-e30479b50545", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Broca's area is presents in", "exp": "Both Wernicke&;s area and Broca&;s area are in the superior temporal gyrus earlier is in the end of superior temporal gyrus while the latter is at the beginning. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:297", "cop": 1, "opa": "Superior temporal gyrus", "opb": "Precentral gyrus", "opc": "Post central gyrus", "opd": "Inferior frontal gyrus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "3f447250-f696-4240-ab95-5c35949a9910", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The low pressure receptors are", "exp": "The low-pressure receptors are stimulated by atrial systole and diastole.. The low-pressure receptors are those in the great veins, right and left atria and pulmonary vessels. Atrial stretch receptors are of two types: Type A: discharge primarily during atrial systole . Type B: discharge primarily during late diastole. Distension of the atrial walls - stimulation of atrial receptors - vasodilatation, fall in BP and increased hea rate. Ref: Ganong review of Medical Physiology 26th edition Pgno: 577,578", "cop": 2, "opa": "Affected by cardiac output", "opb": "Stimulated by atrial systole and diastole", "opc": "Stimuation by left ventricular contraction", "opd": "Stimulated by aoic pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "3ac6cd01-0ef8-45d1-b607-8ea70eb0e86a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum absorption of bicarbonate occurs at", "exp": "About 67% of filtered, sodium, water, potassium, urea, 80% of filtered phosphate and bicarbonate, 100% of filtered glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed in PCT Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 679", "cop": 1, "opa": "PCT", "opb": "DCT", "opc": "CT", "opd": "ALH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "78685ba7-1dbf-4091-ad93-e8e24e9a53c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pressure volume loop is shifted to left side in", "exp": "Ans. (c) Aortic stenosis(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.540)In aortic stenosis,PV loop is shifted to left sideVentricular systolic pressure increases to overcome the stenosisThere is increase in End systolic volumeStroke volume decreases", "cop": 3, "opa": "Aortic regurgitation", "opb": "Mitral regurgitation", "opc": "Aortic stenosis", "opd": "Congestive cardiac failure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "7630c720-7e2b-47a5-bb18-6735d984008a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Routine spirometry can't estimatea)  FRCb)  VCc)  RVd)  ERVe)  FEV1", "exp": "Direct measurement can be done by Spirometry for\n-        TV, IRV, ERV, VC, Forced vital capacity, FEV1\nDirect measurement by spirometry cannot be done for\n \n-        RV, FRC, TLC", "cop": 4, "opa": "a", "opb": "bc", "opc": "ad", "opd": "ac", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c64c814f-65c9-463c-8347-019930f801ae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stimulation of the nerves of the pelvic parasympathetic plexus results in", "exp": "(A) Penile erection # PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES or NERVI ERIGENTES are splanchnic nerves that arise from sacral spinal nerves S2, S3, S4 to provide parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut.> Structure: The pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from the ventral rami of the S2-S4 and enter the sacral plexus. They travel to their side's corresponding inferior hypogastric plexus, located bilaterally on the walls of the rectum. From there, they contribute to the innervation of the pelvic and genital organs. The nerves regulate the emptying of the urinary bladder and the rectum as well as sexual functions like erection. They contain both preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as well as visceral afferent fibers. The parasympathetic nervous system is referred to as the craniosacral outflow; the pelvic splanchnic nerves are the sacral component. They are in the same region as the sacral splanchnic nerves, which arise from the sympathetic trunk and provide sympathetic efferent fibers. The proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon, and the rest of the proximal gastrointestinal tract is supplied its parasympathetic fibers by the vagus nerve. In the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, and through the sigmoid and rectum, the pelvic splanchnic nerves take over.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Penile erection", "opb": "Constriction of the internal urethral sphincter", "opc": "Vasoconstriction", "opd": "Contraction of the genital smooth muscle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "0e8b4ca3-c22a-4ea1-a94f-4ecad47c2c23", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The immediate response of J receptor stimulation is", "exp": "The immediate reflex response of J receptor stimulation is apnea. It is followed by rapid breathing, bradycardia, and hypotension. Juxtacapillary receptors are the C fiber endings located close to the pulmonary vessels in the alveolar interstitium. They are not invloved in quiet or normal respiration,. They are stimulated by Hyperinflation of the lung Intravenous or intracardiac administration of chemicals like capsaicin P. Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology 26th edition Pgno: 642", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tachycardia", "opb": "Hypeension", "opc": "Tachypnoea", "opd": "Apnoea", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "9f788029-b6f7-4186-b2f0-30ed1d82d387", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Breast feeding often", "exp": "Prolactin a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the growth of breast tissue and stimulates and sustains milk production in postpaum mammals, and shows luteotropic activity in ceain mammals. Called also lactogenic hormone and mammotropin.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-416", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stimulates FSH", "opb": "Stimulates LH", "opc": "Stimulates prolactin initiation", "opd": "Stop suppression of FSH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "6099df03-6e77-4d06-9ae9-3f03277ccc43", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Symbol 'X' denotes", "exp": ".An \"O\" often is used to represent responses for the right ear and an \"X\" is used to represent responses for the left ear. A key on the audiogram, similar to one found on a map, identifies what the different symbols mean Hence, indicates air conduction test for left year Ref physiology textbook A. K Jain.. 3e", "cop": 3, "opa": "Air conduction threshold for right ear", "opb": "Bone conduction threshold for right ear", "opc": "Air conduction threshold for left ear", "opd": "Bone conduction threshold for left ear", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "f05ed9e7-9409-42ee-aeb0-b78a36892ff7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The genotype of blood group A would be", "exp": "The genotype for a blood group can be AA OR AO blood groups are three genes Ia,Ib,Io Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:155,156,157", "cop": 2, "opa": "AB", "opb": "AO", "opc": "OO", "opd": "BO", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "d0807356-22e2-40d4-a05f-e778d3980b61", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Erythropoietin is secreted from", "exp": "In adults, about 85% of the erythropoietin comes from the kidneys and 15% from the liver. Both these organs contain the mRNA for erythropoietin. Erythropoietin can also be extracted from the spleen and salivary glands, but these tissues do not contain the mRNA and consequently do not appear to manufacture the hormone. When renal mass is reduced in adults by renal disease or nephrectomy, the liver cannot compensate and anemia develops. Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial cells in the peritubular capillary bed of the kidneys and by perivenous hepatocytes in the liver. It is also produced in the brain, where it exes a protective effect against excitotoxic damage triggered by hypoxia; and in the uterus and oviducts, where it is induced by estrogen and appears to mediate estrogen-dependent angiogenesis. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology,23rd edition, page: 677", "cop": 3, "opa": "Juxtraglomerular cells", "opb": "Macula densa", "opc": "Intersititial cells", "opd": "Glomerulus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "8195d262-6715-4583-8c30-62f21a4bee9b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Most potent pain producing neurotransmitter", "exp": "Algogens are pain producing substances and Bradykinin is the most potent algogen Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:698,699,700", "cop": 3, "opa": "Acetylcholine", "opb": "Substance P", "opc": "Bradykinin", "opd": "Histamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "8525183a-c5b4-44ce-be5f-791b1d7e0fde", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Rennin is present in", "exp": "Rennin is present in the Gastric juice whereas Renin is related to kidney. Ref: Ganong's review of medical physiology; 24th edition", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gastric juice", "opb": "Liver", "opc": "Kidney", "opd": "Lung", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "e279ea07-1481-4561-a58e-427660730dd4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Acidophils secrete", "exp": "Acidophils are one of the hormone-producing acidophilic cells of the adenohypophysis; types include coicotrophs, lactotrophs, lipotrophs, and somatotrophs. Called also alpha cell. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:550,551,552", "cop": 1, "opa": "GH", "opb": "TSH", "opc": "ACTH", "opd": "FSH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "075f95ff-a77c-4bf7-a041-fe4e5afc1c79", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Two important byproducts of HMP shunt are", "exp": "The HMP shunt pathway has oxidative and non-oxidative phases. During the oxidative phase, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized with the generation of 2 molecules of NADPH, and one molecule of pentose phosphate, with the liberation of one molecule of CO2. During the non-oxidative phase, the pentose phosphates are converted to intermediates of glycolysis.", "cop": 2, "opa": "NADH and pentose sugars", "opb": "NADPH and pentose sugars", "opc": "Pentose sugars and 4 membered sugars", "opd": "Pentose sugars and sedoheptulose", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "9296ef51-d6c4-4fb5-b5d6-f3612b0a07a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ECF volume is best evaluated by", "exp": "ECF volume is measured by inulin which is a polysaccharide.(Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.61)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Mannitol", "opb": "Inulin", "opc": "D2O", "opd": "Evan's blue", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "6177f00c-1762-45be-b880-e2a53aafc43e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myentric plexus and meissner plexus respectively controls", "exp": "Myentric / auerbachs plexus control motility.\nMeissner / submucosal plexues control secretion.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Motility, Absorption", "opb": "Motility, Secretion", "opc": "Absorption, Secretion", "opd": "Secretion, Absorption", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "88d2abc9-4f6d-49a0-bc3f-e75cbfe2c5f8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Nissil's granules contains", "exp": "Nissil's granules contains rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes", "cop": 4, "opa": "Mitochondria", "opb": "Golgi bodies", "opc": "Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Ribosomes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e9cfaedd-65dd-457e-8ec1-7fa7c6d0f1c8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Under physiological conditions heat acclimatization is accomplished WE.", "exp": "B i.e. Increased urine sodium", "cop": 2, "opa": "Decreased Renal Blood Flow", "opb": "Increased urine sodium", "opc": "Increased aldosterone secreti on", "opd": "Excessive sweating", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "acb140c1-e12c-4d68-b09d-20157a1cc7b0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Delay in blood coagulation results from", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Human thrombin", "opb": "Heparin", "opc": "Ferric chloride", "opd": "Vit-K", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "127fe303-6466-42b5-a170-bbd199c53e48", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Key regulators of sleep are located in", "exp": "Sleep is regulated by two parallel mechanisms, homeostatic regulation, and circadian regulation, controlled by the hypothalamus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), respectivelyr Ref:guyton hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:711,712,713", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypothalamus", "opb": "Thalamus", "opc": "Putamen", "opd": "Limbic coex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "73f07979-06a0-486e-8cfa-512db1e3ae58", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Events occurring in the past one week is an example of", "exp": "recent memory is the ability to remember information from days hours minutes ago ref:Ganong's review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no; 290", "cop": 1, "opa": "Recent memory", "opb": "Remote memory", "opc": "Working memory", "opd": "Delayed memory", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "b7a413bf-d8ae-4f35-9361-69f56054f05b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mechanism of action of Nitric oxide is through", "exp": "Nitric oxide is formed from Arginine, released from endothelial cells and acts through cGMP to cause vasodilation.", "cop": 1, "opa": "cGMP", "opb": "cAMP", "opc": "Ca++", "opd": "Tyrosine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4604a06d-0e4b-4ebc-baad-ffd08b0aae4b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Visible range of electromagnetic spectrum of human eye", "exp": "Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths approx. 400nm to 700nm, elicits a retinal response in human eye.", "cop": 1, "opa": "370 - 740 nm", "opb": "740- 1140 nm", "opc": "200 - 370 nm", "opd": "200 - 370 nm", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "59332a64-0ef2-409e-b7e1-bc6295509b74", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Melanopsin is present in", "exp": "Ganglion cells that mediate pupillary constriction and circadian rhythms are light sensitive, owing to a novel visual pigment, melanopsin.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cones", "opb": "Rods", "opc": "Amacrine cell", "opd": "Ganglion cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "39331263-721c-4bf4-9aa5-bfd76680df5b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cephalic phase of gastric secretion is mediated by", "exp": "The cephalic phase of gastric secretion occurs even before food enters the stomach, especially while it is being eaten. It results from the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food, and the greater the appetite, the more intense is the stimulation. Neurogenic signals that cause the cephalic phase of gastric secretion originate from the cerebral coex and in the appetite centers of the amygdala and hypothalamus. They are transmitted through the dorsal motor nuclei of the vagi and then through the vagus nerve to the stomach. This phase of secretion normally accounts for about 20 percent of the gastric secretion associated with eating a meal.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 432", "cop": 1, "opa": "Parasympathetic system", "opb": "Sympathetic systme", "opc": "Gastrin", "opd": "Local reflexes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "c3375cb9-803c-42a6-bf0a-2ae9acf3cf4a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Anterior pituitary secretes", "exp": "(C) FSH # Pituitary gland divided into anterior and posterior:> From Anterior lobe: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, Prolactin, B-Lipotropin> From Intermediate lobe: Melanocyte stimulating hormone> From Posterior Lobe: Vasopressin, Oxytocin", "cop": 3, "opa": "ADH", "opb": "Oxytocin", "opc": "FSH", "opd": "GnRH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "e12aa35f-0b5b-4cbc-9b81-f949fe8cbb22", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inverse myostatic reflex", "exp": "(B) requires influence of supraspinal fibres to be activated > The Golgi tendon reflex is a normal component of the reflex arc of the peripheral nervous system. In a Golgi tendon reflex, skeletal muscle contraction causes the antagonist muscle to simultaneously lengthen and relax.> This reflex is also called the inverse myotatic reflex, because it is the inverse of the stretch reflex. Though muscle tension is in- creasing during the contraction, alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord supplying the muscle are inhibited.> However, antagonistic muscles are activated.The receptor for the inverse stretch reflex is in the Golgi tendon organ (Figure 9-5).> This organ consists of a netlike collection of knobby nerve endings among the fascicles of a tendon. There are 3-25 muscle fibers per tendon organ.> The fibers from the Golgi tendon organs make up the lb group of myelinated, rapidly conducting sensory nerve fibers.> Stimulation of these lb fibers leads to the production of IPSPs on the motor neurons that supply the muscle from which the fibers arise.> The lb fibers end in the spinal cord on inhibitory interneurons that in turn terminate directly on the motor neurons.> They also make excitatory connections with motor neurons supplying antagonists to the muscle.", "cop": 2, "opa": "is a monosynaptic reflex", "opb": "requires influence of supraspinal fibres to be activated", "opc": "is a disynaptic reflex", "opd": "has a lower threshold than the stretch reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "a3c5bc08-93fc-425c-968c-6df935b9f989", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A factor favouring the transport across a cell membrane", "exp": "• Simple diffusion refers to the diffusion of the molecule across the membrane following a concentration gradient or chemical gradient, but without the help of any carrier protein.\n• The rate of diffusion depends on the following factors : -\nA) The rate of diffusion is directly proportionate\ni) The concentration (chemical) gradient\nii) The cross-sectional area of the membrane through which diffusion takes place\niii) Lipid solubility of the substance\nB) The rate of diffusion is inversely proportionate \ni) The thickness of the diffusion membrane\nii) Size of the particle\niii) Charge or polarity of the substance\n• So, simple diffusion is favoured by small size, lipid solubility and absence of polarity (non-polar substance) and charge (neutral molecule) through a thin, large membrane where the concentration gradient is more.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Polar substance", "opb": "High concentration gradient", "opc": "Thick membrane", "opd": "Big particle size", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "91f78a66-c0a0-4cc2-a98f-2da21e6576a4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac output is decreased by", "exp": "The amount of blood pumped out of the hea per beat is the stroke volume, is about 70 mL.The output of the hea per unit of time is the cardiac output cardiac output = stroke voume*hea rate Therefore decrease in hea rate decrease cardiac outputIncrease in either of hea rate or stroke volume or both increase cardiac outputRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:514", "cop": 2, "opa": "Increased Hea rate", "opb": "Decreased Hea rate", "opc": "Increased stroke volume", "opd": "Increased strength of contraction", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "a1ba7116-bb68-460d-b6b2-d6e3aa78a66a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Absolute refractory period is due to", "exp": "Ans. (d) Closure of inactive gates of sodium channel(Ref: BRS physiology, Costanzo, 5th ed/p.11)Absolute refractory period:Corresponding to the period from the time the firing level is reached until repolarization is about one-third complete.No stimulus, no matter how strong, will not excite the nerve during absolute refractory periodCause - inactivation gates of the Na+ channel are closed when the membrane potential is depolarized. They remain closed until repolarization occurs. No action potential can occur, until the inactivation gates open.Relative refractory period:Begins from the remaining part of repolarization to the end of action potentialStronger than normal stimulus(suprathreshold stimulus) produces action potential in relative refractory periodCause: The K+ conductance is higher than at rest, and the membrane potential is closer to the K+ equilibrium potential and farther from threshold; therefore, more inward current is required to bring the membrane to threshold", "cop": 4, "opa": "Opening of calcium channels", "opb": "Closure of potassium channels", "opc": "Closure of active gates of sodium channel", "opd": "Closure of inactive gates of sodium channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "e6e3ed51-007e-426a-8653-8548d42171d6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Meissner's corpuscle are for", "exp": "Touch receptors\n-        For superficial touch- Meissner’s corpuscles & Merkel’s disc (Rapidly adapting)\n-        For pressure (Deep touch)- Ruffini’s end organ (slowly adapting)\n-        For vibrations- Pacinian corpuscle (rapidly adapting)", "cop": 1, "opa": "Touch", "opb": "Temperature", "opc": "Pressure", "opd": "Proprioception", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "35385bc7-8756-4065-bf5b-cfccb303d69d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Middle ear deafness can be tested by", "exp": null, "cop": 4, "opa": "Babinsky test", "opb": "Chvostek test", "opc": "Finger-nose test", "opd": "Weber's test", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b9cd8af8-420f-4db1-845f-71476249a4e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "ATPase activity is present in", "exp": "Ans. a (Myosin head); (Ref: Ganong, Physiology, 21st ed., 84; Harper 27th ed. Table 48-3.)* FEATURES OF MYOSIN HEAD# Two heavy and four light chains# Cross-bridges and hinges# ATPase activity (It is greater in type II/fast-twitch fibres than in type I/slow-twitch fibres).* Tropomyosin lies on top of active site of actin so that attraction cannot occur between actin & myosin at rest.*Troponin C has strong affinity for Ca*+ and it initiates contraction. SKELETAL MUSCLECARDIAC MUSCLESMOOTH MUSCLE1. Striated.1. Striated.1. Nonstriated.2. No syncytium.2. Syncytial.2. Syncytial.3. Small T tubules.3. Large T tubules.3. Generally rudimentary T tubules.4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum well developed and Ca2+ pump acts rapidly.4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum present and Ca2+ pump acts relatively rapidly.4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum often rudimentary and Ca2+ pump acts slowly.5. Plasmalemma lacks many hormone receptors.5. Plasmalemma contains a variety of receptors.5. Plasmalemma contains a variety of receptors.6. Nerve impulse initiates contraction.6. Has intrinsic rhythmicity.6. Contraction initiated by nerve impulses, hormones, etc.7. Extracellular fluid Ca2+ not important for contraction.7. Extracellular fluid Ca2+ important for contraction.7. Extracellular fluid Ca2+ important for contraction.8. Troponin system present.8. Troponin system present.8. Lacks troponin system; uses regulatory head of myosin.9. Caldesmon not involved.9. Caldesmon not involved.9. Caldesmon is important regulatory protein.10.Very rapid cycling of the cross-bridges.10.Relatively rapid cycling of the cross-bridges.10.Slow cycling of the cross-bridges permits slow, prolonged contraction and less utilization of ATP.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Myosin head", "opb": "Actin", "opc": "Troponin", "opd": "Tropomyosin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "b62ac369-3211-484c-ad4b-0d03aeadc611", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Mean cerebral blood flow is", "exp": "The average cerebral blood flow in young adults is 54 mL/100 g/min. The average adult brain weighs about 1400 g, so the flow for the whole brain is about 756 mL/min.Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty-Third Edition", "cop": 3, "opa": "1500 ml/min", "opb": "2000 ml/min", "opc": "756 ml/min", "opd": "250 ml/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9a2a974e-8ad0-4d16-b7f3-f6b2adfde612", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Renshaw inhibition", "exp": "The feedback inhibition, also known as Renshaw cell inhibition, is known to occur in spinal alpha motor neurons through an inhibitory inter-neuron. In feedback inhibition, a neuron inhibits that very neuron (s) that excite it. In this way, firing of an action potential by a motor neuron of the spinal cord is followed by a phase of hyperpolarization (inhibition) of not only the same motor neuron but also many others in the neighborhood. The feedback inhibition is thus basically a post-synaptic inhibition but is classified separately because the inhibitor Renshaw cells are activated by collateral of the ventral horn cell rather an afferent neuron. This type of feedback inhibition is also seen in other pas of CNS as well. It serves to limit the excitability of the motor neurons. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 677,678,679", "cop": 4, "opa": "Feedback facilitation", "opb": "Feed forward inhibition", "opc": "Feed forward facilitation", "opd": "Feedback inhibition", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "0d6d8296-aef0-4eed-9297-01ef78d699ae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bronchial circulation is associated with", "exp": null, "cop": 1, "opa": "Air conditioning", "opb": "Drug absorption", "opc": "Gaseous exchange", "opd": "Reserve volume", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "f96e861f-79b1-46b1-8194-1028e2d79cf4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The stomach motility is inhibited by", "exp": "The physiologic function of the dopamine in the circulation is unknown. However, injected dopamine produces renal vasodilation, probably by acting on a specific dopaminergic receptor. It also produces vasodilation in the mesentery. Elsewhere, it produces vasoconstriction, probably by releasing norepinephrine, and it has a positive inotropic effect on the hea by an action on b 1 -adrenergic receptors. The net effect of moderate doses of dopamine is an increase in systolic pressure and no change in diastolic pressure. Because of these actions, dopamine is useful in the treatment of traumatic and cardiogenic shock (see Chapter 33). Dopamine is made in the renal coex. It causes natriuresis and may exe this effect by inhibiting renal Na+-K+ ATPase.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 342", "cop": 4, "opa": "Histamine", "opb": "Angiotensin", "opc": "Acetylcholine", "opd": "Dopamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "0fa0a6b3-c9df-482c-a784-86c5d45334bd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Pancreatic lipase that digests lipids require", "exp": "Colipase, abbreted CLPS, is a protein co-enzyme required for optimal enzyme activity of pancreatic lipase. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, procolipase, which is activated in the intestinal lumen by trypsin Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:437,438,439", "cop": 4, "opa": "Vitamin B12", "opb": "Pyridoxine", "opc": "Tocopherol", "opd": "Colipase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "3a014824-cdf7-4877-aea7-7bafb9d9c3a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Gatekeeper of the hea is", "exp": "The atrioventricular (AV) node is the \"gatekeeper\" between the atria and the ventricles and is located at the AV junction on the right side of the hea (Figure 1A). The primary role of the node is to conduct the action potential from the atria to the ventricles. However, the AV node also acts as a backup pacemaker in the case of failure of the sinus node and stops arrhythmias in the atria, such as atrial fibrillation, from being conducted into the ventricles at dangerously high rates. Atrial conductive system is organised so that the cardiac impulse do not travel frim atria to ventricle too rapidly. This delay allows time for the atria to empty their blood into ventricle before ventricular contravtion begins .", "cop": 2, "opa": "SA node", "opb": "AV node", "opc": "Purkinje fibers", "opd": "Bundle of His", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "321b973a-dec3-496a-b41a-e29d3f7232a1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CSF pressure (lumbar)", "exp": "5-15mmHg OR 65- 200 mm CSF/water", "cop": 1, "opa": "70 - 180 mm CSF", "opb": "50 - 100 mm CSF", "opc": "> 200 mm CSF", "opd": "150 - 200 mm CSF", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "5e381745-2e0e-4619-8c55-fa9f31e6fbf3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myosin and actin filaments are kept in place by", "exp": "Titin keeps actin and myosin in place It povides elasticity It is present in skeletal and cardic muscles Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition ,pag number:85,86,87", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tropomyosin", "opb": "Troponin", "opc": "Actinin", "opd": "Titin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "9a6c10ee-3302-4325-95b1-f1fdaeee9e27", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Kluver Bucy syndrome is due to the lesion in", "exp": "Bilateral destruction of amygdala leads to Kluver Bucy syndrome.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Amygdala", "opb": "Hippocampus", "opc": "Hypothalamus", "opd": "Temporal lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "e18c84a2-46bb-4939-912a-36c4f2356704", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Sperm motility is increased in", "exp": "Sperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly through the female reproductive tract (internal feilization)Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no:-421", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased temperature", "opb": "Acidic environment", "opc": "Vaginal secretions", "opd": "Seminiferous tubules", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "272a5790-14d5-40a1-b60d-0d7326e0e76a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fine touch and position sense is carried by", "exp": "Ans. (d) Dorsal column(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.168)Dorsal column pathway is the principal pathways for touch, vibration and proprioception. They primarily contain Aa and Ab afferentsThey ascend ipsilaterally (same side) in dorsal column of spinal cord to medullaIn medulla, they synapses with two important nuclei namely gracilis and cuneate nuclei. They cross the midline and ascend in the medial lemniscus to end in the contralateral ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", "opb": "Anterior spinothalamic tract", "opc": "Spinocerebellar tract", "opd": "Dorsal column", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "ba2b4850-b0db-4e8b-8a62-c0f9d364720e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "S3 is due to", "exp": "S3 is due to the rapid gush of blood in the ventricle Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 540", "cop": 1, "opa": "Rapid gushing of blood into ventricle", "opb": "Atrial contraction", "opc": "AV valve closure", "opd": "Semilunar valve closure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "0633785c-d232-4f38-928b-cecc18762bd4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Weber's syndrome occurs due to lesions in the(P. J. Mehta", "exp": "(Mid- brain) (P-J) Mehta (193, 2525-H17th)Penetrating branch to Mid - brain occlusion1. Ipsilateral oculomotor palsy with contralateral hemiplegia (Weber's syndrome)2. Ipsilateral oculomotor palsy with contralateral cerebellar ataxia (Nothnagel syndrome)3. Ipsilateral oculomotor palsy with contra lateral ataxia and choreoathetosis (Benedikt's syndrome)4. Perinaud's syndrome(a) Supranuclear paralysis of elevation(b) Convergence retraction nystagmus (c) Defective convergence(d) Lid retraction (Collier's sign)(e) Skew deviation(f) Light near dissociation5. Unilateral or bilateral intemuclear ophthalmoplegia6. Pseudo abducent palsy7. Peduncular hallucinations8. Decerebrate rigidity - Locked in syndrome and disturbances in consciousness", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pons", "opb": "Midbrain", "opc": "Medulla oblongata", "opd": "Cerebellum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "03fe315f-b13f-4084-ba4f-e3f653e26385", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Flocculonodular lobe has direct connections with", "exp": "Flocculonodular lobe has direct connections with vestibular nuclei and it is concerned with balance, equilibrium and eyeball movements Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 248", "cop": 3, "opa": "Red nucleus", "opb": "Inferior olivary nucleus", "opc": "Vestibular nucleus", "opd": "Dentate nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "723d8365-4b7d-4910-90d1-04096132bbbe", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In renal agenesis, the adrenal gland is", "exp": "Embryological development of kidneys and adrenal is different, hence even in renal agenesis, adrenal glands will be in normal position", "cop": 4, "opa": "Absent", "opb": "Present on contralateral side", "opc": "Ectopic in the iliac fossa", "opd": "Present at the usual location", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "9e5deceb-a538-476e-a5e4-dfb9fbe4e61e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In transection at pontomedullary junction, respiration is maintained with slight irregularity. It is due to", "exp": "Lesions of DRG, VRG neurons do not abolish respiratory activity because they apparently project to the pre-BOTC pacemaker neurons. The pre-Botzinger complex (preBotC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventral respiratory group of the medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of the respiratory rhythm in mammals.The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much research Reference: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology; 25th edition; Page no 656, 657", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pre- Botzinger complex", "opb": "Pneumotaxic centre", "opc": "Apneustic Centre", "opd": "Dorsal respiratory group", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "43ff980e-befa-45cd-8551-8b717081e1d4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The normal brown red colour of feces results from the presence of", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Heme", "opb": "Stercobilin", "opc": "Biliverdin", "opd": "Bilirubin diglucuronide", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "e82e25fa-3d43-412d-a57f-85529a81ada2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In radial nerve injures paralysis of the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor digitorum and extensor pollicis longus but sparing of the triceps places the nerve lesion at", "exp": "The level of the humeral shaft (mid) Nerve supply to the triceps is proximal to the mid shaft level", "cop": 2, "opa": "The level of the elbow", "opb": "The level of the humeral shaft (mid)", "opc": "Avulsion at the nerve root level", "opd": "The level of the brachial plexus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "33112b62-2647-4015-8649-4ff80af447d8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Increased glycolysis and decreased gluconeogenesis", "exp": "Insulin helps control blood glucose levels by signaling the liver and muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood. Insulin therefore helps cells to take in glucose to be used for energy. If the body has sufficient energy, insulin signals the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:610,611,612", "cop": 1, "opa": "Insulin", "opb": "Glucagon", "opc": "Epinephrine", "opd": "Coisol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "7bbb6f0a-e675-42d2-af64-559aba7be4b2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The conduction velocity is maximum in", "exp": "The velocity of conduction of the excitatory action potential signal along both atrial and ventricular muscle fibers is about 0.3 to 0.5 m/sec, or about 1/250 the velocity in very large nerve fibers and about 1/10 the velocity in skeletal muscle fibers. The velocity of conduction in the specialized hea conductive system--in the Purkinje fibers is as great as 4 m/sec in most pas of the system, which allows reasonably rapid conduction of the excitatory signal to the different pas of the hea. Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page: 111", "cop": 4, "opa": "SA node", "opb": "AV node", "opc": "Bundle of his", "opd": "Purkinje fibres", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "6be79598-d4ff-46e3-a602-5d97d36d7929", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Testosterone is secreted by", "exp": "Testosterone * C19 steroid with a hydroxyl group in the 17th position * Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol in the leydig cells (by 17 alpha hydroxylase) * Testosterone is also formed androstenedione secreted by adrenal coex(by 11 and 21 hydroxylases) * Secretion of testosterone is under the control of LH * Rate of secretion of testosterone - 4-9mg/dl in adult men * Plasma testosterone level (free and bound) - 300- 1000ng/dL in adult men * 98% of testosterone in plasma is bound to protein (65% -bound to beta globulin / gonadal steroid binding globulin / sex steroid binding globulin) and (33% bound to albumin) * Testosterone binds to an intracellular receptor * The receptor/steroid complex then binds to DNA in the nucleus * This facilitates the transcription of many genes * In addition, testosterone is also conveed to Dihydrotestosterone by 5 alpha reductase in some target cells. DHT binds to the same intracellular receptor as testosterone Ref:- Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 25th ed; pg num:- 422", "cop": 2, "opa": "Gonadotropic cells", "opb": "Leydig's cells", "opc": "Acidophilic cells", "opd": "Seoli cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "069be52b-96c7-4457-b9f5-0e5003f14323", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine act through", "exp": "C i.e. Seven pass - receptorCatecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) act through G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which span the cell membrane 7 times; hence also referred to as seven pass (seven helix) or serpentine receptors.* Catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline& dopamine) act through G protein coupled receptors. al adrenargic catecholamine use phospholipid C(IP3 ?DAG) and az & adrenergic catecholamines use C-AMP (adenyl cyclase) second messenger system. * Hetrotrimeric GTP binding proteins (G? proteins) are cell membrane proteins that have seven trans membrane segments that loop (pass) in & out of cell membraneQ. (serpentine protein)* Cytoplasmic tail is coupled to GTP that has 3 pa (trimeric) - a, 13, y subunits. Ligands for GPCRs NeurotransmittersTachykininsArachidonic Acid- AdrenalineQ- NoradrenalineQ- DopamineQ- Neurokinin A- Neuropeptide K- Substance Pderivatives- Thromboxane A2- 5-Hydroxytryptamine Other Ligands- HistaminePeptides- Endothelins- Acetylcholine (ACH)- Angiotensis II- Platelet activating factor- Adenosine- Arginine- Cannabinoids- Opioidsvasopressin- OdorantsGlycoprotein - Hormones- Oxytocin- Light- LH, FSH, hCG- TSH- VIP, PTH, GRP,TRH- Tastants", "cop": 3, "opa": "Single pass receptors", "opb": "Four pass receptors", "opc": "Seven pass receptor", "opd": "Ligand gated channel", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "362a5a75-290a-4a25-8ab2-881c0f5a85cd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Membrane potential of hair cell is", "exp": "The resting membrane potential of the hair cell is about -60mV. When the stereocilia are pushed toward the kinocilium, the membrane potential is decreased to about -50mV.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology;25th edition; pg: 204", "cop": 3, "opa": "-20mV", "opb": "-40mV", "opc": "-60mV", "opd": "-80mV", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "c4625fce-b68f-4e9e-9b19-3303452a6320", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Efferent pathway for milk ejection reflex", "exp": "Milk ejection reflex - a normal reflex in a lactating woman elicited by tactile stimulation of the nipple, resulting in release of milk from the glands of the breast. This reflex requires intact nerve connections from nipple to hypothalamus and release of the hormone oxytocin from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream. Also called let-down reflex.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-311", "cop": 2, "opa": "Prolactin", "opb": "Oxytocin", "opc": "ACTH", "opd": "Growth hormone", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "ec43dac7-c630-424b-a526-74aa007061a7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Massage and application of liniments to painful areas in the body relieves pain due to", "exp": "Many people have learned from practical experience that rubbing or shaking an injured area decreases the pain due to the injury. The relief may be due to the simultaneous activation of innocuous cutaneous mechanoreceptors whose afferents emit collaterals that terminate in the dorsal horn. The activity of these cutaneous mechanosensitive afferents may reduce the responsiveness of dorsal horn neurons to their input from nociceptive afferent terminals. This is called the gate-control mechanism of pain modulation and it serves as the rationale behind the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief. This method uses electrodes to activate Aa and Ab fibers in the vicinity of the injury.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stimulation of endogenous analgesic system", "opb": "Release of endorphins by first order neurons in brainstem", "opc": "Release of glutamate and substance P in the spinal cord", "opd": "Inhibition by large myelinated fibres", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "f3e07129-506e-4da7-8ec8-4ee76e4f6f11", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Normal cardiac index in an adult is", "exp": "Cardiac index: - Cardiac output per square meter of body surface area. i.e. Cardiac index = Cardiac output/Body surface area Experiments have shown that the cardiac output increases approximately in propoion to the surface area of body. The average human being who weighs 70 kilograms has a body surface area of about 1.7square meters, which means that the normal average cardiac index for adults is about 3 L / min/ M2 of body surface area.", "cop": 3, "opa": "5.9 L/min/m2", "opb": "2.3 L/min/m2", "opc": "3.2 L/min/m2", "opd": "4.6 L/min/m2", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiac Output", "id": "308a3d9f-2e4c-444e-b390-3b8fee79ef1b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Catabolism of H202 is carried out by", "exp": "A i.e. Peroxisomes", "cop": 1, "opa": "Peroxisomes", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "opd": "Lysosomes", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3c3ee8f5-9ae4-48fa-b110-e812b9bc980d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Prolactin is secreted by", "exp": "Prolactin a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the growth of breast tissue and stimulates and sustains milk production in postpaum mammals, and shows luteotropic activity in ceain mammals. Called also lactogenic hormone and mammotropin.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-324", "cop": 1, "opa": "Anterior pituitary", "opb": "Adrenal gland", "opc": "Posterior pituitary", "opd": "Ovary", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "8f9d852b-a807-4cbf-93f4-a1c9efb7eaa6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Latest mode of ventilation in patient with poor oxygenation in ARDS", "exp": "Liquid ventilation (LV) is a technique of mechanical ventilation in which the lungs are insufflated with an oxygenated perfluorochemical liquid rather than an oxygen-containing gas mixture.", "cop": 3, "opa": "PCV", "opb": "Reverse ratio ventilation", "opc": "Liquid ventilation", "opd": "Prone ventilation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "053183c5-f7b0-4158-8e48-2fb61dae59e6", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Synaptic transmission in autonomic ganglion is due to", "exp": "(B) Acetylcholine", "cop": 2, "opa": "Noradrenaline", "opb": "Acetylcholine", "opc": "Adrenaline", "opd": "Dopamine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "98dedcf6-0a9c-4c6c-8a87-ed917500ebe1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Neovascular glaucoma is not seen in", "exp": "In JRA, glaucoma generally presents as acute angle closure, due to posterior synechiae, or chronic angle closure, which results from progressive, peripheral anterior synechiae.", "cop": 1, "opa": "JRA", "opb": "CRVO", "opc": "CRAO", "opd": "Eales' disease", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "e5d62bfc-0cc8-4e49-b297-217cd3c67856", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Main enzyme involved in digestion of fatty food", "exp": "Ebner’s glands on the dorsum of the tongue secrete lingual lipase and the stomach also secretes a lipase (gastric lipase}.\nHowever, they are of very little significance in fat digestion.\nFat digestion essentially begins in the duodenum with the entry of pancreatic and biliary secretions.\nPancreatic juice contains lipase (pancreatic lipase), the most important enzyme for fat digestion.\nThe pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides (triacylglycerols) into free fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides (2- monoacylglycerols).", "cop": 1, "opa": "Pancreatic lipase", "opb": "Lingual lipase", "opc": "Gastric lipase", "opd": "Phospholipase", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "b08f426b-139a-4cb1-91bc-938cc1695438", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The hormone involved in the regulation of blood pressure is", "exp": "The hormone involved in the regulation of blood pressure is Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor that increases the total peripheral resistance and decreases Na+ and H2O excretion by kidney, thereby causing an increase in aerial BP. Humoral Regulation of BP Ref: Ganong Medical Physiology 26th edition PGno: 586", "cop": 3, "opa": "Serotonin", "opb": "Histamine", "opc": "Angiotensin", "opd": "Prostaglandin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "c95b523a-33b0-46e9-b47e-e9f884b511a0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Bilateral destruction of auditory cortex in man causes", "exp": "(C) Deficiency in interpretation of sounds # Lesion of auditory cortex leads to loss of recognition of total patterns with loss of analysis of properties of sound and sound localisation.> Thus lesion of auditory cortex leads to defect in interpretation of sounds.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Almost total deafness", "opb": "Hearing defect for higher frequency sounds", "opc": "Deficiency in interpretation of sounds", "opd": "Inability for the orientation of sounds", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium", "id": "9f5413a7-dacf-4629-94f5-0e1ecc12dfbf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A travelling nerve impulse does not depolarize the area immediately behind it, because", "exp": "The area immediately behind does not depolarize because it is in a state of relative refractoriness.", "cop": 2, "opa": "It is hyperpolarized", "opb": "It is refractory", "opc": "It is not self propagating", "opd": "The condition is always orthodromic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "a11a3ecb-9b6e-46de-8afe-4282bf235ba4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 10oC decrease in temperature causes decrease in cerebral metabolic rate by", "exp": "With each degree fall in temperature the metabolic rate is reduced by 7%, so by reducing temperature by 10degC the metabolic rate can be reduced by 70% and cerebral coex can be protected for 10 minutes at 30degC and for 1 hour at 15degC.", "cop": 4, "opa": "10%", "opb": "30%", "opc": "50%", "opd": "70%", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "4ba70fd0-673f-4cac-a909-785e5c2286ab", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Frequency of 1st hea sound", "exp": "The first sound has a duration of about 0.15 s and a frequency of 25-45 Hz. It is soft when the hea rate is low because the ventricles are well filled with blood and the leaflets of the AV valves float together before systole.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 542", "cop": 3, "opa": "10-15 Hz", "opb": "20-25 Hz", "opc": "25-45 Hz", "opd": "50 Hz", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "ed5fa618-2460-4ee1-bf3f-21b6536a7678", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Net filtration pressure is", "exp": "The Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) at the glomerulus is the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure acting across the glomerular capillaries and is normally 10mm of Hg. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 464,465,466", "cop": 2, "opa": "32 mm Hg", "opb": "10 mm Hg", "opc": "60 mm Hg", "opd": "20 mm Hg", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "4ed35855-f91c-48ef-90c5-0ceb87041f62", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vestibulo ocular relfex is concerned with", "exp": "Functions of flocculonodular lobe\n-        Postural equilibrium\n-        Balance\n-        Co-ordinated eye movement with head (Vestibulo-ocular reflex)", "cop": 2, "opa": "Archicerebellum", "opb": "Flocculonodular lobe", "opc": "Neocerebellum", "opd": "Occipital lobe", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3c7291e0-fd02-444d-8f20-b4dd5fcde509", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The neurotransmitter in the autonomic ganglia is", "exp": "Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter in NMJ, in autonomic ganglia, and in postganglionic parasympathetic nerve target organ junctions and some postganglionic sympathetic nerve target junctions.(Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg:134)", "cop": 3, "opa": "Adrenaline", "opb": "Noradrenaline", "opc": "Acetylcholine", "opd": "Nicotine", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "8a5f60d1-0bc3-48a5-b18d-e4cda6ad4db9", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Purkinje cells from cerebellum end in", "exp": "Purkinje cells from cerebellum and in in deep cerebellar nuclei Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:780,781,782", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cranial nerve nuclei", "opb": "Extra pyramidal system", "opc": "Cerebral coex", "opd": "Cerebellar nuclei", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "66d84534-ca10-4550-9d34-3cd58bc59c28", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Baroreceptor stimulation produces", "exp": "Baroreceptor reflex stimulates the vagus nerves causes release of acetylcholine at the vagal endings in the hea, thus giving a parasympathetic effect.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 13th edition. Page:155", "cop": 1, "opa": "Decreased hea rate & BP", "opb": "Increased hea rate & BP", "opc": "Increased cardiac contractility", "opd": "Decreased cardiac contractility", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "b399db37-db6e-40fd-a47a-f24a910f0112", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "During diastole, the aerial pressure is maintained by", "exp": "Due to the presence of elastic fibers in the Windkessel vessels, there is an elastic recoil during the diastole (they are stretched during systole), which results in a forward flow and an aoic pressure wave called as diastolic pressure. Entry of blood in the aeries causes the walls of these aeries stretched., and pressure increases to 120mmHg. At the end of the systole when the left ventricle stops ejecting blood and aoic valve closes ,the elastic valves of the aery maintains a high pressure even during diastole. A so- called insisura occurs in aoic pressure curve when the aoic valve closes--caused by sho period of backward flow of blood,immediately before the closure of valve,followed by sudden cessation of backflow.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Elastic recoil of aoa", "opb": "Musculature of aeries", "opc": "C onstriction of capillaries", "opd": "Contraction of left ventricle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "f70b8604-f5b4-4016-8cfd-40b112351700", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The main cause of minimal change ds is", "exp": "Etiology of minimal change ds is unknown. Electron microscopy reveals the primary injury to the visceral epithelial cells, which may be caused by:- A) immunological mechanism: Lack of immune deposits in the glomerulus exclude the possibility of immune complex mechanism. But several features suggest immunological mechanisms like 1.H/o respiratory infection or routine prophylactic immunization 2.dramatic response to coicosteroids 3.asscoiated with allergies or atopic disorder 4.increased incidence in Hodgkin&;s lymphoma patient s. Immune dysfn _>increased cytokine production_these damage visceral epithelial cells _ increase glomerular permeability _proteinuria B) Non-immunological mechanism:- 1.mutations in structural proteins -nephrin(found in congenital nephrotic syndrome -Finnish type)& podocin. MCD is accompanied by loss of glomerular polyanions on GBM. Defects in charge barrier allows selective proteinuria-albumins. Ref: General and systemic pathology -Ramadas Nayak-First edition -page no: 521", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increase in pore size", "opb": "Loss of negative charge on membrane", "opc": "Loss of cells", "opd": "Decreased circulation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "d57c5949-9c7d-4526-9faa-731c315ce487", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Caisson's disease", "exp": "A i.e. Gas embolism", "cop": 1, "opa": "Gas embolism", "opb": "Amniotic fluid embolism", "opc": "Tumor embolism", "opd": "Air embolism", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "d56e6dbd-6349-4023-8ad7-b3f9384f47d7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The feature of JVP in cardiac tamponade is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "Prominent x descent with prominent y descent", "opb": "Prominent x descent with absent y descent", "opc": "Absent x descent with prominent y descent", "opd": "Absent x descent with absent y descent", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "da0546d7-e4bb-4bba-849b-87278ac7daf4", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Synaptic potentials can be recorded by", "exp": "Potential\" refers to electrical potential, or voltage, and paicularly to voltage recorded with a microelectrode embedded within neuronal tissue, typically in the brain of an anesthetized animal or within a thin slice of brain tissue maintained in vitro. The electrical activities in the neurons are rapid being measured in milliseconds, and the voltage changes are too small measured in millivolts.........the microelectrode has a tip diameter of less thanone mirometer .....hence it is used to measure the synaptic potential. Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e p58", "cop": 3, "opa": "Patch clamp technique", "opb": "Voltage clamp technique", "opc": "Microelectrode", "opd": "EEG", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "0df2a685-089c-455d-8e1a-7e41d741e987", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Receptor for BDNF is", "exp": "BDNF acts TRK B receptor BDNF plays an impoant role in brain plasticity, neuronal differentiation and growth Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:74,75,76", "cop": 2, "opa": "TRK A", "opb": "TRK B", "opc": "TRK C", "opd": "TRK D", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "49916a68-fedf-46c6-82f9-6205256d2c92", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "You are attending rounds in cardiology department. Your professor asks you to calculate the volume of blood pumped with each beat of Mr X. He gives you the following values. BP of 130/80, cardiac output of 5000 ml and HR of 70/min.", "exp": "Ans: A (70 ml) Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 21st edExplanation:Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood, in milliliters (mL), pumped out of the heart with each beat.Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute {mL blood/min}.Cardiac output is a function of heart rate and stroke volume.The heart rate is simply the number of heart beats per minute.In this question:CO is 5000 ml.HR is 70 / min.The volume of blood pumped by heart in one minute (Cardiac output) is 5000 ml.The heart pumps 70 times a minute.So the volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat {Stroke volume) is 5000;70 = 71.43 ml.", "cop": 1, "opa": "70 ml", "opb": "110", "opc": "50", "opd": "90", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Circulation: Cardiac Output, Venous Return", "id": "53df2c7d-f270-40dd-b93d-06dd1e8c7acd", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The maximum motility of the colon is seen in", "exp": "The maximum motility of the colon is seen in the sigmoid colon. The rate of BER at sigmoid colon is 6/min. Rate of basal electric rhythm in various regions Segment Rate of BER Stomach 4/min Duodenum 12/min Distal ileum 8/min Cecum 2/min Sigmoid 6/min Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 26th edition Pgno: 486", "cop": 4, "opa": "Ascending colon", "opb": "Transverse colon", "opc": "Descending colon", "opd": "Sigmoid colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "c20437d5-18cd-4485-b1e8-9eafdc6b1b5b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Amount of sodium in plasma is", "exp": "(A) 143 # Blood plasma is a straw colored liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells.> It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume.> It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside of cells).> It is mostly water (up to 95% by volume), and contains dissolved proteins (6-8%) (i.e.--serum albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen), glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-, etc.), hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation) and oxygen.> Plasma also serves as the protein reserve of the human body.> It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolytes in balanced form and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders. Ion Normal concentration range (mEq.L-1) Sodium 135-145 Potassium 3.6-5.1 Chloride 95-105 Calcium 2.1-2.8", "cop": 1, "opa": "143", "opb": "120", "opc": "175", "opd": "95", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Misc.", "id": "1bf2a3be-b892-4b4b-82c5-58d5eef3eb95", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Tetrodotoxin blocks", "exp": "A i.e. y Na+ during action potentialInhibitors & toxinsSodium dependent glucose transpoer (SGLT or Na+ glucose co transpoer) is inhibited by phlorizinQ whereas, phloretin inhibits sodium (Na+) independent glucose transpoer (GLUT 2) in intestineQ.Fish neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (applied externally) block Na' channelsQ (esp early membrane voltage dependent Na' current; hence 'm' gates controlling Na' channels externally) where as enzyme pronase (applied internally) block voltage dependent inactivation of Na* current (hence 'h.' gates controlling Na' channels from inside).Tetraethyl ammonium or 4 aminopyridine block potassium channelQ (esp delyed voltage dependent increase in K* permeability and hence 'n' gate).Absorption of Hexose in intestineHexoses are rapidly and completely absorbed before the meal reach terminal ileumTranspo of most hexoses (glucose & galactose) is dependent on Na' ions in intestinal lumen; a high Na' concentration facilitates and a low concenteration inhibits sugar influx into the epithelial cells.This is because Na' & glucose share a same cotranspoer or sympo, the sodium dependent glucose transmpoer (SGLT), Na' glucose cntranspoer). These (SGLT 1 & 2) resemble glucose transpoers responsible for facilitated diffusion in that they cross cell membrane 12 times and have their - COOH & - NH2 terminals on cytoplasmic side of membrane. However , there is no homology to glucose transpoer (GLUT). SGLT- 1 is responsible for uptake of dietary glucose from gut where as SGLT-2 is responsible for glucose transpo out of renal tubules.", "cop": 1, "opa": "yNa+ during action potential", "opb": "yK+ during action potential", "opc": "yNa+ during resting state", "opd": "yK+ during resting state", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "4eb37883-9482-4831-81bd-a6ab7dffb9ae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Meiotic division of male germ cells commence", "exp": "During formation of the embryo, the primordial germ cells migrate into the testes and become immature germ cells called spermatogonia, which lie in two or three layers of the inner surfaces of the seminiferous tubules. At puberty the spermatogonia begin to undergo mitotic division and continually proliferate and differentiate through definite stages of development to form sperm.\nKey Concept:\nCell divisions during spermatogenesis. During embryonic development, the primordial germ cells migrate to the testis, where they become spermatogonia. At puberty (usually 12 to 14 years after birth), the spermatogonia proliferate rapidly by mitosis. Some begin meiosis to become primary spermatocytes and continue through meiotic division I to become secondary spermatocytes. After completion of meiotic division II, the secondary spermatocytes produce spermatids, which differentiate to form spermatozoa.", "cop": 4, "opa": "during intra-uterine life", "opb": "just before birth", "opc": "by around 6 years after birth", "opd": "by around 16 years", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "733252a2-8c6a-409f-8263-4382a3d3059e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Slowest conduction of velosity occurs in", "exp": "(A.V. node) (549 - Ganong 22nd) (487-488-K.S 4th) (492- Ganong 23rd)The velocity of impulse is maximum in purkinje fibres and minimum at AV nodeTissueConduction rate (m/s) (Ganong)K. Sembulingum* S A node0.05Intemodal fibres - l.0m/s* Atrial pathway1Atrial muscle = 0.3m/s* A V. node0.050.05 m/s* Bundle of His10.12 m/s* Purkinje system44 m/s* Ventricular muscle10.5 m/s", "cop": 2, "opa": "Atrial muscle", "opb": "A.V. node", "opc": "Purkinje fibre", "opd": "Ventricular muscles", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Heart, Circulation, and Blood", "id": "da0552cf-ec20-4e8b-9b71-9a1b173ecf1c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Respiratory distress syndrome is due to a defect in the biosynthesis of", "exp": "Causes. RDS is a type of neonatal respiratory disease that is caused most often by a lack of surfactant in the lungs. A fetus's lungs sta making surfactant during the third trimester of pregnancy, or weeks 26 through labor and delivery. Surfactant coats the insides of the air sacs, or alveoli, in the lungs. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:312,313,314", "cop": 1, "opa": "Dipalmitoyl lecithine", "opb": "Dipalmitoyl cephaline", "opc": "Dipalmitoyl serine", "opd": "Dipalmitoyl inositol", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "9775ad05-4ce5-4b7d-b205-3b1abf9d4c75", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Stimulator of secretin secretion", "exp": "The secretion of secretin is increased by the products of protein digestion and by acid bathing the mucosa of the upper small intestine. The release of secretin by acid is another example of feedback control: Secretin causes alkaline pancreatic juice to flood into the duodenum, neutralizing the acid from the stomach and thus inhibiting fuher secretion of the hormoneRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 446", "cop": 2, "opa": "Epinephrine", "opb": "Acid", "opc": "Acetylcholine", "opd": "Fat", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "8d71d3dd-c30c-458b-abe0-8c198e4793a3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hormone acting by genetic modification is", "exp": "Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that contains iodine and is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine, occurring naturally as l-thyroxine; its chemical name is tetraiodothyronine. It is formed and stored in the thyroid follicles as thyroglobulin and released from the gland by the action of a proteolytic enzyme. It is deiodinated in peripheral tissues to form triiodothyronine (T3), which has a greater biological activity.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 300", "cop": 2, "opa": "Insulin", "opb": "Thyroxine", "opc": "GH", "opd": "ACTH", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "cbf05cb9-0459-45a8-bc14-f9976677a9ba", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Section of the vagus nerve results in", "exp": "Vagus nerve causes contraction of bronchial muscle helping in expiration. Section of vagus nerve leads to difficulty in expiration and therefore increasing breath holding time. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition; pg: 267; table 17-1.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Increased rate of respiration", "opb": "Decreased depth of respiration", "opc": "Irregular breathing patterns", "opd": "Increases in breath - holding time", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "9a81b463-50ee-49e5-b4b4-a9c82527dd6d", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "EEG in a male fully awake with eyes closed, electrodes placed at occipital position will record", "exp": "In adult humans who are awake but at rest with mind wandering and the eyes closed, the most prominent component of the EEG is a fairly regular pattern of waves at a frequency of 8-13Hz and amplitude of 50-100uV when recorded from the scalp. This pattern is the alpha rhythm. It is most marked in the parietal and occipital lobes and is associated with decreased levels of attention. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 23rd edition ; pg :235", "cop": 1, "opa": "a waves", "opb": "ss waves", "opc": "g waves", "opd": "d waves", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "da375888-fa00-4186-9123-102f9c886e4c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Dorsal root ganglia have", "exp": "Pseudounipolar neuron a unipolar neuron, almost always a primary sensory neuron, that was originally bipolar but whose two processes fused during development to form a single process that bifurcates at a distance from the cell body. One branch is structurally an axon with a myelin sheath but functions as a dendrite, with afferent conduction originating in a nerve ending.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 81", "cop": 4, "opa": "Unipolar", "opb": "Multipolar", "opc": "Bipolar", "opd": "Psudounipolar", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "ef451697-5362-4b91-9049-9906360180f0", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Isotonic urine is formed at the level of", "exp": "PCT ⇒ Isotonic urine\nDecending loop of hanle ⇒ Hypertonic urine\nDCT ⇒ Hypotonic urine.", "cop": 2, "opa": "PCT", "opb": "DCT", "opc": "Ascending loop of henle", "opd": "Descending loop of henle", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "959e9a17-f34f-4f00-9ffa-aded59de4f71", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Protein responsible for preventing overstretching of cardiac muscle", "exp": "Titin is responsible for elasticity of muscle and preventing overstretching of cardiac muscle.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Actinin", "opb": "Nebulin", "opc": "Myomesin", "opd": "Titin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "fb8c8da5-933a-41a9-95ec-2fabce551b30", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Maximum number of Na+ channels per square micrometer is present in", "exp": "\"Saltatory\" Conduction in Myelinated Fibers from Node to Node: Even though almost no ions can flow through the thick myelin sheaths of myelinated nerves, they can flow with ease through the nodes of Ranvier.Therefore, action potentials occur only at the nodes. Yet the action potentials are conducted from node to node, this is called saltatory conduction.That is, electrical current flows through the surrounding extracellular fluid outside the myelin sheath, as well as through the axoplasm inside the axon from node to node, exciting successive nodes one after another. Thus, the nerve impulse jumps along the fiber, which is the origin of the term \"saltatory.\"Ref: Guyton; 13th edition; Chapter 5; Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials", "cop": 4, "opa": "Cell body", "opb": "Axon terminal", "opc": "Surface of myelin", "opd": "Nodes of Ranvier", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "d212dbb1-2234-4ac5-b4fb-66275a27531b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Delta waves are seen in", "exp": "Delta waves include all the waves of the EEG with frequencies less than 3.5 cycles/sec, and they often have voltages two to four times greater than most other types of brain waves. They occur in very deep sleep, in infancy, and in persons with serious organic brain disease. They also occur in the coex of animals that have had subcoical transactions in which the cerebral coex is separated from the thalamus. Therefore, delta waves can occur strictly in the coex independent of activities in lower regions ofthe brain. Delta waves also occur during deep slow-wave sleep, which suggests that the coex then is mainly released from the activating influences of the thalamus and other lower centers. Slow-wave sleep is divided into four stages. In the first stage, a stage of light sleep, the voltage of the EEG waves becomes low. This stage is broken by \"sleep spindles\" (i.e., sho spindle-shaped bursts of alpha waves that occur periodically). In stages 2, 3, and 4 of slow-wave sleep, the frequency of the EEG becomes progressively slower until it reaches a frequency of only one to three waves per second in stage 4; these waves are delta waves.Ref: Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology, 13th edition.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Deep sleep", "opb": "REM sleep", "opc": "Awake state", "opd": "Stage I NREM sleep", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "c8e42f85-f9c7-47ff-9c9d-ee509ee03e35", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Fibers most susceptible to hypoxia are", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "A", "opb": "B", "opc": "C", "opd": "D", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "65da6574-27a0-4e7c-9053-e74314f6e594", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The major ion in extracellular compartment", "exp": "Ans: b (Na+) Ref: Ganong 22nd ed/ p. 30, 32Most abundant ion in ECF is Na+.ECFMost abundant ion - Na+Most abundant cation - Na+Most abundant anion - Cl-ICF:-Most abundant cation - K+Most abundant anion - PO43- (followed by protein).ECF contains more of Na+, Cl-, HCO3, Ca2+.ICF contains more of K+, PO4, organic anion, protein, magnesium.", "cop": 2, "opa": "K+", "opb": "Na+", "opc": "Cl-", "opd": "HCO3-", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General", "id": "a9f5d8a4-d9d5-4505-9be7-bbb4d0f730fb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "In a case of ectopic pregnancy, medical treatment is contraindicated if", "exp": "Indications for management of ectopic pregnancy medically.is 1) Ectopic mass <3.5cm 2) No fetal cardiac activity 3) Initial hCG <3000miu/l 4) The patient must be hemodynamically stable, with no signs or symptoms of active bleeding or hemoperitoneum. 5) She should not have any contraindications to the use of methotrexate.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Sac size is 3.0 cm", "opb": "Serum HCG levels > 1500 miu/ml", "opc": "Significant hemoperitoneum is present", "opd": "Absent fetal activity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "3f54b8a8-08f0-4322-ac10-c02d23694945", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A wave in JVP is due to", "exp": "The atrial pressure changes are transmitted to the great veins, producing three characteristic waves in the record of jugular pressure. The A wave is due to atrial systole. C wave due to ventricular systole. It is caused paly by paial backflow of blood into atria during onset of ventricular contraction but mainly due to bulging of av valves backwards towards atria due to increasing pressure in ventricle. V wave is occurs towards end of ventricular contraction as a result of Slow flow of blood into atria frim the veins when the av valves are closed during ventricular contraction. Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 542, Gyton textbook of medical physiology, page 106", "cop": 1, "opa": "Atrial systole", "opb": "Atrial diastole", "opc": "Ventricular systale", "opd": "Ventricular diastole", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiovascular system", "id": "2fb29278-c5a7-427e-b135-18c0b6a1476f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hot water bottle relieves pain of abdominal spasm by", "exp": "The gate control theory of pain asses that non-painful input closes the nerve \"gates\" to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system. Gate Control Theory of Pain describes how non-painful sensations can override and reduce painful sensations Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:559,560,561", "cop": 1, "opa": "Stimulation of touch receptors", "opb": "Stimulation of cholinergic fibers", "opc": "Inhibition of cold receptors", "opd": "Inhibitionof heat receptors", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "6eb95285-75f8-4c04-81f3-0c04e6aa25e8", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Refractive Index of cornea is about", "exp": "Refractive index of the cornea (1.37), Refractive index of the aqueous humour (1.33), Refractive index of the crystalline lens (1.42), and Refractive index of the vitreous humour (1.33) Ref:Khurana 4e pg: 26", "cop": 3, "opa": "1.3", "opb": "1.33", "opc": "1.37", "opd": "1.42", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "21d87c20-1b46-4206-a49d-c3547c5333af", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease in", "exp": "An increase in ejection fraction means that a higher fraction of the end-diastolic volume is ejected in the stroke volume (e.g., because of the administration of a positive inotropic agent). When this situation occurs, the volume remaining in the ventricle after systole, the end-systolic volume, will be reduced. Cardiac output, pulse pressure, stroke volume, and systolic pressure will be increased.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Cardiac output", "opb": "End-systolic volume", "opc": "Hea rate", "opd": "Pulse pressure", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Cardiac Output", "id": "57c6aa45-321d-4ac3-a5d5-c5dd65866964", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The syndrome of growth failure, rash, and hypogonadism is due to deficiency of", "exp": "Zinc deficiency- A condition caused by inadequate dietary ingestion of zinc, and characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, delayed hypersensitivity response, fatigue, hair loss, loss of taste, difficult pregnancy, retarded growth, hypogonadism, poor wound healing, and in children, stunted growth and sexual development.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-492", "cop": 3, "opa": "Calcium", "opb": "Copper", "opc": "Zinc", "opd": "Magnesium", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "e3da4d08-c7e6-4873-9bac-62cf7bc78e6a", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Negative intrapleural pressure is due to", "exp": "Pleural pressure is the pressure of the fluid in the narrow space between the lung and the chest wall pleura which is normally a slight suction, which means a slightly negative pressure. There are no attachments between the lung and the walls of the chest cage except where it is suspended at its hilum from the mediastinum. Instead, the lung literally floats in the thoracic cavity. Fuhermore, continual suction of excessive fluid into lymphatic channels maintain a slight suction between the visceral surface of the lung pleura and the parietal pleural surface of the thoracic cavity. Therefore, the lungs are held to the thoracic wall as if glued there, except that they can slide freely, well lubricated as the chest expands and contracts. A concept from Boron&;s physiology/2nd Ed/ 630 The interaction between lungs and chest wall does not occur by direct attachment but through the intrapleural space between the visceral and parietal pleurae. This space is filled with a small amount of pleural fluid and is extremely thin (5 to 30 micrometer). Because the lungs and chest wall pull away from each other on opposite sides of the intrapleural space, the intrapleural pressure (PIP) is less than barometric pressure (PB); that is; the intrapleural space is a relative vacuum. Although the designation P implies that we are referring exclusively to the intrapleural space, this description is not entirely accurate. Indeed, in addition to the intrapleural space, PIP is probably similar to the pressure in several other regions of the chest cavity.The viual space between the chest wall or diaphragm and the parietal pleura.The viual space between the lung and the visceral pleura.The interstitial space that surrounds all pulmonary airways.Around the Hea and Vessels.Around and to the extent that smooth muscle tone can be neglected- inside the Esophagus.Ref: Guyton/10th Ed/ 432", "cop": 3, "opa": "Uniform distribution of surfactant over elveoli", "opb": "Negative intraalveolar pressure", "opc": "Absorption by lymphatics", "opd": "Presense of cailage in the upper airway", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "88717dae-a4a9-4933-afb4-f47c5db777b7", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The nucleus of basal ganglia", "exp": "Basal ganglia\n-        Caudate nucleus\n-        Putamen\n-        Globus pallidus\n-        Subthalamic nucleus\n-        Substantia nigra", "cop": 3, "opa": "Dentate", "opb": "Thalamus", "opc": "Caudate", "opd": "Red nucleus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "c0c3c9a6-c320-44e6-bc99-d4b2cf273d0f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Vitamin B12 is mainly absorbed from", "exp": "Normally, vitamin B12 is readily absorbed in the last pa of the small intestine (ileum), which leads to the large intestine. However, to be absorbed, the vitamin must combine with intrinsic factor, a protein produced in the stomach.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 458", "cop": 3, "opa": "Stomach", "opb": "Jejunum", "opc": "Ileum", "opd": "Colon", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "G.I.T", "id": "9f1f952c-1074-42d5-8f72-5871206279dc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "A 50 years old male presents with severe refractory hypeension, weakness, muscle cramps and hypokalemia, the most likely diagnosis is", "exp": "Manifestation of Conn's Syndrome (Primary Hyperaldosteronism) Muscle weakness and fatigue (due to hypokalemia) Hypeension without edema Polyuria and polydipsia Investigations Hypokalemia * Metabolic alkalosis * Hypernatremia * Increased Aldosterone * Low renin", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hypoaldosteronism", "opb": "Hyperaldosteronism", "opc": "Cushing syndrome", "opd": "Pheochromocytoma", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "All India exam", "id": "a97f9982-865c-44a3-82c2-7360244cb025", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "CO2 diffuses more easily through the respiratory membrane than O2 because it is", "exp": "Diffusion of Gases Through Liquids The more soluble a gas is, the faster it will diffuse. In this case carbon dioxide diffuses much faster than oxygen, as it is much more soluble. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:348,349,350", "cop": 2, "opa": "Less dense", "opb": "More soluble in plasma", "opc": "Less molecular weight", "opd": "Less PCO2 in the alveoli", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "860392e6-0e8e-4b80-a066-4edc2afca864", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Loss of feel of size & shape of a object is seen in lesion ofa) Tractus solitariusb)  Tractus cuneatusc) Lateral spinothalamic tract d) Cerebral cortex", "exp": "Astereognosis- Loss of ability to recognize size and shape of an object.\nSeen in- lesion of somatosensory cortex, lesion of tractus cuneatus, lesion of tractus gracilis.\nSomatosensory cortex lesion- proprioception and tactile sensations are lost while pain and temperature sensations are preserved. \nTractus cuneatus- formed by fasciculus cuneatus (spinal cord) and nucleus cuneatus (medulla). Pass through lateral portion of dorsal column. Carries sensations of dorsal column- proprioception and tactile sensations from upper part of the body.\nTractus gracilis- formed by fasciculus gracilis (spinal cord) and nucleus gracilis (medulla). Pass through medial portion of dorsal column. Carries sensations of dorsal column- proprioception and tactile sensations from lower part of the body.", "cop": 4, "opa": "bc", "opb": "ad", "opc": "ab", "opd": "bd", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "3e621a3d-ecbc-4daf-aefd-6101506f0508", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Myelination in peripheral nervous system is done by", "exp": "In PNS myelination is done by schwann cells In CNS myelination is done by oligodendrocytes Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:671,672,673", "cop": 4, "opa": "Astrocytes", "opb": "Oligodendrocyte", "opc": "Ependymal cells", "opd": "Schwann cells", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "5f3dc60c-3763-4bfc-bcdb-c5b2e7e47ce1", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The inability to perceive the texture & shape an object occurs in a lesion of", "exp": "Though both nucleus cuneatus & nucleus gracilis are correct, since it is a single answer question, the best answer would be tractus cuneatus, as we commonly use hands to recognize size and shape of objects, more than the foot.\nSomatosensory cortex lesion- proprioception and tactile sensations are lost while pain and temperature sensations are preserved.\nTractus cuneatus- formed by fasciculus cuneatus (spinal cord) and nucleus cuneatus (medulla). Pass through the lateral portion of the dorsal column. Carries sensations of the dorsal column- proprioception and tactile sensations from upper part of the body.\nTractus gracilis- formed by fasciculus gracilis (spinal cord) and nucleus gracilis (medulla). Pass through the medial portion of the dorsal column. Carries sensations of the dorsal column- proprioception and tactile sensations from the lower part of the body.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lateral spino-thalamic tract", "opb": "Nucleus gracilis", "opc": "Spino reticular tract", "opd": "Nucleus cuneatus", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "6fab1762-d341-4c2e-9b7e-c972be176924", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cause of myasthenia gravis", "exp": "Myasthenia gravis is rare autoimmune disease caused by the formation of circulating antibodies to the nicotinic A-ch receptors. These antibodies destroy some of the receptors and bind others to neighboring receptors. The disease is characterized by rapid onset of fatigue with marked generalized weakness of muscles. The most commonly affected muscles are: extraocular muscles, facial, swallowing and mastication muscles.Ref: Textbook of physiology, Dir. Prof. AK Jain, 5th edition.", "cop": 3, "opa": "Decreased release of Ach at NM junction", "opb": "Loss of muscles fibers", "opc": "Destruction of receptors by antibody", "opd": "Destruction of receptors by autolysis", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "25344939-9a7d-4f28-a111-b50208eb5632", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Earliest change in high altitude is", "exp": "Immediate exposure to low PO2 stimulates the aerial chemoreceptors, and this stimulation increases alveolar ventilation to a maximum of about 1.65 times normal. Therefore, compensation occurs within seconds for the high altitude, and it alone allows the person to rise several thousand feet higher than would be possible without the increased ventilationGuyton 13 e pg: 563", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hyperventilation", "opb": "Decrease in work capacity", "opc": "Drowsiness", "opd": "Polycythemia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "9ca4ac09-0b0c-4231-9fbf-8b3dc2d83a75", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Interstitial fluid volume can be measure by", "exp": "Interstitial fluid volume cannot be calculated directly. It is measure as ECF volume. Plasma volume\nECF volume calculated by Inulin. Plasma volume calculated by Serum albumin labelled with radioactive Iodine.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Tritium oxide - Sodium thiosulfate", "opb": "Inulin - Radioactive sodium", "opc": "Aminopyrine - Sucrose", "opd": "Inulin - Sodium albumin labelled with radioactive Iodine.", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "117b29c2-1c2f-468a-89bd-29caf189c896", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Daily rhythm regulation", "exp": "Hypothalamic control of circadian rhythm: A large number of physiologic rhythms ( body temperature, sleep-wakefulness, coisol secretion among a host of others ) in the body run to a cyclic pattern that is approximately 25 hours long. These rhythms are entrained to 24 hours due to environmental signals such as light and darkness. These signals are called zeitgebers. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is believed to be responsible for the rhythmicity of these circadian cyclesRef: Guyton & Hall Textbook of medical physiology- a south Indian edition 2014 pg no: 812", "cop": 4, "opa": "Dorsomedial", "opb": "Ventromedial", "opc": "Supraoptic", "opd": "Suprachiasmatic", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "73e61cf0-58c9-4a6e-b8e8-48fcc656f4d3", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Golgi tendon organs are concerned with", "exp": "(C) Muscle tension", "cop": 3, "opa": "Static length", "opb": "Dynamic length", "opc": "Muscle tension", "opd": "Muscle length", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous System", "id": "85f722d8-8e52-43c4-9954-371e3e80a84c", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Liver does not produce", "exp": "Gamma globulin is not produced by liver.", "cop": 2, "opa": "Albumin", "opb": "Gamma globulin", "opc": "Fibrinogen", "opd": "Prothrombin", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "30a1d3a6-92af-4a7e-87d7-4337447fafdc", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Hyperinflation of lungs is prevented by", "exp": "The shoening of inspiration produced by vagal afferent activity is mediated by slowly adapting receptors, as are the Hering-Breuer reflexes. The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is an increase in the duration of expiration produced by steady lung inflation, and the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex is a decrease in the duration of expiration produced by marked deflation of the lung. Because the rapidly adapting receptors are stimulated by chemicals such as histamine, they have been called irritant receptors. Activation of rapidly adapting receptors in the trachea causes coughing, bronchoconstriction, and mucus secretion, and activation of rapidly adapting receptors in the lung may produce hyperpnea.Ref: Ganong review of medical physiology 23rd edition Page no: 632", "cop": 1, "opa": "Hering breuer reflex", "opb": "Irritation reflex", "opc": "Cushing reflex", "opd": "Bainbridge reflex", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "35e46c2d-d0da-4b60-8f8a-e6449d84f2cf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Glomerular feedback for decreased GFR is by", "exp": "Whenever blood flow to the kidney diminishes, renin is secreted and angiotensin is formed. The angiotensin causes widespread vasoconstriction and elevation of blood pressure consequent to greatly increased total peripheral resistance. A second effect, the increased secretion of aldosterone, results in retention of salt and water by the kidneys and therefore increased extracellular fluid volume, cardiac output, and aerial pressure. Additionally, the angiotensin acts directly on the kidneys to cause salt and water retention, which causes a long-term increase in aerial blood pressure.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, page no: 669", "cop": 3, "opa": "Increased vasopressin activity", "opb": "Increased PCT permeability", "opc": "Increase renin JG complex", "opd": "Increase renal sympathetic activity", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "42010f39-4ac1-45ca-a773-c3445d1da135", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Energy expenditure in resting state depends on", "exp": "Both basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate are usually expressed in terms of daily rates of energy expenditure. The early work of the scientists J. Ahur Harris and Francis G. Benedict showed that approximate values could be derived using body surface area (computed from height and weight), age, and sex, along with the oxygen and carbon dioxide measures taken from calorimetry. Studies also showed that by eliminating the sex differences that occur with the accumulation of adipose tissue by expressing metabolic rate per unit of \"fat-free\" or lean body mass, the values between sexes for basal metabolism are essentially the same. The Katch-McArdle Formula (BMR) , where LBM is the lean body mass in kg. The Cunningham Formula (RMR): , where LBM is the lean body mass in kgRef: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;24th edition; page no-489", "cop": 1, "opa": "Lean body mass", "opb": "Adipose tissue", "opc": "Resting hea rate", "opd": "Exercise", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "d1511608-5b9c-47fd-aa2d-af307d162436", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Total cardiac output doesn't change during", "exp": "Sleep does not effect cardiac output.", "cop": 1, "opa": "Sleep", "opb": "From supine to standing position", "opc": "Exercise", "opd": "Arrhythmias", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "7ea3296a-ec97-49dd-8d4c-b66b6ac59991", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Blood supply of skeletal muscle is", "exp": "At rest ,skeletal muscle blood flow may be 1to 4 ml /min per 100gms Maximum blood flow may reach upto 50to 100ml/min per 100gms Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition ,pag number:94,95", "cop": 1, "opa": "800-900 ml/min", "opb": "1000 ml/min", "opc": "500-600 ml/min", "opd": "100-200 ml/min", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "cc6a188a-f95a-45f8-ada6-0194b15d11c2", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Chromatolysis is seen in", "exp": "Chromatolysis is a pa of proximal degradation in a nerve It occurs with in 24 hrs of injury Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:74,75,76", "cop": 1, "opa": "Nissl substance", "opb": "Mitochondria", "opc": "Microtubule", "opd": "Golgibody", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "74812c1c-9b9a-434f-8a62-bce9e6e243ae", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The prime driving force for countercurrent multiplier system is", "exp": "In juxtamedullary nephrons with longer loops and thin ascending limbs, the osmotic gradient is spread over a greater distance and the osmolality at the tip of the loop is greater. This is because the thin ascending limb is relatively impermeable to water but permeable to Na+ and Cl-. Therefore, Na+ and Cl- move down their concentration gradients into the interstitium, and there is additional passive countercurrent multiplication.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd edition, page no: 655", "cop": 2, "opa": "Medullary hyperosmolarity", "opb": "Reabsorption of Na+ in thick ascending limb", "opc": "Action of ADH aquaporin channels", "opd": "Urea recycling", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "befdd7d9-3743-4401-8d21-bfb8cd82b81b", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Estrogen action on carbohydrate metabolism", "exp": "Reduced estrogen may also lower metabolic rate, the rate at which the body conves stored energy into working energy. It's possible the same thing happens with women when estrogen levels drop after menopause. Some evidence suggests that estrogen hormone therapy increases a woman's resting metabolic rate. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:637,638,639", "cop": 1, "opa": "Increases uptake of glucose through increase in insulin sensitivity", "opb": "Glycolysis increases", "opc": "Increasing central adipose deposition", "opd": "Worsening of NIDDM", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Endocrinology", "id": "cfb27eae-f681-4434-9526-7ab46121ffcb", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Minimum reabsorption through renal tubule, among the following", "exp": "Urea is a toxic waste product and it reabsorbed in minimal level.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of Medical Physiology; 24th edition; page no: 678", "cop": 3, "opa": "Glucose", "opb": "HCO3", "opc": "Urea", "opd": "Uric acid", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Renal physiology", "id": "6eb8fff2-6fd0-45d6-899c-fb8ce9c03aaf", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Weber's syndrome occurs due to lesions in the", "exp": "Weber's syndrome (superior alternating hemiplegia) is a form of stroke characterized by the presence of an ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia. It is caused by midbrain infarction as a result of occlusion of the paramedian branches of the posterior cerebral aery or of basilar bifurcation perforating aeries. Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 761,762763", "cop": 2, "opa": "Pons", "opb": "Midbrain", "opc": "Medulla oblongata", "opd": "Cerebellum", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Nervous system", "id": "0f1037af-6114-4c9e-aa51-c5db7c7fef02", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "The mechanism of action of surfactant is", "exp": "Ans. is 'd' i.e. Breaks the structure of water in the alveoli The water molecules on the surface of water (at air-water interphase) have an especially strong attraction for one another. This results in the water surface to contract producing surface tension.Thus the water molecules lining the alveoli produce an elastic contractile force due to surface tension which causes the alveoli to collapse.This surface tension force of water molecules is broken by surfactant (a mixture of phospholipids, proteins and ions, most important phospholipid of which is dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-choline-DPCC). It is secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells and lines the alveoli.The phospholipid molecules have a hydrophilic head and two parallel hydrophobic 'tails'. Thus only head part of the molecule dissolves in the fluid lining the alveolar surface and the hydrophobic tails face the alveolar lumen. This new surface thus formed of the surfactant has a significantly reduced surface tension than the water molecules.By reducing the surface tension, surfactant serves two purposes:Prevents the alveoli from collapsingPrevents pulmonary edema.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Lubricates the flow of CO2 diffusion", "opb": "Binds oxygen", "opc": "Makes the capillary surface hydrophilic", "opd": "Breaks the structure of water in the alveoli", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Functional Anatomy - Respiratory System", "id": "d86cdb33-cb87-41a9-9c4d-ec97abf5651f", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "An open wound contracts by", "exp": "Direct quote: \"Perhaps the feature that most clearly differentiates primary from secondary wound healing is the phenomenon of wound contraction. The initial steps of contraction involve the formation of a network of acting containing fibroblasts at the edge of the wound. Permanent wound contraction requires the action of myofibroblasts. Contraction of these cells at the wound site decrease the gap between the dermal edges of the wound\". Also, Know Classification of wound healing By primary intention Wound edges opposed. Normal healing, Minimal scar By secondary intention Wound left open. Heals by granulation wound contraction and epithelialization. Increased inflammation of proliferation Poor scar By teiary intention (also called delayed primary intention) Wound initially left open. Edges later opposed when healing conditions orable. Ref: Robbin's Pathology, 9th edn. Pg. 113, Bailey Love's, 25th edn. Pg. 25, Summary Box 3.2.", "cop": 4, "opa": "Stretching of surrounding tissues", "opb": "Epithelial growth", "opc": "Skin grafting", "opd": "Fibroblast proliferation", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "General physiology", "id": "1ec34087-d1ed-49d8-a8b0-5454021bab20", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Cardiac index in a normal person is", "exp": null, "cop": 2, "opa": "2.1", "opb": "3.2", "opc": "4.6", "opd": "5.9", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": null, "id": "0dc25628-e7ff-4258-a3f7-266d34ef356e", "choice_type": "single"}
+{"question": "Oxygen affinity increases with", "exp": "Oxygen affinity increases with left shift of O2-Hb dissociation curve. It is seen in fetal hemoglobin and carbon monoxide.Oxygen affinity decreases with right shift of O2-Hb dissociation curve. It is seen in hypoxia, high altitude, anemia, acidosis, and exercise.Ref: Medical physiology for UG students, Indu Khurana, page: 328", "cop": 1, "opa": "Carbon monoxide", "opb": "Acidosis", "opc": "Hypoxia", "opd": "Anemia", "subject_name": "Physiology", "topic_name": "Respiratory system", "id": "11e33821-8275-437f-8f11-a8ddcd95e3e8", "choice_type": "single"}